3 gender studies

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Paññāsāstra Un vers ty o Cam o a-SR Campus

Ms. NGUON Rothsophal

August 2011



Why do we need to study gender?

To understand the difference between ‘Sex’and ‘Gender’

To increase awareness of sex stereotypes and

socialization

To introduce and arrive at a common

understandin of ‘Gender’

To make the links between ‘Gender’ and

‘ ’



Teaching Method

Lectures Site visit CSL

Viewing audio-Visual materials

Research study



Assessment Method

Mid-term = 20% Final-exam = 40%

Term paper = 30%

=



Sex and Gender:

What is Sex?



Sex :

Refers to the natural distinguishing variable based on biological characteristics of being a

woman or man. It refers to physical attribute

pertaining to a person’s body contours,features, genitals, hormones, genes,

chromosomes and reproductive organs.



Gender:

Refers to roles, attitudes and values assigned by culture

and society to women and men. These roles, attitudes and

values define the behaviors of women and men and the

relationship between them.

They are created and maintained by social institutionssuch as families, governments, communities, schools,

churches and media.

, ,are assigned or ascribed distinctly and strictly to women or

to men. Gender could be changed, but sex could not be

changed!



What is socialization?

Society: people living together because they share common beliefs, customs, culture.

Sociology: the study of society and its

development

Socialization: How you are taught and how

ou internali e culturall a ro riate

attitudes and behaviors of the society you are

art o .



What is socialization?.

and Verta A. Taylor “Feminist Fontiers:

”, ,

“ Everyone is born into a culture-a set of shared ideas about thenature and reality, the nature of right and wrong, evaluation

of what is good and desirable, and the nature of the good

desirable versus the bas and nondesirable...As totall

dependent infants we are socialized-taught the rules, roles

and relationship of the social world.. In the process we learn

” , ,



Gender Roles:

The characteristics they are perceived to haveand the roles and responsibilities assigned to

them, differ among societies, cultures and

historical period. Gender roles assigned to women and men on

the basis of perceived gender characteristics

and attributes, instead of ability and skill.



Men’s Roles:

In industrialized countries there are few lines of

demarcation between men’s and women’s

.

In many less industrialized societies, men have

,

largely because men are paid for their productive

work and women are not. Men do not usuall erform domestic or

house hold tasks. If they have community management roles, these tend to involve political organization and leadership. Women handle community organization and

hands-on activities.



Women’s Roles:ere are ca egor es:

Productive: relating to production of goods for consumption or incomethrough work in or outside the home.

epro uct ve: re at ng to omest c or ouse o tas s assoc ate w tcreating and sustaining children and family

Community management: relating to tasks and responsibilities carried.

The tasks women usually perform is carrying out their different roles donot generally earn them an income.

In general, gender roles are not recognized and valued as economically productive. Women’s contributions to national economics developmentare therefore often not quantified ad invisible.



Gender Order

Jill Matthews 1984_gender order should not behierarchical, inequitable or oppressive

Economic order or Mode in capitalist/feudal or

communist

_

Matriarchal_ system that women dominates the

family/group/state

Patriarchy_ system older male lead the family/group/state



Gendered / Gendering

Is a way to describe _when the character iseither masculine or feminine (it is not something

t at a rea y ma e or xe ut a a out somet ng t at as

assumed by the society [sexuality, social class, race])

. . ue an n are gen ere

Paid Work ( part time for women/ fulltime for men)

’



Gender Stereotype

The portrayal of women and men in roles based on the traditional gender division of

labor. Such stereotyping reinforces a social

norm and makes it difficult to change: for example the portrayal of men as decision

maker within the family or society, or women

as house keeper.



Pre-History of Gender Development

Feminist Activists Stage of Feminism

1st wave Faminism1860's to 1920's

1899-chica o and New York

1919- world submission (in Copenhagen 17 countries)

- Seek for rights to vote/ seek for property right

-Seek for 12hs working per day (have limitation of job opportunities)

-Seek for equal work = salary

- - .

- No self confidence




2nd wave faminism1960's

- n e a ons comm men s o e a vancemen

of women began

1946-birth of the Commission on Status of Women

1947-1962 Securing the Legal Foundations of Gender

Equality: women’s rights; Political rights; right to

e uca e an spor ; r g s aga ns scr m na on nmarriage; women in development; birth control and

right to make abortion.

1975- 1st World Conference on “women’s day” in Mixico

city




em n s c v s s

3rd wave faminism1980’s today

.

Specific critique on religion/race/ ethnicity.

Race in Politics.

Development of CEDAW- Convention on the Elimination of

all form of Discrimination Against Women.

Women on the global Agenda/ gender as global issue.Gender Mainstreaming.

ore ocus on n er a nmen mus c pornograp y sex

transsexual.



History of Gender Studies

Late 1960s inspired by 2n wave of feminism.

1970s social science increased attention to “Gender”

Kate Millett (1971)_sexual Politics which critique on

Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx perspectives Introduce to Academic programs in USA (late

1960s), UK (mid- to late 1970s)

nn a ey _ Sex, gender and society



What is Feminism?

refers to an approach of activities which try todefine the equal rights of the women in

society (be allowed the same rights, power

and opportunities ‘Economics or Politicalaspect’ as men and be treated in the same

way).



Stage of Feminism 1st 1860's to 1920's

2nd 1960's

3rd 1980’s today

In short Feminism refers to such campaigns

for women's ri hts

Contract

Voting

3 gender studies

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