PAKISTAN EDUCATION CENTRE DOHA-QATAR

iEarn Project – 2012

Hidden Treasures of Marine Life of Qatar

PEARL OYSTER

Rahat-ul-Ain (M.Sc.: Botany, PGCC)

Ph. 44683343, Fax: 44683435, P.O. Box No. 1930, Email: pec@qatat.net.qa

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iEarn Project :Our Rivers, Our World

Our Project title:Hidden Treasures of Marine Life of Qatar

Project duration:21st Oct. 2012 to 17th Jan. 2012

Teacher : Rahat-ul-Ain with team members

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Names of Students

1. Eman Kaleem

2. Narjis Malik

3. Nida Ayaz

4. Kainat Malik

5. Sabah Tariq Mohammad

6. Zirwa Siddique

7. Fatima Taj

8. Jameela Ali

9. Noor-ul-Ain

10.AemonYaqoob

11.Maryam Habib

12.Saira Farooq

13. Javeria Ayub

14.Fatima Amjad

15.Sumayyah Azhar

16.Zuha Sattar

17.Mishal Habib

18.Noor Fatima

19.Sidra Ramzan

20.Aisha Malik

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C0NTENTS: Page no.

A. Introduction of Marine Life 5B. Marine Organisms Observed 5

1. Algae 61.1 Definition 61.2 Classification 61.3 Importanceof Algae 71.4 Ways of Preservation of Algae 7

2 Plants 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Definition of Succulent plants 72.3 Aloe vera 82.4 Uses of Aloe vera 8

3 Sponges 103.1 Definition 103.2 Classification 113.3 Uses 113.4 Conservation 12

4 Arthropods 124.1 Introduction 124.2 Classification 124.3 General characteristics 134.4 Economic importance 14

5 Mollusca 155.1 Introduction 155.2 Characteristic 155.3 Classification 165.4 Economic importance 185.5 Conservation 20

6 Pisces 206.1 Introduction 206.2 Uses 206.3 Conservation 20

7 Birds 217.1 Definition 217.2 Characteristics of birds 21

C. Survey Related to Pollution in Qatar 22D. Causes of Marine Life destruction: 23

1. Sewage and waste water 232. Marine dumping 233. Industrial wastes 244. Atmospheric deposition 245. Entanglement 246. Whaling 257. Overfishing 258. Global warming 269. By catch 2610. Ocean acidification 2711. Water pollution 27

E. Marine Life Conservation 281. Limit the use of plastics and other waste product 282. Eat eco-friendly fish 283. Stop the problem of ocean acidification 284. Be energy efficient 295. Participate in clean up 29

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6. View marine life 29

A. Introduction:

Marine Life

Marine life includes all the organisms living on or dependent on water.

The study of these organisms is called Marine biology.Classification:

Marine life found in Qatar during our research belonged to the following groups;

1. Algae2. Plants3. Sponges4. Arthropods5. Mollusks6. Fishes7. Birds

THE VISIT WAS MADE TO AL-KHOR BEACH UNDER THESUPERVISION OF

BIOLOGY TEACHER MRS. RAHAT-UL-AIN

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1. Algae1.1 Definition:

Algae are plant like Protists. They are photosynthetic protists and carry out almost 50 to 60 percent of all the photosynthesis in the whole world.

They are different from plants because they have unicellular sex organs and zygote is not protected by the parent body.

1.2 Classification:

According to five kingdom system of classification, algae belong to:

- Kingdom Protoctista ( Protista)- Algae: The plant like Protists

Groups:

There are six major groups of algae which are as follows:

i. Euglenoidsii. Dinoflagellates

iii. Diatomsiv. Brown algaev. Red algae

vi. Green algae

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1.3Importance of Algae:

i. Algae have great environmental and economic importance.ii. Some Kelps are edible and can overcome the shortage of food.

iii. Many marine algae are a source of many useful substances e.g. Algin, agar and carrageenan.

iv. Many algae provide antiseptics.v. Algae are the major producers of the aquatic ecosystem. They play a basic role in food

chains, providing oxygen and food to other organisms.vi. Some algae are also used in cosmetics.

1.4Ways of preservation of algae:

As pollution is increasing day by day, we need to come up with different strategies to save every kind of life. Following are some of the actions we can take to preserve algal life:

i. We can create awareness among people about the importance of algae.ii. We need to reduce the harmful products in water which kill the algae.

2. Plants

2.1 Introduction: Plants are autotrophic, eukaryotes, embryophytes which have cell wall of cellulose. Desert plants include cacti and palm trees growing near sea. Aloe Vera is a succulent with desert adaptations. It belongs to Angiosperms.

2.2 Succulent Plants:

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Succulent plants, also known as succulents or sometimes fat plants, are plants having some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves etc.

2.3 Aloe veraAloe vera is a stem-less or very short-stemmed succulent plant growing to 60–100 cm

(24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth.

The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil

Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest that Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species that is endemic to Yemen. The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest that Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin.

2.4 Uses of Aloe vera

Scientific evidence for the cosmetic and therapeutic effectiveness of aloe vera is limited and when present is frequently contradictory.

Despite this, the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and healing properties of aloe vera.

Aloe vera gel is used as an ingredient in commercially available lotions, yogurt, beverages, and some desserts, although at certain doses, it has toxic properties when used either for ingested or topical applications.

2.41 Dietary supplement

Aloin, a compound found in the exudate of some Aloe species, was the common ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United States prior to 2003, when the Food and Drug Administration ruled that aloin was a class III ingredient, thereby banning its use.

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2.42 Phytochemicals

Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones, anthraquinones, such asemodin, and various lectins. Some of these compounds are used to manufacture insecticides.

2.43 Commodities

Aloe vera is now widely used on facial tissues, where it is promoted as a moisturizer and/or anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose of users suffering hay-fever or cold.

It is common practice for cosmetic companies to add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shaving cream, and shampoos.It is used as fresh food preservative and also in water conservation in small farms. It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from Aloe vera seeds. Aloe is also used as a food substance. Some molecular gastronomists have begun to take advantage of its gelling properties. 2.44 Medicinal importance:

Wound and lesion treatment

Aloe vera may be effective in treatment of wounds. Some studies, for example, show that aloe vera promotes the rates of healing.

b. Skin protection and cancerHowever, the plant polysaccharides present in Aloe vera, although offering no direct protection against sunburn, may offer skin protection by specifically targeting pathways activated by UV radiation that can lead to non-melanoma skin cancer.

c. Dental careIn a double-blind clinical trial, both the group using an aloe vera containing dentifrice and the group using a fluoridated dentifrice had a reduction of gingivitis and plaque.

d. Diabetes and blood lipidsThere is preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of diabetes and elevated blood lipids in humans. 

2.45 Toxicity

Ingestion of Aloe vera is associated with diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, kidney dysfunction, and conventional drug interactions; episodes of contact dermatitis, erythema, and phototoxicity have been reported from topical applications. Diarrhea, caused by the laxative effect of oral aloe vera, can decrease the absorption of many drugs.

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3 Sponges

3.1 Definition:

Sponges are multicellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly like mesophyll sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.

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3.2 Classification:

Kingdom : Animalia

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Sub-kingdom : ParazoaPhylum : Porifera

3.3 Uses:

1. The skeleton of sponges has long been used by man mostly for washing and bathing.2. Sponges are used for commercial purposes and the best commercial sponges are found

in warm waters of Mediterranean Sea.3. Sponges have great capacity to absorb water.4. They are used in surgical operations for absorbing fluids and blood.5. They are used for sound absorption in buildings.6. A report in 1997, described the use of sponges by bottlenose dolphin in Shark Bay,

Australia.

The dolphin attaches a sponge to its rostrum which is then presumably used to protect it while searching for food in the sandy sea bottoms. This behavior is called sponging and is exhibited by females only..

SOURCES:http://www.google.com.qa/search?q=sponges&hl=en&tbo=d&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=t932ULnICYirtAaLw4DoBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAA&biw=1366&bih=544

http://www.google.com.qa/search

3.4 Conservation:

There are about 1000 species living in Western Australian waters and possibly about hundreds which are yet unknown to the scientists. They could potentially include such compounds which may one day prove to cure cancer and other diseases.

