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Ihor Junyk

A Fagmet mAte Ctet:Mdeist Classicismad te uba ucai raie Maia rile

In hIS GrounDBrEAkInG ESSAy Pais/Cildd: Te FagmetedBd i riles The Notebooks o Malte Laurids Brigge, Adeas hsse ass aspisig qesti abt riles classic vel. Is it pssible, wdes hsse, tcside Malte Laids Bigge wit is allciatis, delsis, ad actedsbjectivit as a paadigmatic case male sbjectivit witi mdeit?(135). F hsse, Maltes paadigmatic stats deives t l m is ag-meted seld bt als m its geesis i bt te tamas cildd adte mde cit. I wat llws I wat t et t te es Pais/cilddad give a smewat dieet acct Maltes cstitti as a mde sb-ject. Wile hsse is iteested i a pst-Fedia ti sbjective agme-tati ad its elati t Walte Bejamis ccepti ba sc, m csis te le te ca (i bt its pe-pscaaltic ad Fedia ms)i Maltes disitegatig seld. rmatic wites isisted te caate te emegig idstial cit; Fed emved te unheimlich m tepblic spee ad esitated it i te ie space te psce. riles vel, Iage, demstates te ccial dialgical iteacti bothtese mdalities te ca i te mati mde ms seld. Bt i tis ca,spliteed sel mas Malte as paadigmaticall mde, e is tpical as well iis igt m agmetati it atasies a pi wleess. Wile i MalteLaurids Briggetis taes te m a escape t a patasmatic medieval adbiblical past, me tpical mdeit is a stalgic et t a idealized clas-sicism. Te ate te classical past ad its elati t mdeit ae sites itese ctves i te rilea cps. I at cetai mmets rile als seemst lg a lst atiqe wleess, at tes e pvides a adical eeadig

te atiqe as agmetati ad lac, ad psits tis ca classicism as te

Comparative Literature62:3DoI 10.1215/00104124-2010-014 2010 b uivesit oeg

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A FrAGMEnT FroM AnoThEr ConTExT / 263

ideal m a Badelaiea mdeit defed b te epemeal, te gitive,te ctiget (Badelaie 12).

I.

We e aived i Pais i late Agst, 1902, raie Maia rile was ll pe ad epectati. Cmmissied t wite a std te sclpt Agsterdi, rile was ecited b te pspect spedig time wit te geat atistad establisig imsel i a place tat wld pvide te atmspee eeqied is w atistic labs. hweve, eve tg e qicl establiseda ideal tm imsel Tiig, est, slitde, evetig I lged (rile, qtd. i Pate 88) e als d is pe ad ptimism tig iteeligs dead ad aicti. Te cit seemed t im lie a vast seplceflled wit te dead ad te dig. It was ifitel stage ad stile, a lstcit sig lie a sta t bit twads sme eal cllapse, ad a ea latee was teeteig te vege a cmplete pscic beadw (92). Tig tte wite L Adeas Salm, is ied ad me lve, e evealed is state mid i a steam cessial lettes. he descibes itemiable igts eve ad geat aiet ad das ll vage ad msteis psical smptmstat e was l able t esist b a temeds eeti te will. Bt te, ewites, came smetig s ll dead. . . came ad came agai, eve eallleavig me sice . . . ad t ld m eat ad eld it ve te vid. . . . Eve-

tig cages, alls awa m m seses, ad I eel msel cast t tis wld . . .it ate, cetai evimet ll ameless ea. . . . I elt as tg Iwld t ecgize ae cmig i ad as tg I t was stage t eve-e, lie e dig i a eig lad, ale, spes, a agmet m atectet (qtd. i Pate 98).

Eve tg se was itesel iteested i Fedia te, Salm decidedtat taditial pscaalsis was t te slti rile. I e view te act witig was riles l salvati, ad se late ted tat pet im was sel-tasfgati (Pate 99, 127). riles w cmmets eected ad descedtis psiti. Wile maitaiig a lie-lg iteest i Fed, e steadastl esed

t be aalzed, claimig tat is w was tig bt a sel-teatmet tesame st as aalsis (kleibad 9). Ts, i The Notebooks o Malte Laurids Briggerile gives s a fctialized acct is Paisia beadw ad seems t bewig tg is pscic cllapse. Wile it wld be ldics t isist acmplete idetifcati aat ad at, te act tat Malte saes btriles Pais addess ad is age, as well as qtes passages m riles lettesad diaies vebatim, sld be eg t establis te stgl atbigapi-cal ate te caacte ad te vel (Pate 173; hsse 115). yet, despitetese sggestive assciatis ad te cmmets m Salm ad te pet im-sel, rile sclasip as taditiall bee esitat t eple te cecti

betwee riles witig ad pscaaltic isses. hsse as bseved tat teisigts pscaalsis ave b ad lage bee sed b rile sclas asielevat, ad David kleibad as added tat a mbe ecet cmmeta-ts riles w ctie t divce te pet m te pets lie, as i a

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CoMPArATIVE LITErATurE / 264

1 Me ecetl, te feld pscaaltical itepetatis rile as epaded damaticallad icldes a wide vaiet appaces: Eva-Maia Simmss Fedia eadig dlls i rileseve, keet Cals pscaalticall ispied itepetati te pets ciematic vis-alit, Gelad Petess Lacaia eadig psppeia i The Notebooks, ad Eic Sates ps-ctelgical itepetati ceatel lie i rile, amg tem.

attempt t ead teDuino Elegies, The Sonnets to Orpheus, ad te geat pems brile wit destadig eaced b csideati is lie ad b psc-

aaltic isigts demeas te pet ad depives it ppe aestetic appe-ciati (hsse 116; kleibad 13).1Bt hsse ad kleibad ae cse eceptis t tis tedec; w-

eve, it is t t Fed Laca tat te t we itepetig rile, bt atet te pst-Fedia bject elatis teists (klei, Balit, kt, etc.) w fstteized te eistece bdelie pesalit disdes. Ivig Melaieklei, hsse ages, eample, tat Pia riles icsistet mteig, etedec t be bt acceptig e s ad veptective ad all-embacigpeveted a ppe tasiti m smbisis t bject elatis ad pdcedpscic distbaces (123). Te distbed ad ecstatic states descibed b Malte,

meve mdes patasies te vilet, agmeted bd, aieties agmetati, bjects tat ete te bd gw iside it, ea mege addisslti (123)ae accdig t hsse tpical patiets seig macissistic ad bdelie illesses. Similal, kleibad tes tat it wld beabsd t classi rile as a scizpeic, bt te aieties ad atasies tat wefd i is witigs abt is fst ea i Pais clsel esemble sme tse ca-acteistic te disease. ultimatel, weve, e ts t clsel elated ms acissistic ad bdelie illess [stdied] b heiz kt, r.D. Laig, adD.W. Wiict t destad wat rile was gig tg we e fst camet Pais (45).

I wat llws I wld lie t bild tis w b lig at riles tet ma smewat dieet pscaaltic pespective. Specifcall, I wat t pse alie iqi iitiated b hsse, w ass wete tee is t sme mesbstatial li betwee Maltes psclgical cstitti ad te epeiece mdeit as pdced b ba lie i te late ieteet ad eal twetietceties (132). hsse ts t accts te pscic implicatis md-e cit lie pdced b Badelaie, Geg Simmel, ad Walte Bejami, adltimatel ccldes tat Maltes eg weaess leaves im deeseless agaist teses velad pdced b te mde cit. Te scs tis vestimlatipeetate igt dw t te deepest laes cscis mem taces, l-

ig temselves, as it wee, lie sells it te qa Maltes cscis cild-d memies, beaig lse lage cs tat te at p t te sace asagmets i te aative (hsse 134). M w eadig will empasize a sme-wat dieet etilg. Wile t disctig te imptace sc ad ve-stimlati, I see Maltes beadw as mc me clsel tied t is epeiece te caiess te ba evimet. Te estagig ad unheimlicheects te mde cit wee bseved ad edeed i fctial m b a mbe eigteet- ad ieteet-cet ats, icldig E.T.A hma,Edga Alle Pe, nilai Ggl, ad Cales Dices. I 1919 Fed emved tisti te ca m te ba space te idstial cit ad placed itesltel i te itei space te ma psce. Wat is adical abt riles

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tet is tat it cmbies bt te sbjective ad te ba stads te ca itimatig tat te ae elated ad mtall afm e ate. I The Note-

books o Malte Laurids Briggerile sws tat cildd tama pedispses et see te unheimlichate te mde cit (a act cveed ve ad msti-fed b capitalism), ad tat te ba ca, b ecapitlatig tis tama idisplaced m, eawaes epessed cildd mem taces. Te cit, te,des t pimail eawae cildd tama tg te mecaical pea-tis sc, bt b cail estagig tis tama i displaced ad eteal-ized ms.

