[2]solid waste management

8/13/2019 [2]Solid Waste Management

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Source and Management o fWaste


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Content

1. SOURCE, COMPOSITION & CHARACTERISTICS

2. BASIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

3. SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING &

RECOVERY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

4. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH

ASPECTS


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WHAT IS SWM ?

SOLID WASTEGENERAL DEFINITION

MATERIAL ARISING FROM HUMAN & ANIMAL

ACTIVITIES THAT IS NORMALLY SOLID & ISDISCARDED AS BEING EITHER USELESS OR

UNWANTED


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WHAT IS SWM ?

US RESOURCE CONSERVATION & RECOVERY ACT(RCRA) 1976

GARBAGE, REFUSE, SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT, WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT

PLANT, OR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACIL ITY, &

OTHER DISCARDED MATERIAL INCLUDING SOLID,

L IQUID, SEMISOLID, OR CONTA INED GASEOUS

MATERIAL RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIAL,

COMMERCIAL, MINING, & AGRICULTURAL

OPERATIONS, & FROM COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES


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WHAT IS SWM ?SOLID WASTENOT INCLUDE SOL ID OR DISSOLVED

MATERIALS IN IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS ORINDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES

MANAGEMENTCAREFULLY PLANNED, JUDIOUS USE

OF MEANS TO ACHIEVE AN END

END REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED

MATERIAL

TO ACHIEVETECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ,

ADMINISTRATIVE, ECONOMIC, & POL ITICAL

PROBLEMS MUST BE SOLVED


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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SWM SYSTEM

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

WASTE HANDLING

SEPARATION & STORAGE AT

SITE

COLLECTION

DISPOSAL

SEPARATION,

PROCESSING, &

TRANSFORMATION

OF SW

TRANSFER &

TRANSPORT


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SOURCES OF SW

SOURCES OF SW IN COMMUNITY RELATED TO

LAND USE & ZONING

CLASSIFICATIONS NECESSARYADDRESS

COMPLEX CHALLENGES OF SWM

SW DIVIDED INTO FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES

MUNICIPAL WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE

AGRICULTURAL WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE


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SOURCES OF SW

1.MUNICIPAL WASTEFROM HOUSEHOLD,INSTITUTIONAL, COMMERCIAL, MUNICIPAL, &

INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (EXC. PROCESS WASTES)

RESIDENTIAL WASTE

THIS CATEGORY OF WASTEINCLUDES REJECTED SOLID MATERIAL THAT

ORIGINATES FROM SINGLE-FAMILY, MULTIFAMILY,

& HIGH-RISE DWELLINGS; OFTEN CALLED

HOUSEHOLD WASTES & CONSIST OF GARBAGE,RUBBISH & TRASH, BULKY WASTE & ASH


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SOURCES OF SW

GARBAGERESULTS FROM FOOD PREPARATION,PACKAGING, CONSUMPTION, & ASSOCIATED

ACTIVITIES; QUICK REMOVAL FROM PLACE OF

GENERATION, CAREFUL STORAGE, & DISPOSAL ARE

NECESSARY

TENDS TO ATTRACT RATS & FLIES &PRODUCE STRONG ODORS

RUBBISH & TRASHCONSISTS OF PAPER & PAPER

PRODUCTS, CANS, BOTTLES, PLASTICS, OLD CLOTHES,

LEATHER PRODUCTS, METAL PRODUCTS, GLASS,

CERAMICS, DIRT, DUST, GARDEN WASTES, ETC.


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SOURCES OF SW

BULKY WASTE

INCLUDES HEAVY & LARGE WASTESSUCH AS APPLIANCES, FURNITURE, MATTRESSES,

TOYS, TIRES, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS; DUE TO SIZE,

WEIGHT & IRREGULAR GENERATION SPECIAL

HANDLING & COLLECTION TECHNIQUES REQUIRED

ASHEND PRODUCT FROM BURNING FIREWOOD,

COAL, ETC. FOR HEATING OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS


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SOURCES OF SW

MUNICIPAL SERVICESINCLUDES SOLID

RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS & SERVICES

WATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGENEEDS TO

BE PROPERLY DISPOSED OF TO PREVENT GROUND OR

SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION; TREATMENTOPERATED BY MUNICIPALITY, PUBLIC UTILITY

COMPANIES, OR SANITARY DISTRICT

STREET REFUSERESULTS FROM COLLECTION OF

STREET SWEEPINGS & DEBRIS THAT ARE PRIMARILYINORGANIC IN NATURE (SAND, DIRT); QUANTITY &

CONTENT DEPEND ON SEASON & FREQUENCY OF

CLEANING OPERATIONS


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SOURCES OF SW

PUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSEPEOPLE USING

FACILITIES GENERATE REFUSE (BOTTLES, CANS,ETC); ALSO, WASTE RESULTS FROMMAINTANENCE TREERS, LAWNS, ETC.

