PROCEEDINGS

29th International

Symposium onBallistics

Edited by

Clive WoodleyDr. Ian Cullis

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

9-13 May 2016

Organized bythe National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA)

with the cooperation ofthe International Ballistics Society (IBS)

Edinburgh International Conference Center

Edinburgh, Scotland

VOLUME2

EXPLOSION MECHANICS

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

DE&tech Publications, Inc.

VOLUME 2

EXPLOSION MECHANICS

Investigation on Melting and Composition Gradient ofW-Cu

Shaped Charge Jet During Jet Formation and Penetration 1281

GUO WENQI, LIU JINXU, LI SHUKUI, CHENG XINGWANG

and JIN HAIBO

Gurney Velocity Relationships 1291

PAUL M. LOCKING

Evaluation ofthe Effect of an Explosive Charge Closed to a Steel

Structure Plate •1301

DENIS LERICHE,'ROBERT TOSELLO and FRANCK TROIA

An Analysis of Double Layer Shaped Charges 1314

TARIQ HUSSAIN, LIU YAN, FENGLEI HUANG and LOU Yl

Experimental Study of Magnetic Field Inhibiting Rotation of

Shaped Charge Jet Particles 1322

BIN MA, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, XUDONG ZU, QIANGQIANG XIAO

and XIN JIA

Application of an Electromagnetic Diagnostic Technique for

In-Flight Shaped Charge Jet and Hypervelocity Particle

Characterization 1330

W. CASEY UHLIG AND ANDREAS HEINE

Shock Waves from Hollow Cylinders 1341

CLARE KNOCK

Design and Commissioning of a Semi-Confined Blast Chamber 1350

IZAK SNYMAN, FRIKKIE MOSTERT and WALRICH GRUNDLING

Research on Driving Characteristic for Dual Charge of

DNTF-Based Aluminized Explosive 1355

TAO ZHOU, SHU-JIE CHENG, HUI WANG and FEI SHEN

XX Table ofContents

Finite-Element Analysis Modeling and Simulation of an Aimed

Cluster Warhead Based on Truegrid Software 1363

YIN-LIANG LI, JIAN-WEI LI, RONG-XIN FANG, PEI-JUN ZHANG,

ZENG-QUAN XUE, TAO YU and FEI TONG

Case Study—Reliability of Detonation Train with Shaped

Charge Donor 1374

ALEX ZLATKIS, MAXIM TEITEL and EVGENY GOFMAN

Study ofDetonation Wave Contours in EFP Warhead 1383

XUDONG ZU, ZHENGXIANG HUANGA, CHUANSHENG ZHU

and QIANGQIANG XIAO

Effects of Strain Rate on Fragmentation Performance of

Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation ofNotched Cylinders 1388

MINZU LIANG, XIANGYU LI and FANGYUN LU

Influence of Groove Depth on the Breakup of a Controlled

Fragmentation Shell 1403

ANDREAS HELTE, PATRIK LUNDBERG and OLOF ANDERSSON

Very Long StandoffDispersion and Penetration of

Shaped-Charge Jets 1414

M. MAYSELESS, H.R KAUFMANN, L MISIUKand E. HIRSCH

The Effect of Initiation and Liner Thickness on the Jet and

Penetration Characteristics 1425

M. MAYSELESS, Y. ME-BAR, L. MISIUK, J. E. BACKOFEN

and E. HIRSCH

On the Prediction ofFragment Distribution of Naturally FragmentingWarheads: a Machine Learning Approach 1437