As like our other invertebrates which remain attached to underwater surfaces, creating a colorful display, conservation minded divers and snorkelers should simply admire these organisms not touch them.

This is how they can be conserved.

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4 Phylum Arthropoda4.2 Introduction:

It is the group of organisms with jointed appendages. Insects are the most common Arthropods on the earth.

4.2 Classification:

Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : ArthropodaClass : CrustaceaPhylum Arthropoda is divided into 4 classes:

Class Crutaceae.g.; crabs and prawns etc. Class Insectae.g.; Ants, flies etc. Class Arachnidae.g; Spiders, mitesetc. Class Myriapodae.g.; centipedes, millipedes etc.

4.3 General Characteristics of Arthropods:

Largest animal Phylum – 1 million species of crabs, shrimps, spiders, scorpions & insects make up this phylum.

Have jointed appendages; segmented bodies. Exoskeletons are made up of chitin (soft & flexible ) Moulting – shedding of exoskeleton. Have heads with many sensory organs. Bilateral Simple & complex eyes that detect only light intensity & form images.

a. Class Crustacea: Are aquatic & have gills for respiration Appendages are modified for capturing food, walking, swimming, respiration &

reproduction.

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Head has 2 pairs of antennal appendages , 1 pair of mandibles (jaws) & 2 pairs of maxillae

Sexes are separate.b. Class Insecta:

The largest group of all Animal Kingdom. Body has 3 regions, head, thorax and abdomen. They have 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of Wings. In Qatar about 10 new species of insects have been discovered during a

research on insect found in Qatar.c. Class Arachnidae;

Anterior segments are fused to form cephalothorax. Cephalothorax has a skeleton and a pair of appendages called as Chelicerar. There are no antennae.

d. Class Myriopoda: Body is divided into large no. of segments. There are numerous legs on lateral sides.

4.4 Economic Importance:

a. Harmful insects:Only 1% of the insects are harmful. It is said that life would also disappear from the planet earth after 10 years of killing all insects.

b. Beneficial Insects:

Honey bee provides man with honey & wax. Silkworm provides us with silk. Some insects are scavengers that eat up dead animal & vegetable matter. Insect larvae are source of food for fish.

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5 Phylum Mollusca5.1 Introduction

The word Mollusca is derived from Latin word mollis meaning soft. Their body is soft that’s why it is protected by shells.

5.2 Characteristics:

Mollusca are soft bodied and un-segmented. A covering over internal organs known as mantle is present. It is a glandular epithelial

envelope. Mantle secretes to form a shell. Shell is composed of calcium carbonate, chitin and protein. Muscular foot helps the organism for locomotion and present underside the body. Feeding organ is tongue known as radula. Radula contains muscle powered hairs called

cilia.

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Most of the mollusks have eyes which have sensory cells to detect vibration, touch and chemicals.

The circulatory system is open. Transport fluid is hemolymph and the blue colour pigment present in it is hemocynin.

Gaseous exchange is by gills .Gills are of feather shaped. Excretory organ is nephridia. All mollusks produce eggs. Mollusks have two pair of nerve cord (bivalve has 3 pair of nerve cords). All mollusks are herbivore.

5.2 Classification:a. In Animal Kingdom

Kingdom : AnimaliaSubkingdom : EumatazoaGrade : Bilateria

b. Classes of Phylum Mollusca:

1. GASTROPDA2. PELECYPODA3. CEPHALOPODA

a. GASTROPODA:

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Gastro-stomach, pod-foot hence it is known as stomach foot. The stomach and foot lies in the same area.

They are univalves(uni-one, valve-shell) which means that they have one shell The shell is coiled or spiral Radula is present Eyes are present on the tip of tentacles Live in gardens, woodland, desert and mountains etc. Examples are land snail, water snail, slug etc.

b. PELECYPODA:

Pelecypoda means axe-foot Pelecypoda is known as bivalvia. Bi-two and valve-shell. It means two shells are present Muscular foot is present between the two shells They can swim Have no radula and no head Pelecypoda is also the source of food for humans like oysters, mussel etc. These are

either eaten raw or cooked Bivavles are filter feeders which means that the capture food using their gills They include clams, oysters and mussels.

