30fayetteville 2030 food city scenario report

8/11/2019 30Fayetteville 2030 Food City Scenario Report

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Fayetteville 2030: Food City ScenarioUniversity of Arkansas Community Design Center

pollutionremediation

GROW streetfarming andgardening

permacultureand foraging

waste-to-energy

nitrogen xers

air scrubber

stormwatermetabolizer

nutrient accumulators

N2

parcles

parcles heavymetals

NO3

PO4 NH4

NO3

SO2

CO2 CO CFC

CFC

K

PN

Ca

Co

Cu Mg Fe

Zn

Mn

1 2 543

mulch makers

C K

PN

insectary plantsaract insect pollinators

repellent plants secretecompounds to repel pests

fortress plantsprotect from invasive

ora and fauna

Permaculture andforaging landscapes,

like edible forestfarms, are related tosuccessive perennial

landscapes and exisngwoodlands.

GROW streets(Gardened Right-of-Way) are associatedwith public right-of-

ways involving orchard-lined streets, fruit andnut boulevards, andedible front yards.

Polluon remediaonlandscapes supportsafe urban growing,

primarily through lowimpact stormwatermanagement, andcarbon sinks for air

polluon.

Waste-to-energydistricts recycleconcentrated

producon andconsumpon wastestreams from some

operaons as energyfor others.

Farming and gardeningrequiring managementof annual landscapes.



U N I V E R S I T Y O F A R K A N S A S

COMMUNITY DESIGN CENTERUACDC

Project Team

The Decade of Design InitiativeThe American Instute of ArchitectsClinton Global Iniave

Associaon of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

University of Arkansas Community Design Centeran outreach center of the Fay Jones School of ArchitectureStephen Luoni, Director, Assoc. AIAJerey Huber, Assistant Director, AIA, LEED AP, NCARBCory A. Amos, Project Designer, Assoc. AIAMeredith Hendricks, Project Designer, RA, LEED AP, NCARBDavid Jimenez, Project DesignerAllison Thurmond Quinlan, Project Designer, Assoc. AIA, Assoc. ASLALinda Komlos, Administrave Specialist

Fay Jones School of Architecture

Ethel Goodstein-Murphree, Interim DeanMarlon Blackwell, Department of Architecture Head

Department of Architecture StudentsJonathan Elmore, Jacob Larison, Kimberly Murray, Ryne Prui, Richard Adam Stowe,Patrick Templelton, Leniqueca Welcome, Geronimo Debeza-Rodriquez, Jacob DrewShort, Timothy Paerson, Rachel Raben, Sarah Evans Jones, Paul Mosley

University of Arkansas Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineeringand Center for Agricultural and Rural SustainabilityDr. Marty Matlock, P.E., Area Director

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering StudentsNick Stoddart, Ben Putman, Lori Silva, Aaron Thomason, Barb Lombardi, John Beyers,Kae Whitbeck, Paige Heller, Jaime Gile, Nick Lombardo, Mike Crouse

University of Arkansas Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and LifeSciencesDr. Ruben Morawicki

University of Arkansas School of Law and LL.M. Program in Agricultural andFood LawDr. Susan Schneider, Director

City of Fayeeville, ArkansasMahew Pey, Alderman and Community Organizer



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The City of Fayeeville is located in Northwest Arkansas—the most prosperous

region of the state. Yet, Northwest Arkansas has one of the highest rates of childhunger statewide, while Arkansas itself has the highest rate of child hungernaonally with nearly 25 percent of children food insecure. By comparison,

in 2010, 14.5 percent of U.S. households were food insecure. But Arkansas isawash in food. Arkansas is the leading producer of rice in the U.S., providing46 percent of the naon’s supply; ranks 2nd in the naon for broiler (chicken)

producon, 3rd for caish and turkey producon, 5th for sweet potatoes, 6th forgrain sorghum, 9th for soybeans, 10th for chicken eggs and pecans, 11th for beef

cows, 12th for tomatoes, 13th for blueberries and grapes, 14th for watermelons,20th for wheat, 21st for corn, oats, and peaches, and 24th for hogs and pigs.

Northwest Arkansas is home to Tyson Foods—the world’s second largest proteinproducer—as well as to Walmart, the naon’s largest grocer. Sixteen percent ofthe state’s economic producon comes from agriculture, and Arkansas ranked14th naonally in 2010 agriculture cash receipts. However, access to locally-

produced and aordable food are obstacles to meeng the essenal well-being of many residents. Fayeeville 2030: Food City Scenario then is a social,

environmental, and economic prosperity building proposal to integrate the

culture and economics of sustainable food producon back into urban design toserve local populaons.

What if Fayeeville’s new development enabled the city to sustain its foodbudget through a local urban agriculture network?

Food City devises a model transion vocabulary for developing an urban foodproducon system beyond the scale of the individual garden. The scenarioplan envisions the foodshed as an ecological municipal ulity, featuring greeninfrastructure, public growscapes, and urban spaces related to food processing,distribuon, and consumpon. Food City reclaims a missing middle scale of

agricultural land use between the backyard garden and the industrial farm.

Fiy percent of Fayeeville’s built environment projected to exist by 2030 hasnot yet been built, as the city will nearly double its populaon of 75,000 overthe next 20 years. Complem enng the city’s 2030 Comprehensive Plan, Food City

envisions a future based upon greater food security with accompanying forms ofresilient urbanism that link food producon and place making. While the dense

Executive Summary

Food City 2030 Scenario

dairy

poultry

grain

pork

veg

nuts

fruit

dairy

poultry

grain

pork

veg

nuts

beef

fruit

Land Use without Beef

35,000 acres of food(.25 acres per person)

Land Use with Beef162,000 acres of food(1.2 acres per person)

700 Blocks or2000 acres of New

Development(projected populaon

135,000)

Fayetteville, Arkansas35,000 acres (populaon 75,000)

or



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metropolis engenders the leanest carbon footprint per capita from ecienciesin shared transportaon and housing, small cies also sponsor niche soluonsin creang a low-carbon future. Only the small city can plausibly evolve the localfood-secure environment necessary to achieve resiliency (vs. eciency) given theinterconnectedness of its natural ecosystems, infrastructure, and urban paerngradients.