Statig wit E.T.A. hmas M Csis Ce Widw ad ctiigwit sc ws as Pes Te Ma te Cwd, Ggls nevs Pspect, adDicess Bleak House, rmatic ad Gtic fcti eted epeatedl t te

topos te ca mde cit. Wile t pecisel speatal, te cities itese tets eveteless appea siiste, msteis, ad disqietig i was tatde atial cmpeesi. I The Architectural UncannyAt Vidle asaged tat te eeie atmspee tese ws is pdl elated t aietiesgeeated b te apid idstializati ad baizati dege b te capi-tal cities Epe at tis time (45). As millis peple ded it met-plita aeas t tae p act jbs, tei ew mes evealed temselves asdecidedlunheimlich -mel. F te g Ma, tis was te at eve temst liteal level:We ave said . . . tat ma is egessig t te cave dwellig, etc., bt e is egessig t it i a

estaged ad maligat m. Te savage i is cave a atal elemet wic eel es itsel is se ad ptecti . . . eels as mc at me as a fs i wate. Bt te cella dwellig tep ma is a stile elemet, a dwellig wic emais a alie pwe ad l gives itsel p tim isa as e gives p t it is w bld ad sweat a dwellig wic e cat egad as isw eat wee e migt at last eclaim: hee I am at mebt wee istead e fds im-sel i smee elses se, i te se a stage, w alwas watces im ad tws im ti e des t pa is et. (Ma ad Egels, Collected Works3: 314)

I Ma, te, te siiste ate te mde cit was a cti its litealunheimlichkeit, its stats as a site estagemet, a alie place t wic te maj-it te pplati wld eve tl belg. Te class tesis egedeed bmdeit eslted i te bgeis epeiece te ba ca as well.

Vidle ages tat a cetal mti i te tets te rmatic ca is ivasib a alie pesece ad tat at te eat te aiet pved b sc aliepeseces was a dametal isecit: tat a ewl establised class, t qiteat me i its w me (34). Tbled b tei w secit ad legitimac,sded b wat te peceived as a stile ad alie class, ated b tespecte a declassementtat wld plge tem it te midst tat ve class,te bgeisie epeieced te mde cit as a place pd discmtad ease.

Altg geatl ispied b te rmatic as it te unheimlich, ad h-mas tets i paticla, Fed dametall tasmed te ti te

ca i is 1919 essa. Wile te cit cld still seve as te bacdp caepeieces (icldig Feds w eiic wadeigs tg te steets napli), ba lie itsel was lge see as a ptetial case te unheimlich.Te ca was istead iscibed it te idividal psce as te et pevi-sl epessed tamatic mateial. As Fed tes, appvigl citig Scellig,

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2 Tis acct als ecalls Lacas discssi agmetati i Te Mi Stage: Tis ag-meted bd wic I ave als itdced it sstem teetical eeeces sallmaiests itsel i deams we te mvemet te aalsis ectes a cetai level agges-sive disitegati i te idividal. It te appeas i te m disjited limbs, tsegas epeseted i escp, gwig wigs ad taig p ams itestial pesectis te ve same tat te visia hiems Bsc as fed, all time, i paitig, i teiascet m te fteet cet t te imagia zeit mde ma (4).

te ca is smetig wic gt t ave bee ept ccealed bt wiceveteless as cme t ligt (166).

o e level, riles tet eads lie a applicati Feds tasvaled ti te unheimlich. Te weid evets epeieced b te g Malte cespdeactl t te mdalities te ca tlied i Feds pape. I is essa,Fed deals at legt wit te elati betwee te ca blidig i h-mas Te Sadma ad te castati cmple. he tes te tat it istis castati aiet tat gives te idea lsig te gas its itese cl-ig, tig t te scee i hmas tet i wic Cppelis, ate spaignataiels ees ad scewed is ams ad legs as a epeimet t illstatesc a castati eqivalet (161 ad 167, .5). Maltes memies eveal a simi-lal disaticlated bd eample, is acct a icidet i wic e is

ced t cawl de a table t etieve a ca. Climbig dw m is cai,is legs mb m sittig, Malte tes tat ic wte ict, was z mi d waszm Sessel gete (Smtliche Werke6:794; I didt w wat belged t mead wat was te cais, Notebooks93). his sese te pd teess isw bd is te eacebated we e eaces te ca: ic eatev allem meie eigee asgespeizte had, die sic gaz allei, ei bice wieei Wassetie, da te bewegte d de Gd tescte. Ic sa i, weiic c, ast egieig z; es am mi v, als te sie Dige, die ic sie ictgelet atte, wie sie da te s eigemctig emtastete mit Bewegge,die ic ie a i bebactet atte (6:795; abve all I ecgized m w t-

spead ad mvig dw tee all ale, lie sme stage cab, eplig tegd. I watced it, I emembe, almst wit cisit; it seemed t w tigsI ad eve tagt it, as it gped dw tee s cmpletel its w, wit mve-mets I ad eve ticed i it bee, 94). Tis scee mves m te stage tte siiste we Malte allciates a gstl dismembeed ad eacig isw, teateig t tae it ve tae it elsewee, was ict wiede gtz-mace wa (6:795; it smetig it cld eve et m, 94).2 Malte alspjects tis agmetati t tes: ts, i ate passage e descibes iscsi i tems emiiscet a Cbist ptait: e ee mves wile das adeeimme i dieselbe Ece geictet blieb, als we es veat d me ict me

i Betact (6:732; te te ee emaied pited twad te same ce, asi it ad bee sld ad was lge tae it acct, 28).Fed als deals etesivel wit te teme te dble, liig tis ca

fge t a tasvaled image acaic pima acissism. Wile detailig vai-s maiestatis tis tpe e cites te w ott ra ad metis ipaticla te ctatis te dble as wit eectis i mis (162).Amazigl, rile liewise stages a ecte wit a ca mied dble.As a cild, Malte discves a m i is amils acestal ma tat is flled witcstmes. Deliis wit te j sel-tasmati tat te cstmes ad,

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e desses i a paticlal elabate tft tat icldes a lage mas. Bt wee ls at imsel i a mi e fds, t is , t imsel bt ate:

ic state diese ge sceclice ubeate v mi a, d es sciemi geeelic, mit im allei z sei (6:808; I staed at tis lage, teiigstage i t me ad elt appalled t be ale wit im, 107). recalligFeds ti tat te dble easil becmes a visi te, jst as ate teall tei eligi te gds t daemic sapes, Maltes qicl becmespesect: ic vel alle Si, ic fel eiac as. Eie Sede lag atteic eie besceiblice, wee d vegeblice Sesct ac mi, da wa ac e: es wa icts ae im (6:808; I lst all sese msel, I simplceased t eist. F e secd I elt a idescibable, piecig lgig msel,te lheemaied: tee was tig ecept im, 107).

