23770 ppts ch10 - florida gulf coast...
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Land
Cha
pter
10
The
Impo
rtan
ce o
f Lan
d
•La
nd q
ualit
y di
ffers
from
pla
ce to
pla
ce•
A r
enew
able
res
ourc
e if
it is
not
abu
sed
•E
ssen
tial t
o –
The
type
of f
ood
of fo
od a
vaila
ble
–N
utrie
nt c
onte
nt a
nd q
ualit
y of
food
–S
usce
ptib
ility
to w
ater
pol
lutio
n–
She
lter
safe
ty–
Pre
vent
har
m fr
om e
xter
nal e
lem
ents
Land
Deg
rada
tion
•E
cono
mic
gro
wth
dep
ends
on
prod
uctiv
ity o
f the
la
nd•
Pop
ulat
ion
grow
th a
nd la
nd d
egra
datio
n ar
e re
late
d•
10%
of t
he E
arth
’s s
urfa
ce is
mod
erat
ely
degr
aded
–La
ck o
f wat
er–
Des
ertif
icat
ion
–N
atur
al d
isas
ters
–D
efor
esta
tion
–D
eple
ted
soils
–P
ollu
tion
or c
onta
min
atio
n•
Peo
ple
mig
rate
from
one
are
a to
ano
ther
bec
ause
of
scar
ce r
esou
rces
Sus
cept
ibili
ty o
f Lan
d to
Deg
rada
tion
•C
erta
in e
cosy
stem
s an
d bi
omes
are
mor
e vu
lner
able
than
oth
ers
•T
ropi
cal r
ain
fore
sts,
wet
land
s, g
rass
land
s,
and
tund
ra a
re e
asily
dis
turb
ed a
nd ta
ke
long
er to
rec
over
•P
rimar
y re
ason
s fo
r la
nd d
egra
datio
n in
clud
e de
fore
stat
ion,
dra
inin
g of
wet
land
s,
over
graz
ing,
and
poo
r ag
ricul
tura
l pr
actic
es
Top
ogra
phy
•M
ount
ains
•F
ores
ts•
Wet
land
s
Mou
ntai
ns
•S
usce
ptib
le to
ear
thqu
akes
, vol
cani
c er
uptio
ns, l
ands
lides
, ava
lanc
hes,
floo
ds•
Min
ing
prac
tices
, pow
er p
lant
s, a
nd
tour
ists
can
be
a pr
oble
m
For
ests
•F
ores
ts–
Ove
r ha
lf of
U.S
. for
ests
hav
e be
en d
estr
oyed
by
logg
ing,
roa
d co
nstr
uctio
n, m
inin
g, fo
rest
fir
es, s
ki r
esor
ts, o
ff-ro
ad v
ehic
les,
and
oth
er
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
–D
efor
esta
tion
is th
e pe
rman
ent d
eclin
e of
tr
ees
to le
ss th
an 1
0% o
f the
orig
inal
fore
st
Wet
land
s
•A
lso
know
n as
mar
shes
, sw
amps
, bay
ous,
fe
ns, b
ogs,
est
uarie
s, a
nd b
otto
mla
nds
•S
atur
ated
by
moi
stur
e, n
utrie
nt-r
ich
•H
ighe
st r
ate
of p
rodu
ctiv
ity–
Nea
rly 2
/3 o
f fis
h an
d sh
ellfi
sh r
equi
re
wet
land
s to
rep
rodu
ce a
nd g
row
–60
–90%
of c
omm
erci
al fi
sher
ies
depe
nd o
n co
asta
l wet
land
s
•A
lmos
t eve
ry s
tate
has
wet
land
s•
A n
atur
al r
eser
voir
for
flood
wat
ers
•W
etla
nds
also
filte
r po
lluta
nts
out o
f wat
er in
to
less
har
mfu
l for
ms
•A
buf
fer
for
coas
tline
s•
Rec
reat
iona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s
Land
Pre
serv
atio
n
•72
6 m
illio
n ac
res
are
pres
erve
d w
ith
natio
nal f
ores
ts, n
atio
nal p
arks
, wild
life
refu