Food City formulates an agroecology of urban growing guilds associated withvarious scales, funcons, and agencies bound by context. The ve growing guildstailored to urban areas are: 1) permaculture/foraging landscapes, like edibleforest farms, related to successive perennial landscapes and hosted by exisng

woodlands; 2) farming and gardening requiring intensive management of primarilyannual landscapes; 3) GROW Streets (Gardened Right-of-Way) associated withpublic right-of-ways involving orchard-lined streets, fruit and nut boulevards, andedible front yards; 4) polluon remediaon landscapes that support safe urbangrowing, primarily through low impact stormwater management, and carbon sinksfor metabolizing air polluon; and 5) waste-to-energy districts which upcycle

concentrated waste streams.

The planning approach employs successional urbanism to evolve recombinantforms of town and country. Food City re-establishes a middle scale fabric of foodproducon through a greenbelt that intensies agricultural systems and urbandensies at 15 dwelling units per acre along Fayeeville’s patchy ring road landscape.

The greenbelt catalyzes a successive wave of 2030-2080 growth toward urban coreinll resulng in a “mat agricultural urbanism” that thoroughly instuonalizesfood producon through new agricultural urban real estate products.

Food City devises agricultural urban real estate products as value-added to thenineteen mainstream real estate product types nancialized by Wall Street (e.g.,build-to-suit-oces, apartments, subdivision housing, big box retail, storagefacilies, mul-tenant bulk warehouse, medical oces, and motels). The proposedagricultural urbanism real estate products constute special community “thirdplaces”—neither home nor workplace—given the powerful social force of food.

Food City reintroduces the opon of local food producon as Fayeeville upgradesits codes to facilitate urban agriculture. The project team collaborated with the city

and nonprot groups tasked with overcoming hunger and poverty. In addion togrowing strategies, Food City integrates upcycling strategies in energy harvesngand waste management, a porolio of water, soil, and conservaon strategies,and hybrid selement paerns that blend producve landscape systems andurbanism. Design soluons address municipal-scaled nutrient management issuesthrough composng networks, integrated waste recovery ulies, deep lierfarming, and aquaculture toward building healthy producve soils, which takesyears. Most importantly, Food City provides a planning framework for buildinga resilient community where a signicant poron of the populaon experiencescompounding distress brought by swings in the economy.



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“We have never seen food’s true potential, because it is too big to see. But viewed laterally it emerges as something withphenomenal power to transform not just landscapes, butpolitical structures, public spaces, social relationships, andcities.”Carolyn Steel, Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives

Fiy percent of Fayeeville’s built environment projected to exist by 2030 has notyet been built. Fayeeville (pop. 75,000 housed among 32,000 dwelling units) willnearly reproduce another Fayeeville―approximately 100 million square feetincluding an addional 28,000 dwelling units―within its boundaries over the next

20 years. Food City not only envisions a future based upon greater food security, butproposes accompanying forms of resilient urbanism that link local food produconand place making. Scenario planning visualizes possibilies unconsidered inconvenonal municipal planning processes, since convenonal approaches,especially those in small cies, tend toward consensus building and assumestability in their drivers of growth. While the dense metropolis engenders theleanest carbon footprint per capita due to intrinsic energy eciencies from sharedtransportaon and housing, small to mid-size cies also sponsor niche soluons increang a low-carbon future. Only the small to mid-size city can plausibly evolvethe local food-secure environment necessary to achieve some degree of resiliencygiven the interconnectedness of their natural ecosystems, infrastructure, andurban paern gradients. Building upon this advantage, scenario thinking facilitates

a more forward decision-making capacity among urban and rural interests alike toshape a planning a pproach marked by its adapveness to unpredictability, shock,and disrupon...towards a greater prosperity.

Most cies have only a three-day supply of food sourced from globalized supplychains. “We are nine meals away from anarchy” as the saying goes. Marketsstructured around “just-in-me” delivery from concentrated supply are fragileorganizaons. They lack redundancy, modularity (scalable components) andproximity to mulple sources, making populaons more vulnerable to supplydisrupons from unforeseen failures in weather, transportaon, food safety, andaordability. In Food City we ask: What if Fayeeville’s new development enabledthe city to sustain its food budget through a local urban agriculture network? Howmight a local foodshed become an ecological ulity in service to the city, featuring

green infrastructure and neighborhoods, public growscapes, and urban spacesrelated to food processing, distribuon, and consumpon? What will the citylook like, and how will it be structured once we incorporate forms of sustainableagriculture back into urban design? Most importantly, Food City reclaims a missing

middle scale of agricultural land use between the backyard garden and the industrialfarm. Middle scale agriculture is the key to sustaining a regional food system withrelated businesses, ecosystem funconing, and diverse food producon.

The Missing Middle: Why Relocalize Food Producon within the City?Local governments provide public services through potable water supply, policeand re protecon, sewage treatment, waste management, and transportaon

infrastructure. Similarly, how might a sustainable foodshed become an ecologicalulity scaled to community needs rather than an industrial economy? Whilethe economics of industrial commodity farming and cheap food necessitatedconcentraon of almost all agricultural processes outside the city, there are fourcompelling reasons to reintegrate some scales of agriculture back into the city.

1.

2.

Introduction

Economic Development: The convenience provided by proximity to growingsystems demyses farming and posions farming to be an incubator of localeconomic development through import substuon favoring local goods. Localproducon provides supply opons for area demand while keeping protsin the community. Alignment of niche growers with unmet consumer needssmulates new supply and demand networks—i.e., markets—through the

“agglomeraon eect” intrinsic to economic development in cies. Growerswould also enjoy greater access to a robust labor pool while employees avoidconsignment to an exclusively rural lifestyle.