Fteme, altg te vel is ambivalet abt te etilg Maltesdisdeed sbjectivit, e ecllecti des emege as smetig lie a pimalscee. Abt alwa tg te tet Malte ecalls da es eie Zeit gab, wMama wscte, da ic ei leies Mdce we d ict diese Jge, de-ic eimal wa (6:800; a time we Mama wised I ad bee a little gilad t te b tat I deiabl was, 99). I de t please is mte Maltebegis t peset imsel t e as Spie, te dagte se eve ad. Maltedescibes Mama as a active paticipat i tese wis-lfllmet games, baid-ig e ss ai s tat eie Vewecslg stattfde mit dem bse Malte,we e je wiedeme (se wldt be mistae tat agt Malte, i e

sld eve cme bac) ad da sie Maltes uate azlte d sic bei belagte (6:800; emeatig Maltes misdeeds ad cmplaiig abtim, 99100). Tis tasmati Malte it Spie sel a istace emasclati sld be see as a tamatizig mmet castati tatteme as bee pdl epessed. Twads te begiig te tetMalte lamets: htte ma dc weigstes seie Eiege. Abe we atdie? We die kideit da, sie ist wie vegabe (6:721; I at least ad memies. Bt w as tem? I cildd wee tee: it is as tg it ad beebied, 17). havig elided te mmet is tamatic emasclati m c-scis tgt, Malte fds it etig i te m ca pjectis ad

allciatis, paticlal tse disaticlated bdies ad agmeted s-aces, Feds u-m castati aiet.Bt i rile pesets Maltes distbaces as a ca et epessed

cildd tama, e als eaes bac t a lde scl tiig abt teunheimlich, eplicitl stagig Maltes beadw i a idstial cit tat is btsiiste ad stage. Te ve fst lie te vel sitates Malte i a cit fgedas eeie, eve deatl: S, als iee mme die Lete, m z Lebe, icwde ee meie, es stbe sic ie (6:709; S tis is wee peple cme tlive; I wld ave tgt it is a cit t die i, 3). As te tet pgesses, te paal-lel betwee te idstial caacte te cit ad its caiess is te elab-ated. Te assciati te cit wit bt capitalism ad deat is liewise madepeectl eplicit i Maltes cmpais te htel-Die wit a act: Diesesasgezeicete htel ist se alt, sc z kig Cldwigs Zeite stab madai i eiige Bette. Jetzt wid i 559 Bette gestbe. natlic abimig.Bei s eme Pdti ist de eizele Td ict s gt asget, abedaa mmt es ac ict a. Die Masse mact es (6:713; Tis ecellet tel

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is ve aciet; alead i te time kig Clvis peple wee dig ee, i a ewbeds. nw tee ae 559 beds t die i. Lie a act cse. Wit pdcti

s ems, eac idividal deat is t made ve caell; bt tat ist imp-tat. Its te qatit tat cts, 89). I tis tw-pged citiqe Malte tl assciates te act ad te idstial de wit deat, bt te assci-ates tis vast deat macie wit a pmiet ladma i te ba tpgap Pais. Pais ts becmes a giat act te pdcti cpses aca image i eve tee was e.

Tse w ave t bee illed b te geat ba macie (wic ecallsFede Fedess visi Mlc i Lags Metropolis) ave bee tasmedit its ca mecaized dbles. As hal Fste ages, te macie, mte mmet its icepti, was see as a demic maste. Wile i pemde

times te macie was tgt t mimic te gaic mvemets ma aimal bdies, i te mde istace . . . te macie becmes te mdel, adte bd is disciplied t its specifcatis . . . as te we esembles te macie,it begis t dmiate im, ad e becmes its tl, its pstetic. I a caevesal, te macie assmes ma vitalit as we tae its deatl ac-ticit (129). Te liteate te ba ca is ll eamples teseunheimlich tasmatis metplita sbjects it mecaized bjects.Ideed, Walte Bejami pits t pecisel sc a tasmati i Pes TeMa te Cwd: Pes tet maes s destad te te cecti betweewildess ad disciplie. his pedestias act as i te ad adapted temselves t

te macies ad cld epess temselves l mecaicall. Tei beavi is aeacti t scs. I jstled, te bwed psel t te jstles. Accdig tBejami, te sc epeiece wic te passe-b as i te cwd ce-spds t wat te we epeieces at is macie (176).

rile als descibes te ca idstializati te bd te mdecit dwelle. Wile t walig i te blevads e da, Malte cmes p a maw pems a seies stage ps. he qicl sees, weve, tat te ma ist simpl jmpig, bt tat is etie bd is pssessed b a ca ad cm-plsive tm. Malte tes: Ic begi, da dieses hpe i seiem kpeemite, da es vescte, ie d da aszbece (6:771; I saw tat te

ppig was wadeig tg is bd, tig t bea t ee tee, 68).We te ma ties t estai imsel b pttig a cae beid is bac, is dis-ciplia ets pve seless: De Wille wa a zwei Stelle dcbce, ddas nacgebe atte i de besessee Msel eie leise, lcede reizzcgelasse d de zwigede Zweitat (6:773; his willpwe ad cacedi tw places, ad te damage ad let i is pssessed mscles a getle alligstimlati ad tis cmpellig tw-beat tm, 70). I tis mmet ecalls tecmplsive, mecaized mvemets Pes pedestias, it eve me cellaticipates te bizae idstialized St. Vitss dace pemed b Calie Cap-li i Modern Times. Wig a assembl lie wee e epeatedl tigtes twscews wit a pai spaes, Caplis caacte fds tat we e leaves telie t ave a cigaette e is able t stp te epetitive mvemets. A victim ca alieati, is ve bd as bee pssessed b te idstialized tms te macie.

Wile Maltes abilit t egiste te deatl ate te cit ad te meca-izati its iabitats is peseted as a cti is spei isigt, i

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riles vel, as i te fctial accts te unheimlichcit, te vicissitdes visi is a e teme. Ts, we te aat ad is csi settle i t

watc cwds m a secd- apatmet i hmas M Csis C-e Widw, te csi tes tat te aat eeds a ee tat ca eallsee ad s attempts t teac im te dimets te at seeig (380).Similal, te cvalescet aat Pes Te Ma te Cwd pesetsimsel as iabitig a state i wic te flm m te metal visi depats.I tis cditi eigteed visalit e watces te metplita tgad fds tat e is able t ideti sbtle details ad bseve wit mite ite-est te imeable vaieties fge, dess, ai, gait, visage, ad epessi cteace (42526). Wit is epeated iteatis tat Ic lee see (710;I am leaig t see, 5, 6), Malte ve mc places imsel i tis taditi

ba visalit.Pes aat, weve, qicl fds tat is idealized pwes bsevatiae stated b te iabitats te idstial cit. Istead te taspaetms tg wic e ad epected t see, e fds paqe sigs i eed itepetati. As te st sits m te egiste visalit t tat tetalit,it is ivaded b a pd caiess. Te aat becmes bsessed wit ald ma, wm e cmpaes t te fed, llwig im cmplsivel a seies meadeigs tg te da deside Ld. Fidig imsel ttelable t itepet ad destad tis ca fge, te aat eds bcmpaig im t a b tat des t pemit itsel t be ead (430). Malte als

fds is abilit t see stated b te pacit te cit. o te blevads ebegis t eel tat e is beig watced ad tat stages ae swig im sigspegat wit a sigifcace tat e is ttel able t divie:Was i alle Welt wllte diese Alte v mi, die, mit eie nacttiscscblade, i de eiige kped nadel emllte, as igedeiem Lc easgece wa? Wesalb gig sie immeebe mi d bebactete mic? Als b ic vescte, mic z eee mit ie Tieage, dieassae, als tte i ei kae ge Scleim i die bltige Lide gespct. ud wie amdamals jee gae, leie Fa daz, eie Vietelstde lag v eiem Scaeste a meieSeite z stee, wed sie mi eie alte, lage Bleistit zeigte, de edlic lagsam as iesclecte, gesclssee hde sic easscb. Ic tat, als betactete ic die asgelegteSace d mete icts. Sie abe wte, da ic sie gesee atte, sie wte, da ic stad dacdacte, was sie eigetlic tte. De da es sic ict m de Bleistit adel te, begi

ic wl: ic lte, da das ei Zeice wa, ei Zeice Eigeweite, ei Zeice, das die Ft-gewee ee; ic ate, sie bedetete mi, ic mte igedwi mme de etwas t.ud das Seltsamste wa, da ic immet das Gel ict ls wde, es bestde tatsclic eiegewisse Veabedg, z de dieses Zeice gete, d diese Szee we im Gde etwas, was ictte ewate msse. (6:74344)

