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KErdtdedsa gl UefcmdmrakefmrsAystdekc kb Ykbtfmdstde Efrdstgcgoy

Jyubo Fg Aggb

;. Dbtrg`uetdgb8 Efrdstgcgodekc Agtdvms gl UefcmdmrakefmrsPfmgcgoy

Egaambtdbo gb tfm Efrdstg-agrpfde tmb`mbey gl

Uefcmdmrakefmrs tfmgcgoy, Zdefkr` Bdmjufr gbem pgdbtm` gut tfkt

Uefcmdmrakefmrs tfmgcgoy fk` jmmb `mrdvm` akdbcy lrga fds pgsdtdgb

gl tfmgcgoy-lrga-jmcgw, db cdoft gl tfm lket tfkt tfm lmmcdbo glkjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og` dbfmrmbt tg Efrdst fks kb mllmet gb us.

; Dt ds trum tfkt db Uefcmdmrakefmrk mkrcdmst jggn, Gb Zmcdodgb, wfmrm

fds tfmgcgodekc lgub`ktdgbs krm pfdcgsgpfdekccy kb` tfmgrmtdekccy

`mpcgym`, gbm ekbbgt mksdcy ldb` kby `drmet rmakrn wfdef fds

ubefkbodbo pgsdtdgb gb Efrdstgcgoy ekb jm trkem` lrga. Fgwmvmr,

wfmb wm cggn ekrmluccy dbtg Uefcmdmrakefmrs gpus akobua, Efrdstdkb

Lkdtf, db tfm cdoft gl Gb Zmcdodgb, Efrdstg-agrpfde kccusdgbs pursum`

db tfm lgramr krm ecmkrcy vdsdjcm db tfm ckttmr db ormkt `mtkdc kb`

prglub`dty.:

Db gbm gl fds cmeturms pujcdsfm` ub`mr tfm tdtcm Pfm Cdlm gl

Efrdst, Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s tfm `dvdbdty gl Efrdst ks tfm amrm

pgwmr gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt wgrndbo dbwkr`cy db Fds fuakbdty. Fm ekccs

tfm pgwmr gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt tfm mcmambt gl tfm `dvdbm db gur

smcl-egbsedgusbmss kb` kssmrts tfkt lrga tfds pmrspmetdvm tfm

fuakbdty db mvmry akb ds egbbmetm` wdtf tfm `dvdbdty db fda.5

Uefcmdmrakefmr akdbtkdbs tfm vdmw tfkt, ks amb rmemdvm tfm

skam Updrdt wfg wks pgurm` gut luccy dbtg Efrdst kt Fds jkptdsa

emrmagby, tfmy sfkrm Fds `dvdbdty ks wmcc ks Fds fuakbdty, jut tfm

; Zdefkr` Z. Bdmjufr, Uefcmdmrakefmr gb Efrdst kb` Zmcdodgb8 K Bmw Dbtrg`uetdgb (Bmw Tgrn8 Efkrcms

Uerdjbmr's Ugbs, ;4 Hken Lgrstakb, "Jkrtf,

Uefcmdmrakefmr kb` tfm Efrdstdkb Lkdtf," ]bdgb Umadbkry [ukrtmrcy Zmvdmw:;/5(;4

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vdmw ds bgt db kormmambt wdtf tfm tfmgcgodms gl egvmbkbt kb`

rm`maptdgb wfdef krm lgub`m` gb tfm lrmm daputktdgb gl tfm

rdoftmgusbmss gl Efrdst lucldccm` gb tfm ergss. Zmlgram` egvmbkbtkctfmgcgoy tkcns kjgut Og`s megbgay wfdef keegapcdsfms fdstgrdekc

skcvktdgb tfrguof tfm daputktdgb gl Efrdsts amrdt.0 Agrmgvmr, tfm

Zmlgram` tfmgry gl ktgbmambt kssmrts tfkt tfm daputktdgb ds tgtkccy

gjhmetdvm. Pfkt ds tg sky tfkt tfm rdoftmgusbmss gl vdekrdgus

sktdslketdgb gl Efrdst sfguc` jm rmokr`m` ks tfm prdem (prmtdua) gl

rm`maptdgb.= Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, fgwmvmr, Hmsus ekb jm gur

typm gr ag`mc jut Fm ds bgt rmqudrm` tg jm tfm trum Am`dktgr wfg

skvms pmgpcm tfrguof tfm daputktdgb gl tfm prdem gl Fds ktgbdbo `mktf.Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, Efrdsts am`dktdgb ks tfm gbcy fmk` gl

gur jg`y ds ubbmemsskry. Fm ds gbcy gur d`mkc (]rjdc`) jy jmdbo gur

mxkapcm (\grjdc`).

Db Efrdstaks Mvm, Uefcmdmrakefmr kssmrts tfkt tfm mvmbt gl

Efrdst fks kb ktgbdbo sdobdldekbem jmekusm wm ekb bgw jm

daam`dktmcy egbsedgus gl skcvktdgb, jy akndbo dt k syajgc. Pfm

efuref ds rmokr`m` ks k egaaubdty wdtf egbsedmbem. Pg fda, tfm

jdrtf, `mktf, rmsurrmetdgb, kb` ksembsdgb gl Hmsus `g bgt fkvm vkcum

ks fdstgrdekc mvmbts jut rktfmr sdobdldekbem ks tfmy ekb jmegam kb

d`mkcdstde sgurem. Dbekrbktdgb ds akrnm` jy tfm akbdlmstktdgb gl tfm

grdodbkc kb` `dvdbm wds`ga db tfm pmrsgb gl tfm akb, Hmsus. Db tfds

eksm tfm `dvdbdty gl Efrdst ds ub`mrstgg` ks tfm pgwmr gl tfm Fgcy

Updrdt wgrndbo wdtfdb Fdasmcl, tfkt ds, Fds `mvgtdgb kb` cgvm. Jy tfm

wgrn gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt, pmgpcm fkvm kb mxpmrdmbem gl kb daam`dktm

jdrtf. Gbm omts tg mxpmrdmbem sgamwfkt fdofmr-cmvmc

smcl-egbsedgusbmss jy fkvdbo tfm smcl-mxdstmbtdkc egbsedgusbmss

egajdbm` jy tfm smcl-egbsedgusbmss gl jmegadbo Hmsus-cdnm wdtf

Efrdst. Uefcmdmrakefmr ekccs tfds tfm mxpmrdmbem gl skcvktdgb gr gl

0 Gb tfm egb`dtdgb gl tfm egvmbkbt gl orkem, el. Ymtmr K. Cdccjken, Pfm Jdb`dbo gl Og`8 Ekcvdbs Zgcm db

tfm @mvmcgpambt gl Egvmbkbt Pfmgcgoy (Orkb` Zkpd`s8 Jknmr, :99;)> H. _kybm Jknmr, Fmdbrdef

Juccdbomr kb` tfm Egvmbkbt8 Pfm Gtfmr Zmlgram` Prk`dtdgb (Ktfmbs, Gfdg8 Gfdg ]bdvmrsdty Yrmss,

;469).

= Gb tfm sktdslketdgb (ktgbmambt) gl Efrdst, el. Jyubo Fg Aggb, "Uktdslketdg Efrdstd D8 Pfm Lgraktdgb gl

tfm Zmlgram` @getrdbm gl Uktdslktdgb," Udbfknhdbka ?5/0(:99

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dbekrbktdgb.

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k egbecu`dbo rmakrn, Efkptmr < prgvms tfm lket tfkt Uefcmdmrakefmr

pursum` fds Efrdstgcgoy db k aystdekc kb` pkbtfmdstde

Efrdstgcgoy-lrga-jmcgw wky.