DEAD ANIMALSMAJOR PROBLEM IN AREASCLOSE TO HABITATS WITH LARGE POPULATIONOF WILD ANIMALS (DEER, GOPHERS) OR INCOMMUNITIES THAT EITHER DO NOT HAVE

ANIMAL CONTROL LAWS OR DO NOT ENFORCETHEM; MUNICIPALITY RENSPONSIBLE FORREMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF DEAD ANIMALS


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SOURCES OF SW

ABANDONED WASTEEVEN THOUGH ITS

AGAINST THE LAW, PEOPLE STILL PITCH BOTTLES,CANS & PAPER PRODUCTS INTO STREETS,DRAINAGE DITCHES & PARKS; JUNKED APPLIANCESALSO ABANDONED ON PUBLIC GROUND; OLD

AUTOMOBILES ABANDONED ON STREETS AFTERREMOVING LISENCE PLATES.

DEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTEINCLUDES WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE, BRICKS,GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.; MATERIALS USED INCONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING & PAVEMENT & THATARE REMOVED BY DESTRUCTION QUANTITY &COMPONENTS CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE


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SOURCES OF SW

2.INDUSTRIAL WASTE2 GENERALSOURCES; QUANTITIES &CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE

GENERATED BY OFFICE,CAFETERIA, & OTHERPERSONNEL-RELATED ACTIVITIES;INCLUDED IN CATEGORY OF MUNICIPALWASTE


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SOURCES OF SW

2.INDUSTRIAL WASTE2 GENERALSOURCES; QUANTITIES &CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

PROCESS WASTEGENERATED BY VARIOUS

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES; INCLUDECHEMICAL PLANTS, REFINERIES, ETC.;SOME MAY BE HAZARDOUS; MANAGE ONSITE BY GENERATING INDUSTRIES, SOMELANDFILLED

E


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SOURCES OF SW

3.AGRICULTURAL WASTEGENERATEDFROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS & CROPS;SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF MANUREARE GENERATED FROM FEEDING

OPERATIONS OF CATTLE, HOGS, ETC.;MANAGING THESE LARGE QUANTITIES MAJOR COST TO FEEDLOT OWNERS

P


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COMPOSITION

DESCRIBE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

MAKING UP SW STREAM & THEIR RELATIVEDISTRIBUTION, USUALLY BASED ON WEIGHT %

INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT WHEN

EVALUATING EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS &MANAGEMENT PLANS

COMPOSITION OF SW HAS CHANGED

CONSIDERABLY OVER THE YEARS RESULTSFROM TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, LIFESTYLECHANGES, & REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS

BRE D N F M N


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BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN US

WASTE SOURCE RANGE (wt%)TYPICAL

(wt%)

RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL(NONHAZARDOUS)

50-75 62

SPECIAL WASTE (e.g. bulky) 3-12 5

HAZARDOUS 0-0.99 0.1

INSTITUTIONAL 3-5 4

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION 8-20 14

STREET SWEEPINGS 2-5 4

LANDSCAPING 4-9 6

TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE 3-8 5


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TYPICAL COMPOSITION OFDOMESTIC WASTE

COMPOSITION (%) US UK POLAND CHINA

FOOD WASTES 9 25 24 36

PAPER, CARDBOARD 40 29 11 2

PLASTICS 7 7 2 1.5

GLASS 8 10 6 1

METALS 905 8 2 1

CLOTHING/TEXTILES 2 3 10 1.5

ASHES, DUST 3 14 45 57

UNCLASSIFIED (e.g. garden, yard) 21.5 4 - -


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QUANTITIES &CHARACTERISTICS

AVERAGE VALUES ARE SUBJECT TO

WIDE VARIATIONS FROM CITY TO CITY,SEASON TO SEASON & WITH RESPECT

TO METHODOLOGY USED


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4. HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANY PRODUCTS USED EACH DAY INSIDEHOME CONTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

EX.: FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT, BATTERIES,HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS, LAWN & GARDEN

PRODUCTS (HERBICIDES, PESTICIDES,FUNGICIDES), ETC.