G. J. F. SMIT, C. J. TERBLANCHE and A. R SMIT

Towards a Unified Dislocation-Based Model for Shaped Charge

Jet Break-Up 1448

F. J. MOSTERT, I. M. SNYMAN and P. J. KONIG

Characterization of Shaped Charge Jet Erosion in Drilling Mud 1459

DENNIS BAUM, GREG SCHEBLER, DOUG DOBIE, DOUG FAUX

and ROBERT KUKLO

Power Calculation ofa Tank Gun at Different Altitudes 1471

PEIJIE ZHOU and TAO GANG

Numerical Analysis of the Effect ofthe Geometric Parameters

of CEFP Warhead 1483

YIDONG JING, LI GANG, HUI WANG, FEI SHEN and XINLIAN REN

Shaped Precursor-Charge for a Multi-Effects Warhead System 1490

W. ARNOLD, OE MAHN MOON, E. ROTTENKOLBER

and T. HARTMANN

Table ofContents xxi

A Methodology to Derive Shaped Charge Jet Characteristics

Which Will Not Initiate Thin Explosive Interlayers 1502

F. MAJIET and K. D. WERNEYER

On Detonation-Like Burning, or IM Test Evaluation 1513

P. J. KONIG and A. SIMON

Initiation ofHigh Explosive Charges by Fragment Impact 1520

HAGEN AURICH and AXEL SATTLER

Comparison between a Classic and a New Soil Model to Simulate the

Effects of Buried Mines 1532

EVE ROGER, ANTHONY BUFALO and BENOIT BETTENCOURT

Study on Numerical Simulation ofInitiation Effect of Kinetic

Energy Block to Covered Explosive 1543

PENG GAO, YUXIN XU, YANSI ZHANG and SHUSHAN WANG

Development ofa Novel Lightweight Recoilless EOD Disrupter 1553

D. KIRKPATRICK, D. NEWELL, R. POTTER, K. PHAN

and M. SLATER

Study on the Natural Fragmentation Formed by Metal Cylinder

Explosion 1565

Y. S. Yl, Y. YOO and H. J. KIM

Influence of Initiation Modes on Lethality Capability Enhancement

ofAsymmetric Initiation Warheads 1570

XINGYUN SUN, GANG DING, BAOHUI YUAN, QINGBO JING,

JUN PENG, WANJUN GENG and GUANGJIA LI

Influence of Explosive and Liner Cone Angle on the Performance

of Standardized Shaped Charge Jet 1580

LIXIA WANG, QINGBO JING, TAO ZHOU and FENGWANG LIU

Innovative Lagrangian Numerical Approach for Natural

Fragmentation Modeling 1590

ANTHONY COLLE, JEROME LIMIDO, JEAN-LUC LACOME

and FREDERIC PAINTENDRE

Magneto-Hydrodynamic Calculation ofMagnetic Flux

Compression Using Imploding Cylindrical Liners 1602

JIBO ZHAO, CHENGWEI SUN and ZHUOWEI GU

Simulating Geometrically Complex Blast Scenarios 1609

IAN G. CULLIS, PETER FRANKL, PAUL BENNETT, NIKOS NIKIFORAKIS,PHILIP BLAKELY and PAUL GREENWOOD

Expansion and Fracture ofFragmenting Warhead Shells of Various

Materials under a Cl-20 Explosive Charge 1613

WEI-BING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG, CHUN CHEN

and JIAN-JUN ZHU

xxii Table of Contents

Study on the Expansion and Fracture of a Cylindrical 50SIMNVBSteel Shell underDifferent Tempering Temperatures 1630

JIAN-JUN ZHU, WEI-BING LI, XIAO-MING WANG and WEN-BIN LI

Small Scale Structure for a Simulated Blast Event Below Add

On Armor 1641

SHARON PELES, DAVID TOUATI, ILAN AZULAY and SHIMON HAYOUN

Numerical Simulation of Spherical Charge Dynamic Blasting and

Overpressure Field Calculation Model 1648

YUAN NIE, JIAN-WEI JIANG, SHU-YOU WANG and MEI LI

Fragment Spatial Distribution ofContinuous and Discontinuous

Multi-Contoured Warheads 1660

K. D. DHOTE, P. N. VERMAand K. P. S. MURTHY

Understanding Experimental and Computational Gurney Energies... 1667

E. L. BAKER, R. E. CORNELL and L. I. STIEL

Modifying Preformed Fragment Dispersion by Form Factor 1676

JARED GROVER and BOB TOMPKINS

Radius Enhanced Warheads 1685

MARKUS GRASWALD and RAPHAEL GUTSER

Armor Panel Deformation Due to Simulated Land Mine Blast Testingand Simulation 1698