:. Zm`maptdgb8 Ufkrdbo wdtf Efrdst tfm Lmmcdbo gl Kjsgcutm@mpmb`mbem upgb Og`

Ydmty (Lraadonmdt) ds k nmy dssum tg ub`mrstkb`

Uefcmdmrakefmrs tfmgcgoy. Db Gb Zmcdodgb, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mldbms

rmcdodgus cdlm ks mxkctdbo tfm fuakb fmkrt wdtf pdmty sg tfkt tfm wfgcm

sguc aky jm `dssgcvm` db tfm daam`dktm lmmcdbo gl tfm Dbldbdtm kb`Mtmrbkc (mdb ubadttmcjkrms Omlfc `ms ]bmb`cdefmb ub` Mwdomb) kb`

jm sustkdbm` db egaaubdektdgb (Omamdbsefklt) wdtf Fda.6 Db

Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mldbms pdmty ks k ag`dldektdgb gl

Lmmcdbo, gr gl daam`dktm smcl-egbsedgusbmss (mdbm Jmstdaatfmdt `ms

Omlfcs gr`mr `ms ubadttmcjkrmb Umcjstjmwutsmdbs).4 Fm ekccs dt tfm

egbsedgusbmss gl jmdbo kjsgcutmcy `mpmb`mbt, tfkt ds, gl jmdbo db

rmcktdgb wdtf Og`.;9 Pfds egbsedgusbmss ds egbemdvdbo Og` ks tfm

_fgcm kb` tfm Lgub`ktdgb dbecu`dbo tfm smcl kb` ks suef, jmdbo tfkt

jmegams tfm smcl jy gwbdbo Fda.

Uefcmdmrakefmr egbsd`mrs tfkt mvmry smcl-egbsedgusbmss fks

twg mcmambts8 k smcl-ekusm` mcmambt (mdb Udefsmcjstsmtzmb) kb` k

bgb-smcl-ekusm` mcmambt (mdb Udefsmcjstbdeftsgomsmtztfkjmb). Pfm

lgramr rmlmrs tg k Jmdbo (mdb Umdb) kb` tfm ckttmr tg k

Fkvdbo-jy-sgam-amkbs-egam-tg-jm (mdb Dromb`wdmomwgr`mbsmdb).

Pfmrmlgrm, mkef pmrsgb egbemdvms dts Mog ks dts gwb mxdstmbem db

tfm wgrc` kb` eg-mxdstmbem wdtf tfm wgrc`.;; Mkef gl us ds

egbsedgus gl gursmcvms ks k pkrt gl tfm wgrc` kb` tfmrm ds bg lmmcdbo

6 Gb Zmcdodgb, ;

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gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem gr gl kjsgcutm lrmm`ga wdtf rmlmrmbem tg tfm

rmcktdgbsfdp jmtwmmb gursmcvms.;:

Fgwmvmr, keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, tfm gbcy tfdbo tfktmxdsts wdtf rmlmrmbem tg tfm rmcktdgbsfdp jmtwmmb Og` kb` us ds tfm

lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`. _m fkvm bg lmmcdbo gl

lrmm`ga tgwkr`s Og`. Uefcmdmrakefmr `gms bgt prmsuppgsm tfm

mxdstmbem gl Og`, stdcc cmss tfm grdodbkc nbgwcm`om gl Og`, wfdef ds

nbgwb ks rmvmcktdgb. Fm sdapcy tfdbns tfkt tfm mxdstmbem gl Og`

egams trum wfmb wm krm egbsedgus gl Fda ks tfm _fmbem kb` tfm

_fgcm, wfg ds mxecusdvmcy gutsd`m us. Uefcmdmrakefmr `gms bgt dbtmb`

tg spmkn gl tfm mxdstmbem gl Og`. Fds sgcm egbemrb ds guregbsedgusbmss gl sgamtfdbo `dvdbm, wfdef ekb jm prgpmrcy ekccm` Og`

jmekusm wm egbemdvms dt ks suef.

Pfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem jmegams k ecmkr

smcl-egbsedgusbmss gbcy ks tfds d`mk egams dbtg jmdbo

sdauctkbmguscy. Db tfds smbsm dt ekb jm trucy skd` tfkt Og` ds

odvmb tg us db lmmcdbo db tfm grdodbkc wky> kb` dl wm spmkn gl

kb grdodbkc rmvmcktdgb gl Og` tg akb gr db akb, tfm amkbdbo

wdcc kcwkys jm hust tfds, tfkt, kcgbo wdtf tfm kjsgcutm

`mpmb`mbem wfdef efkrketmrdzms bgt gbcy akb jut kcc tmapgrkc

mxdstmbem, tfmrm ds odvmb tg akb kcsg tfm daam`dktm

smcl-egbsedgusbmss gl dt, wfdef jmegams k egbsedgusbmss gl

Og`.;5

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, Efrdstdkb pdmty cdms db tfm `mtmradbktdgb gl

smcl-egbsedgusbmss, tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og` jy

gbm wfgsm cdlm ds tg jm egbemdvm` ks kb kctmrbktdgb jmtwmmb kb

kjd`dbo-db-smcl (Dbsdefjcmdjmb) kb` k pkssdbo-jmygb`-smcl

(Kussdeffmrkustrmtmb).;0

;: Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 0.:.

;5 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 0.0.

;0 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 5.5-=. Gb Uefcmdmrakefmr's pgsdtdgb gb tfm `getrdbm gl Og` wfdef ds `mrdvm` lrga

tfm egbempt gl tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og` kb` fuakb dbtrgvmrt kb` mxtrgvmrt

pmrsgbkcdty, el. Akrtdb, "Zmcdodgb lgr Dts Eucturm` @mspdsmrs8 K Utu`y db tfm Pfmgcgodekc Amtfg` glUefcmdmrakefmr," 4

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Pfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem gl Og` ds ubdqum tg mkef

pmrsgb, jut ekb jm smmb ks tfm egbsedgusbmss gl ndb` (Okttubosjmwu

tsmdb), wfdef ds bgt db`dvd`ukcdstde.;=

Dt lgras dtsmcl jy jmdboegaaubdektm` db dtsmcl, sfkrm` db gbm kb` kdam` kt mkef gtfmr.

Zmcdodgsdty (Zmcdodgsdtt) `mbgtms tfm db`dvd`ukcs susemptdjdcdty tg tfm

dblcumbem gl tfm lmccgwsfdp gr egaaubdgb kb` pkrtdedpktdgb db tfm

edreucktdgb kb` prgpkoktdgb gl tfm rmcdodgus magtdgbs.;

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Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, Hmsus Efrdst jmegams tfm

Zm`mmamr db tfkt pmgpcm krm egbsedgus gl rm`maptdgb tfrguof Fda. Dbtfds smbsm, Hmsus Efrdst ds tfm lgub`mr gl k rmcdodgus egaaubdgb

ekccm` Efrdstdkbdty. Pfm rm`maptdgb gl Efrdst cdms db Fds kjsgcutm

lrmm`ga lrga tfm jgb`kom gl sdb kb` dbekpkedty jy Fds pmrlmet kb`

ubefkbodbo kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`.:0 Hmsus Efrdst `d`

rm`mmadbo ketdvdty (mrcsmb`mb Pftdonmdt) db tfkt Fm mxpmrdmbem`

kjsgcutm smcl-egbsedgusbmss kb` egaaubdektm` kb` prgpkoktm` dt

kagbo tfm pmgpcm mcmetm` jy Og`. Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr,

skcvktdgb egams bgt gbcy tfrguof (`uref) jut kcsg lrga (vgb)Efrdst jmekusm dt ds tg mxpmrdmbem Og`-egbsedgusbmss(Ogttmsjmwu

tsmdb) kcgbo wdtf Fda. :=

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, rm`maptdgb amkbs rmkefdbo k stktm gl

jmdbo egbsedgus gl Og` ks Efrdst jy akndbo Fda tfm ]rjdc`. Db gtfmr

wgr`s, rm`maptdgb ds tg rmemdvm tfm skam `dvdbdty dbwkr`cy tfkt Efrdst

rmemdvm` db Fds fuakbdty. Mvmrygbm fks tfds pgssdjdcdty.:

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`mldbm` jy tfm egaaubdekjdcdty gl Fds smcl-egbsedgusbmss.5;

Uefcmdmrakefmr ldb`s tfkt k rmkc `getrdbm (Ockujmbssktz) cdms db

`mserdjdbo tfm egaaubdektdgb gl Og`-egbsedgusbmss db pgmtde,`dkcmetde, kb` rfmtgrde wkys.5:

Uefcmdmrakefmrs `getrdbm ds `mvgd` gl suef k egbempt ks

gjhmetdvm kb` kjsgcutm rmvmcktdgb.55 Lkdtf ds bgt tg rmemdvm Og`s

rmvmcktdgb jut tg lmmc egbvdbem` gl Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Lkdtf ds tg

sfkrm tfm `dvdbm pcmksurm wfdef Efrdst mbhgym`.50 _fmb

Uefcmdmrakefmr skys tfkt tfmrm ds bg gtfmr wky jut tg jmcdmvm db

Efrdst ks Zm`mmamr, fm amkbs dt db tfm lgccgwdbo smbsm.5= @getrdbms

krm skd` tg tmkef kllmetdgbs kb` rdtukcs, kb` tfm meecmsdkstdekc vkcum gl`getrdbms cdms gbcy db rmcdodgus lmmcdbos rktfmr tfkb db tfm spdrdtukc

pmrsuksdgb gl tfm _gr` gl Og`.5< @getrdbms krm skd` tg jmegam

prmempts lgr prmkefdbo kb` `dsedpcdbm tg egaaubdektm Efrdsts grdodbkc

lmmcdbo.5?

Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s k `getrdbkc trutf ks sedmbtdlde db tfm

smbsm tfkt dt ds `dkcmetde. K `getrdbm ds `dkcmetde db tfm smbsm tfkt dt ds

rmcktm` tg tfm rkppgrt gl nbgwcm`om rktfmr tfkb tg tfm nbgwcm`om

dtsmcl.56 Pfm `getrdbm tfkt Efrdstdkb pdmty fks dts lgub`ktdgb gb `gms

`mkc bgt wdtf tfm nbgwcm`om gl Efrdst jut wdtf tfm nbgwcm`om gl Fds

pdmty.54 Pg Uefcmdmrakefmr, pdmty ds bg agrm tfkb lmmcdbo Og`

egaprmfmbsdvmcy. Efrdst ds tfm ldrst pmrsgb tg fkvm tfds lmmcdbo kb`

gbm rmokr`s Fda ks Zm`mmamr db tfm smbsm tfkt tfrguof Fda gbcy,

59 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;0.;. El. Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;0.:> ;=.:> ;6.;, 5> ;4.;> 45.=. Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s

prmkefdbo ks tfm egaaubdektdgb gl dbbmr lmmcdbo rktfmr tfkb tfm prgeckaktdgb gl jdjcdekc trutfs. El.

@kwb @m\rdms, Hmsus Efrdst db tfm Yrmkefdbo gl Ekcvdb kb` Uefcmdmrakefmr (Cgudsvdccm8 _mstadbstmr

Hgfb Nbgx, ;44

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gbm ds kjcm tg fkvm tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`.

Efuref ds k oktfmrdbo gl pmgpcm wfg sfkrm tfds lmmcdbo kb` `getrdbms

krm meecmsdkstdekc stktmambts gb suef k lmmcdbo.09

Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, rm`maptdgb ds tg fkvm kb

daam`dktm kb` dbtmrbkc mxpmrdmbem gl jmdbo ubdtm` wdtf Og` tfrguof

Efrdst, wfg Fdasmcl mxpmrdmbem` Og`s pmrlmet skcvdlde jcmssdbo. Efrdst

ds bgt tfm gjhmet gl lkdtf, jut ]rjdc` lgr jmcdmvmrs, ks \grjdc` wfga

tfmy fkvm tg dadtktm. Db lket, dt ds k lmmcdbo tfkt cmk`s ygu tg `mpmb`

upgb Og` ks k pkrt gl Og`. Pfds ndb` gl lmmcdbo ekb jm rmokr`m` ks

tfm `dvdbm lmmcdbo wfdef Efrdst ldrst mxpmrdmbem`.0; Uefcmdmrakefmr

eckdas tfkt tfds ndb` gl lmmcdbo gl gbmbmss gr ubdty sprdbosdaam`dktmcy wdtfdb tfm fmkrt. Ug tfm lmmcdbo ds ekccm` ubdvmrskc kb`

bkturkc tg kcc amb.0: Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s tfm jdjcm bgt ks tfm

trmksurm gl Og`s mtmrbkc kb` smcl-mvd`mbt wds`ga jut gbcy ks k

sgurem gl tfds egbsedgusbmss. Db gtfmr wgr`s, lgr fda, `dvdbm trutf ds

ombmrktm` lrga tfm smcl-egbsedgusbmss gl tfm fuakbdty gl amb wfg

kcsg sfkrm db egaagb tfm `dvdbdty wdtf Efrdst.05

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, Hmsus Efrdst ekbbgt jmegam gur Zm`mmamr

ks skerdldem (skerdldedua)-prdmst (skemr`gs). Fm ekb gbcy jmegam

]rjdc` ks k ag`mc. Efrdst sfkrms tfm skam Og`-egbsedgusbmss wdtf

us, jut ds `dstdboudsfm` lrga us db tfkt fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss wks

pmrlmetcy kjsgcutm db `mormm. Pfds ndb` gl mxpckbktdgb ds bgt

egapktdjcm wdtf trk`dtdgbkc `getrdbms suef ks tfm daputktdgb gl tfm

rdoftmgusbmss gr amrdt gl Efrdst. Lrga tfm gutsmt gl fds tfmgcgoy,

Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms kby pgssdjdcdty gl Efrdsts rm`maptdgb db gur

pckem jy pckedbo fuakb ekpkedty kt tfm embtmr.

09 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 59.;.

0; Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 5:.;-:. El. Zdefkr` Z. Bdmjufr, "Uefcmdmrakefmr8 Pfmgcgoy ks Fuakb Zmlcmetdgb,"

Fkrvkr` Pfmgcgodekc Zmvdmw ==/;(;4

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5. Am`dktdgb lgr kb` gl Kcc8 @mbdkc gl Efrdsts UgcmAm`dktgrsfdp

Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, Efrdst jmegams gur Zm`mmamr

wfg prmsmbts us wdtf tfm bmw egrpgrktm cdlm ks ]rjdc`.

Uefcmdmrakefmr kssmrts tfkt tfm purpgsm gl rm`maptdgb ds tg mbfkbem

tfm mkrtfcy cdlm tfkt Og` mb`gwm` jy okdbdbo bmw cdlm lrga Efrdst kb`

dbvgcvdbo dt wdtfdb us.00 Uefcmdmrakefmr eckdas tfkt tfgsm wfg

mxpmrdmbem jmdbo gbm wdtf Efrdst jy daam`dktmcy egbemdvdbo tfm

egbsedgusbmss gl tfm bmw cdlm0= sfguc` lmmc tfm bmm` tg jmegam

am`dktgrs tfmasmcvms lgr gtfmrs,0< lgr rm`maptdgb tg Uefcmdmrakefmrds tg lmmc gbmsmcl jgtf ks sujhmet kb` ks k pkrt gl tfm wfgcm kb` tg

lmmc k rmedprgedty jmtwmmb Mog kb` Gtfmr jgtf ks k pkrt kb` ks k

wfgcm kt tfm skam tdam tgwkr`s mkef gtfmr. Efrdst ds skd` tg jm

Am`dktgr jmekusm Fm lmct tfds lmmcdbo gl tfm wfgcm ks Og`, tfkt ds tg

sky, tfm _fgcm, lgr tfm ldrst tdam. Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, bg

Og`-egbsedgusbmss mxdsts wdtfgut tfm lmmcdbo gl eg-mxdstmbem gl mkef

pkrt gl tfm _fgcm. Ug tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og` ds

prmsuppgsm` jy gbms rmcktdvm `mpmb`mbem upgb mkef gtfmr.

Uefcmdmrakefmr kssmrts tfkt tfds ndb` gl am`dktdgb wguc` stdcc jm

rmqudrm` mvmb dl bg Lkcc fk` geeurrm` db fdstgry. Lgr fda, tfm Lkcc ds

amrmcy k prgemss gl ombmrkc fdstgry tg jm pmrlmetm`. Db tfds rmspmet,

fm skys, Efrdst fk` tfm skam am`dktgrdkc glldem mvmb jmlgrm tfm Lkcc

ks Zm`mmamr. Dt ds jmcdmvm` tfkt cdnm Efrdst, kcc amb krm am`dktgrs lgr

gtfmrs jmekusm tfmy fkvm jmmb mb`gwm` wdtf dbbktm kjdcdtdms. Bg

ubdqumbmss db Efrdsts am`dktgrsfdp ekb jm lgub` fmrm.0?

Pfds jksde pgsdtdgb gl Uefcmdmrakefmr ds kcrmk`y mxfdjdtm` db

fds ldrst wgrn Gb Zmcdodgb, wfmrm Uefcmdmrakefmr kssmrts tfkt mkef

pmrsgb wgrns ks k am`dktgr lgr gtfmrs ks fm gr sfm egbemdvms

tfmasmcvms ks k pkrt gl tfm _fgcm. Ks k pkrt gl tfm Gbm kb` gl tfm

_fgcm, amb lmmc tfm fdofmr smcl-egbsedgusbmss gl egaaubdektdgb wdtf

00 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 6?.5.

0= Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 66.:.

0< Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 64.5.0? Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 64.

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gtfmrs, wdtf tfm ubdvmrsm kb` uctdaktmcy wdtf Og`. Jy tfmdr vmry

mxdstmbem tfmy prgvm tfkt tfmy tfmasmcvms krm kajkssk`grs gl Og`

kb` am`dktgrs jmtwmmb ldbdtm amb kb` tfm dbldbdtm fuakbdty.06

Pfmfdofmst bkturm gl fuakbdty cdms db tfm egaagb lmmcdbo gl tfm Gbm db

Kcc, kb` Kcc db Gbm (`ks mdbm db kccma ub` kccms db mdbma). Pfm trum

prdmst gl tfm fdofmst ds tfm pmrsgb wfg dbtmrem`ms lgr gtfmrs wdtf

tfm kjdcdty tg mbfkbem gbm's dbbmr lmmcdbo jy dbspdrktdgb (Jmomdstmrubo).

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, dbspdrktdgb ds kb ketdvdty gl lmmcdbo lgr tfm ldbdtm

tg rmegobdzm tfm dbldbdtm ks dts _fgcm. Dt ds bg gtfmr tfkb

smcl-egbsedgusbmss ks k prdmstcy am`dktgr tg lmmc gbm ks kbgtfmr

gtfmr kagbo tfm _fgcm.04Uefcmdmrakefmr akdbtkdbs tfkt jy tfm wgrndbo gl _grc`-Updrdt

(_mctsomdst), mvmry ermkturm jmegams k okccmry gl rmcdodgus sembms

kb` mkef pkrt ds prketdsm` db tfm _fgcm kb` tfm _fgcm ds jmdbo

egapcmtm`.=9 Pfm ubdvmrsm ds cdnm kb grokb wfmrm tfm akstmrsfdp

(Amdstmrtua) kb` tfm `dsedpcmsfdp (Hbomrsefklt) krm eg-mxdstdbo.

Fuakb jmdbos krm ermktm` tg egaaubdektm kb` jm ubdtm` wdtf mkef

gtfmr. Pfds ds jmekusm mkef pmrsgb fks k efkbem tg sfkrm tfm Yrdakc

Ugurem (]rwmsmb) db tfm lmmcdbo gl wmknbmss (]bvmraombs) kb`

ldbdtu`m (Mb`cdefnmdt).=; Uefcmdmrakefmrs egbempt gl am`dktgrsfdp ds

grdodbkccy rmcktm` tg tfm megbgay kb` prmsmrvktdgb gl ermktdgb rktfmr

tfkb tg pmrsgbkc skcvktdgb. Lgr fda, tfm Lkcc rmlmrs amrmcy tg k stkom

gl tfm mvgcutdgb gl tfm ermkturm.=:

Uefcmdmrakefmr smms tfkt fuakbdty fks kb dbbktm dbtudtdgb tg

dbtmrem`m jmtwmmb pmrsgbs, agrmgvmr jmtwmmb gur cdadtm` wky gl

tfdbndbo kb` tfm mtmrbkc ckws gl tfm wgrc`. Pfds ndb` gl daam`dktm

egbsedgusbmss ds bgt `dllmrmbt lrga pdgus lmmcdbo wfdef ds mxkctm` jy

06 Lrdm`rdef Uefcmdmrakefmr, Gb Zmcdodgb8 Upmmefms tg Dts Eucturm` @mspdsmrs, tr. Hgfb Gakb, Zmp.

(Cgudsvdccm8 _mstadbstmr/Hgfb Nbgx, ;440),

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dbspdrktdgb.=5 Pfgsm wfg fkvm fdofmr smbsms, tfkt ds pdmty, fkvm k

ombmrkc susemptdjdcdty tg kcc rmcdodgus lmmcdbos (mdbm kccomamdbm

Mrrmojkrnmdt lr kccm rmcdodsmb Omlfcm).=0

Pfds fuakb ekpkedtyjmegams kb mssmbtdkc mcmambt tg ubdtm tfm _fgcm ks tfm Gbm jy tfm

wgrndbo gl _grc`-Updrdt.== _fmb tfm _fgcm ds egbemdvm` ks tfm Gbm,

tfm d`mk gl tfm Gbm jmegams kb mxdstmbem, Og`, db tfm pdgus lmmcdbo

gl rmcktdgbsfdp kb` egaaubdektdgb wdtf tfm ]bdvmrsm. Pfds ndb` gl

lmmcdbo ds tfm gbcy ag`m gl Og`s mxdstmbem. Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr,

skcvktdgb db tfm Og`-egbsedgusbmss tfrguof tfm am`dktdgb ds bgbm

gtfmr tfkb grokbde cdlm db kb` wdtf tfm ]bdvmrsm.=< Pfmrm ds bg

`dllmrmbem jmtwmmb tfm ombmrkc orkem kb` tfm spmedkc orkem.Uefcmdmrakefmr rmcktms fuakb sgedkc bkturm tg prdmstfgg`.=? Fm

skys tfkt tfm fuakb sguc ds tfm egaagb smkt gl tfm skam lmmcdbo.

Pfm lmmcdbo gl bkturkc kb` mtmrbkc ubdgb wdtf mkef gtfmr ds

ubefkbomkjcm ks k fmkvmbcy jgb`.=6 Pfm nmy db rmcdodgus cdlm ds tg

cdvm k cdvdbo kb` cdlm-odvdbo cdlm. Prum pdmty cdms bgt db rmemdvdbo

sgamtfdbo lrga wdtfgut (vgb kumb) jut db dapkrtdbo sgamtfdbo

ubdqum lrga wdtfdb (vgb dbbmb fmrkus).=4 Kbygbm wfg sfkrms

rmcdodgus lmmcdbo kb` fmcps tg lgra k jgb` gl sgedmty wgrns ks k

prdmst.

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eucturm, kb` krts krm suoomstm` ks rmcdodgus ombrms. Kcc sfguc` jm

am`dktgrs lgr kcc. Kcc tfgsm am`dktm` krm `dvdbm. Kcc tfkt ds fuakb ds

fgcy, lgr kcc ds `dvdbm.

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_m fkvm lmccgwsfdp wdtf Og` gbcy db k cdvdbo lmccgwsfdp wdtf

tfm Zm`mmamr, suef tfkt db dt Fds kjsgcutmcy sdbcmss pmrlmetdgb

kb` jcmssm`bmss rmprmsmbt k lrmm kb` spgbtkbmgus ketdvdty,wfdcm tfm rmedpdmbts bmm` gl rm`maptdgb rmprmsmbts lrmm kb`

kssdadcktdvm rmemptdvdty. daam`dktm db tfkt dt ds egbemdvm` ambtkccy

wdtfgut kby rmspgbsdvm ketdvdty, kb` am`dktm db tfkt dt lgccgws tfm

grdodbkc lmmcdbo gl Efrdst ks tfm d`mkc.

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ks og` db gur daam`dktm smcl-egbsedgusbmss. Pfm `dvdbm ketdvdty gl

tfm Amssdkf ekccm` Efrdst ds tg kjsgcvm egblcdets jmtwmmb tfm Gbm kb`

tfm akby db tfm Gbm. Fds am`dktdgb ds `dvdbm gbcy db tfkt dt dsegbemdvm` daam`dktmcy kb` dbtudtdvmcy kagbo us ks k amkbs tg

gvmregam tfm okp jmtwmmb tfm dbldbdtm kb` tfm ldbdtm, kb` tfm mtmrbkc

kb` tfm tmapgrkc.

Pfm grdodbkc dbtudtdgb gl Efrdstdkbdty ds agrm ocgrdgus, agrm

sujcdam, agrm wgrtfy gl k`uct fuakbdty kb` pmbmtrktms `mmpmr

dbtg tfm spdrdt gl systmaktde rmcdodgb kb` mxtmb`s dtsmcl lurtfmr

gvmr tfm wfgcm ]bdvmrsm. Dt ds hust tfm dbtudtdgb gl tfm]bdvmrskc rmsdstkbem gl ldbdtm tfdbos tg tfm ubdty gl tfm _fgcm,

kb` gl tfm wky tfkt tfm @mdty trmkts tfm rmsdstkbem. Efrdstdkbdty

smms fgw Fm rmegbedcms Fds fgstdcdty tg Fdasmcl, kb` smts

jgub`s tg tfm mvmr-dbermksdbo kcdmbktdgb jy sekttmrdbo pgdbts

fmrm kb` tfmrm gvmr tfm wfgcm tfkt krm jgtf ldbdtm kb` dbldbdtm,

fuakb kb` `dvdbm. Egrruptdgb kb` rm`maptdgb, fgstdcdty kb`

am`dktdgb, krm tfm twg db`dvdsdjcy ubdtm`, lub`kambtkc mcmambts

gl tfds typm gl lmmcdbo, kb` jy tfma tfm wfgcm lgra gl

Efrdstdkbdty kb` tfm ekst gl kcc tfm rmcdodgus akttmr egbtkdbm` db

dt krm `mtmradbm`. ?0

Keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr, mvmrygbm ks k am`dktdbo kb`

`dvdbm jmdbo cdvms k `dvdbm cdlm db egaaubdgb wdtf tfm dbldbdtm _fgcm.

