3. 정병화식약청 사업단_심포지움_2011
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Relative concentrations of bacteria at various lo-cations within the gut.
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009
Micro gut flora.Investigation on the endogenous metabolic change by intestinal gut microflora using mass spectrometry based metabolomics
한국과학기술연구원생체분자기능연구 센터
정병화
The “OMICS” Cascade
What can happen
What appears to be happening
What makes it happen
What has happened and is happening(the most predictive of phenotype)
Phenotype
Metabolite(molecular weight:<1000Da)
Because
1)they are the end products of cellular regulatory processes.
2) their levels can be regarded as the ul-timate response of biological systems to genetic or environmental changes.
Research Area
Gene mappingSeparation of protein
Identification of protein function
Idetification and Quantitation
of metabolite
TechniqueSystemic DNA
sequencing
2D-gelpeptide mass fingerprinting
Hyphenated tech.NMR, MASS
Class Genomics Proteomics Metabolomics
Subject Gene Protein Metabolite
mw of subject
>100,000 5,000 – 200,000 100 – 1,000
Major technologies for Metabolomics
MS and NMR:
MS NMR
Identify and quantify metab-olite after separation by GC, HPLC, CE so on
Does not rely on the separa-tion of the analytes(all kind of metabolite can be measured simultaneously)
Very sensitive and selective Has significant limitations of sensitivity ( 10 mg/com-pound on column)
Identification of metabolite according to its fragmenta-tion pattern
Wikipedia
Strategies for metabolomics investigation
Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2006
GutMicrobiome
Immune system Alteration of diet
Antibiotic use
Al-lergy Formation
of gall stone
obesity
Gut is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body
Drug metabolism
Micro gut flora.
Objective of study
? What endogenous metabolic path-way is affected by gut microflora ?
Preparation of pseudo germ free rat
Metabolomic approach with urinary metabolites
Plasma,Urine
Plasma,Urine
Pseudogerm-free
Control
Oral administration of wa-ter, twice a day for 6 days
• neomycin sulfate • Streptomycin• Bacitracin
After 2 day withdraw of drug
Antibiotic treatment(200 mg/kg for each an-tibiotics, twice a day for 6 days)
Preparation of psudo germ free rats
Control Pseudo-germ free p-value
AST (IU/ℓ) 95.7 ± 18.1 114.4 ± 19.7 0.17
ALT (IU/ℓ) 26.6 ± 5.0 33.6 ± 10.4 0.19
ALP (IU/ℓ) 126.9 ± 25.2 153.0 ± 25.1 0.15
CPK (IU/ℓ) 77.3 ± 15.2 108.3 ± 50.0 0.20
T-BIL
(mg/㎗ )
0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.92
GLU
(mg/㎗ )
144.9 ± 27.6 154.7 ± 38.8 0.65
CHO
(mg/㎗ )
100.5 ± 6.4 103.8 ± 8.5 0.50
TG
(mg/㎗ )
42.8 ± 11.9 42.5 ± 13.6 0.98
PRO (g/ ㎗ ) 5.6 ± 0.1 5.6 ± 0.5 0.88
ALB (g/ ㎗ ) 3.0 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.2 0.64
A/G 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.1 0.56
BUN
(mg/㎗ )
18.9 ± 4.2 19.5 ± 6.2 0.85
CRE
(mg/㎗ )
0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.0 0.21
m/z
Retention time
MS2 pattern
Retention time
Retention time
UPLC/TOF/MS
comparison of metabolic profiling Identification of metabolites
Positive ionization
Negative ionization
MS analysis
Metabolomic Approach
Flow diagram of a typical MS-based metabolite profiling workflow.
