3 rd international lab meeting – summer session 2005
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3 rd International Lab Meeting – Summer session 2005 11 th Edition of the International Summer School of the European Ph.D. on Social Representations and Communication Social Representations in action and construction in Media and Society - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
3rd International Lab Meeting – Summer session 2005
11th Edition of the International Summer School of the European Ph.D. on Social Representations and Communication
Social Representations in action and construction in Media and Society
“Applying the Facet Theory and Statistical Analysis via HUDAP software to Research on Social Representations :
Theoretical and Methodological Computer Mediated Training Sessions”
at the European PhD on Social Representations & Communication Multimedia LAB & Research Center
in Rome
Advantages and limitations of Facet Theory compared to other approaches Prof. Dov ElizurDr. Eyal Yaniv
Advantages and limitations of Facet Theory compared to other
approaches Prof. Dov Elizur
Dr. Eyal Yaniv
Facet Theory versus other approaches
• Strategy for constructing meaningful scientific theory• Guidelines for: • Systematic design of research• Formulation of hypotheses, regional hypotheses • Designing observations to cover the content universe -
Content sampling • Parsimony – number .of dimensions• Tools for data analysis and test structural hypotheses• Fruitfulness –intension and extension of research• Comparability of research - Cumulative science
Limitations
• No clear guidelines how to discover the basic facets of a content universe.
• Requires abstract thinking
Scientific Theory
• We find various definitions for theory:– We can recognize two elements:
• Concepts – defined by people
• Empirical observations – external to people
Guttman’s definition for theory
A theory is an hypothesis of a correspondence
between a definitional system for a universe
of observations and an aspect of the empirical
structure of those observations, together with
a rationale for such an hypothesis.
Let us consider its components
Sets and set products
Set - a well defined collection of objectsA: weight - a1 light a2 heavyB: height - b1 short b2 tall
Set product: A set whose elements are a combination of other sets. i.e
a1b1 light and short a1b2 light and tall b2a1 heavy and short b2a2 heavy and tall
Cartesian space
B: height
light
heavy
tallshort
A:weight
a1b1 a1b2
a2b2a2b1
Main components in social research
1. Population P
2. Stimuli (questions) on content universe C
3. Group of possible responses - range R
Mapping of cartesian group:Population} {Content} (Range){
Mapping Sentence
The mapping sentence describes the definitional framework for observations, includes the:
– subjects– content facets– range
and combines them together in a regular sentence
Examples :
Work values Personal values
IntelligenceAchievement Motive
Organizational culture and IT
VALUES
• NORMATIVE STANDARDS TO JUDGE AND TO CHOOSE AMONG ALTERNATIVE MODES OF BEHAVIOR (KLUCKHOHN, 1952)
• DESIRABLE OR IMPORTANT STATES, OBJECTS, GOALS, OR BEHAVIORS, TRANSCENDING SPECIFIC SITUATIONS AND APPLIED AS NORMATIVE STANDARDS … (Schwartz & Bilsky, 1987)
VALUES
• ITEMS ESTIMATING THE IMPORTANCE OF A GOAL IN LIFE
• AREA (y) and• RANGE ordered from very
IMPORTANT to VERY UNIMPORTANT Guttman, 1982))
• WHAT ARE WORK VALUES?
DEFINING WORK VALUES
TWO BASIC FACETS:
• FACET A- MODALITY OF OUTCOME
• a1 material or instrumental (pay, benefits)
• a2 social, affective (colleagues, esteem)
• a3 personal, cognitive, (ach., interest)
WORK VALUES
• FACET B– SYSTEM-PERFORMANCE CONTINGENCY.
• b1 system rewards, unrelated to performance (benefits, hours)
• b2 rewards contingent upon performance (pay, recognition)
Mapping sentence of Personal Values in various Life Areas
SSA of Personal Values
Intelligence
• Exercise
• Define in your own words the term: intelligence
• Propose tasks/tests to measure intelligence
Cartesian space of intelligence
Task
Material
RecallApplicationInference
Spatial
Verbal
Numerical
Intelligence – Mapping Sentence
{recall}Testee (x) performs a task requiring the {application} {inference}
of an objective rule concerned with {verbal} material {spacial} {numerical} {very correct} { : } performance {very incorrect
Similarity structure Analysis (SSA)structural analysis/ small space analysis
• SSA space – geometric representation of the abstract content universe
• Assumption: every item can be represented by a point in the space, and every point can represent specific item
• The distance between the points is inversely related to the relations between the items. The higher the correlations the smaller the distance, and vice versa.
Achievement Motive
• Fist observed by projective techniques• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)• David McClelland • Limitations: • Reliability – low• Consider as uonitary concept
• Defining the Facets of Achievement Motive
Organizational Culture and IT
The assessment of employee (x) of the
A – Behavior Modality a1 (Cognitive (belief a2 (Affective (satisfaction a3 (Instrumental (action a4 ( Value (importance a5 (Norm (desired
behavior by
B – Referent b1 Employee b2 Colleagues b3 Supervisor b4 Management
Toward
C - Objects c1 Work c2 IT
High
IT Usage
Low
}}
{{
} { {}
The Empirical Structure of the Behavior toward Work (Creativity).
A Two Dimensional SSA, separation index= 0.95 , coefficient of alienation = 0.14
# Item1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Should you be creative you satisfied with creativity you prefer creative work you propose creative ideas important for you to be creative colleagues believe should be creative colleagues satisfied with creativity colleagues prefer creative work colleagues propose creative ideas important for colleagues to be creative supervisor believes should be creative
supervisor satisfied with creativity supervisor prefer creative work supervisor propose creative ideas important for supervisor to be creative
11
10
15
12
14
13
3
4
2
58
7
9
1
6
WorkerSupervisor
Colleagues
Norms
Values
Cognitive
InstrumentalAffective
The Empirical Structure of the Behavior toward IT.
A Two Dimensional SSA, separation index= 0.88 , coefficient of alienation = 0.05
# Item1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
You enjoy computer at work You prefer using computer at work You expand use of computer at work Important for you to use computer Colleagues enjoy computer at work
Colleauges prefer using computer Colleagues expand use of computer Important for colleagues to use computer Supervisor enjoy computer at work Supervisor prefer use of computer Supervisor expand use of computer Important for supervisor to use computer
8 6
57
43
21
12
1011
9
Colleagues
Worker
Supervisor
Values
Cognitive
Instrumental
Affective
The Empirical Structure of the Behavior Toward Work and IT.
A Two Dimensional SSA, coefficient of alienation = 0.17
# Item Items 1-15 refer to the variables
related to behavior toward work (items 1-15 in Figure 14). Items 16-27 refer to the variables related to behavior toward IT (items 1-12 in Figure 15).
12
14
15
13
11
101
87 5
9 2 4
3
171816
23
20
22
21
27
2526
24
Worker
Colleagues
Supervisor
Worker
Colleagues
Supervisor
Norms
ValuesCognitive
InstrumentalAffective
Values
Cognitive
Instrumental
Affective
Work
IT