JAMES D. WALKER, DONALD J. GROSCH, SIDNEY CHOCRON,CARL WEISS, ANDREW BARNES, ALEXANDER J. CARPENTER

and JAMES T. MATHIS

Linear Exponential Fragmentation Statistics and Scaling for

Cylinders with Thermobaric Explosives 1709

K. M. JAANSALU, M. R. DUNNING and W. S. ANDREWS

Development of Tuneable Effects Warheads 1720

MARK REYNOLDS and WILLIAM HUNTINGTON-THRESHER

Investigation on the Use ofPETN Based Sheet Explosive in

Hardening and Welding 1724

PAL DINESH KUMAR, SHALLU GUPTA, BIR BAHADUR,

SANDEEP KUMAR and ARUN AGARWAL

Experimental and Numerical Investigations ofNew Prototypes for

Low Collateral Damages Ammunitions 1734

KAROL WOIRIN, FRANCOIS VERMEERSCH, LUC CHAFFOIS,CHRISTELLE COLLET and JULIEN MORICEAU

Muzzle-Center based Scaling Law for the Peak Overpressureof a Cannon Blast. 1745

ROBERTA. CARSON and ONKAR SAHNI

Table of Contents xxiii

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

Using ALE to Model Fluid Solid Interactions (FSI): High VelocityPenetration ofa Projectile into Water 1765

QING FANG and LEI MAO

Ballistic Evaluation of an Australian Ultra-High Hardness Steel 1773

SHANNON RYAN, HUIJUN LI, MARK EDGERTON,

DENVER GALLARDY and STEPHEN CIMPOERU

The Influence ofAdjacent Impact on the Perforation of Fragments 1779

N.J. LYNCH and P. PITCHER

The Influence ofYaw on the Perforation ofFragments 1789

N.J. LYNCH and P. PITCHER

Numerical Simulations on Spherical Fragments PenetratingLY12 Aluminum Alloy Target 1799

XINLIAN REN, GANG LI and FEI SHEN

Study on the Penetration of Semi-Infinite Thickness Metal

Target by Heterogeneous Long Rods with Incident

Velocity 1800-3000 M/S 1804

KUI TANG, JINXIANG WANG, NAN ZHOU and CHUCAI PENG

Protection Capacity of a Marine Steel against Fragments 1814

DENIS LERICHE, VALERIE DEJEAN and ROBERT TOSELLO

Ballistic Resistance ofSemi-Infinite and Finite-Thickness

Adobe Targets 1838

ANDREAS HEINE and MATTHIAS WICKERT

Penetration and Ignition Performance of Reactive Fragments 1847

TRACY VINE, JOHN STUBBERFIELD, DAVE JOBSON,DOUG KIRKPATRICK and STEVE MCLEAN

Impact in Sand, Simulations and Experiments 1854

GARD OEDEGAARDSTUEN, ANNE KATHRINE PRYTZ

and JOHN F. MOXNES

An Experimental Evaluation of Composite Enclosures for

Explosive Reactive Armor 1860

SHAWN KLANN and FREDERICK RICKERT

Effective Depth-of-Penetration Range Due to Hardness Variation

for Different Lots ofNominally Identical Target Material 1872

PATRICK FRUEH, ANDREAS HEINE, KARL ERNST WEBER

and MATTHIAS WICKERT

Trajectory Prediction of Pre-Damaged Targets Impact by RigidProjectiles with Stress Equivalent FEM Subroutine 1876

JIAJIE DENG, XIANFENG ZHANG, YONG HE and LEI GUO

xxiv Table ofContents

The Effect of Inter-Tile Gap on Alumina-Aluminum Plates

Impacted by a Steel Projectile 1886

TIMOTHY G. TALLADAY, AMER HAMEEDand FREDERICK C. RICKERT

The Interaction ofHigh-Velocity Projectiles with Groups ofRods

and Plates 1897

A. GERASIMOV and S. PASHKOV

Numerical Modeling ofHigh-Speed Interaction Processes between

Fluoropolymer Projectiles and Light Alloy-Based Targets 1907

T.E. ZAVODOVA, E.A KHMELNIKOV, A.V. STYROV, K.V. SMAGIN

and S.O. BOCHKAREV

The Failure Mechanism of Frangible Nose Cap upon Water

Impact 1918

QIAN LIXIN, LIU FEI, QU MING, HU YANHUI and ZHAO JIANBO

Behavior ofMulti-Layered Metal Plates under Ballistic Impact 1925

A. WEISS and G. BEN-MELECH STAN

Penetration Performance of a Calibre 5.56 mm Tungsten-RheniumAP-Projectile into Steel and Ceramic Targets 1936