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL HARMFUL TO PUBLICHEALTH & ENVIRONMENT IF IMPROPERLY USEDOR DISPOSED

ANOTHER SOURCE COMMERCIALESTABLISHMENTS: SOLVENTS FROM REPAIR

SHOP, INKS FROM PRINT SHOP, ETC.

MANAGEMENT OF


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MANAGEMENT OFHAZARDOUS WASTE

MOST EFFECTIVE WAY ELIMINATE (SMALLQTY IN MSW) IS SEPARATE THEM AT POINT OFGENERATION

CITIZENS SHOULD ALSO BE EDUCATED ABOUTPROPER USE, STORAGE, & DISPOSAL OFHOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES

SW BASIC PROCESSING


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SW BASIC PROCESSING1.PREPROCESSINGPRODUCE A WASTE STREAM

WITH GREATER HOMOGENEITY & PERMITRECOVERY OF MATERIALS

WEIGH STATIONS PROVIDE ACCURATE INFOON QTT RECEIVED & ALLOWS EQUITABLE FEES

FOR PROCESSING

RECEIVING & STORAGE AREAS RECEIVEINCOMING VEHICLES, PROVIDE SPACE FOR THEMTO UNLOAD & ALLOW STORAGE WASTEMATERIAL BEFORE PROCESSING

REFUSE CONVEYING VARIETY OF TRANSPORTPROCESSES TO MOVE SW INTO, AWAY FROM, &

BETWEEN PROCESSING STAGES


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SW BASIC PROCESSING

2.PHYSICAL PROCESSINGPARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF

UNPROCESSES SW RAW SW IS A MIXTUREWITH VARYING SIZES & SHAPES

SHREDDING & SIZE REDUCTION REDUCE SIZEOF WASTE & PRODUCE A RELATIVELY UNIFORMMATERIAL

SEPARATION OF WASTE COMPONENTS CANSEPARATE EITHER BY PARTICLE SIZE, DENSITY,OR MAGNETIC SEPARATION


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SW BASIC PROCESSING3.CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

(COMBUSTION)

ENGINEERED PROCESS THAT EMPLOYS THERMALDECOMPOSITION VIA THERMAL OXIDATION AT

HIGH T ( 1400O

F) TO CONVERT WASTE TOLOWER-VOLUME, NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIALOR ENERGY

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN FUEL C, H, O, SOME S

CONTENT, SOME N CONTENT.

WHEN ADEQUATE OXYGEN AVAILABLE COXIDIZE TO CO2, H TO H2O, S TO SO2, N TO NO


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SW BASIC PROCESSING

COMBUSTION CHEMICAL REACTION, THUS,FOLLOWS THE LAWS OF CHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETICS &THERMODYNAMICS

COMBUSTION REACTION FUNC. OF OXYGEN,TIME, TEMPERATURE, TURBULENCE

B PR E NG


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SW BASIC PROCESSING4.BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

ORGANIC MATTER IN MSW HAVE DISPOSALPROBLEM, - BUT HAVE POTENTIAL TO BECONVERTED INTO USEFUL CHEMICALS & FUELS

MICROORGANISMS BIODEGRADE THE ORGANICSINTO GASES, SOLIDS & ENERGY

TO CONTINUE REPRODUCE & FUNCTIONPROPERLY, HOWEVER, THESE ORGANISMS MUST

HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY: CARBON TOSYNTHESIZE NEW CELLS, INORGANIC ELEMENTS(i.e. nutrients), PROPER pH & TEMPERATURE, & ANONTOXIC SUBSTRATE

W B IC PROCE ING


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SW BASIC PROCESSING4.BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)

TYPES OF MOs USED DURING BIODEGRADATIONALSO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED (AEROBIC/ANAEROBIC)

ONE IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICALPRINCIPLES IN PROCESS OF COMPOSTING SW

SW BASIC PROCESSING


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SW BASIC PROCESSING5.LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

RAW MATERIALACQUISITION

MATERIALPROCESSING

PRODUCTMANUFACTURING

PACKAGING &DISTRIBUTION

USE & SERVICE

RETIREMENT

TREATMENT & DISPOSAL

THE EARTH & BIOSPHERE

PRODUCT REUSE

SOLID WASTES,AIR & WATER

EFFLUENTS, WASTEHEATS & ENERGY

RECOVERY

OPEN-LOOPRECYCLING

(MATERIAL DOWN-CYCLING INTO

ANOTHER PRODUCTSYSTEM)

REMANUFACTURING

RECYCLING

ENERGY, RAWMATERIALS,AIR, WATER

INPUTS

OUTPUTS


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SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE,RECYCLING & RECOVERY

ACCORDING TO US EPA- STATES,MUNICIPALITIES, & WASTE MANAGEMENTINDUSTRY SHOULD FOLLOW THIS HIERARCHY TO

REDUCE SWM PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY1.SOURCE REDUCTION

2.REUSE

3.RECYCLING4.TREATMENT

5.DISPOSAL

SOURCE REDUCTION REUSE


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WASTE THAT IS NOT PRODUCED DOES NOTHAVE TO BE COLLECTED VERY GOOD CONCEPT

CONSEQUENTLY, PREVENTING WASTE &

POLLUTION HAS BECOME A MAJOR ISSUESOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS INCLUDE THE

DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, & PACKAGING OFPRODUCTS WITH LITTLE OR NO TOXIC

CONTENT, A MINIMUM VOLUME OF MATERIAL,AND/OR A LONGER PRODUCT LIFE-TIME

INVOLVES CHANGING THE WAY PRODUCTS ARE

MADE & MARKETED



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EFFECT- LANDFILL CAPACITY & NATURALRESOURCES ARE CONSERVED, LESS ENERGY ISUSED IN MANUFACTURING, & LAND, AIR, &WATER POLLUTION ARE REDUCED

ELEMENTS OF SOURCE REDUCTIONACTIVITIES - INCLUDE PRODUCT REUSE,REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME, REDUCED

TOXICITY, INCREASED PRODUCT LIFETIME, &DECREASED CONSUMPTION



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EX. OF PRODUCT REUSEREUSABLESHOPPING BAGS, CLOTHES & OTHER ITEMS ATSALVATION ARMY, RETREADED TIRES,&RECHARGED BATTERIES

REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUMEPOSSIBLE BYUSING CONCENTRATES, LIGHTER-METAL CANS, &GLASS CONTAINERS

TYPICAL PACKING ITEM1/3 NATIONALWASTE STREAM BY WEIGHT, & POTENTIALTARGET FOR WASTE REDUCTION



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SOME PACKAGING IS ESSENTIAL FORPROTECTING, TRANSPORTING, & MARKETING, BUTWASTE REDUCTION IS POSSIBLE BY ELIMINATINGUNNECESSARY PACKAGING - DESIGNING BETTER

PACKAGES, & REUSING & REFILLING

IN EUROPE, DRAMATIC STEPS HAVE REDUCEDPACKAGING WASTE STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON

THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE POLLUTER PAYSTHIS MAKES THE PRODUCERS RESPONSIBLE FOR

PACKAGING WASTE, IN EFFECT INTERNALIZING

COST OF WASTE MANAGEMENT & PROVIDING

INCENTIVES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION

ED NG N &


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REDUCING QUANTITY &TOXICITY

REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY OF WASTE &REUSE OF MATERIALS BEFORE ENTERING WASTESTREAM ARE PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED BYMANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS

PRODUCTS CAN BE DESIGNED & FORMULATEDBEFORE MANUFACTURING TO CONTAIN LESS-OREVEN NONE- OF SUBSTANCES THAT POSE RISKS

WHEN BECOME PART OF WASTE STREAM

REDUCING QUANTITY &


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REDUCING QUANTITY &TOXICITY

TOXIC MATERIALS IN HOUSEHOLDWASTES- AS SYNTHETICS REPLACED MANYTRADITIONAL MATERIALS - DERIVED TOXICMATERIALS IN SUCH WASTE HAVE INCREASEDAPPRECIABLY; TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN SWINCLUDE HEAVY METALS, CHLORINATEDHYDROCARBONS, & USED MOTOR OIL

REDUCTION IN TOXICITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BYUSING LESS (OR NO)PROBLEMATICSUBSTITUTES FOR TOXIC CONSTITUENTS


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RECYCLINGSEPARATION OF A GIVEN WASTE MATERIAL

FROM WASTE STREAM FOR REUSE ORPROCESSINGTO BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS ARAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING

AFTER SOURCE REDUCTION (TOP PRIORITY INSWM HIERARCHY), RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FORRECYCLING & COMPOSTINGIS THE NEXTIMPORTANT ACTIVITY

COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEFN. OF SW RECYCLINGTO USE ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS IN A WAYTHAT THEY ARE NOT DEPOSITED IN A SANITARYLANDFILL & THAT CONSERVES NATURAL

RESOURCES


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RECYCLINGMOST RECYCLING PROGRAMS -

SUBSIDIZED FINANCIALLY- THE COLLECTION &TRANSPORT OF WASTE FOR RECYCLING REQUIRESUBSTANTIAL AMT. OF LABOUR & ENERGY

RECYCLING PROCESS- INCLUDESSEPARATING RECYCLABLES BY TYPE, COLLECTINGTHEM, PROCESSING THEM INTO NEW FORMS,MANUFACTURING THEM INTO PRODUCTS, &

MARKETING THEM AS GOODS MADE FROMREPROCESED MATERIALS


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RECYCLINGSEPARATION(USUALLY) COMES BEFORE

COLLECTION GENERALLY DONE BY GENERATORS

RECYCLABLESTHEN DELIVERED OR PICKEDUP FOR DELIVERY TO A MATERIAL-PROCESSING

CENTRE OR A SCRAP PROCESSOR

SOURCE- SEPARATED WASTES MAY BECOLLECTED AT CURBSIDE OR DELIVERED TO DROP

OFF CENTRE


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RECYCLINGYEARS AGO, RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING &

COMPOSTING HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE TOTALWASTE STREAM

DECREASING LANDFILL CAPACITY,

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, IMPROVINGMARKETS, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES &POLITICAL SUPPORT - STRONG EMPHASISON RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING(INCLUDING COMPOSTING) DEVELOPED


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RECYCLINGUSES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS

PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS USED TO MAKENEWPRINT, PAPERBOARD FOR VARIOUS TYPES OFBOXES, CONTAINER BOARD, & CONSTRUCTION

PRODUCTS; VARIOUS PAPER PRODUCTSRECOVERED FROM SW CAN BE REPULPED & MADEINTO NEW PRODUCTS; PROPORTION OFRECYCLED PAPER BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FIBERS

DEPENDS ON QUALITY OF RECYCLED MATERIAL;HOWEVER, RESULTS IN SHORTENING OF PAPERFIBER WHICH SOON REACHES A SIZE THAT ISNOT POSSIBLE TO USE ANYMORE


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RECYCLINGUSES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS (CONT.)

PLASTICS MOST ARE SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOSED OF POLYMERS CONTAININGHYDROGEN, CARBON & OXYGEN, & ARE USUALLY

MANUFACTURED FROM PETROLEUM & ITSDERIVATIES; REQUIRES GREAT CARE BECAUSEOF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BY PRODUCTSTHE PLASTIC ONCE CONTAINED OR EVEN BY A

SMALL QUANTITY OF DIFF. TYPES OF PLASTICSWITH DIFF. RESINS; SORTING NOT NECESSRYBECAUSE COMINGLED PLASTICS (MIXTUERS) CANBE SHREDDED, MELTED & EXTRUDED INTO

USEFUL FORMS


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RECYCLINGUSES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS (CONT.)

GLASS GLASSMAKERS RETURN GLASS THAT ISBROKEN DURING MANUFACTURING TO GLASSFURNACE; MANY MANUFCTURING PLANTS ALSO

HAVE A BUY-BACK PROGRAM FOR BROKEN GLASSWHEN THEIR OWN SUPPLY IS IMPROPER;BROKENGLASS MIXED AT RATIO 15% WITH RAWMATERIAL USED FOR NEW PRODUCT

MANUFACTURE; AS LONG AS THE SAME COLOR,CAN BE USED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL REFINING


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RECYCLINGCONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES

ASPHALT - OLD PAVEMENT MATERIAL ISPROCESSSED WITH CONCEREE & STONES OR BYITSELF

CONCRETE CRUSHED & SCREENED FOR USE ASROAD BASE, OR MIXED WITH NEW CONCRETE ORUSE IN MAKING NEW PRODUCTS

WOOD CLEAN WOOD IS PROCESSED FOR FUEL& LANDSCAPING; REMAINING IS SHREDDED &PASSED THRU CLASSIFIER, WHERE LARGE PIECESARE SEPARATED

RECYCLING


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RECYCLINGCONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES

(CONT.)

USED TIRES POSE A MAJOR DISPOSAL PROBLEM;PILES IF TIRES ARE EYESORES & CAUSEENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS;

ALSO FIRE HAZARD, CAN PRODUCE NOXIOUS BLACKSMOKE & FUMES; TIRE COLLECTORS SEPARATETIRES THAT CAN BE REUSED AFTER RETREADING,REMAINDER ARE STORED OR SHREDDED FOR

LANDFILL DISPOSAL; PRESENT RECYCLING PROGRAMINCINERATED OR BURNED AS A FUEL IN ASPECIALLY DESIGNED POWER PLANTS & UTILIZEDFOR MISCHELLANOUS PURPOSES (PLAYGROUND

EQUIPMENT)

E


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RECYCLINGOILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS

OIL RECOVERY USED LUBRICATING OILS CAN BERECOVERED TO A QUALITY ESSENTIALLY EQUALTO THAT OF VIRGIN LUBRICATING OILS; DIRT &

SLUDGE THAT BUILD UP IN THESE OILS MAKEDECONTAMINING & RECLAIMING IT CALLED OILRE-FINING; PREFERRED METHOD FOR RE-FINING DISTILLATION

SOLVENT RECOVERY SEPARATE CONTAMINANTSFROM WASTE SOLVENTS THUS RESTORINGSOLVENT TO ITS ORIGINAL QUALITY OR TOLOWER-GRADE SOLVENT; COMMON USED IS

DISTILLATION. EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, ETC.

E G


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RECYCLINGOILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS (CONT.)

ACID REGENERATION USUALLY INVOLVESSEPARAION OF UNREACTED ACID FROM AN ACIDWASTE; IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED AS A

PRECIPITATE BY COOLING THE ACIDMETALS RECOVERY CAN BE RECOVERED BY

USING DIFFERENCES IN THE MELTING & BOILINGPROPERTIES TO SEPRATE THEM AT HIGH T;

ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY REMOVES &CONCENTRATES METALS FROM LIQUID WASTE BYUSING PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION, IONEXCHANGE, MEMBRANE FILTRATION, SOLVENT

STRIPPING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS

RECYCLING


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RECYCLINGENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS REDUCE POLLUTION

& ENERGY USE THUS RESULTING INENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

WHEN SECONDARY MATERIALS ARE USED INMANUFACTURING, VIRGIN RESOURCES ARE

CONSERVED

LIMITATIONS TO THE RECOVERABILITY OFMATERIALS RESULT FROM PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC

CONSTRAINTSRECYCLING EFFECTS ARE NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE;

INVOLVES REPROCESSING OR REMANUFACTURINGMATERIALS THAT HAVE NEGATIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

LANDFILL IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM THAT ISDESIGNED & CONSTRUCTED TO DISPOSE OFDISCARDED WASTE BY BURIAL IN LAND TOMINIMIZE THE RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS TOTHE ENVIRONMENT

CURRENTLY A SIGNIFICANT PART OF MSWMANAGEMENT & HAZARDOUS WASTEMANAGEMENT PRACTICE

IN US, LANDFILL MOST WIDELY USEDMETHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH ~ 80%OF NATIONS MSW IS LANDFILLED

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

BECAUSE OF INCREASED CONCERN AMONGCITIZENS & GOVERNMENT REGARDING THEADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSOCIATEDWITH IMPROPERLY LOCATED, DESIGNED &OPERATED LANDFILLS, ALSO HARD TO FIND NEWLANDFILL SITE THE 3-Rs ARE BEGINNING TOHAVE SOME EFFECT ON PUBLIC OPINION

3-Rs REDUCTION, REUSE, & RECYCLING

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

NUMBER OF LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMHAVE BEEN PROPOSED

CLASS DESIGNED TO HANDLE

I (SECURE LANDFILLS) HAZARDOUS WASTE

II (MONOFILLS) DESIGNATED WASTE

III (SANITARY LANDFILLS) MSW

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

SITING CONSIDERATIONS PROPER SITING ISCRUCIAL TO PROVIDE ECONOMICAL DISPOSALWHILE PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH &ENVIRONMENT

FOUR MAJOR ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OFLANDFILL SELECTING

1.DATA COLLECTIONMANY MAPS & OTHERINFORMATION (e.g. solid waste volume, landfillvolume) MUST BE STUDIED TO OBTAIN DATAWITHIN THE SEARCH AREA

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

2.LOCATION CONSTRAINS

A SEARCH FOR A

SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE TYPICALLY BEGINS BYELIMINATING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLELOCATIONS; CERTAIN TYPES OF LAND ARE

ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE (flood plains,wetlands, land near airports)

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

3.ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC REACTION

PUBLIC SHOULD BE INFORMED REGARDING THEPOSSIBILITY OF LANDFILL IN THEIR AREA ASSOON AS A LIST OF POTENTIAL SITES IS

DEVELOPED; LESS SUSPICIOUS & MORE OPEN TODISCUSSION; PUBLIC CONCERN: ODORS, HEALTHHAZARDS, PROPERTY VALUES, LEACHATE


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DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

SITE SUITABILITIY

SOIL PROPERTIES TYPES & QUANTITIES OFSOIL AVAILABLE ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS INTHE COST OF OPERATING A LANDFILL; SOILS

ARE NEEDED AS A COVER & AS A MOISTUREBARRIER IN LANDFILL BOTTOM; ALSO ABLE TOSUPPORT EQUIPMENT USED TO TRANSPORT &PLACE THE SW, & ON COMPLETION OF A

LANDFILL, A SOIL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING AGOOD VEGETATIVE COVER IS PROVIDED; SUCHPROPERTIES INCLUDE PERMEABILITY, SWELLINGS& CRACKING, SUPPORT OF VEGETATION

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW PERMEABILITY FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE &

DISTRIBUTION; LOW PERMEABILITY WILLPREVENT PASSAGE OF WATER INTO LANDFILL &LOSS OF LEACHATE FOM IT; EFFECTIVE PURPOSE- TIGHT CLAY

SWELLING & CRACKING CERTAIN ARE PRONE TOSWELLING WHEN WET & CRACKING WHEN DRY

SUPPORT OF VEGETATION WHEN LANDFILL IS

COMPLETED, A FINAL COVER OF SOIL IS PLACED;MUST SUPPORT GOOD VEGETATION TO PROTECTAGAINST EROSION & TO DISSIPATE THE WATERTHAT MAY INFILTRATE INTO TOP LAYERS OF

COVER


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DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

LANDFILLING TECHNIQUESVARIOUSTITLES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE LANDFILLING,BUT ONLY 2 BASIC TECHNIQUES ARE INVOLVED

AREA METHOD SW IS DEPOSITED ON THE

SURFACE, COMPACTED, & THEN COVERED WITH ALAYER OF COMPACTED SOIL AT THE END OF THEWORKING DAY; THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FORMOST TERRAIN

TRENCH METHOD SW IS SPREADED & THENCOMPACTED IN AN EXCAVATED TRENCH THATMAY BE 10 15 FT DEEP

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

LANDFILL COVER DESIGNWATERINFILTRATING THE LANDFILL COVER PICKS UPSOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS DURING ITS PASSAGETHROUGH SW; THID LIQUID (i.e. leachate) IS APOTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT;THEREFORE, ONE IMPORTANT DESIGNCONSIDERATION IS TO MINIMIZE LEACHATEPRODUCTION DURING THE OPERATION OF

LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

SURFACE VEGETATIVE LAYERCOMPLETEDLANDFILL SITES ARE NOW BEING DEVELOPED ASPARKS, GOLF COURSES, & BICYCLE PATHS; AS ARESULT, EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH MUSTBE ESTABLISHED & MAINTAINED ON THESURFACE LAYER; THIS GROWTH HELPS TOMAINTAIN THE WATER BALANCE & TOPROTECTTHE SURFACE COVER; ALSO HELPS TO PREVENTEROSION & ENCOURAGES EVAPOTRANSPIRATION


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DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

DRAINAGE LAYERREMOVES WATER THATINFLTRATES THE TOP LAYER OF THE COVER; THISFUNCTION TAKES ON ADDED IMPORTANCE INAREAS OF HIGH PRECIPITATION & LOWEVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PERMEABLE DRAINAGELAYER, SLOPED TO A DRAIN LINE TO REMOVELIQUID; SUITABLE COARSE UNIFORM SAND ORGRAVEL (LESSENS CONTACT TIME OF LEACHATEWITH WATE BY CONDUCTING PERCOLATIONAWAY FROM THE WASTE)

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

HYDRAULIC LAYERMINIMIZES THEINFILTRATION THAT REACHES THE SW;PREFERRED MATERIAL TIGHT CLAY, SYNTHETICCLAY LINER, OR SYNTHETC MEMBRANE

FOUNDATION LAYERSEPARATES GEOMEMBRANE(i.e. hydraulic barrier) FROM THE SW & PROTETSTHE GEOMEMBRANE FROM DAMAGE; CAN BE BUILTFROMLOCAL SOILS W/O STONES OR OBJECTS

THAT MAY DAMAGE THE MEMBRANE

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

LANDFILL LINERSA BARRIER TO INTERCEPTLEACHATE & DIRECT IT TO A LEACHATECOLLECTION SYSTEM

MOISTURE IN LANDFILLSLEACHATE IS

GENERATED BY PERCOLATION OF WATER OR SOMEOTHER LIQUID THROUGH ANY WASTE & THESQUEEZING OF THAT WASTE BY SELF-WEIGHT;QUANTITY OF LECHATE GENERATED DURING

ACTIVE OF A LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE ISIMPORTANT IN MANAGING A LANDFILL

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE GENERATIONRATESDESIGN OF LEACHATE COLLECTION,TREATMENT, & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SHOULDCONSIDER THE ESTIMATED LEACHATE