ges,
wild
erne
ss a
reas
, and
his
toric
si
tes
•F
eder
al a
genc
ies
invo
lved
:–
Dep
artm
ent o
f Int
erio
r–
U.S
. For
est S
ervi
ce–
Nat
iona
l Par
k S
ervi
ce
Effe
cts
of L
and
Usa
ge
•S
oil e
rosi
on•
Coa
stal
ero
sion
•O
verg
razi
ng•
Min
ing
•D
eser
tific
atio
n
Def
ores
tatio
n
•S
oil e
rosi
on o
ccur
s w
hen
fore
sts
are
dest
roye
d•
Ero
sion
occ
urs
with
win
d, w
ater
, and
oth
er
natu
ral f
orce
s•
Whe
n so
il er
odes
, sed
imen
t fill
s w
ater
way
s an
d w
ater
sup
plie
s
Coa
stal
Ero
sion
•C
oast
al s
hore
lines
are
dyn
amic
and
div
erse
, sh
aped
by
Nat
ure
and
man
•O
cean
wav
es a
nd s
torm
s at
tack
bea
ches
, blu
ffs,
and
dune
s•
Lit
tora
l dri
ftst
irs u
p sa
nd a
nd c
arrie
s it
to o
ther
be
ache
s•
The
pro
blem
is v
ery
serio
us–
43%
of t
he lo
wer
48
stat
es h
ave
serio
us e
rosi
on
prob
lem
s–
Ove
r 2,
600
mile
s of
bea
chfr
ont h
ave
criti
cal e
rosi
on
prob
lem
s as
the
shor
elin
e w
ashe
s aw
ay•
Bar
rier
isla
nds
have
bee
n re
trea
ting
inla
nd a
s m
uch
as 2
–3 fe
et p
er y
ear
due
to s
low
ly r
isin
g se
a le
vels
Coa
stal
Pro
tect
ion
•It
is im
port
ant t
o pr
otec
t the
nat
ural
hab
itat o
f be
ache
s•
Dun
es a
re h
eld
in p
lace
by
natu
ral v
eget
atio
n (s
ea o
ats,
sea
am
aran
th, a
nd s
ea g
rape
s ar
e pr
otec
ted
spec
ies)
•N
ew c
onst
ruct
ion,
hea
vy v
ehic
les,
foot
traf
fic
from
res
iden
ts a
nd to
uris
ts a
re p
robl
ems
•B
reak
wat
ers,
gro
ins,
and
jetti
es a
re m
an-m
ade
met
hods
of r
educ
ing
beac
h er
osio
n•
Bea
ch r
enou
rishm
ent a
nd d
isco
urag
emen
t of
deve
lopm
ent a
re o
ther
sol
utio
ns
Ove
rgra
zing
•T
he a
ctiv
ity m
ost d
evas
tatin
g to
soi
l de
grad
atio
n•
A m
ajor
cau
se o
f spe
cies
end
ange
rmen
t–
Dec
line
of n
ativ
e tr
out p
opul
atio
n in
Wes
tern
st
ates
•A
s to
o m
any
lives
tock
dep
lete
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n, s
oil i
s ex
pose
d to
win
d an
d ra
in•
The
gra
ssla
nd b
ecom
es a
des
ert
Rip
aria
n R
ight
s
•T
he r
ight
to u
se w
ater
alo
ng th
e sh
ores
or
bank
s by
res
iden
ts•
Cat
tle g
razi
ng a
long
wat
er s
ourc
es e
at o
r tr
ampl
e ve
geta
tion
and
pollu
te th
e w
ater
•W
ater
turb
idity
har
ms
aqua
tic li
fe
•H
arm
ful m
icro
orga
nism
s lik
e gi
ardi
am
ay
infe
ct th
e riv
ers,
lake
s, a
nd s
trea
ms
Min
ing
•A
maj
or in
dust
ry in
the
U.S
.•
The
wor
ld’s
larg
est p
rodu
cer
of c
lay,
co
pper
, gyp
sum
, lith
ium
, mag
nesi
um,
phos
phat
e, s
alt,
silic
a, a
nd s
ulfu
r•
Sec
ond
wor
ld’s
larg
est p
rodu
cer
of c
oal
and
gold
•D
estr
uctiv
e to
land
, for
ests
, riv
ers,
pla
nts,
an
d an
imal