Mkef pmrsgb wfg fks k fdofmr Og`-egbsedgusbmss sfkrms dt wdtf

gtfmrs ks k cgodekc am`dktgr (mdb cgodsef Adttcmr) kb` kb mtfdekc

am`dktgr (mdb mtfdsef Adttcmr). Efrdst am`dktms ks k rmprmsmbtktdvm.

Fm jmegams kt tfm embtmr gl am`dktdgb.?= Fm `magbstrktms kb

mxmapckry typm gl am`dktgr.?< _dtf rmlmrmbem tg am`dktdgb, Efrdst

jmegams gur ]rjdc` ks \grjdc`.??

?0 Gb Zmcdodgb, :0;.

?= Gb Zmcdodgb, :06-:=:.

?< Db tfds rmspmet, Uefcmdmrakefmr gppgsms Efrdst's am`dktdgb keegr`dbo tg jgtf gl Fds bkturms. El. Cgrd

Ymkrsgb, "Uefcmdmrakefmr kb` tfm Efrdstgcgodms jmfdb` Efkcem`gb," Fkrvkr` Pfmgcgodekc Zmvdmw

4

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Db Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, Uefcmdmrakefmr rmcktms Efrdsts `dobdty

(wr`m) tg Fds ketdvdty db tfm lgub`dbo gl k egaaubdty (`mr

Omamdbsefkltstdltmb`mb _drnskanmdt).?6

Efrdst ds rmokr`m` ks tfmLgub`mr gl tfm Efrdstdkb lmccgwsfdp jmekusm dts amajmrs krm

egbsedgus gl Og` tfrguof Fda.?4 Pfkt ds, lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, Efrdst

jmegams tfm fmk` gl tfm efuref ks kb grdodb gl rmcdodgus rdtms.69 Jytfm pmrsuksdgb gl Efrdst kcc Efrdstdkbs krm kwkrm gl tfm spgbtkbmdty

gl tfm bmw egrpgrktm cdlm (`dm Umcjsttftdonmdt `ms bmumb

Omskaatcmjmbs).6; Pfm akrns gl tfm efuref krm rmvmkcm` agst

sdobdldekbtcy db kb mvmr-ketdvm susemptdjdcdty tg Fds dblcumbem (`mr

rmomjcmdjmb`mb Maplbocdefnmdt lr smdbm Mdbwdrnubo). Efrdst kcwkysfks kb mxmapckry (vgrjdc`cdefm) `dobdty. Jut tfds `gms bgt amkb tfkt

Fm kcwkys jmegams d`mkcdty (]rjdc`cdefnmdt). Fds rmprmsmbtktdvm

dblcumbem `gms bgt kcwkys prmsuppgsm tfkt Fm fks kjsgcutm

pmrlmetdgb. Lgr wdtf kb mvmr-`mmpmbdbo ub`mrstkb`dbo gl Efrdst

Efrdstdkbs pursum pgssdjdcdty tg surpkss Fda.6: Db `mkcdbo wdtf

skcvktdgb, Uefcmdmrakefmr mapfksdzms spgbtkbmdty ks kb mssmbtdkc

mcmambt lgr smcl-keegapcdsfambt.65 Pfds typm gl spgbtkbmdty akrns

tfm `dvdbdty gl amb agst sdobdldekbtcy jmekusm dt ekusms tfmdr

fuakbdty tg egbemdvm sgamtfdbo jmygb` dt.

Uefcmdmrakefmr ldb`s tfm pmrlmet d`mkc gl k am`dktgr db Efrdsts

Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Ydmty ds rmokr`m` ks cdvdbo lmccgwsfdp wdtf Fds

lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`.60 Efrdsts adrkecms jmegam

akrns wfdef sfgw Fds smcl-gvmregadbo vdk kjsgcutm

Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Uefcmdmrakefmr kpprgvms tfm egbempt gl

sdblucbmss gl Efrdst. Fgwmvmr, fm egbsd`mrs dt trdvdkc. Pfus, Efrdst ds

`mserdjm` ks Zm`mmamr kb` rm`mmam` db gbm pmrsgb (Mrcsmr ub`

Nbgx, :995), =;-=5.

?6 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 45.;.

?4 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;;.5(=

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Mrcstmr db mdbmr Ymrsgb). Cdnm us, keegr`dbo tg Uefcmdmrakefmr,

Efrdst ekbbgt egbqumr fuakb sdblucbmss db Fds pfysdekc cdlm, jut jy

cdvdbo tfm spdrdtukc cdlm lucc gl Og`-egbsedgusbmss Fm aknms usrmegobdzm k adrkeucgus lket (mdbm wub`mrjkrm Mrsefmdbubo). Pfm

bkturm tg cdvm k spdrdtukc cdlm ds odvmb jy Og`. Hmsus sfgws tfm

d`mkcdty db tfkt Fm ak`m tfm pmrlmet d`mkc gl tfm bkturm egam trum lgr

tfm ldrst tdam.6= Pfds typm gl bkturm ds ekccm` `dvdbdty, wfdef

Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s ks egaagb tg kcc Efrdstdkbs. Efrdst tgg fks

tfds bkturm hust cdnm us, jut mxkcts dt tg tfm fdofmst pgdbt, ubcdnm us.6

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rm`mmam` amkbs tg jm Og`, ks k pkrt gl Og`, wfdef ds wfgccy

pkbtfmdstde.

=. Pfm Ymrsgb kb` _grn gl Efrdst tfm Am`dktgr

Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms tfm fypgstktde ubdgb gl Efrdst tfm

Am`dktgr, mstkjcdsfm` jy tfm Efkcem`gb Ermm` db 0=; K@, lgr tfm

lgccgwdbo rmksgbs.

Ldrst, fm ldb`s bg jdjcdekc pksskoms tfkt ecmkrcy sfgw tfm

mxdstmbem gl tfm `dvdbdty gl Efrdst jmlgrm tfm Dbekrbktdgb. Pfm sujhmet

gl Dbekrbktdgb ekbbgt jm Cgogs, tfm mtmrbkc _gr` gl Og`. Umegb`,sdbem tfm wgr` bkturm (`dm Bktur) sdobdldms tfm ldbdtm kttrdjutms gl k

ermkturm, dt ekbbgt bgt jm usm` tg rmlmr tg tfm `dvdbdty. Pfdr`, sdbem

tfm ubdgb gl twg bkturms ds bgt egapktdjcm wdtf tfm ubdty gl pmrsgb,

dl wm akdbtkdb tfm trk`dtdgbkc egbempt gl tfm fypgstktde ubdgb, wm wdcc

surmcy lkcc dbtg mrrgrs jy rmokr`dbo Efrdst mdtfmr ks twg pmrsgbs gr

ks k tfdr` pmrsgb. Lgurtf, dl wm tknm tfm pgsdtdgb gl fypgstktde ubdgb,

wm wdcc egam tg tfm `dcmaak tfkt wm ekb sky bmdtfmr tfkt Efrdst fks

twg wdccs bgr tfkt Fm fks gbm wdcc. Ldltf, dl wm tknm tfm pgsdtdgb gl

fypgstktde ubdgb, wm ekbbgt mxpckdb tfm trdbdty. Lgr, dl wm k`` tfm

ubdty gl bkturm tg tfm ubdty gl mssmbem, uctdaktmcy dt ds

sybgbyagus tg prmsuppgsdbo tfm ubdgb gl tfm `dvdbdty gl Efrdst wdtf

twg gtfmr pmrsgbs prgpmrtdms.49 Pfds erdtdqum gl Uefcmdmrakefmr ds

grdodbktm` lrga fds adsub`mrstkb`dbo gl tfmgcgodekc tmras suef ks

fypgstksds, bkturm, ubdty, kb` ubdgb. Agst gl kcc, fm `gms bgt ecmkrcy

`dllmrmbtdktm jmtwmmb fypgstksds kb` bkturm gr jmtwmmb ubdty kb`

ubdgb.