High-Value Food Products: Urban land values encourage value-added specialtyfarming characterized by high-value producon in plant diversity and nutrionalcontent known as small plot intensive (SPIN) farming. SPIN farming opmizeseconomic return through advanced biodiversity and companion planng thatmakes small-scale agriculture feasible once again. With yields up to $80,000per acre (vs. $7,000-8,000/acre average for commodity crops like rice and corn)some agricultural uses demonstrate returns equivalent to or beer than those

land uses with building improvements.



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3.

4.

An Agricultural Urbanism Development Model: The Five Urban Growing GuildsSustainable farming funcons as an ecosystem—a web of growing systems—that recharge natural carrying capacies in local landscapes. Sustainable farmingmimics nature. Alternavely, industrial agriculture is a factory-like system ofproducon that segregates monoculture growing systems dependent uponmechanizaon, intensive fossil-fuel inputs, and chemically-laden ferlizersand pescides—all generang waste streams whose concentraons becometoxic. “Every farm a factory” was the era-dening slogan coined by agriculturalequipment manufacturer Internaonal Harvester. We now use ten calories offossil fuel energy to produce just one calorie of food energy, the inverse from

Ecosystem Services: Sustainable agriculture based upon ecological approachesto food producon—agroecology—delivers community-wide ecosystemservices including conservaon and regeneraon of urban riparian corridors,legacy prairies and meadows, urban forest canopies, and wildlife habitat.Agroecology also entails life cycle accounng of nutrient and energy ows that

support ecosystem and city funconing. Arguably, urban food producon wouldnot be praccal were it not sustainable, considering convenonal farming’snegave externalies (i.e., polluon, toxicity, odor, noise, and low-wage) and theamplicaon of their impacts on cies. Since the greatest ongoing challenge toplanning is design within human-dominated ecosystems, resilient urban designwill have to discover new ways of delivering the 17 ecological services found inall healthy ecosystems.

Healthy Lifestyles: Agriculture landscapes can contribute toward open spacerequirements that many cies struggle to meet, enhancing livability and

exposure to nature otherwise unavailable—like community harvesng, foraging,recreaon, and wildlife watching. Agricultural urbanism promotes healthylifestyles through development paerns that expand access to nutrious foodopons, agricultural and food literacy, and physical acvity.

pollutionremediation

GROW streetfarming andgardening

permacultureand foraging

waste-to-energy

Permaculture andforaging landscapes,

like edible forestfarms, are related tosuccessive perennial

landscapes and exisngwoodlands.

nitrogen xers

air scrubber

stormwatermetabolizer

GROW streets(Gardened Right-of-Way) are associatedwith public right-of-

ways involving orchard-lined streets, fruit andnut boulevards, andedible front yards.

Polluon remediaonlandscapes supportsafe urban growing,

primarily through lowimpact stormwatermanagement, andcarbon sinks for air

polluon.

Waste-to-energydistricts recycleconcentrated

producon andconsumpon wastestreams from some

operaons as energyfor others.

Farming and gardeningrequiring managementof annual landscapes.

nutrient accumulators

N2

parcles

parcles heavymetals

NO3

PO4 NH4

NO3

SO2

CO2 CO CFC

CFC

K

PN

Ca

Co

Cu Mg Fe

Zn

Mn

1 2 543

mulch makers

C K

PN

insectary plantsaract insect pollinators

repellent plants secretecompounds to repel pests

fortress plantsprotect from invasiveora and fauna

The Five Urban Growing Guilds


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just 50 years ago. We are literally eang oil while depleng the availability ofnatural resources (top soil, minerals, fossil fuels, gene and seed pools, fresh water,etc.) upon which healthy cies depend. Unlike older tradions of farming, theisolated farmstead rather than the village became the basic unit of organizaonfor modern American food producon beginning in the 19th century. While

concentrated growing systems won out over town-based distributed systems,there is a need for both. Food City then, devises a model transion vocabulary forreconnecng food producon and the city, a distributed food-growing ecosystemhosted by the city beyond the scale and improvisaon of the individual garden.

Food City formulates an agroecology of urban growing guilds associated with variousscales, funcons, and agencies bound by context. The ve growing guilds tailored tourban areas are: 1)permaculture/foraging landscapes, like edible forest farms, relatedto successive perennial landscapes and hosted by exisng woodlands; 2) farming

and gardening requiring intensive management of primarily annual landscapes;3) GROW Streets (Gardened Right-of-Way) associated with public right-of-waysinvolving orchard-lined streets, fruit and nut boulevards, and edible front yards;

4) polluon remediaon landscapes that support safe urban growing, primarily through low impact stormwater management, and carbon sinks for metabolizingair polluon; and 5) waste-to-energy districts which upcycle concentrated wastestreams from contribung operaons as energy inputs to recipient operaons.While not all farming is conducive to urbanizaon, Food City’s agroecologyabsorbs the city’s advantages to deliver combined urban and ecosystem services.

Successional Urbanism: From Greenbelts and Connuous Producon UrbanLandscapes (CPULs) to Urban MatsCies were once fed by local food producon embedded throughout towns andtheir countrysides. The planning approach employs successional urbanism to

evolve recombinant forms of town and country insgated by food producon. Food

City re-establishes a middle scale fabric of food producon through a greenbelt andCPULs that traverse the city through its riparian corridors, oodplains, producvesoil zones, ulity corridors, and exisng trail system. Contrary to Ebenezer Howard’svision of the early modern greenbelt that combined farming and city-making,many greenbelts have simply become a buer zone between isolated land uses—aterrain vague.

Unlike the standard entropic greenbelt that preserves underdevelopment in bothnature and city at the urban edge, Food City’s greenbelt intensies agriculturalsystems and urban densies along Fayeeville’s patchy ring road landscape.Current development paerns average one unit per acre, mostly at the city’s edge.