PATRIK APPELGREN and PATRIK LUNDBERG

Soil Penetration with Gas-Gun Experiment 1946

S.B. KIM, S.H. WOO and L.J. PARK

Modelling Bullet Richochet from Wooden Targets 1952

L. KOENE

Analytical Model ofSpherical Projectile Penetration into

Ballistic Gels 1964

AMELIE CARON-LARAMEE, PIERRE PROULX

and MARTIN BROUILLETTE

Influence ofConfining Prestress on the Transition from Interface

Defeat to Penetration in Ceramic Targets 1973

PATRIK LUNDBERG, RENE RENSTROM and OLOF ANDERSSON

Development and Validation ofHigh Strain Rate Model for

Water Ice 1977

PHIL CHURCH, IAN LEWTAS, PETER GOULD, CHRIS BRAITHWAITE

and ANDY JARDINE

The Break-Up Tendency of Long Rod Projectiles 1989

EWA LIDEN, ANDREAS HELTE and OLOF ANDERSSON

Research on the Attitude Change of Projectile with Nose-Cone

When Penetrating Multi-Layer-Interval Steel Targets at

Big Impact Angles 1993

GONG-JIE NIU, JUN-CHENG LI, CHUN-XIANG YU, HUI-MIN LI,YONG-GANG LU and LI-XIN QIAN

Table ofContents XXV

Behavior of the Pistol Ammunition Projectiles in Ballistic Gellatine...... 2004

BARTOSZ KOZERA, MIKOLAJ BOGAJCZYK

and PRZEMYSLAW SIDELNIK

Experimental Research on HEL and Failure Properties ofAlumina

under Impact Loading 2013

XIAOWEI FENG, JINGZHEN CHANG and YONGGANG LU

Research ofNose Shape Influence on the Projectile Attitude under

the Oblique Penetration Condition 2018

JUN-CHENG LI, CHUN-XIANG YU, GONG-JIE NIU,

SHOU-QIAN WANG and HUl-MIN LI

The Effect ofTransparent Ceramic Tiles Weak-Spots on the Ballistic

Resistance ofTransparent Armor 2026

ITAY DYAMANT, ELI SAFRAI, ELDAD SHEMER, LARS SCHENTTER,

ANDREAS HECHT and ZVIKA BAR

Anti-Trauma Pads based on Non-Newtonian Materials for

Flexible BulletproofInserts 2034

DAWID PACEK, PAWEL ZOCHOWSKI and ADAM WISNIEWSKI

The Use of Light Metal Alloys for Ultralight Multi-Layer Structures

ofPassive Armours 2046

BARTLOMIEJ PLONKA, KRZYSZTOF REMSAK and MAREK RAJDA

Two-Channel Projectile Deceleration History Registration DuringTheir High-Speed Motion with Erosion in Target 2057

M. YU. SOTSKIY and V. A. VELDANOV

Numerical Study of the Trajectory Stability of Lateral-Abnormal

Projectiles Penetrating Soil at Small Angles ofAttack 2067

QIRAN SUN, YUXIN SUN, RUIYU LI and YAYUN ZHAO

The Influence of Armour PVD Coating on the ProjectilesRicochet Capability during the Inclined Impact 2079

PAWEL ZOCHOWSKI, DAWID PACEK and ADAM WISNIEWSKI

An Experimental and Numerical Study ofBallistic PerformanceofSFRC Structures 2088

BURHAN ALAM, MEHRAN GHASABEH, KAAN TOKSOY,GOKCE DARA, SERDAR GOKTEPE and YSMAIL OZGOR YAMAN

Comparative Analysis of X-Ray Experiment and Numerical

Simulation of Soil Ballistic 2098BAO-XIANG REN, LI-NAXU, HUA-LIANG CHEN,CHUN-QIAO PANG and GANG TAO