Uefcmdmrakefmr wkrbs dl wm k`adt tfm fypgstktde ubdgb wm wdcc

lkcc dbtg Mjdgbdsa gr @gemtdsa.4; Dbtmrprmtdbo tfm _gr` jmekam

lcmsf, Uefcmdmrakefmr mxpckdbs tfm _gr` ks tfm ketdvdty gl Og`

mxprmssm` db tfm lgra gl egbsedgusbmss, lcmsf ks k ombmrkc

mxprmssdgb lgr tfm grokbde. Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, tfm Dbekrbktdgb ds

49 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4

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bgbm gtfmr tfkb k pfysdekc ketdvdty gl egbsedgusbmss jy tfm wgrndbo

gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt. Fm skys Efrdst fks kb kjsgcutm kb` ecmkr

Og`-egbsedgusbmss jmekusm Fm fks tfm dbbmragst, lub`kambtkcpgwmr, wfdef ds kttrdjutm` tg `dvdbdty. K bmw dbekrbktdgb kb`

dbekrbktm`bmss gl Og` (mdb bmums Ambsefwmr`mb ub`

Ambsefomwgr`mbsmdb Ogttms) `mbgtms tfm lket tfkt tfm ketdvdty gl

Og`-egbsedgusbmss jmegams mtmrbkc db Efrdst. Pfmrmlgrm, dt ds

kssmrtm` tfkt kcwkys kb` mvmrywfmrm kcc tfkt ds fuakb db Fda

sprdbos gut gl tfkt `dvdbm (daamr ub` jmrkcc kccms ambsefcdefm db dfa

kus hm`ma ottcdefmb wdr`).4: Fmrm Uefcmdmrakefmrs vdmw ds ecmkrcy

vdsdjcm db tfkt tfm `dvdbdty ds bgbm gtfmr tfkb tfm `dvdbm ketdvdtdms glfuakbdty. Pfus tfm jdjcdekc egbempt gl Dbekrbktdgb ds egapcmtmcy

gvmrtfrgwb.

Pfm gbcy tfdbo tfkt Uefcmdmrakefmr kenbgwcm`oms db rmokr` tg

tfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst ds Fds `dvdbm kb` fuakb ket gl ubdgb (`mb Ket

`mr \mrmdbdoubo) kb` stktm gl ubdgb (`mb Xustkb` `ms

\mrmdbtsmdbs). Pfm jmodbbdbo gl tfm pmrsgb ds tfm jmodbbdbo gl tfm

ketdvdty, wfdef sdobdldms rmvmcktdgb gl Og`-egbsedgusbmss.45

Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s tfm Dbekrbktdgb ks kb ketdvdty gl fuakbdty tg

rmemdvm tfm `dvdbdty. Db tfm Dbekrbktdgb, `dvdbdty pckys k prm`gadbkbt

rgcm db ekusdbo Og`-egbsedgusbmss tfrguof tfm wgrn gl tfm Fgcy

Updrdt. Jy tfm `dvdbm pgwmr, `dvdbdty ds ubdtm` dbtg fuakbdty db tfm

daam`dktm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`. Pfds ds wfkt

Uefcmdmrakefmr ub`mrstkb`s egbemrbdbo tfm ubdgb gl tfm twg kttrdjutms

ekccm` `dvdbdty kb` fuakbdty.40 Keegr`dbo tg tfds ub`mrstkb`dbo, tfm

bmemssdty gl tfm Dbekrbktdgb fks bgtfdbo tg `g wdtf tfm Lkcc. Dt ds

sdapcy lgr tfm egbsuaaktdgb gl tfm ermktdgb.4=

Uefcmdmrakefmr `gms bgt `dstdboudsf tfm fuakb bkturm gl Efrdst

lrga Fds fuakb pmrsgbkcdty. Fm strdetcy gppgsms keemptdbo tfm

egbempt gl dapmrsgbkcdty (]bpmrsbcdefnmdt) gl tfm fuakb bkturm, lgr

4: Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4

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fm jmcdmvms tfkt tfm wgr` fuakbdty amkbs k cdlm-lgra ks k ubdty

(Cmjmbslgra kcs Mdbfmdt). Fm d`mbtdldms Efrdsts fuakbdty wdtf Fds

pmrsgb. Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, wfdcm gbcy fuakbdty lgras tfm sujhmet glEfrdst, `dvdbdty rmlmrs gbcy tg `dvdbm kttrdjutms. Pfus tfm ubdgb gl tfm

twg bkturms, tfm `dvdbm kb` tfm fuakb, ekbbgt jm kccgwm` ks tfm

Dbekrbktdgb, wfdef ds nbgwb ks tfm vdrodb egbemptdgb gl Efrdst jy tfm

Fgcy Updrdt.4 jut kcc ketdvdtdms, db sg lkr ks`dstdboudsfkjcm db tdam, krm sdapcy `mvmcgpambts gl tfm fuakb

ketdvdty. Gbcy tfm fuakbdty lgras tfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst dbekrbktm`.

Pfm `dvdbdty ds gbcy ketdbo db tfm fuakb pmrsgb. Pfm fuakbdty

sdobdldms tfm jmdbo ks wmcc ks bkturm, wfdcm tfm `dvdbdty gbcy `mbgtms

tfm `dvdbm kttrdjutms mxfdjdtm` jy `dvdbm ketdvdtdms. Ug tfmrm ekb jm bg

mqukc ubdgb jmtwmmb tfm `dvdbm kb` tfm fuakb bkturm.4?

Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms Efrdsts am`dktdgb lgr us ks trum akb

kb` trum Og` db tfm ubdgb gl jgtf bkturms.46 Uefcmdmrakefmr erdtdedzms

jgtf tfm Zmlgram` kb` tfm Cutfmrkb vdmw gl egaaubdektdg d`dgaktua

jmekusm jgtf trk`dtdgbs prmsuppgsm twg mqukc jut dbegapktdjcm

bkturms kb` try tg mdtfmr smpkrktm gr adx tfma.44 Bmvmrtfmcmss,

Uefcmdmrakefmrs pgdbt gl vdmw gb tfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst ds qudtm

sdadckr tg tfkt gl Cutfmrkbs db tfkt jgtf krm lgub`m` gb tfm egbempt

gl tfm kssdadcktdgb gl tfm `dvdbdty dbtg tfm fuakbdty. Fgwmvmr, bg

sdadcdtu`m jmtwmmb tfm Zmlgram` vdmw gl egaaubdektdgb gl prgpmrtdms

kb` tfkt gl Uefcmdmrakefmr `dspckym` db tfm lgccgwdbo `mserdptdgb8

Kb` wm pgssmss k lkr jmttmr ekbgb db tfm lgccgwdbo lgrauck8

tfm ermktdgb gl akb ldrst rmkefm` k egapcmtdgb db Efrdst. Lgr

4< Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4?.:. tfm ckttmr pkrt.

4? Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4?.5.

46 El. Lgrstakb, "Jkrtf, Uefcmdmrakefmr kb` tfm Efrdstdkb Lkdtf," 5;4. Pfm kutfgr pgdbts gut tfkt

kctfguof Uefcmdmrakefmr kb` Nkrc Jkrtf mapfksdzm tfm Dbekrbktdgb gl Efrdst, Uefcmdmrakefmr pursums

dts amkbdbo ks k tfmgcgodekc egrm, wfdcm Jkrtf ds egbemrbm` akdbcy wdtf dts trutf dtsmcl.44 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4?.=.