Targeng 15 dwelling units per acre—the threshold of public transit feasibility—

this proposed greenbelt resuscitates the area’s edgling bus system by making busrapid transit (BRT) feasible. The urbanized greenbelt (a kind of an-greenbelt) wouldcatalyze a successive wave of 2030-2080 growth toward urban core inll resulngin a “mat agricultural urbanism” that thoroughly instuonalizes food produconwithin city development. New agricultural urban real estate products will evolve

within this green armature, creavely retrong suburban development, andupending our convenonal percepons that urban succession progresses linearlyfrom core to periphery.

Agricultural Urban Real Estate Products as “Third Places”Agricultural urban real estate products are the building blocks for evolving greatercomplexity in place making. Food City adds these hybrid alternaves to the nineteenstandard real estate product types constung mainstream land development(see Christopher Leinberger’s list in his The Opon of Urbanism: Invesng in a

New American Dream). Financialized by Wall Street through REITs (Real EstateInvestment Trusts) these stand-alone product types, like build-to-suit-oces,apartments, subdivision housing, big box retail, storage facilies, mul-tenant bulk

warehouse, medical oces, motels, etc., have been easy to nance, permit, andtrade. But they have mostly produced sprawl. While Food City recovers urbanismand the advantages that aend the city, agricultural urbanism real estate productswill have to demonstrate consumer appeal and nancial worthiness. One point ofmarketability is Food City’s reclamaon of walkability in neighborhood design, therst step in facilitang greater physical and social acvity toward improved generalhealth. But, since not all of their benets can be monezed, agricultural urbanismreal estate products’ ulmate contribuons will be value-added to convenonalreal estate products.

The proposed agricultural urbanism real estate products constute specialcommunity “third places”—neither home nor workplace—given the powerfulsocial force of food. Coined by Ray Oldenburg in his book, The Great Good Place,third places—taverns, barber shops, coee shops, community gardens, etc.—arecommunity anchors important for civil society, where a sense of place is constructedthrough social engagement. Agricultural urbanism real estate products are scalableand modulated, and thus capable of generang greater complexity as resilientnetworks demand. They can be plugged into convenonal community landscapesto evolve a successional urbanism ever more supporve of local agriculturalproducon over me. Food City proposes an urbanism from the following new realestate products.

Community Assessments and Caloric Budgets

Ecological approaches to agricultural producon seek not so much to increase



outputs or yields, but to idenfy and moderate producon processes that areopmal—intensive (high-yield inputs related to oil, chemicals, water, and genecmodicaon, etc.) vs. extensive (sustainable). In their Preliminary Assessment of

Fayeeville Food Security Measures, ecological engineers dened two importantparameters in examining Fayeeville’s capacity to support local food producon.

1.

2.

In addion to serving on the city’s Local Food Code Task Force, the project teamworks with local nonprots like FEED Fayeeville and the Fayeeville Forward LocalFood Acon Group to formulate best pracces, policies, and municipal codes insupport of instuonalizing local food producon within the city’s land use andeconomic development framework. Food City is another tool in the local eort togalvanize nonprot, government, and market alliances in addressing a signicantmisalignment between food producon and broad-based consumer access.

Conclusion: The Opon of Food ProduconFood City doesn’t demand that everyone become a farmer. Rather, the intent is torecall relaonships and paerns expunged from the modern city that are necessaryto once again accommodate the opon of local food producon. Food produconconstutes a local economy and a local ecology, requiring a land use system

that reconciles urban and landscape systems. In addion to growing strategies,sustainable food producon entails upcycling strategies in energy harvesng andnutrient management, a porolio of water, soil, and conservaon strategies, andhybrid forms of human selement arrangements that blend producve landscapesystems and urbanism.

The Five Urban Growing Guilds and agricultural urban real estate productsconstute a transferable vocabulary for embedding agricultural capacity intoselement paerns at all scales. Even if signicant food producon were to failto appear within Fayeeville’s ancipated growth, collateral benets wouldsll be realized through Food City’s greater densies, urban lifestyle opons,improved ecosystem funconing, and a coherent open space system that readily

accommodates future agricultural development—essenally smart growth. Theopen space system is integrated with public right-of-ways to accommodate passiveand acve recreaon, strategic land banking, and stormwater management alongwith fulllment of other essenal ecosystems services.

But the opon of agricultural urbanism contributes to healthy cies beyond therole of food producon. Farming that negoates urban dynamics successfullywill provide soluons for building healthy soils, delivering ecosystem services,ensuring watershed preservaon, and assisng in polluon m igaon—or nutrientmanagement, since polluon is simply the excess of an output. Sustainable farmingthrough nutrient upcycling and composng is an excellent pathway to solve forimbalances in urban metabolism and its associated problems in waste management.Agricultural urbanism real estate products also infuse the contemporary city withthird places, elevang the social capital of place and the city’s livability. In the courseof growth, Food City mines the city’s exisng footprint to provide for a populaondoubling in its future. Most importantly,Food City provides a framework for buildingprosperous and resilient communies in an area where a signicant poron of thepopulaon experiences compounding distress brought by swings in the economy.

First, according to the Food and Agriculture Organizaon (FAO) of the UnitedNaons, per capita food demand in an industrialized naon will be 3500calories per day in 2030 with 30 percent of the demand for animal productsand the remaining 70 percent for plant products. While diet proles varyculturally, human sustenance requires 25 percent calories from fat, 25 percentcalories from protein, and 50 percent calories from carbohydrates. To meet thiscaloric demand Fayeeville will require 172 billion calories per year, entailingsubstanal amendments to its rocky soil structure. Most local soils lack robustnutrient composions to support crop diversity—a primary benchmark ofresiliency. Food City , therefore, proposes comprehensive nutrient upcycling at

the municipal scale to recover organic nutrients lost or exported in open-loop

systems (e.g., waste treatment, soil erosion, groundwater management, foodexport, etc.). Design soluons address m unicipal-scaled nutrient managementissues through composng networks, integrated waste management ulies,deep lier farming, and aquaculture toward building healthy producve soils,which takes years.