Acceptance Criteria Suggested by the Validation Process
Validation of analysis
QC sample(repeatability)
Test mix(repeatability, accuracy)
RT stability, peak shape, detector response
RT stability, peak shape, detector response, mass accuracy
Nat. Protocol. 2010
Method Validation Workflow
Preparation of QC samples and Test mix Test mix : commercially available standardsQC samples : pooled equal aliquots of each sample
UPLC-QTOF-MS
Nine QC QC Ten analytical samples QC QC
Test mix
Conditioning
Ten analytical samples QC………
Test mix Test mix
Run order sequence
XIC for selected ions from test mix and QC samples; RT, peak shape, intensity and mass accuracy
No trend with time of injection observed
Process data with MarkerLynx; Peak finding, alignment, first nine QC runs removed
Tight QC clustering prerequisite
Examine peak list table for QCsCalculate CV% of ion intensity
Check number of ions with CV<15%, <20%, <30%A percentage of ~70% of features with CV<30% denotes an acceptable data set
Summary of validation
positive ionization mode negative ionization mode
control (●)
pseudo-germ free group (▲) QC samples (■)
PCA plots
Repeatability of analysis
XIC from QC samples RT a Ion intensity b
RT m/z Average SD CV% Average SD CV%
Positive mode 1.45 166.08 1.47 0.00 0.00 76.00 1.61 2.12
2.12 271.15 2.14 0.01 0.54 21.66 0.59 2.74
3.87 568.27 3.91 0.00 0.00 2.21 0.29 12.89
4.12 384.12 4.13 0.00 0.00 47.80 2.34 4.89
5.71 221.12 5.73 0.01 0.20 157.25 1.97 1.26
7.13 410.18 7.15 0.00 0.00 152.29 4.99 3.28
12.11 300.30 12.13 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.07 8.24
Negative mode
1.58 231.10 1.57 0.00 0.00 19.28 0.74 3.84
3.00 215.10 3.01 0.00 0.00 28.62 0.23 0.81
4.73 188.04 4.75 0.01 0.12 19.23 1.95 10.14
5.46 429.08 5.46 0.00 0.00 36.25 1.67 4.60
8.75 141.13 8.75 0.00 0.00 7.20 0.63 8.72
3.76 388.14 3.77 0.01 0.31 3.75 0.04 1.14
10.88 221.15 10.89 0.00 0.00 1.83 0.09 4.94
Repeatability of retention time and ion intensity in QC samples
QCs considered %CV < 15% %CV < 20% %CV < 30%
Positive mode 56.7 65.2 73.3
Negative mode 63.3 72.7 80.3%CV < 30%: 70 % 이상
Standard chemical
in test mixture
RT Ion intensity
Average SD CV% Average SD CV%
Positive mode Acetaminophen 4.25 0.00 0.00 5959.00 732.50 12.29
Caffeine 5.00 0.01 0.23 28916.00 3289.07 11.37
Reserpnie 7.98 0.00 0.00 2835.00 367.02 12.95
Negative mode
Adipic acid 4.34 0.00 0.00 636.67 27.01 4.24
Hippuric acid 5.11 0.00 0.00 8511.00 305.18 3.59
Glycocholic acid 8.25 0.00 0.00 19612.00 985.29 5.02
Repeatability of retention time and ion intensity in test mixture.
Standard chemical in test mixture
exact mass(Da)
1st run 2nd run 3rd run
m/zMass difference
(mDa)m/z
Mass difference(mDa)
m/zMass difference
(mDa)
Positive mode Acetaminophen 151.0633 152.0699 1.4 152.0692 -2 152.0727 1.5
Caffeine 194.0803 195.0876 -0.6 195.0876 -0.6 195.0891 0.9
Reserpnie 608.2733 609.2799 -1.3 609.2807 -0.5 609.2823 1.1
Negative mode
Adipic acid 146.0579 145.0506 0.5 145.0509 0.8 145.0509 0.8
Hippuric acid 179.0582 178.0508 0.4 178.0504 0.7 178.0508 0.4
Glycocholic acid 465.3091 464.3014 0.2 464.3014 0.2 464.3 -1.2
Repeatability of mass accuracy in test mixture.
15-30 %
50 mDa
Typical chromatograms
control
Pseudo germ free
control
Pseudo germ free
Positive ionization mode.
Negative ionization mode.
(●) control group and(▲) pseudo-germ free group
OPLS-DA score plot
positive ionization mode negative ionization mode
Identification of metabolites
Identified metabolites that showed significant differences in urinary excretion between the control and pseudo-germ free rats
3.19_205.07 [M+H] C9H8N (-C2H5NO2) Tryptophane 1.40 0.0033
(C11H12N2O2) C11H13N2O (-O)
4.95_162.06 [M+H] C8H6N (-CH2O2) Indole-3-carboxylic acid 0.23 0.0001
(C9H7NO2) C9H6NO (-H2O)
C9H8NO (-O)
5.25_164.08 [M+H] C8H10O (-CNO) 3-Methyldixoyindole 0.00 b 0.0002
(C9H9NO2) C9H8NO (-H2O)
C6H7 (-C3H3NO2)
4.46_162.06 [M+H] C10H10N (-H2O) Tryptophanol 0.12 0.0051
(C10H11NO) C9H8N (-CH4O)
5.48_212.00 [M-H] C8H6NO (-O3S) Indoxyl sulfate 0.62 0.0434
(C8H7NO4S) O3S (-C8H6NO)
5.46_194.09 [M+H] C7H7 (-C3H5NO3) Phenylacetylglycine 0.27 0.0003
(C10H11NO3) C9H10NO (-CH2O2)
C9H12NO (-CO2)
5.65_283.08 [M-H] C6H10O5 (-C7H5O2) p-Cresol glucuronide 0.07 0.0006
(C13H16O7) C7H7O (-C6H8O6)
C5H8O4 (-C8H7O3)
5.10_180.07 [M+H] C7H5O (-C2H5NO2) Hippuric acid 0.28 0.0025
(C9H9NO3) C6H5 (-C3H5NO3)
RT_m/z (Formula)
Fragmentation Identified metabolite Fold change a p-value
1) Aromatic amino acid metabolism
Protein
Peptides
Tyrosine Phenylalanine Tryptophan
Cinnamic acidPhenylacetylglycine
P-cresol
Intestine
BodyP-cresol
P-cresol glucuronide
Benzoic acid
Hippuric acid
Indole sulfate 3-Methyldioxyindole
Tryptophanol
Indole pyruvate Tryptamine
Excreted in urine
Metabolism by gut microbiota
Aromatic amino acid metabolism
IsoflavonoidsRT_m/z (Formula)
FragmentationIdentified metabo-
liteFold change
ap-value
6.01_445.078 [M-H] C15H9O5 (-C7H12O5) Glycitin 5.87 0.0000 (C22H22O10) C5H5O3 (-C17H16O7)
5.54_285.08 [M+H] C15H10O5 (-CH3) Glycitein 5.92 0.0001 (C16H12O5) C6H6O3 (-C10H7O2)
3.65_433.17 [M+H] C6H6O2 (-C15H15O8) Genistin 4.24 0.0006
(C21H20O10) C8H9O2 (-C13H12O8)
C5H5O2 (-C16H16O8)
5.47_255.07 [M+H] C8H7O (-C7H4O3) Daidzein 3.15 0.0003 (C15H10O4) C7H7O2 (-C8H4O2) 2.96 0.0001
6.29_243.11 [M+H] C9H9O (-C6H6O2) Equol 0.01 0.0006 (C15H14O3) C7H7O2 (-C8H8O) 0.00 b 0.0003
OthersRT_m/z (Formula)
FragmentationIdentified metabo-
liteFold change
ap-value
5.21_447.10 [M+H] C17H17O2 (-C7H14O6) Estrone glucuronide (C24H30O8) C6H10O3 (-C18H21O5) 2.08 0.0048
C5H8O2 (-C19H23O6)
1.17_314.13 [M+H] C8H9O (-C6H11NO6
Tyramine glu-curonide
10.25 0.0023
(C14H19NO7) C5H4O2 (-C9H16NO5)
5.23_340.11 [M+H] C14H13NO3 (-CH5O5) 6-Hydroxy-5-methoxyindole glu-
curonide
0.01 0.0002
(C15H17NO8) C9H10NO2 (-C6H8O6)
C5H5O2 (-C10H13NO6)
2) Isoflavonoids and others
LXR (Liver X receptor), FXR (farnesoid X receptor) PXR (Pregnane X receptor)
The receptors closely related with liver toxicity
The ligand metabolite for LXR, FXR, PXR: cholesterol oxysterols and bile acids
Oxysterol and bile acids analysis by GC-MS/MS
Bile Acid Analysis
Metabolic pathway & related enzyme
Steroid
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase
Sterol 12α-hydroxylase
∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