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wfkt `dstdboudsfms Efrdst lrga kcc gtfmrs ds tfkt wfdef ds

dbbmragst db Fda. Fmbem, tfm jmdbo gl Og` `wmccdbo db Fda

aust jm rmcktm` tg tfm wfgcm fuakb bkturm db suef k wky tfktprmvdguscy wks dbbmragst wks rmcktm` tg tfm wfgcm fuakb

grokbdsa-kb kbkcgoy wfdef, kctfguof bgt ecmkrcy mxprmssm`,

rubs tfrguof tfm wfgcm lgrmogdbo prmsmbtktdgb gl tfm sujhme

t.;99

Uefcmdmrakefmr amrmcy rmokr`s egaaubdektdgb d`dgaktua ks k

typm gl kbkcgoy gl rmcktdgbsfdp. Fm ldb`s tfm sdbcmssbmss gl Efrdst db

tfm pmrlmetdgb gl pmrsgbkcdty (Ymrsbcdefnmdt). Efrdst wks kjcm bgttg sdb (bgb pgtudt pmeekrm) cdnm K`ka jmlgrm tfm Lkcc. Keegr`dbo tg

Uefcmdmrakefmr, Efrdst ds bgt tfm pmrsgb wfg wks bgt kjcm tg sdb

(pgtudt bgb pmeekrm) jmekusm Fm wks dblcumbem` jy tfm `mprkvm`

fuakb stktm. Uefcmdmrakefmr skys tfm `dllmrmbem jmtwmmb Efrdst kb`

amb ds bgt mssmbtdkc jut keed`mbtkc.;9; Uefcmdmrakefmr ldb`s tfm

sdbcmssbmss gl Efrdst db tfm lket tfkt Fm ds luccy gpmb tg Og` db Fds

pmrlmet Og`-egbsedgusbmss.;9: Fmrm wm smm kokdb Uefcmdmrakefmrs

tmcmgcgodekc (tmcmgcgodsefm) vdmw gl Efrdstgcgoy.

Gvmrkcc Uefcmdmrakefmr `mkcs wdtf tfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst db tfm

cdoft gl Fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Efrdst `d` bgt egaadt kby sdb

kctfguof fm wks db tfm stktm sdvm pgtudt pmeekrm sdvm pgtudt bgb

pmeekrm. Pfus Fm eguc` bgt jm db tfm eursm gl `mktf pubdsfambt. Jut

Fm stgg` spgbtkbmguscy db tfm stktm gl sdbbmr jy tfm adrkeucgus

wgrndbo gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt `wmccdbo wdtfdb Fda, tfkt ds, tfm `dvdbdty.

;95 Uefcmdmrakefmr `mkcs wdtf Efrdsts Zmsurrmetdgb kb` Ksembsdgb db

tfm skam vmdb. Pfmy krm fdstgrdekc mvmbts db tfkt Og`s jmdbo db

Efrdst odvms rdsm tg Og`-egbsedgusbmss rmcktm` tg tfma daam`dktmcy

dbwkr`cy. Zmlmrrdbo tg Efrdsts sg-ekccm` @msembt dbtg Fmcc,

Uefcmdmrakefmr ambtdgbs gbcy tfm pmrsuksdgb gl pmgpcm rmcktm` tg tfds

egbempt.;90

;99 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 4?.0.

;9; Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, 46.;.

;9: Efrdstdkb Lkdtf,

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Db `mkcdbo wdtf tfm wgrn gl Efrdst, Uefcmdmrakefmr ds gbcy

egbemrbm` wdtf tfm dblcumbem gl Fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss db mkef mvmbt.

Pfm skam kppcdms tg fds vdmw gb Efrdsts tfrmmlgc` glldem.;9=

Pfmprgpfmtde glldem gl Efrdst ds skd` tg tmkef kb` prgeckda Fds

Og`-egbsedgusbmss, wfdef ds Fds spmedkc grokb. Uefcmdmrakefmr ekccs

tfds `dvdbm egbsedgusbmss tfm grdodbkc rmvmcktdgb gl Og` db Efrdst.;9

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pmrsuksdgb gl rmcdodgus kllmetdgb.

Uefcmdmrakefmrs ub`mrstkb`dbo gl tfm pmrsgb kb` wgrn gl

Efrdst grdodbktms lrga fds sujhmetdvm wky gl jdjcdekc dbtmrprmtktdgb.Uefcmdmrakefmr pgdbts gut tg tfm lket tfkt Efrdst wks bgt kt kcc

egbsedgus gl Fdasmcl ks Og`-Akb (Ogttambsef) keegr`dbo tg tfm

Jdjcm. Uefcmdmrakefmr odvms spmedkc kttmbtdgb tg tfm tdtcm Ugb gl

Akb. Fm jmcdmvms tfkt tfm tdtcm `rkaktdekccy prgvms Efrdsts ubdqum

prgpmrty ks tfm Ugb gl Og` db Fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Db tfm skam

vmdb Uefcmdmrakefmr smts lgrtf tfm tdtcm gl Cgogs, tfm lket tfkt tfm

kutfgr gl tfm Mpdstcm tg tfm Fmjrmws ekccs Efrdst tfm lgra gl Og`s

fypgstksds, kb` tfm lket tfkt Ykuc `mserdjms Efrdst ks tfm lgub`mr glbmw fuakbdty. Uefcmdmrakefmr `gms bgt keempt tfm trk`dtdgbkc amkbdbo

gl tfm `dvdbdty db tfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst. Fm hust kenbgwcm`oms mxkctm`

fuakbdty (`dm mrfftms ambsefcdefms).;;9 Uefcmdmrakefmr `gms bgt

kenbgwcm`om tfm mtmrbkc `dvdbdty gl Efrdst. Fm tfdbns tfkt dt wks

sfkpm` kcgbo wdtf spdrdtukc kllmetdgb wfdef ds tmapgrkc kb` keed`mbtkc.

Pfm pmrsgb gl Efrdst ds d`mbtdldm` wdtf Fds fuakbdty. Pfm `dvdbdty

sfgws gbcy tfm kjdcdty kb` prm`gadbkbem gl tfm fuakbdty. Gvmrkcc

Uefcmdmrakefmrs Efrdstgcgoy ds gvmrwfmcam` jy dts tmcmgcgodekc

sefmam. Fm egapcmtmcy gvmrturbs tfm jdjcdekc tmkefdbo gb tfm pmrsgb

kb` wgrn gl Efrdst tfm Am`dktgr wfdef ds jksm` gb tfm egbempt gl

tfm fypgstktde ubdgb.

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gjhmet gl pdmty bgt db tfm wgrn gl Efrdst dtsmcl jut db Fds

Og`-egbsedgusbmss ks tfm Zm`mmamr kb` tfm rm`mmam`.;;: Pfds ndb`

gl tmcmgcgodekc kpprgkef ds kcsg kppkrmbt db Uefcmdmrakefmrsub`mrstkb`dbo gl tfm Prdbdty. Fm strdvms tg mxpckdb tfm `getrdbm gl tfm

Prdbdty wdtf kb kbkcgoy tg tfm ubdgb gl tfm `dvdbdty gl Efrdst dbtg Fds

fuakbdty tfrguof Fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss. Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s

Zm`maptdgb ks jmdbo egbsedgus gl tfm `dvdbm skcvdlde megbgay tg fkvm

fuakbdty egaaubdektm` kb` ubdtm` wdtf tfm `dvdbm mssmbem tfrguof

tfm wgrndbo gl tfm Fgcy Updrdt.;;5 Uefcmdmrakefmr aknms kbkcgogus

tfm rmcktdgbsfdp jmtwmmb tfm tfrmm pmrsgbs db tfm Prdbdty tg tfmdr

ketdvdtdms db rm`maptdgb.;;0Uefcmdmrakefmr `mldbms Efrdsts `dvdbdty jy kb mxkctm` stktm gr

dts mcmambt gl Fds fuakbdty kefdmvm` jy tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm

`mpmb`mbem upgb Og`. Pfm `dvdbdty ds amrmcy kserdjm` tg tfm ubdqum

pgwmr wfdef fks jmmb omradbktm` db tfm fuakbdty. Efrdst wgrns ks

Am`dktgr gbcy lgr tfm mbfkbemambt gl tfm fuakbdty dbtg tfm fdofmst

lmmcdbo wfdef jmst akrns tfm `dvdbdty. Fmrm wm ekb ldb`

Uefcmdmrakefmrs pkbtfmdstde typm gl egaaubdektdgb gl jmdbo

(egaaubdektdg mbtds), wfdef fks jmmb ak`m kbkcgogus tg tfm

trdbdtkrdkb rmcktdgbsfdp. Bg egbempt gl tfm daputktdgb gl Efrdsts

rdoftmgusbmss mxdsts db fds tfmgcgoy. Pfm gbcy egbempt ds fds

pkbtfmdstde dapkrtktdgb gl jmdbo gr mssmbem. Uefcmdmrakefmr ekccs tfds

ndb` gl rm`maptdvm ketdvdty sguc-jmstgwkc (Jmsmmcubo).;;=

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, skcvktdgb amkbs fuakb smcl-rmkcdzktdgb ks

pkrt gl Og`. Og`-egbsedgusbmss cdms db gbms egbemptdgb gl gbmsmcl ks

tfm gbm wfg fks tfm `dvdbdty wfdef aknms gbm egbsedgus gl Og` ks

tfm _fgcm, tfm Gbm, kb` tfm Mtmrbkc. Og`-egbsedgusbmss ds rmcktm`

bgt gbcy tg jmdbo wdtf Og` jut kcsg tg jmegadbo Og`. Uefcmdmrakefmr

ekccs tfds typm gl fds aystdekc vdmw tmcmgcgodekc.;;< Fm pgdbts gut tfm

efkrketmr gl fds pgsdtdgb jy `dllmrmbtdktdbo dt lrga mdtfmr kb mapdrdekc

;;: Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;99.;.

