2.4 participatory rural appraisal

8/4/2019 2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal

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An approach towards empowering thepoor and marginalized communities

through seeking their participation


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Participatory Rural Appraisal is a methodology forinteracting with villagers/community, understanding them

.

It involves a set of principles, a process ofcommunicating with them using a set of menu of

methods for seeking community participation.

Participatory Rural Appraisal is distinguished at its best

by the use of local graphic representations created by

e commun y a eg m ze oca now e ge an

promote empowerment.


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Participatory approaches like PRA developed inresponse to concerns regarding a top down approach

These strategies have a much greater chance of

from start to finish

PRA can em ower women oor and disadvanta ed

giving them more control over their lives


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The use of open-ended, adaptable visual methods withina flexible, interactive learning process, rather than the

-

identified ends

,

contribute to policies, to serving the needs of the poor

and marginalized section of the population

It can challenge the perceptions of those in authority and

begin to change attitudes and agendas


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..

From 1970 onwards Participatory tools- forpromoting and participation of the poor &

.

These tools arose from two beliefs: The knowledge & experience of poor and

marginalized have value and not to be

dismissed as irrelevant or wron

Poor and marginalized have the right to

resources traditionally defined by them.


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..

approac es ave eve ope ou o ap

Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques, which were firstsystemized in the late 1970s.

RRA techniques in turn developed out of:

dissatisfaction with large scale questionnaire surveys

dissatisfaction with the unreliability of impressionsgained during the field visits made by urban based

DEVELOPMENT TOURISM

For quickly gaining qualitative insights into a situation


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Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (India)conducted participatory RRA in two villages of

, .

Few of the Govt. organizations which got their

Dry lands development board. Karnataka

evera ores ry epar men s , e c

National Academy of Administration,


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Nature ofProcess RRA PRA PLA

Mode Extractive Elicitative Participative Sharing Empowering

u s er s o e nves ga or ac a or

Information owned, Local

PLA has evolved from Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and refers

analyzed & used by Outsiders People

o a process a empowers oca peop e o ac upon, c ange

their conditions and situations


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PLA AND JOHARI WINDOW

Information known

to every oneKnowledge

belongs only to

communitWhat we knowWhat they know

Teach Learn

and what they

know

and we do not

know

Knowledge

belongs only to

Knowledge acquired

by learning together

What we know

and they do not

know

What we do not

know and they do

not know


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Attitude

Behaviour &

Change

Three

Pillars of

Methods or Tools Sharing

PRA


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EmpoweringDominating

Open

Group

Closed

Individual

ComparingMeasuring

Rapport

Fun

Reserve

Frustration

VisualVerbal


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1. USING OPITMAL IGNORANCE2. OFFSETTING BAISES

3. TRIANGULATIONS

4. LEARNING PROGRESSIVELY FROM

AND WITH THE POOR .

5. LEARNING RAPIDLY ANDPROGRESSIVELY


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Optimal imprecision Direct contact, face to face, in the field

Critical self awareness

Changing behaviour and attitudesA culture of sharing

Commitment

Empowering

Flexibil ity, Innovation, Improvisation

Learning directly from, local people


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1. ITERATIVE- ( LEARNING AS-YOU-GO -ON )

. .

3. INTERACTIVE.

4. INFORMAL.

. .


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VISUAL TOOLS

OBSERVATIONALDISCUSSION TOOLS

Participatory Mapping

Institutional

Programming (Venn

1.Focus Group

Discussion

-

1. Participant

Observation

2. DO IT YOURSELF,

Diagram)

Seasonal Diagram

Daily activity Chart.

Interviews(Taking part in local

activities)

3. Transect Walks

Trend Analysis

Body Mapping

Pair wise Ranking

Force Field AnalysisCausal Impact Diagram

Impact Evaluation


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Partici ator Social Ma in

Resource mapping

Insti tutional Programming (Venn Diagram)

Seasonal Diagram

Daily activi ty Chart

Trend Analysis

Wealth Ranking

Pair wise Ranking

Force Field Analysis

Causal Impact Diagram

Impact Evaluation


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.

A social mapping provides a basis for household

listings, and for indicating population, social group,

.

lead to identification of key informants, and then to

discussions with them.

A village social map provides an up-to-date household

listing which is then used for well-being or wealth

ran ng o ouse o s w c ea s n urn o ocusgroups with different categories of people who then

express their different preferences, leading to

discussion, negotiation and reconciliation of priorities.


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.


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Resource maps helps to understand the natural andenvironmental settings in a particular vil lage.

A participatory resource map of an area of degraded

forest, and a rootstock census of quadrates in theorest carr e out y v agers, ea s to a ca cu at on o

numbers of trees to be planted; and debate and

anal sis lead to eo les decisions about the

proportions of different species to be planted, and thenumbers of each required in tree nurseries


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.

Matrix scoring or ranking, elicits villagers criteria ofvalue of a class of items (trees, vegetables, fodder

, ,

market outlets, fuel types ) which leads into discussion of

preferences and actions by the implementers and the localcommunity.

Purpose : Rank the value of a particular activity or

item according to a range of criteria. For example, arange of different land care group activities could be

rate, cost and value to members.


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Purpose To collect general information about

through open group discussion.

The facilitator needs to facilitate the discussion

by probing questions and get relevant answers .


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Transect walking is a participatory process of taking awalk with the community almost dissecting the

vi age in or er to un erstan t e soi , water an

habitat , problems and opportunities at the community

level. This hel s the communit to artici ate andbuild the trust with outsider.

It helps the facilitator in facilitator in social and

resource map and planning..


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.

Seasons make a great impact on rural lives. Thelivelihood, farm activities, festivals, marriages occur in

ifferent seasons an t e ives of t e peop e a so

changes and get affected in different seasons.

issues and problems in an yearly analysis way .

effectively than any other methods.


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To understand the history and background to s situationor project .

It is valuable way of exploring how change has occurred

, why things are the way they are and why different

.

It also helps in icebreaking and building initial rapport

at the communit level.


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This exercise helps in exploring thecontributing causes or reasons for a particular

pro ems or issue an to e p i entify root

causes rather than symptoms.

and it helps in participatory project planning


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,

including village communities , government , fieldstaff , NGOs ) and the interaction user group and the

t e resources.

Information on user groups can be collected by

informants and through group discussions .

Field officerContractor Forest resource

Community


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To understand and identify the

Stren th

Weakness

Threats

In relation to a project or groups.


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A Venn diagram is a method that shows.

the ke institution or anisation or

Groups as well as influential individuals in a

villa e and

Their relationships and importance in direction

making. A Venn diagram can be diagram can be

prepared on the ground , a large sheet of paper or ablackboard.


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Purpose- To develop a shared vision of what a groupwould like to outcome of a project . This helps people

thinks creatively and let go of immediate problems.

Description Ask people to describe how they wouldlike things in the future . It is possible to do in an

imaginary way.


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Time Seasonality, Time line

Space

Preferences

Mapping and model

Matrix

Relationships

Boundar

Flow Diagram, Venn

diagram.

Transect walk


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An ueries are welcomed

2.4 participatory rural appraisal

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