6β-hydroxylase7α-dehydroxylase
7α-dehydroxylase
7β-dehydroxylase
7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,
7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
CYP39A1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
HOH
H
H
Cholesterol
OH
HOH
H
H
22 (R)- hydroxy cholesterolHO OH
H
H
H
7keto cholesterolHO OH
H
H
H
7 hydroxy cholesterol
OH
HOH
H
H
24(S)- hydroxy cholesterolHO
HO
H
H
H
25-hydroxy cholesterol
O OHH
H
H
7 hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
HO H OH
OHO
OH
H
H
H
Cholic acid
O
OH
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
Deoxycholic acid
O
OH
HOOH
OHH
H
H
H
-Muricholic acid
O
OH
HOOH
OHH
H
H
H
-Muricholic acidHO
O
OH
H
H
H
Lithocholic acid
HO OH
O
OH
H
H
H
Ursodeoxycholic acid
HO OH
O
OH
H
H
H
Chenodeoxycholic acid
3β-hydroxy-∆5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase
HO OH
OH
H
H
H
H
5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol
LXR ligand: Oxysterols
Cholesterol
PXR, FXR ligand: Bile acids
GC Parameter
Column: Ultra-I (25m x 0.2mm x 0.33μm)
Injection volume: 2.0 μL
Inlet mode: Split
Split Ratio 10:1
Inlet Temp: 280ºC
Mode: Constant FlowFlow Rate: 0.9 mL/min, He
MS Parameter
MS Source: 230ºC
MS Quad. 150ºC
Auxiliary temperature: 300°C
Solvent delay: 5 min
Acq. Mode: SIM
Analytical Instruments
6890 Series Gas Chromatography
5975 Series Mass Selective Detector
240ºC
290ºC
320ºC
20ºC/min
2 min
1ºC/min
2 minOven Temp. Profile
Instrumental Conditions
Sample preparation method
Urine 1ml
Add 10 μl of internal standard mixture(10 μg/ ml of 5α-cholestane and d4-cholic acid)
Add 1.5 ml of sodium acetate butter (0.2 M, pH 5.2)Add 50 μl of β-glucuronidase/aryl sulfataseStand at 550C at 3 hrs
Add 5 ml of t-butylmethyletherShaking for 10 minsCentrifuge 2500 rpm for 5 mins
EvaporateDry at P2O5/KOH
Add 40 μl of MSTFA/NH4I/dithioerythritol mixtureStand at 600C at 30 mins
Enzyme hyrolysis
Liquid-liquid extraction
Organic layer
ResidueDerivatization
GC-MSD
GC-MS chromatogram
Anal Biochem Submitted
Compounds Before treat-ment
After treat-ment
Mean± SD Mean± SD
7α-OH-cholesterol 53.56±22.18 63.40±36.47
7α-OH-4-cholesten-3one 120.5±67.83 166.7±140.4
7keto- cholesterol 13.76±2.94 18.70±9.73
22(R)-OH- cholesterol 7386±2360 5661±1606
24S-OH- cholesterol ND ND
25-OH- cholesterol 106.7±34.92 70.62±33.82*
Cholesterol 4008±1592 2866±1271*
Deoxycholic acid (DCA) 46.27±18.30 29.84±14.35*
α-Muricholic acid (α-MCA) 118.1±30.75 139.6±63.87
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)
94.96±20.28 158.9±111.3*
Cholic acid (CA) 55.10±17.04 78.58±53.64
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)
67.37±12.00 75.01±45.29
Lithocholic acid (LCA) 81.06±38.24 56.43±24.92
β-Muricholic acid (α-MCA) 53.91±13.58 74.43±43.61
5β-cholestane 3α,7α,12α-triol
47.58±10.16 77.73±51.49*
Urinary concentration (ng/mg of creatinine) of oxysterols and bile acids in before and after treatment of neomycin and streptomycin treated rats.