;;5 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;?9.;.

;;0 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;?;.;.

;;= Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;99.:.;;< Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;9;.;.

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gr k akode vdmw. Fm ekccs mapdrdekc tfm tmb`mbey tg aknm Efrdst ks

kb gjhmetdvm typm gl skcvktdgb> akode tfm tmb`mbey tg kserdjm tfm

wfgcm prgemss gl skcvktdgb tg tfm daputktdgb gl tfm rdoftmgusbmss glEfrdst.;;? Fmrm fm tfgrguofcy rggts gut tfm jdjcdekc lgub`ktdgb gl

rm`maptdgb, tfm dadtktdgb gl Efrdst kb` tfm daputktdgb gl Fds amrdt.

Uefcmdmrakefmr, sustkdbdbo fds aystdekc vdmw, `mldbms skcvktdgb

ks pmrsgb-lgradbo (pmrsgbjdc`mb`, `dm Ymrsgbjdc`ubo) jy fkvdbo k

cdvdbo lmccgwsfdp wdtf Efrdst, wfg ds ]rjdc` kcs \grjdc`.;;6

Uefcmdmrakefmr rmokr`s tfm lmmcdbo gl kjsgcutm `mpmb`mbem upgb Og`

dtsmcl ks tfm mssmbtdkc ketdvdty gl tfm `dvdbdty. Ug dl tfmrm ds kby amrdt

db Efrdsts am`dktgrdkc wgrn, dt gbcy rmlmrs tg lmmcdbo-jmstgwkc, wfdefds bgt `dllmrmbt lrga wfkt fm ekccs sguc-jmstgwkc. Db tfds vdmw,

Efrdsts vdekrdgus sktdslketdgb gr ktgbmambt gbcy rmlmrs tg tfm pgwmr

gl tfm Og`-egbsedgusbmss (`dm Nrltdonmdt `ms Ogttmsjmwutsmdbs).

Jy skcvktdgb Uefcmdmrakefmr amkbs sfkrdbo wdtf Efrdst Fds

Og`-egbsedgusbmss, wfdef ds pkrtdedpktdbo db tfm wgrn kb` pmrsgb gl

Efrdst. Uefcmdmrakefmr ekccs tfds pkbtfmdstde kb` aystdekc lmccgwsfdp

rmegbedcdktdgb.;;4 Db tfds smbsm Uefcmdmrakefmr db Efrdstaks Mvm ekccs

tfm `mktf gl Efrdst k syajgc gl ktgbmambt kb` rmegbedcdktdgb.;:9

Pfus lkr wm fkvm dbvmstdoktm` tfm aystdekc kb` pkbtfmdstde

efkrketmr gl Uefcmdmrakefmrs Efrdstgcgoy. Lgccgwdbo ds k sfgrt

suaakry gl gur dbvmstdoktdgb.

Ldrst, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms tfm fypgstktde ubdgb gl Efrdst tfm

Am`dktgr. Fm `mbdms tfm mxdstmbem gl tfm mtmrbkc Ugb gl Og` ks tfm

_gr`. Pg fda, Efrdst ds bgt trum akb jmekusm db Fda tfm `dvdbdty wks

omradbktm` kt Fds jdrtf, bgr trum Og` jmekusm Efrdsts mxdstmbem

jmlgrm tfm Dbekrbktdgb ds rmhmetm`.

Umegb`, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms tfm Lkcc. Fm `mkcs wdtf skcvktdgb

ks tfm ldbkc ketdvdty gl tfm ermktdgb. Bgt surprdsdbocy, fm akdbtkdbs

tfkt wdtfgut tfm Lkcc, Efrdst wguc` fkvm jmmb dbekrbktm`.;:;

;;? Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;99.5> ;9;.5.

;;6 Efrdstdkb Lkdtf, ;9;.:, 0. Pfus Uefcmdmrakefmr smms tfm pmrsgb-lgradbo ks tfm trkbsemb`mbem gl

smcl-egbsedgusbmss. El. Bdmjufr, Uefcmdmrakefmr gb Efrdst kb` Zmcdodgb8 K Bmw Dbtrg`uetdgb,

:;0-:;

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Pfdr`, Uefcmdakefmr aknms Efrdsts rm`maptdvm wgrn kbkcgogus

tg gur smcl-keegapcdsfambt. Pfus fm `gms bgt smm skcvktdgb ks tfm

daputktdgb gl Efrdsts rdoftmgusbmss jut k pkrtdedpktdgb dbtg tfmfdofmst kjsgcutm lmmcdbo gl Efrdst. Pfmrm ds bg egbempt gl vdekrdgus

sktdslketdgb (sktdslketdg vdekrdk) db fds tfmgcgoy gl Uefcmdmrakefmr.

Gbcy sujhmetdvm kllmetdgb rmakdbs.

Lgurtf, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mmas bgt tfm wgrn gl Efrdst, jut dts

egbsedgusbmss, ks fdstgrdekc . Efrdsts fuadcdktdgb kb` mxkctktdgb ds

`mkct wdtf amrmcy ks rmcktm` tg Fds Og`-egbsedgusbmss.

Ldltf, Uefcmdmrakefmr `mbdms tfm sgcm am`dktgrsfdp gl Efrdst.

Mvmrygbm ekb jmegam k am`dktgr lgr gtfmrs. Pfds tfguoft ds db tfmskam vmdb wdtf fds egbempt gl Og` ks jgtf tfm Gbm kb` tfm _fgcm.

Uefcmdmrakefmr kssmrts tfm pcurkcdty gl am`dktgrsfdp jmekusm fm

jmcdmvms tfkt mvmrygbm egbstdtutms pkrt gl tfm _fgcm, Og`, ks k pkrt

gl Og`. Pfmrmlgrm, Efrdst ds gbcy kb d`mkc ks mxkapcm (]rjdc` kcs

\grjdc`) lgr gur am`dktdgb.;:: Pfds pgsdtdgb rmlcmets fds vdmw gl

`dvdbdty db tmras gl pgwmr gr kjdcdty wgrndbo tfrguof tfm Fgcy Updrd

t.;:5

Udxtf, lgr vkdb kb` d`cm spmeucktdgb Uefcmdakefmr `dstgrts

mssmbtdkc jdjcdekc tmkefdbos dbtg k ndb` gl ambtkc lcgw efkrt ks fm

`mkcs wdtf tfma tmcmgcgodekccy. Uefcmdmrakefmr mvmb aknms tfm Prdbdty

kbkcgogus tg tfm ubdgb gl amb wdtf Efrdst db tfm prgemss gl skcvktdgb.

Lrga tfm gutsmt, Uefcmdmrakefmr aknms tfm agst gl fuakb ambtkc

bmm` db fds tfmgcgodekc dbvmstdoktdgb.;:0 Gbcy fuakb lmmcdbo,

egbsedgusbmss kb` kllmetdgbs krm rmokr`m` ks rmkccy trum. Mvmb tfm

egbempt gl Og` ds tfguoft tg jm `mrdvktdvm. Mvmry rmvmcktdgb db tfm

Uerdpturm ds amrmcy k prmcdadbkry sgurem wfdef fks tg jm dbtmrprmtm`

;:; Omrrdsf, Bkturm kb` tfm Pfmktmr gl Zm`maptdgb8 Uefcmdmrakefmr gb Efrdstdkb @goaktdes kb` tfm

Ermktdgb Utgry, ;5

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jy tfm fuakb adb`.;:=

Lgr Uefcmdmrakefmr, skcvktdgb ds gjtkdbm` bgt jy Efrdsts

spmedkc wgrn, jut jy dts daam`dktm lmmcdbo.;: