23663
TRANSCRIPT
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CRUMB RUBBER FEASIBILITY REPORT
Prepared f o r :
Cumberland County Clean Community Committee
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Prepared by:
Self-Reliance, Inc.
2425 18th Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20009
(202)
232-4108
November
1985
This report was funded in part by
a
grant from the
North
Carolina Pollution Prevention Payan Program.
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Sel f - Rel i ance, I nc.
I s
t he consul t i ng arm of t he I ns t i t ut e
for Local Sel f - Rel i ance ( I L S R ) . Si nce
1974,
I L S R , a r esear ch and
educat i onal or gani zat i on, has pr ovi ded t echni cal i nf or mat i on and
assi st ance t o ci t y, count y, and st at e gover nment s, and ci t i zen and
nei ghbor hood organi zat i ons. I LSR f ocuses on ener gy and wast e
ut i l i zat i on f r om a common sense econom c devel opment per spect i ve.
I LSR
works
excl usi vel y i n ur ban ar eas. Cur r ent I LSR pr oj ect s ar e
l ocat ed i n Chest er and Phi l adel phi a, Pennsyl vani a; Sai nt Paul ,
Mi nnesot a; Newar k, Tr ent on, and Edi son, New J er sey; Cl evel and,
Ohi o; Fayet t evl l l e, Char l ot t e, Dur ham and Ashevi l l e, Nor t h
Car ol i na; Pr ovi dence, Rhode I sl and; Bost on, Cape Cod, and New
Bedf or d, Massachuset t s; New Haven, Connect i cut ; Washi ngt on, D. C. ;
East St. Loui s , I l l i noi s ; and Gai nes vi l l e, Fl or i da.
St af f of t he I ns t i t ut e
f o r
Local Sel f - Rel i ance:
Co- di r ect or s: Davi d Mor r i s, Ph. D.
Nei l Sel dman, Ph. D.
Ener gy and Econom c Devel opment Wast e Ut i l i zat i on/ Econom c
Davi d Mor r i s, Ph. D.
Devel opment
J ohn Pl unket t
J ack Gl eason,
MS.
Adm ni s t r at i on
Davi d Bardagl ' i o
J an Si mpson
Nei l Sel dman, Ph. D.
Ken Woodr uf f , ME.
Ri ck Ant hony,
M .A.
Don Hui si ngh, Ph. D.
Lar r y Mar t i n
I ns t i t ut e f o r Local Sel f - Rel i ance
2425
18t h St r eet
NW
Washi ngt on, D C. 20009
(202) 232-4108
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C O P Y R I G H T
P o l l u t i o n P r e v e n t i o n P a y s P r o g r a m
N o r t h C a r o l i n a D e p a r t m e n t
of
N a t u r a l Resources a n d C o m m u n i t y D e v e l o p m e n t
. J a n u a r y 1988
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THE POLLUTI ON PREVENTl ON PROGRAM
The Pol l ut i on Pr event i on Pr ogr am pr ovi des f r ee t echni cal assi st ance t o
Nor t h Car ol i na i ndust r i es
and
muni ci pal i t i es on ways
to
r educe, r ecycl e
and pr event wast es bef ore t hey become pol l ut ant s. Thi s non- r egul at or y
pr ogr am l ocat ed i n t he Di vi si on
of
Envi r onmental Management , addr esses
wat er and ai r qual i t y, t oxi c mat er i al s , and sol i d and hazar dous wast e.
Desi gnat ed as
t he
l ead agency i n wast e r educt i on, t he Pr ogr am works i n
cooper at i on wi t h t he Sol i d and Hazar dous Wast e Management Br anch and
t he Gover nor s Wast e Management Board. The servi ces and assi st ance
avai l abl e fa l l i nt o t he f ol l owi ng cat egor i es :
I nf ormat i on Cl ear i nghouse. An i nf ormat i on data base pr ovi des access t o
l i t er at ur e sour ces, cont act s, and case st udi es on wast e r educt i on
t echni ques f or speci f i c i ndustr i es or wast e st r eams. I nf ormat i on i s
al so avai l abl e t hr ough cust om zed comput er l i t er at ur e searches. Wast e
r educt i on r eport s publ i shed by t he Progr am are al so avai l abl e.
Speci f i c I nf or mat i on Packages. The st af f can pr epar e f aci l i t y or
wast e- st r eam speci f i c wast e r educt i on r epor t s f or i ndust r i es and
communi t i es. I nf or mat i on pr ovi ded by t he f aci l i t y i s used t o i dent i f y
cost - ef f ect i ve wast e r educt i on opt i ons. A shor t r epor t det ai l i ng t hese
opt i ons i s pr ovi ded al ong wi t h r ef er ences, case st udi es, and cont act s.
On- si t e Techni cal Assi st ance. The st af f can pr ovi de compr ehensi ve
t echni cal ass i s t ance t hr ough f ac i l i t y vi s i t s . Dur i ng an on- s i t e vi s i t ,
det ai l ed pr ocess and wast e st r eam i nf or mat i on i s col l ect ed. The
i nf or mat i on i s anal yzed, and a seri es of wast e r educt i on opt i ons ar e
i dent i f i ed.
A
r epor t i s pr epar ed det ai l i ng t hese opt i ons and i ncl udes
l i t er at ur e, cont act s, case st udi es, and vendor i nf or mat i on.
Out r each. The st af f can gi ve pr esent at i ons on pol l ut i on pr event i on t o
i ndust r i es, t r ade associ at i ons, pr of essi onal or gani zat i ons, and ci t i zen
groups. Dependi ng on t he audi ence, t hese pr ogr ams r ange f r om an
over vi ew of t he St at e s Pol l ut i on Pr event i on Program t o i n- dept h
di scussi ons of t echnol ogi es
f or spec i f i c i ndus t r i es .
Chal l enge Gr ant s.
A
mat chi ng gr ant pr ogr am pr ovi des f unds f or t he cost
of per sonnel , mat er i al s, or consul t ant s needed to undert ake pol l ut i on
pr event i on pr oj ects. Pr oj ect s el i gi bl e f or gr ant f unds range f r om
charact eri zi ng wast e st r eams i n order
to
i dent i f y pol l ut i on r educti on
t echni ques t o conduct i ng i n- pl ant and pi l ot - scal e st udi es of r educt i on
t echnol ogi es.
For i nf or mat i on or t echni cal assi st ance cont act:
Pol l ut i on Pr event i on Pr ogr am
Di vi si on of Envi r onment al Management
N. C.
Depar t ment of Nat ur al Resour ces & Communi t y Devel opment
Post Of f i ce Box
27687
Ral ei gh, Nor t h Car ol i na 27611-7687
Tel ephone: 919/733-7015
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The Cumber l and Count y Cl ean Communi t y Comm t t ee was ass i st ed on
t he l oca l l eve l by t he Cumber l and Count y Cl ean Communi t y
Comm t t ee Recycl i ng Comm t t ee.
Member shi p shown bel ow:
RECYCLI NG COMMI TTEE
M chael Gr een, Cohen & Gr een Sal vage Company, Chai r man
Dan St r yk, Kel l y Spr i ngf i el d Ti r e Company
Bi l l Cr owel l , Cr owel l Const r uct i on Company
J i mm e J ones , Fayet t evi l l e Ci t y Counc i l
Cl ar k Di l l , Fayet t evi l l e Ci t y Sani t at i on Depar t ment
Lar r y Car t er , Cumber l and Count y Landf i l l
Gene Haas ,
Haas
Landscapi ng Company
Bob St anger , Cumber l and Count y J oi nt Pl anni ng Boar d
Et hel Teague, Cumber l and Count y Shel t er ed Wor kshop
Bob Bennet t , Fayet t evi l l e Engi neer i ng Di vi si on
W l l i am Cai n,
Page Renf r ow,
Def ense Pr oper t y Di sposal Of f i ce, For t Br agg, Nor t h
Car ol i na
Fayet t evi l l e Ci t y Sani t at i on Depar t ment
J ohn Bi t t l e, Cumber l and Count y Landf i l l
Naoma El l i son, Chai r man, Cumber l and Count y Cl ean Communi t y
Comm t t ee ( ex of f i c i o)
Shar on Val ent i ne, Coor di nat or , Cumber l and Count y Cl ean Communi t y
Comm t t ee ( ex of f i c i o)
Wanda J ones, Ass i st ant Coor di nat or , Cumber l and Count y Cl ean
communi t y Comm t t ee ( ex of f i ci o)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I . Execut i ve Summar y
.