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Mussel

c. CEPHALOPODA:

Term Cephalopoda is derived from a Greek word known as head foot They are marine animals They have radula The muscular foot is modified into arms 800 species are found Cephalopods are regarded as the most intelligent animals as they have well developed

senses and a large brain They have advanced vision and can detect gravity by statocysts (it is a balance sensory

receptor present in invertebrates)

Eye is well develop and functions as a pinhole camera They are also known as ink fishas they have an ink sac which is used to expel a cloud

of dark ink to confuse their predators They have closed circulatory system They possess single pair of nephridia as excretory organ They include squids, octopus, cuttle fish etc.

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5.3 Economic Importance of Phylum Mollusca:

Pearl Oyster

a. Uses: Pearl is secreted by mantle when any foreign body enters to the body of oysters.

Pearling was important from economic point of view before the discovery of oil and gas in QatarThey are used as food for humans. Either eaten raw or cooked.

Shells of freshwater mussels are used in button industry Shells of oyster is mixed with tar to make roads Some oyster make valuable pearls i.e. Oyster pearl Shells are also used in making ornaments They can be used to filter water as mussel is filter feeder. Pearls are used in jewelry These are eaten either raw or cooked in different parts of world.

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Shells used as Button

b. Harmful Aspects: Some harmful mollusks like slug are injurious to garden and cultivation Shipworm damages wooden materials like wooden parts of shipment.

Teredo5.5 Conservation

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Improving the water quality of streams, rivers etc. Reducing water pollution.

The shell collecting hobbyists should be aware that their activities may impact the natural population of mollusks.

Avoid damaging the habitat. Protect the endangered and threatened mollusks.

6. Class Pisces:6.1 Introduction: This superclass includes classcyclostomata, chondrichthyes and osteichthyes.CYCLOSTOMATA includes most primitive living vertebrateswithoutjaws. Scales are absent and they have cartilaginous skeleton.CHONDRICHTHYES includes shark and rays which have skeleton of cartilage but have many resemblances to the bony fishes, the cartilaginous skeleton as a degenerated character.

6.2 Uses:These are the source of income as fishes are edible. These are used for extraction of fish liver oil, rich in Vitamins as well.

6.3 Conservation: As humans, we have the largest impact on living systems of any species, and therefore we must take care when we interact with these systems.  Streams, lakes, estuaries, bays, and oceans exist in a fragile balance that if we are careful, can be enjoyed not only by us, but by our descendants.  This doesn't mean we can't occasional harvest an animal from the ecosystem, but it does mean that we must understand how removing that animal will affect the ecosystem.  Predators like wolves and sharks naturally bound the population of the species they prey upon to what the environment can support.  People must use a little brain-power to do the same, keep only fish that the environment can afford to lose, let the survivors go-they have won the battle with their environment, therefore so will their offspring (with luck). Sometimes doing the long-range right thing is painful, but we don't own the environment-we only watch over it for our children. Every angler must use their own judgment and apply their own morals, basically don't kill without thinking about the result first. 

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7. Class Aves (Birds)7.1 Definition

Birds(ClassAves) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most species class of tetrapod vertebrates.7.2 Characteristic of Birds

Body is stream-lined and spindle shaped.These are warm-blooded (homoeothermic) Limbs are adapted for flying. The fore-limbs are modified into wings and hind limbs

from perching and in some birds for running as in ostrich. There is epidermal exoskeleton of feathers, legs bear scales The skeleton is light due to air spaces which is an adaption for flying. The skull had large sockets, jaws extend into horny beak, and teeth are absent. The circulatory has 4-chambered heart and there is only right aorta which curves to the

right side and then bends backwards.

There are 50 sp. of birds indigenous to Qatar. Rest is either migrant or just pass through Qatar moving to other areas. We could not locate birds except for ducks or sea gulls etc.