s
Typ
es o
f Min
es
•P
lace
r•
Har
d ro
ck•
Ope
n pi
t•
Hyd
raul
ic (
the
mos
t har
mfu
l to
the
envi
ronm
ent
Pla
cer
Min
ing
•P
anni
ng, d
redg
ing,
slu
icin
g, r
ocke
r, a
nd
pick
ing
tech
niqu
es
Har
d R
ock
Min
ing
•D
igs
into
sol
id r
ock
usin
g pi
cks,
sho
vels
, ro
ck d
rills
, dyn
amite
, and
oth
er to
ols
•D
igs
tunn
els
or s
hafts
Ope
n P
it M
inin
g
•U
sed
mos
t ofte
n bu
t har
mfu
l to
land
•La
rge
pits
are
mad
e by
trac
k-m
ount
ed
elec
tric
sho
vels
or
dies
el-p
ower
ed fr
ont
end
load
ers
•D
iese
l-pow
ered
fron
t end
load
ers
are
gene
rally
use
d at
sm
alle
r
Hyd
raul
ic M
inin
g
•Q
uick
and
cov
ers
a la
rge
area
•W
ater
is c
arrie
d to
the
min
ing
site
via
ca
nals
and
ditc
hes,
then
go
into
a h
ose
with
a p
ipe
atta
ched
to it
, for
cing
the
wat
er
out w
ith g
reat
pre
ssur
e•
The
wat
er r
uns
over
the
hills
ide
was
hing
di
rt a
nd g
rave
l int
o a
slui
ce b
ox
The
Afte
rmat
h of
Min
ing
•H
eavy
met
als,
aci
ds, a
nd o
ther
mat
eria
ls a
re le
ft be
hind
•S
omet
imes
the
ore
is p
iled
up o
n th
e gr
ound
and
sp
raye
d w
ith c
yani
de a
nd w
ater
or
acid
–T
he s
lurr
y ru
ns o
ver
the
grou
nd a
nd s
eeps
in
to th
e gr
ound
and
sur
face
wat
ers
•O
rgan
ic m
atte
r, n
utrie
nts,
and
wat
er is
eith
er
acid
ic o
r al
kalin
e ki
lling
fish
and
pla
nt li
fe•
Tai
lings
can
con
tain
rad
ioac
tive
mat
eria
ls a
nd
harm
ful t
oxin
s
Des
ertif
icat
ion
•H
eavy
rai
nfal
l cau
sed
by g
loba
l war
min
g ca
uses
floo
ding
and
soi
l ero
sion
•O
verg
razi
ng li
vest
ock
and
min
ing
oper
atio
ns c
hang
e th
e pr
oduc
tivity
and
liv
abili
ty o
f the
land
•If
ther
e is
a d
roug
ht, g
rass
land
s dr
y up
Effe
cts
on W
ildlif
e
•H
uman
s ar
e no
t the
onl
y on
es to
leav
e th
e ar
ea•
Wild
life
sear
ch fo
r fo
od w
hen
drou
ght,
flood
ing,
or
soil
eros
ion
rem
oves
thei
r fo
od
sour
ce
Soi
l Com
posi
tion
•S
oil c
onsi
sts
of in
orga
nic
and
orga
nic
mat
ter
•In
orga
nic
mat
eria
ls a
re r
elea
sed
whe
n br
oken
do
wn
by h
eat,
wat
er, e
xplo
sion
s, o
r w
eath
erin
g–
Incl
udes
car
bon,
hyd
roge
n, o
xyge
n, n
itrog
en,
phos
phor
us, p
otas
sium
, cal
cium
, mag
nesi
um,
and
sulfu
r•
Org
anic
mat
ter
ofte
n in
clud
es d
ecay
ing
plan
t an
d an
imal
s an
d th
eir
was
te p
rodu
cts
Nut
rient
s in
Soi
l
•F
ound
in to
psoi
l (th
e to
p 6–
8 in
ches
of
soil)
•D
ecre
ased
sub
stan
tially
with
soi
l ero
sion
•25
% o
f U.S
. soi
l is
high
ly e
rodi
ble
•T
he lo
ss o
f top
soil
has
a ne
gativ
e af
fect
on
agric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctiv
ity•
It ta
kes
200–
1,00
0 to
form
an
inch
of