Wat i te wld did te ld wma wat me, w ad cawled t sme le caig a igttable dawe wit a ew btts ad eedles llig ad iside it? W did se eep walig at mside, eep lig at me? As i se wee tig t ecgize me wit e blea ees, wic led astg sme diseased pes ad spat a geeis plegm de te bld lids. Ad w did tatsmall ge wma cme t be stadig at m side a wle qate a i t a stewidw, swig me a ld lg pecil tat psed ifitel slwl p t e wetced, clecedads. I peteded tat I was bs lig at te displa i te widw ad adt ticed a tig.Bt se ew I ad see e; se ew I was stadig tee tig t fge t wat se was dig.F I destd qite well tat te pecil was i itsel imptace: I elt tat it was a sig, a sig te iitiated, a sig l tcasts cld ecgize; I sesed tat se was diectig me t g sme-wee d smetig. Ad te st agest pat was tat I cldt get id te eelig tat teeactall eisted sme id secet lagage wic tis sig belged t, ad tat tis scee wasate all smetig I sld ave epected. (4041)

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3 I Mas w itigs, te emeget capitalist de is csistetl fged as ca ad demic.See, eample, Mas classic statemet i te Maniesto: Mde bgeis sciet wit its ela-tis pdcti, ecage ad ppet, a sciet tat as cjed p sc gigaticmeas pdcti ad ecage, is lie te scee w is lge able t ctl te pwes te ete wld wm e as called p b is spells (8586).

Lie Pes aat, Malte fds tat te cit cages cail m a visalbject t a lagage e cat cmpeed; i s dig it vewelms im wit

itepetive deliim.Tis idetemiac sigs ecalls Jetscs ti te ca as itellec-tal cetait (Fed 154), a caacteizati tat as me ecetl beeevived b Deida, wm te unheimlich ls beid te stable lisbetwee sigife ad sigifed, at ad tet (see Deida, La Dble sace;see, als, Vidle 10). Wile it is temptig t see tis caiess as a cti te immtable idetemiac sigs, it is imptat t te tat te wites I amcsideig ee all isist te specifc scial, istical, ad spatial sitati te eal idstial cit as te site tis cllapse sigifcati. Te eass tis ae eplaied b Ma i The Communist Maniesto. Descibig te demic

ate capitalism, Ma tes tat cstat evltiizig pdcti,itepted distbace all scial cditis, evelastig cetait adagitati distigis te bgeis epc m all ealie es. All fed, ast-ze elatis, wit tei tai aciet ad veeable pejdices ad piisae swept awa, all ew-med es becme atiqated bee te ca ssi(83).3 Givig Mas cmmets a semitic glss, peaps e ca sa tat wit teemegece te idstial cit dig te ea ig capitalism mel stablead seemigl immtable itepetive cdes wee tw it te vte elet-less cage. uable t fd a psiti m wic t ead te maelstm sigsgeeated b capitalist pdcti, te citizes te ew ba metplises

d temselves plged it a itepetive vetig.I The Notebooks, rile sws s te beadw mel stable itepetivecdes i te mde cit ad te unheimlicheects tat tis beadw pves.Tis is paticlal evidet egadig sigifes class. Malte, a me aistcat,is actel cscis sbtle gadatis ad idicatis class stats. Bt e isals awae tat te meaigs ad ieacies t wic e cligs lge ldp. I Maltes tebs te steets Pais seem t be ve wit tcasts:De das ist mi la, da das die Ftgewee sid, ict Bettle; ei, essid eigetlic eie Bettle, ma m utesciede mace. Es sid Ablle,Scale v Mesce, die das Scicsal asgespiee at. Fect vm Speicel

des Scicsals lebe sie a eie Mae, a eie Latee, a eie Plaatsle,de sie ie lagsam die Gasse ete mit eie dle, scmtzige Spite sic e (6:743; F its bvis te ae tcasts, t jst beggas; ,te ae eall t beggas, tee is a dieece. Te ae ma tas, ss me tat ate as spewed t. Wet wit te spittle ate, te stic t a wall, alamp-pst, a billbad, te ticle slwl dw te steet, leavig a da flttail beid tem, 40). Tese ae t simpl te p, bt te Lumpenproletariat,te ma ese cewed p ad spit t b te idstial de. nt l desMalte ea tem, bt e als eas tat te sigifes class stats tat distigisim m tem ave ceased t cti ppel. At te Biblitqe natialee speclates at legt abt is appeaace ad is elati t te ba p.

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At fst e sees t mae a igid disticti based satial ad bdil sigs. hecligs t is dieece:

obwl ic am bi. obwl mei Azg, de ic tglic tage, agt, gewisse Stelle z bem-me, bwl gege meie Sce sic das d jees eiwede liee. Zwa mei kage ist ei,meie Wsce ac, d ic te, wie ic bi, i eie beliebige kditei gee, wmglic ade ge Blevads, d te mit eie had getst i eie kcetelle geie d etwaseme. Ma wde icts Alliges dai fde d mic ict scelte d iasweise, dees ist immei eie had as de gte keise, eie had, die vie- bis mal tglic gewascewid. Ja, es ist icts ite de ngel, de Sceibfge ist e Tite, d besdes die Geleesid tadells. Bis dti wasce ame Lete sic ict, das ist eie beate Tatsace. Ma aals as ie reiliceit gewisse Sclsse ziee. (6:742)

eve tg I am p. Eve tg te jacet I wea eve da as beg t get teadbae i ce-tai spts ; eve tg m ses ae t etiel bed citicism. Te m clla is clea, m de-wea t, ad I cld, jst as I am, wal it a ca I elt lie, pssibl te gad blevads, ad

cfdetl eac t m ad t a plate ll pasties. n e wld fd tat spisig; ewld st at me tw me t, it is ate all a geteel ad, a ad tat is wased fvetimes a da. Tee is dit de te ails, te ide fge ist i-staied, ad te wists espe-ciall ae iepacable. P peple dt was s a p; tat is a well-w act. Cetai ccl-sis ca teee be daw m te clealiess tese wists. (3839)

Bt eve as e steicall isists te taspaec tese sigs, e acwl-edges tat i te blevads Pais te ave lst tei eqivcal meaig:Abe es giebt dc ei paa Eisteze, a dem Blevad Sait-Micel zmBeispiel d i de e racie, die lasse sic ict iemace, die peie adie Gelee. Die see mic a d wisse es. Die wisse, da ic eigetlic z

ie gee, da ic ei bice kmdie spiele (6:742; Tg tee aestill e tw idividals te Blevad Sait-Micel, eample, tee racie, w ae t led, w dt give a dam abt m wists. Te lat me ad w. Te w tat i ealit I am e tem, tat Im l actig,39). Late, we ced t wait algside te abject p at te Salptie spi-tal, Malte ce agai eels tat te sigifes is class stats ave misfed adtat e as bee elegated t te as ma ese: Es am mi i de Si,da ma mic iee gewiese atte, te diese Lete . . . . Es wa, szsage dieeste etlice Besttigg, da ic z de Ftgewee gete; atte deAzt es mi agesee? Abe ic atte meie Besc i eiem leidlic gteAzge gemact, ic atte meie kate ieigescict. Ttzdem, e mte esigedwie eae abe, vielleict atte ic mic selbst veate (6:75859;It cced t me tat I ad bee diected here, amg tese peple. . . . It was, st spea, te fst fcial cfmati tat I belged t te categ tcast.had te dct w b m appeaace? yet I ad ge t is fce i a aildecet sit; I ad eve set i m cad. I spite tat, e mst ave smewdiscveed it; peaps I ad give msel awa, 5556).

