2.5 manipulation and/or processing
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2.5 Manipulation and/or Processing. In this section you must be able to: Describe the different modes of operation: batch, interactive, transaction and real-time, identifying appropriate contexts for use. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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2.5 Manipulation and/or Processing
In this section you must be able to:
• Describe the different modes of operation: batch, interactive, transaction and real-time, identifying appropriate contexts for use.
• Describe the characteristics of processing data in the form of text, pictures, numbers and sound.
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Processing Data• As a home user of ICT you don’t have a great
amount of processing to do
• A large organisation, however, may have millions of transactions a day that need processing
• A transaction is an event in the organisation that needs to be recorded to keep track of its goods and services. Examples include:– Ticket sales – they need to be recorded so they are
not over-sold
– Hire companies, libraries, etc. will need to track their property by recording the loans
– Banking – paying in or withdrawing money
– Recording attendance – e.g. clocking in at factories or taking the register in classrooms
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Transaction Processing• These transactions are used to update the
state of the business, or the records of people or items within the business
• For example, if you pay £1000 into the bank, you would hope that your balance would increase by £1000
• Some transactions need to be processed immediately, some can wait until the end of the day, and some can even wait months
• There are different modes of processing that can be used to process transactions
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Master Files and Transaction Files• The state of an organisation, or of the customers,
goods or services within an organisation are stored in master files
• Events occurring within the organisation are recorded in transaction files
• Many of these transactions will require the master file to be updated. For example, in a bank, the following transactions will require the customer’s record to be updated:– A change in the customer details – e.g. if they move house
– A customer closing an account
– Someone cashing a cheque written by the customer
– The customer making a deposit
– The customer withdrawing money through an ATM
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Modes of ProcessingModes of processing include:
• Batch processing
• Real-time processing
• Pseudo real-time processing
You might also hear the terms:
• On-line processing
• Interactive processing
• Transaction processing
Although these are not clearly defined!
MasterTransaction
UpdatedMaster
Process
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Batch Processing• Some transactions don’t require an immediate
response - all the transactions can be collected and processed together; this is called batch processing
• Payroll systems, for example, only need to pay people monthly, and all the processing can be done at once at the end of month.
• Financial institutions might only update balances at the end of the business day
• Utility companies only need to process meter readings every month or every quarter to produce the bills
• Batch processing is usually done on a regular basis, e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, etc.
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Stages in Batch Processing• Transactions are gathered together in batches
– they may be keyed in from paper records, or collected electronically from input devices
• Manually entered data will be keyed in off-line, verified and validated, and stored in a transaction file
• Transactions may be sorted into the same order as records in the master file to facilitate processing
• Processing begins – possibly at a pre-determined time, e.g. overnight
• There is no user intervention
• The master file is updated
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Interactive Processing• Not all systems or changes will require a
transaction file to be created
• For example, if you phone up your insurance company and tell them that you’ve got a new car, they can update your record while you’re on the phone
• Systems in which data are entered and processed straight away are called interactive
• Interactive systems have a dialogue with the user – e.g. they respond to input and produce an output
• Some systems use a mixture of modes – e.g. you can ask for your balance from a cash machine (an interactive process), but if you make a withdrawal your balance gets updated overnight (a batch process)
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Real-time Processing
• With real-time processing, the system responds instantly to inputs or events as they occur
• An example might be a car engine management system – when you press the accelerator the engine reacts instantly; it doesn’t store the information and update the engine speed overnight!
• Business systems tend to react more slowly – if you’re booking a plane ticket on-line then a delay of a few seconds is acceptable; this is know as pseudo real-time processing
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Choosing a Processing Mode• How do you decide on whether your system
should use batch or real-time processing?
• You need to consider:– Whether the information from the system needs to
be up-to-date at all times, or whether it’s enough to be updated at regular intervals
– The scale of the operation – batch processing is usually used with high volumes of data
– Cost – real-time systems will require faster communication links and more elaborate backups and procedures to deal with errors and breakdowns
– Patterns of computer usage – batch processing often uses spare computer capacity, e.g. by doing the processing overnight or at weekends when the computer would otherwise be idle