tops
oil
Soi
l Con
serv
atio
n
•T
he S
oil C
onse
rvat
ion
Ser
vice
was
form
ed
afte
r th
e “D
ust B
owl”
in th
e M
idw
est i
n th
e 19
30s
•S
CS
offi
cial
s en
cour
aged
farm
ers
to s
top
soil
eros
ion
by–
Pla
ntin
g tr
ees
for
win
dbre
aks
–C
reat
ing
terr
aces
on
tille
d la
nd–
Con
tour
str
ip-c
ropp
ing
–D
evel
opin
g w
ater
way
s
Ince
ntiv
es fo
r F
arm
ers
•T
he S
CS
als
o en
cour
aged
farm
ers
to u
se
diffe
rent
met
hods
to te
nd c
rops
•F
inan
cial
ince
ntiv
es w
ere
prov
ided
for
–R
otat
ing
crop
s fr
om o
ne y
ear
to th
e ne
xt–
Leav
e ol
d cr
op v
eget
atio
n to
dec
ompo
se–
Till
cro
ps w
ith le
ss p
low
ing,
usi
ng te
chni
ques
lik
e “n
o til
l,” “
ridge
till,
” an
d “m
ulch
till”
–“D
iver
ting”
land
by
leav
ing
it al
one
or u
sing
it
for
past
urel
and
or w
oodl
ands
Fer
tiliz
ers:
Agr
icul
tura
l Pol
lutio
n
•U
sed
to in
crea
se c
rop
prod
uctio
n an
d fo
od
prod
uctio
n •
The
use
of c
hem
ical
s do
es n
ot r
epla
ce
nutr
ient
s lo
st th
roug
h er
osio
n•
Com
mon
nut
rient
s in
clud
e ni
trog
en,
phos
phor
us, a
nd p
otas
sium
•N
itrog
en a
nd p
hosp
horu
s po
llutio
n tr
igge
r eu
tro
ph
icat
ion
, kill
ing
aqua
tic s
peci
es
The
“G
reen
Rev
olut
ion”
•B
egan
in th
e 19
70s
with
new
hyb
rid s
eeds
, new
fe
rtili
zers
, and
new
pes
ticid
es to
boo
st fa
rm
prod
uctio
n•
Thi
s w
as c
onsi
dere
d ne
cess
ary
to fe
ed
popu
latio
ns o
vers
eas
•M
any
farm
ers
conv
erte
d un
prod
uctiv
e la
nd to
fa
rmla
nd•
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
incr
ease
d dr
amat
ical
ly b
ut s
till
does
not
kee
p up
with
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th•
The
bes
t sol
utio
n is
to s
tabi
lize
popu
latio
n gr
owth
and
rev
erse
land
deg
rada
tion
Land
Pol
lutio
n
•B
row
nfie
lds
•H
uman
was
te d
isch
arge
s (b
ioso
lids)
Bro
wnf
ield
s
•F
orm
er in
dust
rial,
com
mer
cial
, or
mili
tary
si
tes
•P
ollu
ted
with
haz
ardo
us s
ubst
ance
s or
co
ntam
inan
ts, c
over
ed w
ith tr
ash,
pol
lute
d,
or le
ft id
le•
Ow
ners
and
pro
pert
y m
anag
ers
are
requ
ired
to c
over
the
cost
of c
lean
up•
Som
e ci
ties
have
rec
lam
atio
n pr
ojec
ts
Bio
solid
s
•In
the
U.S
. 60%
of w
aste
wat
er tr
eatm
ent
bios
olid
s ar
e di
scha
rged
ont
o la
nd
•T
reat
ed s
ewag
e is
dis
char
ged
to “
dryi
ng b
eds”
•
Som
e fe
el it
pro
vide
s nu
trie
nts
like
nitr
ogen
and
ph
osph
orus
that
pro
mot
e cr
op g
row
th u
sing
an
“org
anic
” fe
rtili
zer
•In
the
U.S
. the
EP
A li
mits
pub
lic a
cces
s to
dry
ing
field
s, g
razi
ng o
f cat
tle, a
nd p
lant
ing
of c
rops
Bio
solid
s: A
Pub
lic H
ealth
Issu
e?