I bt tese cases, a itepetive ambigit stemmig m te cagigcditis te idstial cit leads t eptis te ca. I Malte begisis acct is visits t te Biblitqe natiale ad Salptie i a ela-tivel lcid ad ceet ame mid, te csi ad aieties cceigclass e epeieces ltimatel lead t paaia ad allciatis. At te ed te Biblitqe natiale episde Malte begis t eel tat e is beig watcedad tat weid ad siiste stages ae swig im sigs, pegat wit sigif-cace. Similal, ate beig d t i te spital waitig m, Malte begist see te patiets as a cllecti disjited bd pats: ud viele Vebde

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gab es. Vebde, die de gaze kp Scicte m Scicte mzge, bis c ei eiziges Age da wa, das iemadem me gete . . . Vebde, die

ma geet atte d i dee , wie i eiem scmtzige Bett, eie hadlag, die eie me wa; d ei eigebdees Bei, das as de reie eas-stad, g wie ei gaze Mesc (6:75960; Ad tee wee ma badages.Badages wapped ad a wle ead, lae b lae, til jst a sigle eeemaied tat lge belged t ae . . . . Badages tat ad bee peedad i wic, as i i a flt bed, a ad la w, tat was lge a ad; ad abadaged leg stc t te lie te bec, as lage as a wle ma, 5657).

Bt tese episdes cfm m ititi tat te mde cit is t meela stage te emegece te ca, destd as te maiestati api (cildd) tama: ate, te cit ca geeate te ca i ad

itsel. Altg te mai clpit ee is te istabilit taditial class idetitbgt b capitalism, ate act tat te vel csides is te unheimlichepeiece eile ad emigati. Malte, a Dae, te ees t imsel as aeige, sall i cjcti wit is aieties ve beig p. Dig teBiblitqe natiale episde e descibes imsel as vielleict de amsligstev diese Lesede, ei Aslde (6:742; peaps te sabbiest all teseeades ad a eige, 38). At te mmets e lis is eig stats t isme geeal sese sbjective llit. F istace, a scee tat begis witMalte tig tat e is a tig tat tis eds wit im descibig imselas diese jge, belaglse Aslde, Bigge (6:728; tis g isigifcat

eige, Bigge, 24). Te ams Salptie scee als ctais seveal bliqeeeeces t Maltes eigess. We seveal dcts appea a secd c-sltati Malte tells te e t wm e as alead spe: halte Sie es tig, da diese hee eigeweit wede, s sid Sie ac see uteedggewi imstade, dies mit eiige Wte z t, wed es mi se scwe llt(6:761; I ti it is ecessa tese getleme t be iitiated, aecetail able, m cvesati, t d tat i a ew wds, wile I wld fdit ve difclt, 58). Altg is wds ma i pat ee t is difclt i elat-ig te cmpleit is medical case, te als itimate tat Maltes difcltiesstem m a lac ligistic acilit. Malte eve peaces is statemet t te dc-

t b tig, I ead msel sa i Fec, ts dawig atteti t te stage-ess ad siglait eaig imsel spea i tis eig tge.Late, ate seig allciatis i te waitig m, Malte ses t

te spital:Ic a mic ict eie, wie ic dc die viele he iasgemme wa. Es wa Abed,d ic veite mic i de emde Geged d gig Blevads mit edlse Mae i eierictg ia d, we da ei Ede da wa, i de etgegegesetzte rictg zc bis aigedeie Platz. Dt bega ic eie Stae z gee, d es ame adee Stae, die ic iegesee atte, d wiede adee. Eletisce Bae aste macmal beell d mit atem,lpedem Gelte ea d vbei. Abe a ie Tael stade name, die ic ict ate.Ic wte ict, i welce Stadt ic wa d b ic ie igedw eie Wg atte d was ict mte, m ict me gee z msse. (6:765)

I cat emembe w I gt t tg te ma ctads. It was eveig, ad I lst m wa i tew eigbd, ad waled p blevads wit edless walls i e diecti ad, wetee was ed t tem, waled bac i te ppsite diecti til I eaced sme sqae te.Te I bega t wal dw e steet, ad te steets came tat I ad eve see bee, ad still

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4 Tis eadig is sppted b riles descipti is w beadw, wic I qted at tebegiig tis essa. We rile ees t imsel as stage t evee, lie e dig i a -eig lad, ale, spes, a agmet m ate ctet, e ives is mig stats bt asa tpe ad as liteall te. As a immigat wse pit igi was a tas-atial state, rilead a ve wea sese atial belgig at a time we tis was becmig a ccial mae idetit witi Epe. havig bee b i Page t a amil belgig t te Gema-speaigmiit tat med te cits pessial class i te latte pat te ieteet cet, is sese atial idetit was alwas clea: he was islted ce t be called a Gema, ad, we tespeae cected imsel, I meat, Astia, rile said, nt at all. I 1866, we te Astiaseteed Page, m paets st tei widws (hass i). Altg e elt tigtl cected t teGema lagage, rile eve tgt imsel as a Astia a Gema, ad is avesi t alltigs Gemaic gew i diect ppti t te level militaism ad bellicsit tat tese twatis displaed dig te itewa peid. At te same time, wile e elt smpat te atistic

ad atial aspiatis te Czecs, e ew ve well tat e did t belg tee eite, ad egew t eset Page tat, Gd give me, miseable cit sbdiate eisteces (hass i) a gd pti is lie. ultimatel, riles sese belgig was pel a matte electiveafit, ad e cse rssia ad Pais as is spiital melads. Bt eve i Pais, as ted abve,e te elt displaced, cmtable, alie. See, als, kisteva ad Baba dieet attempts tcect te ca wit te fge te eige.

tes. Electic tlles, t bigtl lit, aced p ad past, tei as bells clagig it te dis-tace. Bt tei sigbads wee ames I cldt ecgize. I didt w wat cit I was i, wete I ad a m smewee, wat I ad t d s tat I cld stp walig. (62)

Wile te passage eves te geealized csi a psctic episde, itals sggests tat Maltes disietati ad peaps te psctic episdetat peceded it is ltimatel te eslt beig eiled i a cit ad speaig alagage e des t ll destad.4 F Malte is t l pscicall eis-tetiall lst, bt als psicall lst i te stage steets ad eigbds a cit t wic e des t belg. Tat is w, we a tlle passes im, e isable t ecgize te Fec ames te sigbads, a ligistic limitatitat ecalls is iabilit t epess imsel t te eamiig dcts.

Tis scee i The Notebooks(cail) eces a pesal aecdte tat Fed

elates i is 1919 essa:oce I was wal ig tg te deseted steets a pvicial tw i Ital wic was stage tme, a t smme ate. I d msel i a qate te caacte wic cld t lgemai i dbt. ntig bt paited wme wee t be see at te widws te small ses,ad I asteed t leave te aw steet at te et tig. Bt ate avig wadeed abt a wile witt beig diected, I sddel d msel bac i te same steet, wee m pesecewas w statig t ecite atteti. I ied awa ce me, bt l t aive et a tid time bdevis pats i te same place. nw, weve, a eelig vecame me wic I ca l descibe asca, ad I was glad eg t abad m eplat wal ad get staigt bac t te piazzaI ad let a st wile bee. (163)

Wile Fed ses te aecdte as a metap te demic ate te epeti-ti cmplsi, it seems clea tat i tis paticla case Fed epeieces tepsge te ca t becase e is cmplsivel epeatig sme epessedcildd tama bt becase e is a disieted stage i a w space.Lst i te labitie steets a eig cit, accidetall i vilati wad stated cdes cdct, Fed epeieces te unheimlich caacte semitic idetemiac. Paadicall, te, wile Fed ejects Jetscs ti te ca as itellectal cetait, tat i wic e des t wwee e is, is eamples seem t epeat tis ve defiti. Ts, wile esit-atig te ca i te iteal space te psce, e wittigl demstatesits ctied pesece i te eteal tpgap te mde cit.

