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GHG EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTION ALONG AGRICULTURAL LIFE CYCLE FOR SEVERAL ENERGY
CROPS
Carmen Lago, Israel Herrera, Yolanda LechónUnidad Análisis Sistemas Energéticos
Departamento de EnergíaCIEMAT
2014
Centro de InvestigacionesEnergéticas, Medioambientalesy Tecnológicas
Centro de InvestigacionesEnergéticas, Medioambientalesy Tecnológicas
Centro de InvestigacionesEnergéticas, Medioambientalesy Tecnológicas
Introduction• European Strategy 20-20-20
– GHG reduction by 20 %, the increase of 20% in energy efficiency and the 20% of final energy consumption is provided by renewable energies.
• European Directive 2009/28/CE promotion renewable energies– Mandatory national targets– National Renewable Energy Action Plan– Different uses of biomass– Mobilise new biomass resources
• Biomass for heat and electricity – No binding criteria / recommendations– Sustainability criteria - Report from the Commission to the Council and the
European Parliament / COM(2010)11 final / LCA methodology
IntroductionProposal of Directive
– Minimum GHG saving threshold 60%.
– Harmonized GHG accounting methodology.
– Land criteria for avoidance use of land in high biodiversity areas and avoidance undesirable land use changes.
– Development of sustainable management systems , based on existing forestry management systems, at national and international level.
– Sustainability criteria applied to large biomass installations equal or above 1MW electrical and /or 2,5 MW thermal
– Development of National Verification Systems and Voluntary national and international Schemes recognized by the EU.
Objetives
• Evaluate environmental impact energy crops:
– Brassica carinata y napus– Triticale– Sorghum bicolor
CROPS Provinces Year
Triticale Soria, Navarra, Cáceres 2010-2011
Sorghum Girona 2009-2010
B. carinata Soria, Navarra 2006-2008
B. napus Soria, Navarra 2008
Materials and Methods
• Attributional LCA - (ISO 14040-14044)• Direct field emissions using Nemecek and Kägi
Ecoinvent methodology - 2007 • Global warming potentials- IPCC methodology – 2007
CO2 CH4 N2O
1 25 298
System boundaries
• Energy crops to heat and electricity purposes
• Data from demonstration plots.
• No coproducts - overall plant to energy use
• No carbon storage assessment (sink)
• Energy crops in crop land / No LUC and ILUC
• National Plan I+D+I / Fondos Desarrollo Regional UE /
PSE OnCultivos
System boundaries
Chiseling and ploughing
Cultivator
Fertilizers
Seeding
Biocides
Harvesting
Biomass transport
Biomass
Fertilizers
Seed
Biocides
Manufacture and transport of fertilizers
Production and transport seeds
Manufacture and transport of biocides
Fuel oil
Fuel oil production and distributionAgricultural
machinery
System boundaries
Trucks
AGRICULTURAL INPUTS AGRICULTURAL LABOURS
Electricity consumption irrigation Electricity
Baling
Inventory
Unit Triticale Sorghum B. carinata B. napusArea Ha 58.19 3.92 231.93 6.67
LHV MJ/kg 16.6 15.8 17.4 17.4
Yield Kg/ha 7397 13975 4305 6714
Seed dose Kg/ha 189 28 8 3
N Fertilization Kg/ha 186 364 530
NPK Fertilization Kg/ha 251 22 154
P Fertilization Kg/ha 43 155
K Fertilization Kg/ha 10 222
Organic fertilization Kg/ha 886 30500 1862 1500
Biocides l/ha 0.1 1.1 0.8 2.5
Fuel consumption l/ha 97 262 100 106
InventoryStage Operations
Field preparation Chiseling and ploughing
Field work Seeding and seed production
Fertilization Fertilizer production, application and N2O emissions on field
Biocides Biocides production, application and emissions on field
Biomass collection Harvesting
Biomass package Baling and loading
Irrigation Water supply
Agricultural transport Seeds, fertilizers and biocides transport
Biomass transport Biomass transport to facility gate
GHG emissions by stages(kg CO2 eq/kg biomass)
GHG emissions by disaggregated fertilization phase (%)
Distribution of emissions by gases (%)
GHG emissions by fuels. Heat production. (kg CO2 eq/MJ)
GHG emissions by fuels. Electricity production (kg CO2 eq/MJ)
Emissions savings using biomass (%)
Heat
Conclusions• Emission savings when biomass is used to produce heat and electricity
contribute clearly to mitigate climate change.• Fertilization phase generates the greatest impact on agricultural stage. • Within fertilization phase, nitrous oxide contributes to net emissions in a
relevant way, followed by fertilizer production on factories. • Sustainable use of biomass as energy crops must be accompanied to
development of specific methodologies on nitrous oxide emissions estimation in Mediterranean countries. It seems that common models as GNOC does not fit well to our climatology.
• Adoption of improved N management techniques would contribute to diminish the impact. More knowledge is needed in energy crops, related to fertilizer dose applied, timing application according to crop demand or use of nitrification inhibitors.