•R
esid
ent c
ompl
ain
abou
t the
sm
ell
•P
oten
tial h
ealth
haz
ards
incl
ude
harm
ful
path
ogen
s th
at m
ight
be
in th
e se
wag
e•
Mos
t sci
entis
ts s
ay th
e pa
thog
ens
are
unab
le to
sur
vive
in th
e so
il•
Som
e sa
y th
e so
il fil
ters
the
bact
eria
and
ab
sorb
s vi
ruse
s
Pub
lic H
ealth
Rem
edie
s
•B
ioso
lids
mus
t be
clas
sifie
d–
Cla
ss A
hav
e un
dete
ctab
le p
atho
gens
–C
lass
B h
ave
dete
ctab
le le
vels
of p
atho
gens
•W
hen
wor
kers
han
dle
bios
olid
s, th
ey m
ust
use
prot
ectiv
e eq
uipm
ent a
nd g
ood
hygi
enic
pra
ctic
es•
The
use
of b
ioso
lids
in th
e U
.S.,
Can
ada,
an
d ot
her
coun
trie
s co
ntin
ues
Nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
•C
itize
ns s
houl
d be
aw
are
of th
e ris
k fr
om n
atur
al
disa
ster
s be
fore
mov
ing
to a
new
are
a,
incl
udin
g:–
For
est a
nd w
ild fi
res
–E
arth
quak
es–
Tor
nado
s–
Flo
ods
–H
urric
anes
–S
ubsi
denc
e an
d “s
inkh
oles
”–
Land
slid
es a
nd a
vala
nche
s
For
est a
nd W
ild F
ires
•T
he h
ighe
st r
isk
is in
are
as e
xper
ienc
ing
drou
ght
•S
omet
imes
fire
s ar
e se
t del
iber
atel
y by
fore
st
auth
oriti
es (
know
n as
“co
ntro
lled”
or
“pre
scrib
ed”
fires
)•
The
fire
s ar
e ne
cess
ary
to b
urn
lefto
ver
logg
ing
mat
eria
ls, c
lear
bru
sh, c
ontr
ol u
nder
grow
th, g
et
rid o
f dis
ease
d tr
ees,
red
uce
inse
ct p
opul
atio
ns,
and
enco
urag
e ne
w g
row
th•
Soi
l ero
sion
can
occ
ur a
fter
fore
st o
r w
ild fi
res
Ear
thqu
akes
•C
an o
ccur
alm
ost a
nyw
here
at a
ny ti
me
•C
an b
e an
ticip
ated
, but
not
pre
dict
ed•
Eas
tern
and
Wes
tern
are
as o
f the
U.S
. are
m
ost a
t ris
k•
Afte
r an
ear
thqu
akes
, lan
dslid
es a
nd
lique
fact
ion
pose
add
ition
al r
isks
•W
hen
an e
arth
quak
e oc
curs
und
er th
e oc
ean,
a ts
unam
i occ
urs
Tor
nado
s
•A
vio
lent
ly r
otat
ing
colu
mn
of a
ir•
Can
be
up to
1 m
ile w
ide
and
50 m
iles
long
with
win
d sp
eeds
250
mph
or
mor
e•
Usu
ally
occ
urs
with
a th
unde
rsto
rm•
The
re m
ay b
e tw
o or
mor
e at
one
tim
e•
Whe
n it
occu
rs o
ver
war
m w
ater
, a
wat
ersp
out o
ccur
s
Flo
ods
•O
ne o
f the
mos
t des
truc
tive
of a
ll ge
olog
ic
haza
rds
in th
e U
.S.
•A
reas
mor
e su
scep
tible
to fl
oodi
ng a
re
calle
d flo
odpl
ains
•G
over
nmen
tal o
ffici
als
asse
ss a
nd
docu
men
t flo
odpl
ains
•A
100
-yea
r flo
odpl
ain
has
a 1%
cha
nce
of
flood
ing
ever
y ye
ar
Hur
rican
es
•A
lso
know
n as
cyc
lone
s be
caus
e w
inds
rot
ate
arou
nd a
n “e
ye”
•O
ccur
on
the
Atla
ntic
coa
st•
The
sto
rm s
urge
incr
ease
s th
e se
a le
vel b
y 15
fe
et o
r m
ore
•T
he w
ater
is p
ushe
d to
war
d th
e sh
ore
•S
tron
g w
inds
cau
se g
reat
dam
age
on th
e co
ast
and
inla
nd•
Fly
ing
debr
is p
rodu
ces
an a
dditi
onal
haz
ard
•T
he p
rimar
y co
ncer
n is
the
dam
age
from
flo
odin
g
Tro
pica
l Sto
rms
or D
epre
ssio
ns
•T
hese
are
less
har
mfu
l tha
n hu
rric
anes
•H
eavy
rai
ns p
ersi
st a
nd c
ause
floo
ding
Sub
side
nce
•W
hen
soil
beco
mes
wea
kene
d fr
om
min
ing,
dro
ught
s, o
r ca
ves,
the
soil
may
co
llaps
e or
sin
k•
Sin
khol
es d
evel
op w
hen
wat
er m
oves
th
roug
h so
lubl
e ro
ck u
nder
grou
nd•
Mos
t are
less
than
10
feet
in d
iam
eter
Land
slid
es a
nd A
vala
nche
s
•A
land
slid
e is
the
rapi
d do
wnw
ard
and
outw
ard
mov
emen
t of r
ock,
soi
l, an
d ve
geta
tion
•N
ot a
ll ar
e su
dden
•M
ost a
re tr
igge
red
by
wea
knes
ses
in th
e ro
ck
and
soil,
ear
thqu
ake
activ
ity, h
eavy
rai
nfal
l, sn
owm
elt,
or
cons
truc
tion
on a
slo
pe
•A
n av
alan
che
is th
e ra
pid
dow
nwar
d an
d ou
twar
d m
ovem
ent
of
snow
and
ice
Buy
ing
and
Sel
ling
Land
•S
elle
rs s
houl
d in
form
buy
ers
of k
now
n ge
olog
ical
haz
ards
or
cont
amin
ated
land
–M
ost c
onta
min
ants
are
pes
ticid
es, g
asol
ine,
m
anur
e, o
r un
derg
roun
d st
orag
e
•B
uyer
s sh
ould
inqu
ire a
bout
the
land
on
whi
ch a
hom
e is
bui
lt es
peci
ally
whe
n od
ors,
hol
es, p
its, a
nd u
nusu
al s
oil c
olor
s ar
e no
ticed
Buy
ing
and
Sel
ling
Land
(co
ntin
ued)
•B
uyer
s sh
ould
alw
ays
insp
ect a
djoi
ning
pro
pert
y fo
r po
ssib
le h
azar
ds•
Buy
ers
shou
ld a
lway
s bi
d on
the
prop
erty
with
a
cont
inge
ncy
clau
se th
at s
tate
s th
e pr
oper
ty m
ust
be fr
ee o
f pot
entia
l pro
blem
s an
d pa
ss a
n in
spec
tion
•O
ther
con
side
ratio
ns in
clud
e rip
aria
n rig
hts,
se
tbac
ks, a
nd e
asem
ents
•A
sur
vey
of th
e la
nd is
alw
ays
a go
od id
ea•
Hom
eow
ners
can
ask
the
Soi
l Con
serv
atio
n S
ervi
ce (
now
kno
wn
as th
e S
oil S
urve
y S
ectio
n)
to h
elp
test
the
soil