28 august 20151 definitions theory, concept, construct, proposition, empirical generalization,...
TRANSCRIPT
April 19, 2023 1
Definitions
Theory, concept, construct, proposition, empirical generalization, model, and conceptual models
April 19, 2023 2
Theory Terminology
Many different definitions Understanding vs. memorization No absolute or correct definition for terms
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Theory
Set of defined concepts and propositions Presents a view of a phenomenon Helps describe, explain or predict Makes scientific findings meaningful and
generalizable
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Concept
The building blocks A word picture or mental idea It symbolizes some aspect of reality Concrete or abstract
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Construct
Highly abstract Very complex phenomenon Cannot be directly observed Must be inferred by other phenomenon
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Proposition
Is a statement or assertion Shows a relationship between concepts Statements come from theories Generalizations based on empirical data There is a relationship between temperature
and pulse or bacteria cause disease
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Empirical Generalizations
When a similar pattern of events is found in the empirical data of a number of different studies
Summarizes results of many empirical studies Statements tested repeatedly and not disproved Ex: studies have shown that women attend church
more then men ,the empirical generalization : women are more frequent church attendees than men
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Hypothesis
Predicts relationship between variables Presents expectations about study outcomes Tested in the real world Helps support or reject a tested theory
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Model
A symbolic representation of phenomena Focuses on structure or composition Uses a likeness of something Presents itself in pictorial, diagrammatic,
structural way Helps describ the theory in a very clear way
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Conceptual Models
Made up of concepts and prepositions Show relationship between concepts Are very abstract and not easily observable
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Nursing Model Examples
Orem’s Self-care model conceptso Self-careo Self-care agencyo Self-care demando Self-care deficito Nursing agencyo Nursing system
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Nursing Model Examples
Three theories from Orem’s Modelo Theory of Nursing Systemso Theory of Self-care Deficito Theory of Self-care
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Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings
Humans and environment Energy Fields Each human field is unique Change is always present Person is “a unified whole”
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Roy’s Adaptation Model
Person as a total being Humans are biopsychosocial beings Humans are in constant interaction with
environment Humans are adaptive systems Four responsive modes
o Physiologicalo Self-concepto Role functiono Interdependence
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Neuman’s Systems Model
Focuses on total persono Individualo Groupo Community
Environmental stressorso Intrapersonalo Interpersonalo Extra personal
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Neuman’s Systems Model
Client systemo Physiologicalo Psychologicalo Socioculturalo Developmentalo Spiritual
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Theoretical Framework
Broad general explanation Shows relationships between concepts Based on one existing theory
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Conceptual Framework
Develops when no existing theory fits Helps explain relationship between concepts Concepts are related in logical manner May result in another theory Based on more than one theory
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Theory generation and development
Deductive and inductive reasoning processes in theory generation and development
Goes hand in hand Uses deductive reasoning Uses inductive reasoning
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Deductive Reasoning
Moves general to specific Uses general (theory) Hypothesis is deduced Empirically tested done
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Inductive Reasoning
Moves from specific to general Empirical data is obtained Empirical generalizations are made Propositional statements are produced A theory is developed
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The steps used in testing a theory
Review the literature Select a theory that fits Use a theory that works
o Describes the relationshipo Explains the relationship
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Step-by-Step Approach
Review theories that examine the problem Select a theory to be tested Review the literature Use a primary source
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Step-by-Step Approach
Develop study hypotheses or research questions
Define study variables Choose study tools that are congruent Describe the findings using the theory
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Step-by-Step Approach
Relates study conclusions to the theory Determine support for the theory Determine implications for nursing practice Make recommendations for future research
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The Study Framework critique
Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Where to find it?
o Introductory section o Literature section
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The Appropriateness of the Theory
Read the entire report Is the theory appropriate? What other theory could be used? Check for concepts and relationships Note operational definitions in study
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Guidelines for Critiquing the Report
Is the framework clearly identified? Is the framework based on a nursing or
discipline theory? Does the framework appear to be appropriate
for the study? Are the concepts clearly defined?