GENERATION; TYPICAL METHODS USED: HELPCOMPUTER MODEL & WASTER BALANCE METHOD

LANDFILL OPERATIONA GOOD OPERATINGSCHEDULE, PLAN, & METHODOLOGY RESULT INPUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY, MINIMIZEDOPERATING COSTS & MINIMIZED LEACHATEPRODUCTION

DISPOSAL OF SW


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SITE OPERATIONSSEVERAL TYPICALPROBLEMS

LITTER CAN BE A PROBLEM DURING HIGH WINDS &A SOURCE OF COMPLAINTS FROM RESIDENCE CLOSETO LANDFILL

ODOR

RESULT FROM ORGANIC WASTES,LANDFILLGASES, & LEACHATE

NOISE CAN CAUSE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS &LOSS OF HEARING IN WORKERS

DUST CAUSE ALLERGIC REACTIONS & NUISANCECONDITIONS FOR WORKERS & NEARBY RESIDENTS

INSECTS & RODENTS NUISNCE & HAVE POTNTIALFOR SPREADING DISEASE, BUT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY

COVERING SW

DISPOSAL OF SW


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DISPOSAL OF SW

ON-SITE OPERATION FACILITIES

FENCES & SIGNS FENCES SHOULD BE BUILTAROUND THE LANDFILL TO LIMIT ACCESS BY PEOPLE&ANIMALS; SIGNS & NOTICES SHOULD BE POSTED ATVARIOUS LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY & BETTER SITE

OPERATION

PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA SOME LANDFILL SITES MAYHAVE A PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA FOR REYCLABLEITEMS; THIS AREA MAY ALSO BE COMBINED WITH ATRANSFER STATION; THE DROP-OFF FACILITYSHOULD BE SO DESIGNED & LOCATED SO THAT ITEMSCAN BE DROPPED OFF & TRANSFERRED FROM SMALLVEHICLES TO LARGE VEHICLES

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS &


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PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

SOURCES OF DISEASEUNDER WARM, MOISCONDITIONS, MOST ORGANIC OR FOOD WASTESBECOME A HAVEN FOR DISEASE-CAUSINGORGANISM

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDSCERTAIN SWCOMPONENTS CAN ALSO BE A SOURCE OF OTHERHEALTH & ENVIRONEMNTAL HAZARDS

DISEASE & OTHER HAZARD PREVENTIONINVOLVES CLEANLINESS, GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, &APPLICATION OF RECOMMENDED SANITARYCONTROL MEASURES (ELIMINATION OF FOOD,

MOSITURE, & WARMTH)



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TRANSFER, PROCESSING, RECOVERY, & DISPOSALFACILITIES2 TYPES OF PUBLIC HEALTH &SAFETY ISSUES ARE INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN &OPERATION OF SW FACILITIES: 1) HEALTH &

SAFETY OF GENRAL PUBLIC, 2) HEALTH & SAFETYOF WORKERS AT THOSE FACILITES

COMPOSTINGPROCESS OF CONVERTING MOSTWASTE ORGANICS INTO USEFUL SOILCONDITIONER; PUBLIC HEALTH ISSU INVOLVED POTENTIAL FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS TOSURVIVE THE PROCESS



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AIR POLLUTION & WATER POLLUTION FROMSWM

PRODUCTION OF CH4GAS BY MICROORGANISMSTHAT DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATERIALANAEROBICALLY; MAY SEEP THRU TRASH &ACCUMULATE IN UNDERGROUND POCKETS, & IFNOT PROPERLY VENTED, CAN BE A POTENTIALFOR EXPLOSION

WATER POLLTION FOM IMPROPERLY DESIGNED &OPERATED LANDFILL



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INCINERATORS PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OFASH, WHICH CURRENTLY DISPOSED OF INSPECIALSANITARY LANDFILLS OR HAZARDOUS WSSTESITES; ASH CONTAINS TOXIC MATERIALS, INC.

HEAVY METALS & DIOXIN IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SW CAN POLLUTE

ATMOSPHERE THRU ODORS FROM DECAYINGGARBAGE, SMOKE & FUMES FROM FIRES AT THE

SITE, OR THE PRODUCTS OF OPEN BURNING OTHER HAZARDS TOXIC, EXPLOSIVE, &

IGNITABLE WASTES CAN BE MINIMIZED THRUCAREFUL SEPARATION & THEIR DISPOSAL AS

HAZARDOUS WASTE


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[2]solid waste management

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