On Stability Loss ofRod Projectiles during Penetration 2108

V.A. VELDANOV, V. S. KOZLOV, I. E. KHOREV, V. F. TOLKACHEV

and V. B. SHUTALEV

xxvi Table ofContents

The Effect ofTriconic Nose Profiles on Kinetic Energy Penetration

Into Concrete Targets 2118

I. LEWTAS and J. MACMAHON

Flash X-Ray Cinematography Analysis ofDwell and Penetration

of Small Calibre Projectiles with Three Types ofSiC Ceramics 2128

ELMAR STRASSBURGER, STEFFEN BAUER, STEFFEN WEBER

and HEINER GEDON

The Ballistic ofFragment Penetration into Clay Soil 2132

CHUNQIAO PANG, LINAXU, HAULIANG CHEN, BAOXIANG REN

and GANG TAO

Relation between Material Property and Dwell-to-Penetration

Transition Velocity for SiC Ceramics 2144

JIANMING YUAN and WEI LIANG GOH

A Numerical Investigation on the Response of Thick Ultra-HighMolecular Weight Polyethylene Composite to Ballistic Impact 2155

LONG H. NGUYEN, SHANNON RYAN and ADRIAN C. ORIFICI

Fragment-Simulating Impacts into Aluminum Plates 2166

TERESA FRAS, ANDREAS KLAVZAR and THOMAS WOLF

Shaped Charge Jet Penetration of Concrete Walls Using Charges

ofDifferent Sizes 2177

BERNHARD RECK and PIERRE BAYER

Combined Approach For Characterization of Shaped Charge Jet

Penetration 2189

VITALY LEUS, ROY CEDER and GERSHON KLIMINZ

Strength Matters: Which Strength of Dyneema® Fiber

Composites to Use in Hydrocode Models?—A Discussion 2200

ULRICH HEISSERER and HARM VAN DER WERFF

The Effect of Projectile Nose Geometry on the Critical Velocity

and Failure Mode ofYarns Subjected to Transverse Impact 2205

MATTHEW HUDSPETH, JAMES ZHENG and WEINONG CHEN

Experimental Study about the Influence ofAdhesive Stiffness to

the Bonding Strengths ofAdhesives for Ceramic/Metal Targets 2215

WOLFGANG SEIFERT, ELMAR STRASSBURGER,

SABINE GREFEN and STEPHAN SCHAARE

Modified Alekseevskii-Tate Model for Rod Penetration of

Porous Targets 2219

WILLIAM J. FLIS

Caliber .50 Baseline Study Terminal Ballistic Performance 2228

STEPHEN MCFARLANE

Table ofContents xxvii

Back Face Deformation (BED) Response Comparison between

Km2 and Hb80 Flat Panels 2238

TIMOTHY G ZHANG, SIKHANDAS. SATAPATHY

and LIONEL R. VARGAS-GONZALEZ

Grain Refinement and Phase Transformation in a Middle-Carbon

Steel after Jet Penetration 2252

YAO JIANG, JING TAO WANG and ZHENG XIANG HUANG

Consistent Constitutive Modeling ofMetallic Target Penetration

using Empirical, Analytical, and Numerical Penetration Models 2259

JOHN (JACK) P. RIEGEL, III and DAVID DAVISON

Effects of Thickness and Thickness Ratio in Alumina-Aluminum

Layered Structure on Ballistic Performance against Steel

Core Projectile 2263

JIN YOUNG KIM, MAN HOI KOO and CHANG HYUN LEE

A Comparison ofMeshless-Particle Methods for High-Velocity

Impact Computations 2272

G.R. JOHNSON, S.R. BEISSEL and C.A. GERLACH

Simulations of a Gold Rod into Borosilicate Glass UsingExperimentally Determined Constitutive Constants 2284

CHARLES E. ANDERSON, JR. and KATIE MCLOUD

On the Ballistic Response of Rapidly-Prototyped Alumina 2296

GARETH APPLEBY-THOMAS, AMER HAMEED, DAVID WOOD,

JULIE ROWLEY and KEVIN JAANSALU

Dynamic Jacket Removal and the 'Bullets Journey' 2307

A. ROBERTS, G.J. APPLEBY-THOMAS, D.C. WOOD,A. HAMEED and I.G. CROUCH

Terminal Ballistics of 7.62 mm Armour Piercing ProjectilesAgainst Spaced, Oblique RHA Plates 2316