Second, Fayeeville’s exisng land area is 35,000 acres. An addional 162,190acres or 1.25 acres per person would be needed to support beef produconbased on contemporary diets, which signicantly skews the land requirements.Again, not all food producon can be urbanized. If beef was removed from theequaon and nutrional requirements were met through sources of proteinother than beef, then a foodshed of 35,150 acres or 0.25 acres per personwould be needed. If this diet were adopted, the urban agricultural frameworknecessary to support the scenario would be equal to the exisng footprint ofthe city. For planning purposes, Food City assumes the laer scenario.



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M i

l e

W a

l k a

b l e

R a d i

u s

1830 Original Plat

1930’s Hill Districts 1950’s Infll Between the Hillspopulaon 7,394 populaon 17,071

0 2 miles

1980’s Over the Hills 2013 Emergent Sprawl Machinepopulaon 36,608 populaon 73,580

Fayetteville’s Development Patterns 1830-2013Fayetteville developed as a walkable city until the 1980s whereupon the grid lost its will to order. The city emerged into a centrifugal morphologydominated by automobile-oriented development.



Proposed Food City Scenario:an agricultural retention and food security network

1

2

Current Sprawl Scenario:300 miles of new roads, developed over prime agricultural land or...

one mile gr id of the Public Land Sur v ey Sy stem

2030 Growth ScenariosFood City re-establishes a middle scale fabric of food production through a greenbelt that intensifies agricultural systems and urban densities at 15units per acre along Fayetteville’s patchy ring road landscape.

0 2 miles



...from 2030 Greenbelt to 2080 Mat Agricultural UrbanismThe urbanized greenbelt would catalyze a successive wave of 2030-2080 growth toward urban core infill resulting in a mat agricultural urbanism.This thoroughly institutionalizes urban food production—an example of successional urbanism evolving recombinant forms of town and country.

0 2 miles



Geographic Qualities“Right plant, right place”…Food City’s agroecology reflects relationships among prime agricultural soils, riparian networks, and Ozark Plateau foothills. Agroecology is the application of ecology to the design and management of agricultural production systems—a central tenet of food sovereignty.

0 2 miles

primeagricultural

soil



Blocks

Agricultural urban fabrics restructure sprawl into neighborhood formats with clear centers and edges, anchored by public spaces. Food City recallsEbeneezer Howard’s vision of the early modern greenbelt that combined farming and city-making—not the buffer zone of today’s version.

0 2 miles



StreetsFood City reconstitutes connectivity and walkability in the street network, and resuscitates the area’s fledgling bus system through bus rapid transitand transit-oriented development.

The greenbelt intensies urban densiesalong Fayeeville’s patchy ring road

landscape—a sprawl machine.

Targeng 15 dwelling units peracre—the threshold of publictransit feasibility—the greenbeltimplements bus rapid transit (BRT).

0 2 miles



nut boulevard

forestgarden

waste-to-energydistrict

wetlandgarden

green belt

oaksavannagrazingcircuit

CPULs-continuousproductive

urbanlandscapes

aquaculturedistrict

compostingdistrict

aquaculturef acility

GROWstreet

(typical)

farm

Agricultural Territories: Patches, Mosaics, and CorridorsSustainable farming begins with energy flows. Food City configures agricultural production territories with niche growing strategies based onopportunities in local geography, ecosystems, and public infrastructure.

0 2 miles



5. development-supportedagriculture (DSA) a residenal real estate developmentthat incorporates preservaon orincubaon of agricultural land use asits primary organizing structure. DSAsoen benet residents by providingopportunies to parcipate in small-scale farming.

4. composting network nutrient management of organicwaste mixtures through thecollecon, sequester, and upcycling ofdecomposed maer into ferlizer foragricultural producon. A sustainablealternave to synthec ferlizers,composng networks divert wastefrom landlls, remediate contaminatedsoil, improve soil health and structure,and recover the three macronutrientsessenal for plant growth—nitrogen,potassium, and phosphorous. Thelaer is crical since phosphorous ismostly mined and we have surpassedPeak-Phosphorous.

2. aquaculture facilitycomplex for the farming of aquacorganisms, including sh, crustaceans,mollusks, and plants in closed loopsystems, as opposed to the harvesngof wild sh or plants. Aquaponics is the integraon of sh farming andplant farming in common beds.

urban

hatchery

raising tankor pond

mechanicalH2O lter

from ornamental to edible landscape

biologicalH2O lter

compostfood

producon

6. edible park public landscape with mixed uses,including food producon whichprivileges the growing of edible plantcommunies for harvesng or foragingover ornamental plants.

1. allotment gardenoen a permanent garden subdividedinto parcels for individual non-commercial gardening. Each plot isleased from an owner, carries a duesobligaon to an allotment associaon,and usually includes a shed for tools.

3. community garden contrary to allotment gardens, thisnon-commercial garden space isopen access and tended collecvelyby parcipang gardeners. They canbe temporary spaces without formallease or ownership agreements,as well as be held in trust by localgovernments or nonprots.

The Twenty-Two AgriculturalUrban Real Estate Products

Agricultural urban real estate products are the building blocks for evolvinggreater complexity in place making. Food City adds these hybrid alternaves tothe nineteen standard real estate product types constung mainstream landdevelopment (see Christopher Leinberger’s list in his The Opon of Urbanism:Invesng in a New American Dream). Financialized by Wall Street through REITs(Real Estate Investment Trusts) these stand-alone product types, l ike build-to-suit-oces, apartments, subdivision housing, big box retail, storage facilies, mul-tenant bulk warehouse, medical oces, motels, etc., have been easy to nance,permit, and trade. But they have mostly produced sprawl. While Food Cityrecovers urbanism and the advantages that aend the city, agricultural urbanismreal estate products will have to demonstrate consumer appeal and nancialworthiness. One point of marketability is Food City’s reclamaon of walkabilityin neighborhood design, the rst step in facilitang greater physical and socialacvity toward improved general health. But, since not all of their benets can bemonezed, agricultural urbanism real estate products’ ulmate contribuons will

be value-added to convenonal real estate products.



