3 s2014 lollards and religion in early 15th century england
DESCRIPTION
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.TRANSCRIPT
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Religion in Early 15th Century England
Battlefield Church, Shrewsbury
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Henry IV
Dr. Jennifer Paxton
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Wales – Lancastrian Penal Code
Forbade (1401)• Owning land outside Wales• Fortification• Bearing arms
Sycharth CastleHome of Glendower
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Wales – Long Term Consequences
• Destruction of agricultural land• Prevented integration of Wales• Increased nationalism
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Religion in Early 15th Century England
Battlefield Church, Shrewsbury
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Lollards
Henry IV, Part II, Epilogue Quarto (1600)
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Two Popes
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Heresy in England
• 1382 Considered the date when heresy was conceived of as a social problem rather than just an academic one
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“Poor Priests” John Aston
1382 Convicted but reconciled1397 Again tried by Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
Convicted and dies in prison
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Thomas Arundel
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Images
• Condemnation of worship of images in themselves
• Wyclif accepted use of images as educational tools
• Lollards condemned rich ornamentation– Veneration of Christian images a heathen survival– Images had no power
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1395 Twelve Conclusions
1. Church has strayed by pursuing wealth2. Current priesthood has strayed from original
intentions3. Law of continence has brought sodomy into
the church4. The sacrament of bread induces all men but a
few to idolatry
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5. Exorcisms and hallowings, . . . be the very practice of necromancy rather than of the holy theology
6. Clerics should not hold secular office7. Special prayers for dead men's souls made in
our church, preferring one by name more than another, this is the false ground of alms deeds
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8. Pilgrimages, prayers, and offerings made to blind crosses or roods, and to deaf images of wood or stone, are akin to idolatry
9. Confession gives priests special powers10. Condemn manslaughter in war and Crusades11. Vow of continence in women has brought
abortion and infanticide12. Crafts used in the churches are wasteful
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1401 De Heretico Comburendo
. . . divers false and perverse people of a certain new sect, . . . do perversely and maliciously in divers places within the said realm, under the color of dissembled holiness, preach and teach these days openly and privily divers new doctrines, and wicked heretical and erroneous opinions contrary to the same faith and blessed determinations of the Holy Church,
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The church cannot stop these abuses and with the Commons Parliament, have prayed our sovereign lord the king that his royal highness would vouchsafe in the said Parliament to provide a convenient remedy.
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• [No one] shall preach, hold, teach, or instruct openly or privily, or make or write any book contrary to the catholic faith or determination of the Holy Church, . . . , or in any wise hold or exercise schools
• [Everyone] having such books . . . shall . . .t deliver or cause to be delivered all such books and writings to the diocesan of the same place within forty days
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• Violators shall be arrested and imprisoned until they give up these false doctrines
• If they don’t or elapse then they are left to the secular court and sentenced and the authorities. . . before the people in an high place cause to be burnt, that such punishment may strike fear into the minds of others,
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1401 William Sawtrey
Declared– would rather venerate a living monarch, or the
bodies of the saints, or a confessed and contrite man, than any crucifix;
– that priests should preach or teach rather than say canonical services; and that money used for pilgrimages would be better spent on the poor.
• Denied reality of transubstantiation• First victim of new law
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1407-9 Constitutions of Arundel
1. No preaching without a license5. Teachers of the arts and grammar should not teach
the sacraments6. Wyclif’s books not be read unless first examined7. No English translations of the Scripture9. No one to question articles of the Church11. Inquisition to be held at Oxford
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Lollard Bills
Disendowment billsRequested seizure by the king of wealth from “worldly clerks, bishops, abbots and priors” who do not perform their offices, help the poor, live in penance or work as they should. Rather, they live in ease and “take profits that should come to true men”
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Vernacular Teaching
Permit and encourage teachingThe Creed, the Ten Commandments ,the Lord's Prayer, the names of the deadly sins, the virtues
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1410 John Badby
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1414 Fire and Faggot Parliament
Suppression of Heresy Act whoever should read the Scriptures in English should forfeit land, cattle, goods, and life, and be condemned as heretics . . . if they continued obstinate, or relapsed after pardon, they should first be hanged for treason against the king, and then burned for heresy against God.
Set up system to examine books
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Sir John Oldcastle
• Knight from Hereford• Advanced for participation in war against
Glendower• Marries (2nd) to Joan Cobham (4th of 5)• Protector of Lollards; correspondence with
Hus• First influential layman to be tried• Escape, capture and execution
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From John Foxe Book of Martyrs
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1414-15 Council of Constance
• Condemn Hus• Condemn Wyclif• Select a Pope
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Posthumous Burning of WyclifFoxe’s Book of Martyrs
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15th Century English View of Purgatory
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Chapels
• Private chapel or oratory for the owner's immediate household
• Chapel of ease served a community distant from the parish church
• Pilgrimage chapels
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Roles of Chapels
• Stops in processions• Some at odds with local parish church• Separation of social classes• Members hire their own chaplains
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A Chantry Chapel
St. Mary Magdalene's Battlefield, Shrewsbury• 1409 Roger Ive, the rector
of Albright Hussey to sing masses for the souls of those killed in the battle
• 1410 royal charter as a college of priests to pray for the souls of the king, Richard Hussey, his wife, and for those killed in the battle
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St. Michael Roche, Cornwall
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Guild Chapel, Stratford on Avon
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Indulgences
A remission of worldly punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has already been absolved during Confession. • Background• Finances• The Bridport harbor: A pardoner’s tale
“Some Pardoners' Tales: The Earliest English Indulgences”Nicholas Vincent Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. 12 (2002), pp. 23-58
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Next Week
Henry V and the resurgence of England on the Continent