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Wat riles vel demstates (ad alets s t i Fed) is te imbicati te tw egistes te ca. rile maes it clea tat te cit is t jst te

stage wic te ca plas itsel t; ate, it is i ad itsel ca.Wat te vel te seems t age is tat tee is a dialgical elatisipbetwee tese tw egistes. Maltes eal tama cditis im t see te ca-iess te cit, a act tat is mstifed b te spectacle ad glitteig saces te metple. At te same time, is epeiece te meliess te citcalls p te meliess is cildd me, evealig its caacte t as atig wmb, bt as te site alieati ad castati.

hweve, ate idetiig te site te cstitti te mde sbject aste itesecti pit pesal ad scial tama, rile bacs awa m isfdigs. I te secd al te vel, Malte abads is ets t lea w

t see ad attempts t ecpeate is satteed wleess i a Edeic lagage.Ealie i te b, as a peace t wat is t cme, Malte tes tat Die Zeitde adee Aslegg wid abece, d es wid ei Wt a dem ade-e bleibe, d jede Si wid wie Wle sic ase d wie Wasse ie-degee . . . Abe diesmal wede ic gesciebe wede. Ic bi de Eidc,de sic vewadel wid (756; Te time tat te itepetati willdaw, we tee sall t be let e wd p ate, ad eve meaigwill disslve lie a cld ad all dw lie ai . . . tis time, I will be witte. Iam te impessi tat will tasm itsel, 5253). hsse itepets tisstatemet as a lgig mdeist epipa, te tascedece it a ealm

witig tat wld leave all ctigec beid ad acieve sme ltimate ttad ceece (126). Ts, i te secd al te vel Malte disappeas as abject ivestigati ad eists l as a eaced wite w pesets s witis eectis Gaspaa Stampa, Maiaa Alcad, Bettia Beta, ad t-es, witte i te glis lagage mdeist tascedece. As hsseasttel pits t, weve, tis t t lagage is t a slti t te pblems te sel psed b te fst pat te vel, bt tei evasi. I te ed, Maltesimpl acieves te vidig is sbjectivit i ate egiste istead eite-gati tascedece. Te vel sws a iceasig abstacti as te ealit mde cit lie ad Maltes w eg weaess ae abaded i av bld-

less speclatis isticall distat wme i lve ad te fal mticalaecdte te pdigal s. Te pblems visalit ad sbjectivit ave beeavided, t eslved.

II.

I at te ed The Notebooksrile ees m mdeit it a aesteticizedmedieval ad biblical past, elsewee i is cps e taes as is destiati aidealized classical atiqit. Te t t classicism as a meas tascedig teagmetati mdeit as bee a ecet tpe i Weste clte sice

te aestetics Wicelma i te eigteet cet. I Refections on the Imita-tion o Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture(1755) ad History o Ancient Art(1764)Wicelma pesets te ctemplati te atiacts atiqit as a tea-petic geste tat will se p este te embattled wleess te md-

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e sbject. I Wicelmas aestetic sstem te classicist atw eglateste viewes visi, s tat, wile te image is still pleasig t sigt, tat appee-

si i sese pecepti is immediatel sblated; it passes atmaticall it aatial cmpeesi w beat is cstitted t abstact piciples(Ma 76). Tis Platic beat ad wleess cstittes a eqivalet state mid i te viewe (76), establisig cfmig te spectats w sese is e atial, mal, ad smatic itegit. I Lacaia tems, te classicalbject ctis smetig lie te speclm te mi stage. Gazig at it, tespectat sees a image ceece tat e misecgizes as a eecti isw it. Tepaideia te sbject teized b Wicelmas aestetics, tesbjects mve m agmetati t itegati, paallels te dama te mi- stage wse iteal tst is pecipitated m isfciec t aticipati

ad wic maactes te sbject, cagt p i te le spatial idetifca-ti, te sccessi patasies tat eteds m a agmeted bd-image ta m ttalit tat I sall call tpaedic (Laca 4).

I te 1907 pem Acaic Ts Apll rile pesets te aestetic c-templati jst sc a itegated ad itegatig classical bject. Te pemdescibes te eal-ft-cet BC Statue o a Youth rom Miletus tat rile adsee i te Salle Acaqe te Lve. It begis wit a statlig afmati absece: Wi ate ict sei etes hapt, / dai die Agepeleite (Selected Poetry60; We cat w is legeda ead / wit ees lieipeig it, 61). Te sclpte is satteed, missig its ead ad wit it its

ees te seat lie, itelligece, ad pesece. hweve, despite tis decapita-ti, te state glt c wie ei kadelabe, / i dem sei Scae, zcgescabt, // sic lt d glzt (is still ssed wit billiace mte iside, / lie a lamp, i wic is gaze, w ted t lw, // gleams i allits pwe). Te aimatig gaze as bee displaced m te ees t te etiesace te bd, ad tis disi ivests te state wit a statlig aaticpwe: we ae tld tat it w dazzle[s] (blede) ad bst[s] lie a sta(61; bcte ict as alle seie rde / as wie ei Ste, 60). Te ts,it seems, is te qitessetial Wicelmaea bject: altg psicall ag-meted it pssesses a tascedetal wleess, beat, ad pwe. Tis ce-

ece is afmed i a seal tpe: Sst te ict de Bg / de Bst dicblede, d im leise Dee / de Lede te ict ei Lcel gee /z jee Mitte, die die Zegg tg (60; otewise / te cved beast cldt dazzle s, cld / a smile tg te placid ips ad tigs /t te da cete wee pceati aed, 61). riles classical sclpte ps-sesses t l mateialit, bt aimalit, wit sldes tat immete . . . wierabtieelle (60; gliste lie a wild beasts , 61). Wile seemigl cas-tated, te state is i act stiigl pallic.

As te pem pgesses, weve, rile adicall demies te cvetis Wicelmaea aestetics. Te ctemplati te states peect ite-gati des t cstitte a eqivalet state mid i te viewe, bt qitete ppsite: Da ist eie Stelle, / die dic ict siet. D mt dei Lebede (60; F ee tee is place /tat des t see . y mst cage lie, 61). I te fal lies te pem te state emeges as te sedble te Lacaia speclm, swig te viewe t a idealized image

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5 Bejami tes tat t peceive te aa a bject we l at, meas t ivest it wit teabilit t l at s i et (188).

6 Tee is e te pblem wit te visalit teDinggedichten. nt l d te bjects gazebac at rile, teateig te itegit is sbjectivit, bt as is caee pgesses e becmesdistictl cmtable wit te Medsa gaze tat e tais bjects s as t be able t epesettem. I te pem Tig-pit rile taes stc tis ptical pject. he as peaps leaedt see, bt e w egads te wle etepise as awed iadeqate. Te pem maes it peectlclea tat wile rile as develped temeds scpic pwe, it is essetiall v ilet ad cecive. Ite fst ad last stazas e tells s tat beeat is cmpellig visi stas wld all t teiees, gds becme wea ad give wa t is isistece, tat images ave bee impised witiim becase e as vepweed tem. Tis etic dmiati ad aggessive maste lti-matel pves llw becase, as e cesses, eve w dt w tem. Te ewads pevisi ae meage ideed, tee is a bda t lig. Ad te wld tat is led at sdeepl wats t is i lve. F rile, te wledge cat be attaied i te scpic egiste,bt mst be sgt i a empatetic egagemet wit te ote, a smpatetic et it te itei-it te bject tat is emiiscet Begss ititi. Tee is a te, gedeed aspect ttis (sel) citiqe, rile maes it clea tat aggessive visalit is a qitessetiall male pblem.

e is wleess, bt a devastatig visi iadeqac ad lac. Tis imagecases te emegece t te aatic l, bt te ca ad aiilatig