14. livestock exchange/arena relocalizaon of food produconinvolves revitalizaon of localwholesale markets, including thelivestock exchange, where servicesrelated to animal trade, valuaons,breeding, and processing are oered.

12. GROW street(Gardened Right-of-Way) public right-of-ways that incorporatefood producon involving orchard-lined streets, fruit boulevards (e.g.,Valencia and Seville), planng strips ortree lawns, and edible front yards.

11. greenhouse transparent or translucent structurein which plants are grown, thesmallest type being the miniaturecold frame. Hoop houses are becoming common for animalhusbandry. Greenhouses trap andretain solar radiaon, creang a heatedenvironment through convecon.Their controlled environments allowgrowers to overcome obstaclesrelated to climate, seasonality, pestmanagement and hours of daylight.

13. hamlet a form of peri-urban clusterdevelopment involving a group ofhouses and processing faciliesarranged around agriculturalproducon or distribuon.

greenhouse

hoop houseor high tunnel

cold frame

10. garden block an urban residenal block scaled andorganized to include shared growingspace for food and/or materialproducon within the block’s interior.Block interiors accommodate funconsfor composng, waste management,ulies, play, and parking.

9. forest garden seven-layer polyculture foodproducon hosted in woodlandecosystems, intermixing fruit andnut trees, herbs, vines, shrubs, fungi,and perennial vegetables. The forestgarden integrates an intervenonistapproach, like companion planngand intercropping producontechniques, with a woodlandconservaon approach, constungan agroecosystem where ecologicalsuccession is inected by humanbeings.

stripbuer

checkerboard

courtstackingprinciple:

overstoryunderstory

shrub

vinegrassgroundcover

root

8. food hubthe rise of middle scale farmingentails new facilies that aggregatefood for collecon, processing, anddistribuon. This includes suppliesfor agricultural producon includingmachinery, fuel, seeds, and ferlizersalongside public educaon funcons.

7. farm area of land, body of water, orstructure devoted primarily tocommercial food producon (produce,grain, and livestock), ber, or fuel. TheUSDA denes a farm as any place fromwhich $1,000 or more of agriculturalproducts are produced and soldannually. A deep litter farmoperates by a waste managementsystem that repeatedly stacks animalstall bedding throughout one seasonto form manure compost packs as eldferlizer for the following season.

combining

washingcookingsorng

packingstoring

types:

human-tendedanimal tracon

tractor

canningchoppingbakingdehydrangfreezingrendering



22. winter farmers market permanent facility in cold to temperateclimates that houses producer-to-consumer food purchases year roundbeyond the summer months.

21. wetland farming polyculture food producon involvingannual and perennial plants hostedin wetland landscapes, mostlyintermixing berries, nuts, grains, seeds,and tubers. A type of agroecosystem,wetland gardens aract fowl andaquac wildlife in addion to plantbased food producon.

20. waste-to-energydistrictform of energy recovery amongsymbioc operaons in which wastestreams from contribung operaonsare redirected as energy inputs forrecipient operaons. While the morecommon WtE technology involvesincineraon, less capital-intensiveapplicaons using non-thermaltechnologies (i.e., anaerobic digeson,fermentaon, and mechanicalbiological treatment) are moreapplicable in agricultural urbanism.

19. vertical farm high-yield farming in low-to-high risebuildings where the guiding criteriamay include insulaon from weather,pest management, recycling ofconcentrated waste streams, high landcosts, and controlled use of arciallight, water, and other growing inputs.

18. thermal garden wall system of masonry or concrete wallsdeployed as heat sinks in gardensto trap and retain solar radiaon.Thermal walls create a heated sunkenmicroclimate that extends the growingseason in temperate climates andhosts plant growth in vercal formats.

17. storage food producon for resiliency requirescommunity-scaled storage includingcold storage, silos, and cellars.

15. pocket neighborhood a cluster of 4-16 homes centeredaround a commons and other sharedlandscapes, including parking andgrowing spaces, which typically tswithin a city block fabric.

16. restaurant farm farm-to-table compact where afarm, usually an arsanal operaon,dedicates its product to locavoreeateries. The farm and restaurant donot have to be at the same locaon.

reclaimedoodplain soil

irrigaonchannels public

square

winterized

enclosuremoundfarms


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/30fayetteville-2030-food-city-scenario-report 20/34-20-1

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4composting district

aquaculture district

waste-to-energy district

sprawl retrofit(throughout)

0 1 mile

animal-tractionfarm

animal-tractionfarm

animal-tractionfarm

human-tended farm

human-tended farm

tractorfarm

tractorfarm

tractorfarm



1composting district“...the next greenrevolution maycome from

optimizingthe soil.” William McDonough & Michael Braungart,The Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability—Designing for Abundance

GROW street

edible park

restaurant farm

forest garden

hamlet

hand-tended farm

compost campus

deep-litter farms andlivestock holding pens

grazing circuit

In the relocalizaon ofagriculture, animalsare valued more fortheir manure than their

meat. Manure hasgrown in value since wehave surpassed Peak-Phosphorus, one of thethree macronutrientsessenal for plant growth.Unlike synthec ferlizers,manure rebuilds soilstructure.

0 1 mile.5.25



Compost Campus These territories are

structured around citywide resource recovery and upcycling to reclaim

essenal biological macronutrients—phosphorous, nitrogen, and potassium—

from waste. Nutrient management of organic material in foodstus, plant

biomass, yard clippings, and manure (from surrounding deep lier farms)

involves composng and rebroadcast across neighboring farms and gardens

to rebuild community soil structure. Composng eliminates the need for

synthec ferlizers, which destroy topsoil, leach essenal nutrients, and reduce

absorpve capacity and drought tolerance. Producon of synthec ferlizersand pescides consume a third of total energy usage in the agricultural sector.

shelterbelts providerefuge for livestock,control odors, and can beproducve landscapes.

pollutantremediationguild uses plantsthat can controlodors and treatstormwater orremove airborneparculates

windbreaks

provide wildlife refugiaand soil proteconfrom wind erosion.