C. Survey Related to Pollution in Qatar

Air Pollution 83.33Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 58.33Un-Satisfaction with Garbage Disposal 50.00Dirty and Untidy 58.33

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Noise and Light Pollution 41.67Water Pollution 33.33Un-satisfaction to Spend Time in the City 91.67Un-satisfaction with Green and Parks in the City 100.00

Purity and Cleanliness in QatarAir quality 16.67Drinking Water Quality and Accessibility 41.67Garbage Disposal Satisfaction 50.00Clean and Tidy 41.67Quiet and No Problem with Night Lights 58.33Water Quality 66.67Comfortable to Spend Time in the City 8.33Quality of Green and Parks 0.00

Reporters: 3Last update: December, 2012 – Pollution in Doha, QatarAir Pollution 83.33Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 58.33Un-satisfaction with Garbage Disposal 50.00Dirty and Untidy 58.33Noise and Light Pollution 41.67Water Pollution 33.33Un-satisfaction to Spend Time in the City 91.67Un-satisfaction with Green and Parks in the City 100.00

 Purity and Cleanliness in Doha, QatarAir quality 16.67Drinking Water Quality and Accessibility 41.67Garbage Disposal Satisfaction 50.00Clean and Tidy 41.67Quiet and No Problem with Night Lights 58.33Water Quality 66.67Comfortable to Spend Time in the City 8.33Quality of Green and Parks 0.00

Reporters: 3

Last update: December, 2012These data are based on perceptions of visitors of this website in the past 2 years.

D. Causes of Marine Life Destruction:

Domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce waste water that can cause pollution of many lakes and rivers.

1. Sewage and Wastewater

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Sewage is the term used for wastewater that often contains feces, urine and laundry waste. There are billions of people on Earth, so treating sewage is a big priority.

Untreated sewage water in such areas can contaminate the environment and cause diseases such as diarrhea.

Sewage is treated in water treatment plants and the waste is often disposed into the sea. In developed countries, sewage often causes problems when people flush chemical and pharmaceutical substances down the toilet. When people are ill, sewage often carries harmful viruses and bacteria into the environment causing health problems.

2. Marine Dumping

Dumping of litter in the sea can cause huge problems. Litter items such as 6-pack ring packaging can get caught in marine animals and may result in death. Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in water:

Plastic packaging – Takes 400 years to degrade. Newspaper – Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Aluminum – Takes 200 years to degrade. Foam – Takes 50 years to degrade. Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t know the exact time.

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3. Industrial Waste

Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Pollutants from industrial sources include:

Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine life. Oils – Oil does not dissolve in water, instead it forms a thick layer on the water surface.

This can stop marine plants receiving enough light for photosynthesis. It is also harmful for fish and marine birds.

Petrochemicals – This is formed from gas or petrol and can be toxic to marine life. Nitrates – This can cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine

environments. Phosphates -This can cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine

environments.

4. Atmospheric Pollution

Atmospheric deposition is the pollution of water caused by air pollution. In the atmosphere, water particles mix with carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

oxides, this forms a weak acid. Air pollution means that water vapor absorbs more of these gases and becomes even more

acidic. When it rains the water is polluted with these gases, this is called acid rain. When acid rain pollutes marine habitats such as rivers and lakes, aquatic life is harmed.

5. Entanglement:

Ordinary items such as plastic, six-pack soda can holders and fishing line are harmful pollutants to marine wildlife. They can ensnare marine animals, affecting their ability to move

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breath and eat. If the animals cannot release themselves from the pollutants, they may starve or drown.

Productivity-Certain chemicals, such as plant fertilizer, greatly increase an organism's ability to reproduce. When these pollutants are introduced to marine ecosystems they trigger an increased production or bloom of certain organisms. This can especially lead to algae blooms, such as red tide. Blooms must consume more nutrients and oxygen from the water, leading other organisms to starve or drown.

6. WHALING

But Japan has been using a loophole in international law to conduct "scientific research" on whales for years. Each year, the Japanese government slaughters 850 minke whales. This year, they have announced plans to expand their "research" to kill 50 endangered humpback whales, and 50 endangered fin whales, in addition to their usual minke slaughter.