.
.
.
.
. .
1
11.
Backgr ound
on
Pr oj ect .
.
.
.
4
111. Over vi ew of Di scar ded Ti r e Pr obl em
.
7
I V. Recommended Devel opment Pl an Out l i ne .
12
APPENDICES
A. Count y and Ci t y Popul at i ons i n
t he
100-
t o 150- M l e Suppl y Ar ea
.
. .
1 4
B.
Char act er i st i cs of Ti res:
Composi t i on and Chem st r y
. .
. . .
.
.
18
C. An Over vi ew of t he Ti r e
Recycl i ng Pr ocess
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
.
20
D. End- Use Opt i ons and Mar ket
Assessment .
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. 54
E.
Pot ent i al Uses f o r Di scar ded Ti r es . . 70
F.
The I nt enco Model
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
104
I
G.
Citations
and Bibliography
.
. . .
.
I06
H Cont act L i st . . . . . . .
.
.
109
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'I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The C um b er la nd C o un ty s u p p l y r e g i o n g e n e r a t e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
58,000
t o n s o f scrap
t i r e s each
y e a r , e q u i v a l e n t t o
45,000
t o n s o f
r u b b e r
a f t e r
p r o c e s s i n g . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 8,000 t o n s p e r y e a r are i n
c o n c e n t r a t e d l o c a t i o n s and can be e a s i l y c o l l e c t e d . The c o s t s o f
c o l l e c t i o n f o r
t h e
remainder v a ry s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
An
estimated 20
p e r c e n t w i l l be
skimmed
b y t h e u s e d - a n d r e t r ead - t i r e i n d u s t r y .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y
80
p e r c e n t o f t h e remainder, or 37,000 t o n s p e r
year , i s a v a i l a b l e f o r p r o c e s s i n g . G iv en current markets,
e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e p r o c e s s e s (ambient t e c h n o l o g y ) can r e p r o c e s s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y
65
t o 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e
37,000
t o n s i n t o a
marketable p r o d u c t . A p r o c e s s i n g
p l a n t
s i z e d f o r t h i s s u p p l y
w o u l d p r o c e s s
120
t o n s per da y , a v i a b l e p l a n t b y i n d u s t r y
s t a n d a r d s .
The
end u s e s f o r w h o l e
t i r e s
c o n s t i t u t e
a
n e g l i g i b l e market,
as ide
f r o m t h e re t reader
market.
C r u m b e d r u b b e r i s t h e m a j o r
i n t e r m e d i a t e p r o d u c t f ro m scrap t i r e s . G i v e n c r u m b r u b b e r market
d e v e l o p m e n t e f f o r t s , t h e r e are p o t e n t i a l l y l a rge o p p o r t u n i t i e s
i n
N o r t h C a r o l i n a .
The th ree m a j o r p o t e n t i a l markets f o r cru mb r u b b e r are as a
f u e l , as a n a d d i t i v e f o r
a s p h a l t ,
a n d as a raw material f o r m a n u -
f a c t u r i n g r u b b e r p r o d u c t s .
Assuming
a
o n e - p e r c e n t , b y
w e i g h t ,
a d d i t i o n o f r u b b e r t o
a l l
r e s u r f a c e d an d new r o a d s ,
t h e
maximum annual demand
.
for c rumb
rubber as an a d d i t i v e for a s p h a l t i n North
Carolina
' i s 52,000
t o n s . T h e
total demand i n
N o r t h C a r o l i n a for c r u m b r u b b e r as a
f u e l i s a b o u t 70,000 t o n s
per
y e a r , a s s u m i n g a 10 p e r c e n t r u b b e r
c h i p
mix w i t h hog f u e l i n 100 p e r c e n t o f
t h e
h o g- f u e l ed b o i l e r s i n
t h e
s t a t e .