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composng facility

anaerobic and aerobic composng

vermicomposng (worm-based)

stormwater management

food forest

residenal garden block

hand-tended farm

tractor farm

deep lier farm

GROW street



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usufruct laws

provide the legalright to harvest fruitfrom private or publicproperty if it overhangs,or is accessible from,public and even semi-public space.

GROW Street: MovingBeyond the Backyard The desire and ability to produce food is socially transmied.

Gardened Right-Of-Ways privilege food producon and other non-

trac funcons within the street yet sll accommodate trac

uses. The best GROW Streets will integrate front yards culvated

as food growing systems—“edible estates”—with fruit-bearing

right-of-ways to create great community spaces. Polluonremediaon landscape guilds featuring bioswales, lter

strips, and inltraon basins protect food producon spaces

from contaminants in stormwater runo. Special building

frontage systems with verandas, modulated garden sheds

and screened porches complete this shared space.



-24-

Food awarenessoveremphasizes the culvaon

of food on vacant lots orthe improvised community

garden, which tend to be

placeholder soluons. Planngpublic spaces with perennial

foodscapes instuonalizes therole of food in the city and is

the best chance for advancingagricultural literacy. It maers

where food is planted and thatit is even allowed.

Edible Park Public facilies, like

Walker Park, are ideal places to substute producve ediblelandscapes for ornamental landscapes. Nut and so fruit

allees organize recreaonal funcons within public rooms.

Foraging by individuals is supplemented with harvesng by

civic volunteer groups, while city maintenance sta aends

to pruning and pest management.

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exisng riparian

exisng sports elds

nut and fruit allees

food forest

community gardens

parking gardencommercial corridor retrot

pocket neighborhood



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2aquaculture district“In traditional soil farming, the key limitingf actor is the active transportation of nutrientsto the roots. Freshwater aquatic systems are

ideal media for vegetation.” William McDonough & Michael Braungart,The Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability—Designing for Abundance

Lake Fayetteville

aquaculture farms

winter farmers marketand greenhouse

existing NWA mall

aquaponics neighborhood

aquaculture farm

wetland farming

0 1 mile.5.25

chinampa agriculture isan ancient Aztec farmingsystem based on the

construcon of oangislands of arable landto grow crops withinshallow lakes. Considereda hydrological feat, thesestrips of land were madefrom stacking alternatelayers of lake sediment,mud, and decayedvegetaon within afenced area. Marked byconsistently high cropyields, canals betweenthe islands providedaddional food sources

from sh and fowl. This isan excellent example ofagroecology.



-26-

Lake Neighborhood: Integrated PondSystems The infrastructure for sustainable aquaponics doubles as a development amenity

for neighborhoods. Aquaponics harnesses the lake ecology, including culvaon of wetland landscape guilds,

to address one of the biggest problems associated with aquaculture: management of sh waste. Infrastructure

includes hatcheries, growing ponds, net pens, cages, boardwalks, roosng towers, water towers, oang lters

and beds, and wetlands, which constutes a unique urban open space system.

Water systems can generatea higher level of proteinproducon per square footcompared to the same landarea in terrestrial systems. Bythe end of this decade worldoutput of farmed sh willovertake cale ranching as a foodsource according to WorldwatchInstute.

intensive pondaquaponics

foraging pond

extensive pondaquaponics

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grow-out pond

wetlands

suspended pond

water tower

aquaponics

bird rookery

oang gardens

hatchery

nursing pond


nut boulevard

pocket neighborhoods



-27-

Aquaponics, or the integraon ofplant systems with aquaculture,

upcycles sh waste whileproviding grains, oils, and leafy

greens for human consumpon.These farming and gardening

guilds also provide sh habitat(e.g., protecon of fry from

predatory birds and amphibians)and food for opmum growing

condions.

Some bird manure inwater is valuable for

raising sh, parcularlyduring the grow-out

phase close to harvestme. The Chinese

tradionally used birdmanure to faen sh

by construcng chickencoops over ponds.

bird rookery

aquaponics

floating garden

Ponds as the New Commons Aquaculture

technologies range from intensive to extensive, the laer being integrated pond systems among

urban or agricultural land uses. The phases of aquaculture include broodstock holding, hatchery,

nursing, grow-out, and quaranning (for acclimaon and disease control). While much research

is sll needed to determine the scalability of systems and t within urban land uses, as well as an

understanding of sh social structures, ponds can be the new commons. But they must be built, as

lakes and ponds are not nave to Northwest Arkansas (Lake Fayeeville is a reservoir). The ecology of

the pond and aending wetlands are developed over me with the parcipaon of urban residents—

development of landscape and wildlife biodiversity, provision of habitat, harvesng, and nutrientmanagement through feeding food wastes to sh and submerging used Christmas trees under water.



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3 waste-to-energy district“The vast majority of our local foodsystems are not self-reliant or self-sustaining in terms of fertility inputs,much less energy...Resource recoverydrives regenerative food systems.”Philip Ackerman-Leist,Rebuilding the Foodshed:How to Create Local, Sustainable, and Secure Food Systems

irrigation loop using treated

effluent

food hub

existing big box complex

livestock exchange

development-supportedagriculture (DSA)

live/workneighborhood

existing wastewater treatment with

anaerobic digestionfacilities

heat exchanges

between greenhousesand vertical farms

0 1 mile.5.25



-29-

Waste-to-EnergyFacility Located at the city’s Westside

Wastewater Treatment Plant, waste recovery faciliessort, reclaim, and upcycle nutrients in waste streams.Biosolids are recovered for ferlizer, methane gas for

biodigeson and energy supply, and clean euent forgreenhouse irrigaon, hydroponics, and aquaponics.

