3. kuliah 3 indev ganjil 2012.pdf

7/30/2019 3. KULIAH 3 INDEV GANJIL 2012.pdf

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TEORI-TEORI

PEMBANGUNANKULIAH 3 PEMBANGUNAN INTERNASIONAL

PENGAJAR: ANDRE ARDIWednesday, October 17, 12



THE

EVOLUTION OF

DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPTS

AS A

GROWTH

AS THE

HIGHER

STANDARD OF

LIVING

AS THE

MODERNIZATION

AS THE HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT

AS EMPOWERMENT

AS A FORM

OF FREEDOM

AS ECOLOGICAL

SUSTAINABILITY

Wednesday, October 17, 12



THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH

WALT WHITMAN

ROSTOW




ROSTOW

STAGE OFGROWTH

The transition from underdevelopment to

development can be described in a seriesof s stages through which all countries

must proceed.

Underdeveloped/

traditionalcountries

takeoff into

self-sustaining

growth

AdvancedCountries

=

Saving Investment Growth

DEBT (If saving gap

occured)

In order togrowth:

HARROD-

DOMAR

MODEL

THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH

= DEBT JUSTIFICATION!

:




THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL

W ARTHUR LEWIS

TWO-SECTOR

MODEL

HOLLIS B. CHENERY’S

CHARACTERISTIC OF

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS




THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL

TRADITIONAL

AGRICULTURE

MODERN

INDUSTRIAL

Low

productivity laborRural

High

productivity laborUrban

Structural Transformation

W ARTHUR LEWIS TWO-SECTOR MODEL

HOLLIS B. CHENERY’S

CHARACTERISTIC OFDEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Structural Transformation

1.the shift from agricultural to industrial production

2.the accumulation of physical and human capital

3.the change in consumer demands from emphasison food and basic necessities to desires for diverse

manufactured goods and services

4.the growth of cities and urban industries as people

migrate from farms and small towns

5.the decline in family size and overall population

growth




THE

INTERNATIONAL

DEPENDENCEMODEL

The neocolonial dependencemodel

The false-paradigm model

The dualistic-development thesis

THEOTONIO DOS

SANTOS RAUL PREBISCHHENRIQUE FERNANDO

CARDOSO




The rich (north) continued todominate the third world in the

terms of neoimperialism/

neocolonialism

RICH DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES (NORTH)

POOR DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES (SOUTH)

The elite in the developing

countries (the comprador) will

take adventage from this

exploitative economic system.

So the wealth ‘trickle down’

from the elite to the poor didn’t

materialise.instead, it’s a wealth ‘sucking

up’ from the poor to the elite

Meanwhile the workers in developed

countries, while relativelyimpoverished and exploited, have

actually benefited from the

exploitation of the third world

The bourgeoise in the rich countries

can exploit the third world and use

the profit to dampen the demand of

its own proletariat

8

#1.The neocolonial dependence model

DEPENDENCY

POLICY

Entangled as little as possible

with the developed countries

and

pursue a policy of autarky, or

inwardly directed development,




#2. The false-

paradigm model

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

Inappropriate advice provided

by well-meaning but often

uninformed, biased, and

ethnocentric international

“expert” advisers from

developed- country assistance

agencies and multinational

donor organizations

(VESTED INTEREST)

leading university intellectuals,

trade unionists, high-level

government economists, and

other civil servants all get theirtraining in developed-country

institutions where they are

unwittingly served an unhealthy

dose of alien concepts and

elegant but inapplicable




#3. The Dualistic-

Development

Thesis

The world of

dual-society

Rich

Countries

Poor

Countries

Poor People

Rich People

Rich People

Poor People

GAP

GAP

GAP

SUPERIOR ELEMENT INFERIOR ELEMENTVS:




NEOKLASIK/NEOLIBERALISME

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

poor resource allocationdue to incorrect pricing

policies and too much

state intervention by

overly active developing-nation governments

promoting free markets andlaissez-faire economics

within the context of

permissive governments thatallow the “magic of themarketplace” and the

“invisible hand” of market

pricesWednesday, October 17, 12



GROWTH

Competitive

free markets

privatizing state-

owned enterprises

promoting free

trade and export

expansion

welcoming

investors from

developed

countries

Eliminating government

regulations and price

distortions

EFFICIENCY



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Lord Peter Bauer, Deepak Lal,

Ian Little, Harry Johnson, Bela

Balassa, Jagdish Bhagwati,

and Anne Krueger

The World Bank and

the International

Monetary Fund

NEOLIBERAL

FREE-MARKET

Markets alone are efficient

Provide the best signals forinvestments; labor markets;

producers, and consumers

Competition is perfect

PUBLIC-CHOICE THEORY

governments can do nothingright.

Politicians, bureaucrats, cit-

izens, and states act solely from

a self-interested perspective,

using their power and the

authority of government for their

own selfish ends

THE MARKET-FRIENDLY

APPROACH

Recognizes that there are manyimperfections in

developing-country product and

factor markets

Governments do have a key role

to play in facilitating the

operation of markets through

interventions

Anne Krueger

Jagdish

Bhagwati



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