Lacaia gaze.5W as tis aatic state led te viewe t a eewed ad eve itesifedsese agmetati ad castati? Tw eass sggest temselves epscaaltic ad e cltal. hal Fste as aged tat Bejami aaticepeieces ivlve te pecepti a gtte ma dimesi i at leasttee egistes: te atal, te cltal/istical, ad te sbjective. Te aa te tid egiste ivlves te mem te pimal elatisip t te bd,t te maternalbd (196). Tis mem eves atasies mateal plei-tde, a space-time bdil itimac ad pscic it bee a sepaatiad lss (193). Bt tis mem, Fste ages, als depeds a pi epes-

si te pallic mte, a epessi tat ivests te mateal gaze, ad teaa ded p it, wit a edge aiet. I tis is geeall te te stc-tal develpmet te sbject, it is paticlal te i te case raie Maiarile. As fctialized i The Notebooks, riles epeiece wit is mte waspdl ambigs, scillatig wildl betwee e empatic ecgiti ade aiilatig ejecti. F rile, te, te eassig l te aaticbject (ded te mtes l ecgiti) wld alwas ave beeatit te teat ad mem castati. Ideed, give Mama/Pia riles scilla-ti betwee l ad gaze, a bestwal ecgiti wld lead ievitabl tte ais aticipati its witdawal, a epectati te immiet ca-

celig sbjective itegit.Te peecti te classical bject eves t l pscaaltical aiet-ies bt als tse a cltal st. Fm te ve begiigs eclassicism, tecelebati atiqit was accmpaied b cespdig wies abt te sta-ts ad accmplismets mdeit. Mde clte-maes eaed beigepiges, latecmes w cld d tig bt case ate ad eebl imitate teattaimets a lg-distat ea (Ma 83). Attemptig t lea w t see ide t pdce pwel mde pet, rile mst ave elt actel te bde te classical past. Faced wit te pspect pepetal iadeqac i cmpai-s wit te eic accmplismets te Gec-rma past, rile mst ave

epeieced te satteed state Apll as a ca fge mdeitscltal castati.6

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recall tat Apll, wse paptic gaze seemed t aiilate rile, was descibed i epessl pal-lic tems. Tig-pit sggests te cltivati a emiie cte-balace t tis male scpicvilece. rile fst tells imsel tat te w te ees is de, w g ad d eat w; te,as i cectig tis impeative t a epessl seal divisi lab, e adds, Lea, ie ma,t l ie wma (Selected Poems13235). It is l b tig is ie emiiit tatrile will mve bed aggessive visalit t a lvig ad ceative idetifcati wit te wld.

III.

I Te Paite Mde Lie, e te fst ad still mst imptat cele-batis mde lie ad clte, Cales Badelaie egages diectl tis splitbetwee classicism ad ctempaeit. Attemptig t aticlate te dieecebetwee tese tw eas sesibilities, Badelaie tes tat b mdeit Imea te epemeal, te gitive, te ctiget, te al at wse te alis te eteal ad te immtable (12). Bt immediatel ate eaticlatig acvetial view classicism as tascedetal wleess ad mdeit asagmetati ad lac, Badelaie begis t pblematize te bia ppsiti te tw tems: Eve ld maste as ad is w mdeit, e tells s. FBadelaie, mdeit is t te debased te a glis atiqit, bt te ipside te same ci: jst as classicism was te mdeit its time, s te mde-it is ea will e da becme a id classicism. Bt a mdeit tbe wt e da taig its place as atiqit, Badelaie wites, it is eces-sa te msteis beat wic ma lie accidetall pts it it t be dis-tilled m it (13). oe cat ee te peset ad iabit a patasmatic visi a pistie atiqe wleess. oe mst istead adicall embace te epem-eal, te gitive, te ctiget ate mde lie.

I i cetai aeas is w rile sccessll attempts t escape teca dislcatis te mde cit b pivilegig a aatic classical past,i te aeas e accepts tis Badelaiea callege ad attempts t aticlatea tl mde classicism. remaabl, it is te sclpte Agste rdi tat

rile taes as is mdel tis adicall ew classical m. I te atm 1902, rile spet csideable time wit te Fec sclpt, talig wit imad viewig is ws at rdis stdi i te e de luivesit ad visitig terdi esidece at Med as well as ctemplatig rdis place i te ist at dig lg sessis at te Biblitqe natiale. Te eslt was rilesRodin, a tet tat eects te pets attempts t destad ad itealize tewisdm embdied i te sclpts atw.

I ctast t riles igt it te tascedet ad abstact at te ed te TheNotebooks, rile d i rdis sclpte a isistece mateialit,a dgged afmati te tig-ess at. Accdig t rile, rdi ew

tat Was die Dige aszeicet, dieses Gaz mit-sic-Besctigtsei, das wa es,was eie Plasti ie re gab; sie dte icts v ae velage de ewa-te, sic a icts beziee, was dae lag, icts see, was ict i i wa(Auguste Rodin5:159; Tat wic gave disticti t a plastic w at was itscmplete sel-abspti. It mst t demad epect agt m tside, itsld ee t tig tat la bed it, see tig tat was t witi itsel,Rodin19). F rile, rdis sclptes d t ee t sme tascedet ealma m te ad ctigec te mateial wld; te ae, ate, es-ltel pat tat mateial wld. As sc, te tae as tei sbject matte tesee psicalit beig i te wld: as rile pases it, Ie Space wa de

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7 I e asciatig capte rdi i Art Nouveau in Fin-de-Sicle FranceDeba Silvemapvides a itepetati te sclpts w tat ma seve as a sel spplemet t rilesme abstact eadig. Silvema ages tat rdis destadig te bd ad sbjectivitwas geatl ieced b Cacts teies egadig te cpa l epessi evs ve-stimlati de t te ecessive ses baage te mde cit (22970). Te paallels adcectis t rile ae bvis ad etemel sggestive.

kpe (5:146; Te lagage tis at was te bd, 6). Bt tis is t teidealized bd at ist, te atastic bd sme imagied atiqit; it is

te mde bd, sitated i ist. rile wites tat Scicte m Scicte at-te sic die Tacte dabe gelegt, wie ei imme eete Astic, abe tedem Sctz diese kste atte die wacsede Seele i vedet (5:146;Stata ate stata cstmes wee piled ve it [te bd] lie a eve eewedvais; bt de tis ptectig cst te gwig sl ad caged it . . . . Tebd ad becme a dieet e, 7). Satated b ist, te bd as als beesaped b it, ad sclpte mst ise t te callege epesetig it aew.

Iteestigl, wat rdi discves (ad wat rile discves i rdi) is tatte mde bd is lge ssed wit Wicelmas calm stilless, btistead is id ad stable:

rdi wte, da es zcst a eie elbae ketis des mesclice kpes aam.Lagsam, sced wa e bis z seie obece vgescitte. . . . Sie bestad as edlicviele Begegge des Lictes mit dem Dige, d es zeigte sic, da jede diese Begeggeades wa d jede mewdig. A diese Stelle sciee sie eiade azeme, a jeesic zged z bege, a eie ditte emd a eiade vbeizgee; d es gab Stellee Ede d eie, a de ict etwas gesca. (5:149)

rdi ew tat, fst all, sclpte depeded p a iallible wledge te ma bd.Slwl, seacigl, e ad appaced te sace tis bd. . . . It csisted ifitel mamvemets. Te pla ligt p tese saces made maiest tat eac tese mvemets wasdieet ad eac sigifcat. At tis pit te seemed t w it e ate; at tat, t geeteac te esitatigl; at a tid, t pass b eac te witt ecgiti, lie stages. Teewee dlatis witt ed. Tee was pit at wic tee was t lie ad mvemet. (910)

Iscibed wit te eletless mti mdeit, te ma bd becmes itsela plllatig, ifitel active sace, wic rdi ecgizes ad epesets.7 Tdesce tis ceasig w te tet is satated wit tpes liqidit: riletells s tat rdis sclptes appea as tg te wee eld i die Wibel eieswascede, agede Wasses (5:156; te wilpl a wasig, gawig t-et, 17); tat a ace ceated b rdi was vll v Bewegg . . . , vll v ued Wellesclag (5:157; as ll mti, as ll est as te dasig waves, 18); ad tat te sclpts w i geeal is lie a sea (ei Mee) tatis Weite . . . , Bewegg d Tiee (5:141; bt distace, mvemet, dept,1). All sese fit is lst i te eletless lagage aqes disslti.