Closing the loop migates a problemac resource transferwhere municipal water supply drawn from the White

River Watershed is discharged as treated euent to theIllinois River Watershed. Sustainable farming rebalances

urban metabolism through nutrient management and thecreaon of manageable closed loops.

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exisng wastewater treatment plant

exisng legacy meadow

anaerobic digester

cogeneraon plant and grazing roof

vercal farm

greenhouse

biosolids storage and distribuon

livestock exchange

animal-tracon farm


hamlet on nut boulevard

live/work neighborhood



-30-

Microgeneration Park:Soil-to-Soil Loop Aggregaon of heavy energy users

facilitates the small-scale generaon of heat and power where inputs and outputs

are exchanged and upcycled as a supplement to central grid-connected power.

Here, breweries, dislleries, greenhouses and vercal farms for growing plants and

animals are combined with the municipal wastewater facility using appropriately-

scaled technologies in anaerobic digeson, fermentaon, disllaon, and mechanical

biological treatment. “Appropriate technology” considers eciency in scale and powerintensity of a technology in alignment with an intended outcome for a given locaon.

The goal of cross-programming these land uses is to move toward a zero-waste

producon ecosystem.

In vercal greenhousesproducon rates per squarefoot can be as high as ten mesthat of convenonal farmingdepending on the crop. While arecent Dutch study showed thatvegetables grown in greenhousesrequire 57 mes the energythan comparables grown in anopen eld, security and yieldmay trump eciency—especiallywhen energy inputs that wouldhave otherwise been le forwaste become available.

l i v

e s t o c k e x c h a n g e a r e n a

a q

u a p o n i c g r e e n h o u s e

( m

u n i c i p a l s h h a t c h e r y )

b i r d w a t c h e r p i e r

( w

a s t e l o o p )

b i o s o l i d d r y i n g g r e e n h o u s e

d i s l l e r y a n d b r e w e r y t o w e r

u n

g u l a t e g r a z i n g a r e a

g r

e e n h o u s e

s i l a g e a n d g r a i n s t o r a g e

g r

a n a r y

v e

r c a l f a r m

b i o g a s p r o d u c o n p a r k

W

o o l s e y W e t P r a i r i e

( n

a m e d t o p 5 0 b i r d - w a t c h i n g

s p

o t i n A m e r i c a )

W

e s t s i d e W a s t e w a t e r

T r e a t m e n t P l a n t



-31-

Golf Course DSA From

fairways to community gardens…a beer and higher use

of this underulized suburban golf course is development

supported agriculture. Fairways in this nine-hole course

are retroed to sponsor urban pocket neighborhoods

clustered around community growing spaces, or pure

farming plots connected by a neighborhood greenway.

And, the irrigaon is already in place. Farming has

become a development amenity.

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exisng apartment complex

fairways converted to market gardens

public lawn

so fruit orchard

pocket neighborhoodnut boulevard


4suburban retrofit set“The more consumers insist on fresh, local food, the more businesseswill spring up to supply local seeds, test soil, package and sellcompost, manage temporary land leases, supply local processing,grow indoor greens, develop farm-centered subdivisions, invest intechnological innovations—and a lot more.”Peter Ladner,The Urban Food Revolution: Changing the Way We Feed Cities



-32-

Mall Retrofit:Geothermal District Beginning with Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, indoor malls

and greenhouses have a shared history. Greenhouses on the

mall’s roof and edge opmize district-based energy storage and

exchange, meanwhile creang a civic landmark at the highest

point along this uptown ridge.

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exisng mall

exisng big box stores

greenhouse roof

winterized farmers market and greenhouse

vercal farm and housing

thermal garden wall

fruit orchards

nut boulevard




-33-

Restaurant Farm: Pop-Up Garden Even strip centers along arterials can

be easily transformed to support growing spaces. In this case, two feet

of top soil with a straw base is thrown over the parking lot to support a

garden, sucient to sustain a healthy root zone with aendant microbial

acvity. To extend the growing period, a sunken thermal garden wall

system made from cement blocks surrounds hot beds (using thermophilic

composng) and supports espaliered planngs heated by walls—an ideal“season stretcher”.

a thermal wallgarden system

provides a series of sunkenchambers that create

microclimates for growing fruitsand vegetables beyond their

typical season—season stretcher.

pollutantremediation guild

grow beds onexisting asphalt

t h e r m a l g a r d e n

w a l l

e x i s n g

g r o u n d l e v e l

t h e r m o p h i l i c

c o m p o s n g

t e r r a c e

e s p a l i e r t r e e

( t r a i n e d i n t o a a t

t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l

f o r m i s

i d e a l f o r

a b s o r b i n g r a d i a n t

h e a t f r o m w

a l l s . )

c r i b b i n g f o r v i n e s



“The study of food is really part of the humanist curriculum.”Evan Fraser & Andrew Rimas,Empires of Food: Feast Famine and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations

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exisng big box retail center

food hub

residenal garden blockfruit orchards

growing terraces

greenhouse on big box retail s t o r a g e

l i v e s t o c k

e x c h a n g e

a b a o i r

a n i m a l s h

o w

s o r n g / p

a c k i n g

s e e d b a n k

b a k i n g

c o o k i n g / e d u c a o n

f a r m e r s m

a r k e t

f o o d p r o c e s s i n g

f o o d p a c k

a g i n g / c a r v i n g

f a r m e r s c

o o p e r a v e

s u p p l y

F a y e e v i l l e n u t

s h e l l i n g f a c i l i t y

Food HubCommunity-scaled food processing and distribuon

facilies—like local abaoirs for example—have

disappeared with the consolidaon of industrial

agriculture. Relocalizaon of a food economy

requires a processing infrastructure scaled to the

economics of small to mid-size farming. Here, Food

City’s hub aggregates facilies for food processing,

preparaon and packaging, distribuon, and

markeng at a big box district into town forms.

30fayetteville 2030 food city scenario report

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