7. OVERFISHING

Beneath the serene beauty of our ocean waters lurks a nightmare worse than any Jaws movie. Entire populations of fish are being targeted and destroyed, disrupting the food chain from top to bottom. Overfishing happens when the amount of fish caught exceeds the amount of fish needed to sustain fish stocks in a given region.

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8. GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming impacts all life on Earth, and the oceans are no exception. From coral bleaching to sea level rise and higher ocean temperatures, entire ecosystems are rapidly changing, and animals are having a difficult time surviving the impacts. The effects are already beginning to be felt.  Whole species of marine animals and fish are at risk due to the temperature rise - they simply cannot survive in the changed conditions.

9. BY CATCH

In a general sense, by catch is the catch of something that is not the main objective of a fishing fleet. Vessels that go fishing for certain tuna of certain size end up catching other fish. This happens in pretty much all fisheries to some extent every year, fishing nets kill up to 300,000 whales, dolphins and porpoises around the world. Fishing nets pose the greatest threat to the survival of many species. In fact, some fishing practices destroy entire habitats, as well as inhabitants. 

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10. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

There is evidence to suggest that human activities have caused the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere to rise dramatically. This impacts on the marine environment as the world’s oceans currently absorb as much as one-third of all CO2 emissions in our atmosphere. This absorption of CO2 causes the pH to decrease, resulting in the seawater becoming more acidic decreasing marine biodiversity on a very large scale.

11. WATER POLLUTION:

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Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater).

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Ingestion-Marine animals often mistake many man-made pollutants for food. Animals will either choke on the pollutants or ingest the pollutants and die. Plastic bags commonly cause this problem.

E. Marine Life Conservation:__________________________________________________

After the above mentioned hazards here are a few simple ways to prevent the destruction of marine life and help conserve it.

1. LIMIT THE USE OF PLASTICS AND OTHER WASTE PRODUCT

Have you heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? That is a name coined to describe the huge amounts of plastic bits and other marine debris floating in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, one of five major ocean gyres in the world. Sadly, all the gyres seem to have their own garbage patch. Plastic stays around for hundreds of years, can be a hazard to wildlife and releases toxins into the environment. Stop using so much plastic. Buy things with less packaging, don't use disposable items and use reusable bags instead of plastic ones wherever possible.

2. EAT ECO-FRIENDLY FISH

Our food choices have a huge impact on the environment - from the actual items we eat to the way they are harvested, processed, and shipped. You can take small steps in the right direction by eating eco-friendly fish and eating local as much as possible.

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3. STOP THE PROBLEM OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

Global warming has been a hot topic in the ocean world, and it is because of ocean acidification, known as 'the other global warming problem.' As the acidity of the oceans increases, it will have devastating impacts on marine life, shellfish, and the animals that eat them. Lessening your "carbon footprint" will help marine life miles from your home. The idea of an acidic ocean is scary, but we can bring the oceans to a more healthy state with some easy changes in our behavior.

4. BE ENERGY EFFICIENT

Along with the tip above, reduce your energy consumption and carbon output wherever possible. This includes simple things like turning off the lights or TV when you're not in a room, and driving in a way that increases your fuel efficiency. It might sound strange, but being energy efficient helps the Arctic marine mammals and fish because the less energy you use the less our climate heats up - then the ice won't melt.

5. PARTICIPATE IN CLEAN UP

Trash in the environment can be hazardous to marine life, and people too! Help clean up a local beach, park or roadway and pick up that litter before it gets into the marine environment. Even trash hundreds of miles from the ocean can eventually float or blow into the ocean. Try your best to participate in any kind of clean up committees. If you don’t find the time then try to avoid throwing trash in water or anywhere in the first place.

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6. VIEW MARINE LIFE

Make time from your busy life and observe the marine life by going to beaches, seas and other places. Find your own way to help conserve marine life or at least try to create awareness among other people about the importance of marine life and how it affects us. Your smallest efforts make great impact to save marine life.

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THE VISIT TO AL-WAKRAH BEACH(FACTORY’S SMOKE IN THE BACK GROUND)

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