DAVOR BOKHARI, MIKE TEAGLE and IAN HORSFALL

Transverse Impact on S-2 Glass Yarns: Analysis ofCrimp and

Other Effects on the Critical and Transverse Wave Velocities 2323

SIDNEY CHOCRON, JAMES D. WALKER, RORY P. BIGGER

and CHARLES E. ANDERSON

Material Science behind the Development of a New, Shapeable,Boron Carbide, Armour Material 2332

IAN CROUCH, JAMES SANDLIN, STUART THOMAS

and AARON SEEBER

Evaluation ofHeld's Criteria (V^D) vs. Penetration for a Small

Shaped Charge Warhead 2343

A.S. DANIELS, S. DEFISHER, G. STUNZENAS, E.L. BAKER

and N. AL-SHEHAB

xxviii Table ofContents

Impact Behavior ofCarbon and Hybrid Carbon-Glass Laminates

at Low Temperatures 2355

E. HERNANDEZ, E. EL KHATIB, A. ENFEDAQUE and F. GALVEZ

On the Selection of Tissue Simulants for Ballistic Testing 2367

GARETH APPLEBY-THOMAS, AMER HAMEED,BRIANNA FITZMAURICE, JONATHAN PAINTER and DAVID WOOD

Structural Integrity of a Medium Caliber Ogive ShapedProjectile During Concrete Penetration 2378

KAMLESH KUMAR, S. HARIKRISHNAN, K.K. KULHARE

and K.P.S. MURTHY

Trajectory Instability of Deep Penetration ofProjectile into

Soil Targets 2385

XUDONG GAO and Q. M. LI

Effect ofAdd-On Explosive Reactive Armor on EFP Penetration 2395

YANG-YANG WANG, JIAN-WEI JIANG, JIA-YU MENG

and JIAN-BIN MEN

On the Shock Response of an Ultra-High-Molecular-WeightPolyethylene Composite 2407

DAVID WOOD, GARETH APPLEBY-THOMAS, AMER HAMEED

and COLIN ROBERSON

Phase Transformations in Glass Associated with Hyper-VelocityImpact and Implications in Constitutive Modeling 2417

ROSHDY G. BARSOUM

Impact Response ofAdvanced Transparent Materials 2424

PHILLIP A. JANNOTTI and GHATU SUBHASH

A Computational Parametric Study on Cookie-Cutter Projectiles 2435

F. RONDOT

A Scaling Technique to Predict Ballistic Limits 2444

J. MANGIONE, B. MAYBEE and O.E. PETEL

Steel-Confined SiC Armour against Oblique Penetration 2451

G.E.B. TAN, J. YUAN and W. GOH

The Effect ofOut-of-Plane Fiber Waviness on the Ballistic

Performance ofUltra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene

(UHMWPE) Laminates 2458

JASON C. PARKER, JONATHAN E. CYGANIK, TONY J. KAYHART,

DAMIAN KUBIAK and ROBERT C. SYKES

Effect of 7.62mm Round Mass and Composite Armor Areal Density

on Clay Backface Deformation and Clay Internal Pressure 2467

MATTHEW G. BEVAN, QUANG T. LUONG, VIRGINIA A. HALLS

and JAMES Q. ZHENG

Table ofContents xxix

Polymorphic Activity Generated in Soda-Lime Glass at

Hyper-Velocity Impact 2477

ROSHDY G. BARSOUM, PHILIP J. DUDT, SYED QADRI

and WILLIAM FERRANDO

Calculations ofImpacts into Concrete Targets Using the

Holmquist-Johnson-Cook Model 2488

JIM DUNNETT

Numerical Simulation ofHigh-Velocity Projectile PenetratingInto Concrete Target using FEM-GPH Adaptive Coupling

Algorithm 2501

SHUANG ZHANG, HAI-JUN WU, AI-GUO PI, WEN CHEN

and FENG-LEI HUANG

Comparison of Penetrator Alloys for Armor-Piercing Ammunition... 2509

GIOVANNI Dl BENEDETTO

Author Index 1-1