Fte, t l is te stabilit te sbject impeiled b its cstat mti,bt its wleess is als cmpmised b a pd agmetati. Tis is lge te bd ieteet-cet eclassical atasies sigle, idivisible,ad ceet bt e tat is satteed it pieces, wee jede Stelle wa eiMd, de es sagte, i seie At (5:160; eve pat was a mt tat spe alagage its w, 21). Cetai passages i te tet ecall desciptis i TheNotebooks dismembeed bdil pats: Es giebt im Wee rdis hde, dee gestbte Fige z belle sceie wie die hlse eies hlledes.hde, die gee, sclaede hde, d hde, welce ewace; vebecei-

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sce, eblic belastete hde d slce, die mde sid, die icts me wlle,die sic iedegelegt abe i iged eie Wiel, wie ae Tiee, welce wis-

se, da ie iemad ele a (5:164; Tee ae amg te ws rdi ads, sigle, small ads wic, witt belgig t a bd, ae alive.hads tat ise iitated ad i wat; ads wse fve bistlig fges seem tba lie te fve jaws a dg hell. hads tat wal, sleepig ads, ad adstat ae awaeig; cimial ads, taited wit eedita disease; ad adstat ae tied ad will d me, ad ave lai dw i sme ce lie sicaimals tat w e ca elp tem, 2425). Te cecti betwee tispassage ad Maltes atas te detacable ad is mistaable. rile alscmmets tat eie had, die sic a eies adee Sclte de Sceel legt,get ict me gaz z dem kpe, v dem sie am: as i d dem Gege-

stad, de sie bet de pact, etstet ei ees Dig, das seie bestimmteGeze at, adelt es sic (5:165; a ad laid ates slde tig des t a me belg t te bd m wic it came, m tis bdad m te bject wic it tces seizes smetig ew igiates, a ewtig tat as ame ad belgs t e, 25). Cleal, we ae te sameteai as The Notebooks o Malte Laurids Brigge, acig a ca bd wit psbdaies ad ill-defed limits.

hweve, weeas tis agmeted ad aqes wld cased Malte idescib-able aiet, rdi emais absltel calm. Accdig t rile, rdi des tsee tis disitegati as a all a blemis, bt as a tpe peecti: S ist es

ac bei de amlse Bildsle rdis; es elt icts ntwediges. Ma stetv ie als v etwas Gazem, Vlledetem, das eie Egzg zlt. nictas dem eiace Scae mmt das Gel des uetige, sde as demstdlice belegg, as de leilice Pedateie, welce sagt, da zeiem kpe Ame gee d da ei kpe e Ame ict gaz seie (5:163; Te same cmpleteess is cveed i all te amless states rdi: tig ecessa is lacig. oe stads bee tem as bee smetigwle. Te eelig icmpleteess des t ise m te mee aspect atig, bt m te assmpti a aw-mided pedat, wic sas tatams ae a ecessa pat te bd ad tat a bd witt ams cat be

peect, 24). Fagmetati is t debased impeect, bt l seems s weviewed tg te les a idelg tat isists a pistie (ad patasmatic)wleess. I tis ad disaticlati rdi fds a balace ad eqilibim its ve w (17) (die Empfdg des Gleicgewicts, des Asgleics [5:157]).Fagmetati, te, is t mdeits aicti, smetig t be eded, btits m, ad, as sc, it sld be celebated i its w igt.

Altg tis tasvalati is a adical mve, rile tmps imsel b taigit a step te. F accdig t te pet, rdis celebati te spliteedmde bd is t a sbvesive ejecti te ideals Atiqit, bt tei ap-tesis. At a time we ma saw rdis ctted fges as a ejecti teidealizig ad listic visi aciet sclpte, rile pesets is w dissideteadig classicism: Es gab Bewegg i de nat; d eie kst, dieeie gewisseate d glbige Aslegg des Lebes gebe wllte, dte ictjee re, die es igeds gab, z iem Ideale mace. I Wiliceit at acdie Atie icts v eiem slce Ideal gewt. Ma mte a die nie

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dee. Diese Slpt at s ict die Bewegg eies sce Mdcesbelieet, das seiem Geliebte etgegeget, sie ist zgleic ei ewiges Bildis

giecisce Wides, seie Weite d heliceit. ud sga die Steie lteeklte wae ict ig (5:15758; nate is all mti, ad a at tatwised t give a aitl ad cscietis itepetati lie cld t maeest, tat did t eist, its ideal. I ealit te Atiqe did t ld sc a ideal.oe as l t ti te nie. Tis piece sclpte as t l bgtdw t s te mvemet a beatil maide w ges t meet e lve, bt itis at te same time a eteal picte helleic wid i all its sweep ad sple-d. Tee was qiet eve i te stes still lde civilizatis, 18). Becaseclassical sclpte was alwas alead a at mti, a vte eeg, rdi ist a evltia w sees t smas te classical ieitace, bt its libeat,

a atist w as esced classicism m te ads desiccated capts, teWicelmaeas, w ceties ad alsel assciated it wit stilless adepse. Ts, rdis small fges ae lic wie mace v de leie Tie-fge de Atie (lie sme aimal fges te Atiqe), ad te sclp-tes ae giecisce Abeit (5:173; Gee w, 33). F, rile ages, diga ccial pase rdis develpmet ee Beziege vebade i estemit de Vegageeit seie kst. Diese Vegageeit d ie Ge, a des viele wie a eie Last getage atte, im wde sie de Flgel, de i tg.De we e i jee Zeit je eie Zstimmg empage at, eie Bestgdesse, was e wllte d scte, s am sie v de Dige de Atie d as

dem altige Del de katedale (159; ew elatis cected im meclsel wit te past te at sclpte, ad te geatess tis past, wicas bee a esticti t s ma, t im ad becme te wig tat caied im.F i e eceived dig tat time a ecagemet ad cfmati tatwic e wised ad sgt, it came t im m te at te atiqe wld adm te dim mste te catedals, 20). Fa m beig te pit pte,rdi i act eestablises te li t te glies classicism. Ad b embacigagmetati tis ew classicism seems t pvide a slti riles aietiesabt mde sbjectivit.

IV.

I te late pem ccle The Sonnets to Orpheus, rile fall maages t itegatete Badelaiea isigts rdi it is w petic pactice. I tis stagead limial w, e bls te bdaies betwee classicism ad ctempae-it, ceece ad agmetati, i de t aticlate a adical visi mdesbjectivit. I set xII te secd pat, rile istcts s t Wlle die Wad-lg (Will tasmati) ad was s tat Was sic is Bleibe vescliet,sc istdas Estate (Sonnets82; Wat sacles itsel i svival aleadisigid-it, 83). I te fal set te site, te pet ges s t Ge i de Vewad-

lg as d ei (Selected Poems254); Mve tg tasmati, t ad i,255). Te epemeal, te gitive, te ctiget ae lge te casmptms a disdeed mdeit; te ae te sigifes a ew m sel-d, e tat accepts lac as te cditi pssibilit a cstat eiveti te I smetig, i te wds, ve lie a pstmde celebati te

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ceaic dispesi te bdaies te sel. Te veacig smbl tisets is opes imsel. Accdig t Gee mt, te acetpal pet was t

t pieces b te maeads, ad tis liteal agmetati, tis dis-itegati, isdamatized b rile i set xxVI:D abe, Gttlice, d, bis zlezt c Ete,da i de Scwam de vescmte Made befel,ast i Gescei bett mit odg, d Sce,as de Zestede stieg dei ebaedes Spiel. (Sonnets56)

Bt , divie e, itig t te ve ed,We swamed b te de sped maeadsy dwed tei cies wit de, sblime e,p m te maem se tasmig sg. (57)

Witte at pecisel te istical mmet we, teifed b te ca cit

ad its deleteis eects, iceasig mbes Epeas ed it a patas-matic classicism tat elped tem t pdce wat Laca calls te am a alieatig idetit, riles paea t a tasvaled castati esates wita almst beaable lss.

Trent University

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