31 understanding morphology20112300160

7/27/2019 31 Understanding Morphology20112300160

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Contents

Preface to the second edition xi

Preface to the first edition xiii

Abbreviations xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is morphology? 1

1.2 Morphology in different languages 4

1.3 The goals of morphological research 6

1.4 A brief user 's guide to this book 9

Summa ry of Chapte r 1 11Furthe r read ing 11

Comprehension exercises 12

2 Basic concepts 14

2.1 Lexemes and word- forms 15

2.2 Affixes, bases and roots 19

2.3 Morphemes and allomorphs 22

Summary of Chapte r 2 27

Appendix. Morpheme-by-morphe me glosses 27

Compre hension exercises 29

Exploratory exercise 30

3 Rules 33

3.1 Morphological patte rns 34

3.1.1 Affixation and compoundin g 34

3.1.2 Base modification 35

3.1.3 Reduplica tion 38

3.1.4 Conversion 39

3.1.5 Outside the realm of morphology 40

Martin Haspelmath, Andrea D. Sims

Understanding morphology


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vi CONTENTS

3.2 Two approache s to morphologica l rules 40

3.2.1 The morphe me-ba sed model 41

3.2.2 The word-based mode l 46

Summa ry of Chapte r 3 54

Further reading

Compre hension exercises 55


4 Lexicon 60

4.1 A mor phe me lexicon? 61

4.2 A strict word-form lexicon? 664.3 Reconciling word-forms and morp heme s 70

Summar y of Chapte r 4 75

Further reading



5 Inflection and derivation 81

5.1 Inflectional values 81

5.2 Derivational meanings 86

5.2.1 Derived nou ns 87

5.2.2 Derived verbs 88

5.2.3 Der ived adjectives 895.3 Properties of inflection and derivation 89

5.3.1 Relevance to the syntax 90

5.3.2 Obligatoriness 92

5.3.3 Limitations on appli cation 93

5.3.4 Same concept as base 93

5.3.5 Abst ractness 94

5.3.6 Meaning compositiona lity 94

5.3.7 Position relative to base 95

5.3.8 Base allomorphy 96

5.3.9 Word-class change 96

5.3.10 Cumulat ive expression 98

5.3.11 Iterat ion 985.4 Dichotomy or continuum? 98

5.4.1 Inherent and contex tual inflection 100

5.5 Inflection, der ivat ion and the syntax-morphology interface 102

5.5.1 The dichotomy approach and split morphology 102

5.5.2 The continuum approach and single-component

architecture 105


Appendix. Notation conventions for inflectional values 107


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CONTENTS vii

Further reading 109



6 Productivity 114

6.1 Speake rs' knowledge of product ivity 114

6.2 Product ivi ty creativity and gradience 116

6.3 Restric tions on word-formation rules 117

6.3.1 Phonological restr ictions 118

6.3.2 Semantic restric tions 119

6.3.3 Pragmatic restric tions 120

6.3.4 Morphologica l restric tions 1206.3.5 Borrowed vocabulary stra ta 121

6.4 Produc tivity and the lexicon 122

6.4.1 Processing restrictions 123

6.4.2 Synonymy blocking 125

6.4.3 Productivity and analogy 127

6.5 Measur ing productivity 129

Summa ry of Chapte r 6 131

Further read ing 132

Comprehens ion exercises 133


7 Morphological trees 137

7.1 Compoun ding types 137

7.2 Hierarchical structure in compoun ds 142

7.3 Hierarchical structu re in der ived lexemes 144

7.4 Parallels betwe en syntax and morphology? 147


Further read ing 150



8 Inflectional paradigms 156

8.1 Syntagmatic and parad igmati c relations in morphol ogy 1568.2 Inflection classes 158

8.2.1 Inflection class ass ignment 160

8.2.2 Relationship to gender 162

8.2.3 Inflection classes and productiv ity 163

8.3 Paradigmati c relat ions and inflection class shift 165

8.4 Inher itance hierarchies 167

8.5 Stems and Priscianic format ion 172


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viii CONTENTS

8.6 Syncretism 174

8.6.1 Systematic versus accidental inflectional homonymy 174

8.6.2 Underspecification 176

8.6.3 Rules of referral 179

8.7 More form-meaning mismatches 180

8.7.1 Defectiveness 180

8.7.2 Deponency 182

8.8 Per iphrasi s 183

Summary of Chap ter 8 184

Further reading 184

Compr ehension exercises 185


9 Words and phrases 189

9.1 Com pounds versus phras es 190

9.2 Free forms versus bound forms 196

9.3 Clitics versus affixes 197

9.4 Lexical integr ity 203

Summary of Chapter 9 206

Further reading 207



10 Morphophonology 211

10.1 Two types of alternations 211

10.2 The productiv ity of morphophonolog ical alternations 217

10.3 The diachrony of morphophonologica l alternations 220

10.4 Morphophono logy as phonol ogy 222

10.5 Morphophono logy as morpho logy 228

Summa ry of Chapt er 10 231

Further reading 231


11 Morphology and valence 234

11.1 Valence-changing operations 234

11.1.1 Semantic valence and syntactic valence (argument

structu re and function structure) 234

11.1.2 Agent-backgrounding operations 237

11.1.3 Patient-backgrounding operations 240

11.1.4 Agent -adding operations: causatives 241

11.1.5 Object-creat ing operations: applicatives 242

11.1.6 General properti es of valence-changing operations 243


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CONTENTS ix

11.2 Valence in compounding 245

11.2.1 Noun incorporat ion 245

11.2.2 V-V compound verbs 247

11.2.3 Synthetic nominal com pou nds 249

11.3 Transpositional derivation 253

11.3.1 Transposi tion and argument inher itance 253

11.3.2 Action nouns (V -> N) 254

11.3.3 Agent nouns (V -> N) and deverbal adjectives (V -> A) 255

11.3.4 Deadjectival transposi tion (A -> N, A ->V) 256

11.4 Transpositional inflection 257

Summary of Chapter 11 262

Further reading 263Comprehension exercises 263

12 Frequency effects in morphology 2 6 5

12.1 Asymmetries in inflectional values 265

12.1.1 Frequent and rare values 265

12.1.2 The correla tion betwee n frequency and shortness 267

12.1.3 The correla tion betwee n frequency and differentiation 268

12.1.4 Local frequency reversals 270

12.1.5 Explaining the correlations 272

12.2 The direction of analogical levelling 273

12.3 Frequency and irregular ity 274


Further reading 277



Key to comprehension exercises 281

References 3 0 1

Glossary of technical terms 318

Language index 3 47

Subject index 3 57

31 understanding morphology20112300160

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