*: ≤ 0.05 between before treatment and after treatment; ND: not detected
HOH
H
H
Cholesterol
OH
HOH
H
H
22 (R)- hydroxy cholesterolHO OH
H
H
H
7keto cholesterol
HO OHH
H
H
7 hydroxy cholesterol
OH
HOH
H
H
24(S)- hydroxy cholesterolHO
HO
H
H
H
25-hydroxy cholesterol
O OHH
H
H
7 hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
HO H OH
OHO
OH
H
H
H
Cholic acid
O
OH
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
Deoxycholic acid
O
OH
HOOH
OHH
H
H
H
-Muricholic acid
O
OH
HOOH
OHH
H
H
H
-Muricholic acidHO
O
OH
H
H
H
Lithocholic acid
HO OH
O
OH
H
H
H
Ursodeoxycholic acid
HO OH
O
OH
H
H
H
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
3β-hydroxy-∆5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase
CYP39A1, oxysterol 7α-hy-droxylase
CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hy-droxylase
3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
Steroid
CYP8B1,sterol 12α-hydroxylase
∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
7α-dehydroxylase 6β-hydroxylase
24-hydroxylase25-hydroxylase
Cytochrome p450scc
7α-dehydroxylase
7α-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase,
7β-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase
HO OH
OH
H
H
H
H
5-cholestane-3,7,12-triol
7β-dehydroxylase
Cholesterol 7-hydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
7-O
H-c
hol
este
rol/c
hol
este
rol
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.01425-hydroxylase
Cholesterol
Normal control Pseudo germ free
25-O
H-c
hol
este
rol/c
hol
este
rol
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
3-OH-5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
7-O
H--
4-ch
otes
ten
-3-o
ne/
7-O
H-c
hol
este
rol
0
1
2
3
4
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
5-c
hol
esta
ne-
3,7
,1
2-t
riol
/7
-OH
-4-c
hol
este
n-3
-on
e
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
Col
ic a
cid
/5 -
chol
esta
ne-
3,7
,1
2-t
riol
0
100
200
300
400
500
4-3-oxosteroid 5-reductase3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogease
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ freeCh
enod
eoxy
chol
ic a
cid
/7
-OH
-4-c
hol
este
n-3
-on
e
0
1
2
3
4
7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
Urs
odeo
xych
olic
aci
d/c
hen
odeo
xych
olic
aci
d
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
7ket
o-ch
oles
tero
l/ch
oles
tero
l
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.006
Cytochrome p450sce
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
22(R
)-O
H-c
hol
este
rol/c
hol
este
rol
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.008
CYP7B1, oxysterol 7-hydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
7-O
H-4
-ch
oles
ten
-3-o
ne/
25-O
H-c
hol
este
rol
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.05
7-dehydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
Deo
xych
olic
aci
d/c
hol
ic a
cid
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0136-hydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
-m
uri
chol
ic a
cid
/ch
enod
eoxy
chol
ic a
cid
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0116-hydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
-m
uri
chol
ic a
cid
/ch
enod
eoxy
chol
ic a
cid
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.032
7-dehydroxylase
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
Lit
hoc
hol
ic a
cid
/ch
enod
eoxy
chol
ic a
cid
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.024
Treated groups
Normal control Pseudo germ free
Ch
olic
aci
d/c
hen
odeo
xych
olic
aci
d
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 **
Figure 4.
1) In the non targeted metabolic profiling, 20 metabolites were signi-ficantly related to the activities of gut microbiota.
2) They are in Aromatic amino acid, Isoflavonoid metabolism & phase II metabolism (glucuronide conjugation).
3) In the target approach on the bile acid and oxysterol, . Increase of hydroxylase and significant decrease of 7α-dehydroxylase were ob-served. The urinary concentration ratio of primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid), marker for hepatotoxicity, in-creased in pseudo germ-free condition.
4) Those findings indicated that the gut microbiota could play a signifi-
cant role in the bile acid homeostasis and liver toxicity could be hap-pen in the absent of gut microbiota.
5) Therefore this study provided clear clue that the gut microbiota play important role in normal life directly and indirectly.
CONCLUSION
Acknowledgement
Dr. Oh Seong KwonDr. Bong Chul ChungDr. Soo Hyun LeeJi Hye AhnSalil Bhowmik Kumar
Supported by
KFDAKISTMEST