(Hog f u e l i s a m i x t u r e o f waste wood and yard
c l i p p i n g s t h a t i s chipped w i t h a flHogll g r i n d e r . )
(See
A p p e n d i x E . )
The dem and f o r c ru m b r u b b e r
a s
a raw mater ia l f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g
r u b b e r p r o d u c t s
i s as
y e t u n d e t e r m i n e d , p e n d i n g t h e l o c a t i o n o f
a
firm i n t h e r e g i o n .
C r u m b r u b b e r i s m a r g i n a l l y e c on o m i ca l f o r t h e
f i r s t
t w o
a p p l i c a t i o n s u n d e r c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . P r o d u c t i o n c o s t s f o r crum b
r u b b e r
as
f u e l are a b o u t
2
c e n t s
per
p o u n d ,
w h i l e t h e
c o m p e t i t i v e
p r i c e i s 2 t o
3
c e n t s p e r p ou nd .
A
s i g n i f i c a n t p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o
t h i s market i s p o s s i b l e
i f scrap
r u b b e r p r o c e s s o r s c a n take
a d v a n t a g e of f a v o r a b l e tax
cred i t s .
A r u b b e r - a s p h a l t m i x t u r e
i s
c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l
a s p h a l t a t a d e l i v e r e d c o s t o f a b o u t 8.5 cen t s p e r pound .
P r o d u c t i o n c o s t s f o r c r u m b r u b b e r
for t h i s
u s e are
6
t o
9 cents
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p e r po und . P e n e t r a t i o n i n t o t h i s p o t e n t i a l l y large market d e p e n d s
o n t h e m i x t u r e ' s d u r a b i l i t y . I n i t i a l research i n d i c a t e s
r u b b e r i z e d a s p h a l t has
twice
t h e l i f e e x p e c t a n c y o f n o n r u b b e r i z e d
a s p h a l t . If i t i s i n d e e d p r o v e n a n d accepted t h a t r u b b e r i z e d
a s p h a l t
ha s
twice
t h e
l i f e
o f no rm a l a s p h a l t , t h e n
t h e
market
pr i ce o f r u b b e r i z e d a s p h a l t may r i s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y ab o v e
t h a t of
c o n v e n t i o n a l a s p h a l t and t h e p r o d u c t i o n c o s t s f o r c rum b r u b b e r .
T h i s
would make r u b b e r i z e d a s p h a l t a n a t t r a c t i v e p r o d u c t .
A n n u a l l y , a p p r o x i m a t e l y
175,000
t o n s o f c ru mb r u b b e r are u s e d
n a t i o n w i d e i n
m a k i n g
r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . H o w ev er , t h i s p o t e n t i a l l y
v a s t
market has
been l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o n l y
a
small p o r t i o n o f t h e
t i r e has been u s e d .
A
new , p a t e n t e d p r o c e s s by a M i n n e s o t a
firm,
T i r e c y c l e ,
( s ee
A p p e n d i x
E )
may
make
p o s s i b l e t h e u s e o f t h e
e n t i r e t i r e f o r t h e
rubber
p r o d u c t s market.
I n N o rt h C a r o l i n a , a k e y
bar r i e r
t o u s i n g t i r e s
as
a raw
material
i s t h e
r e l a t i v e
ease
w i t h
which
t h e y
s t i l l
can
be
discarded. R a i s i n g
t h e
c o s t s o f d i s p o s a l , by
e i t h e r
i n c r e a s i n g
l a n d f i l l t i p p i n g fees f o r t i r e s o r b a n n i n g them f r o m l a n d f i l l s ,
w i l l a l l o w t i r e p r o c e s s o r s t o charge a f ee f o r t i r e d i s p o s a l
a t
t h e
p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t y .
T h i s ,
i n t u r n ,
w i l l
a l l o w
them
t o
be
c o m p e t i t i v e i n
t h e
m a j o r e n d - u s e
markets.
F a y e t t e v i l l e a n d o t h e r
c i t i e s
are a l r e a d y u s i n g a c rumb-
r u b b e r m i x f o r p o t h o l e a n d crack
re pa i r
w i t h g o o d r e s u l t s . The
N o r t h C a r o l i n a D e p a r tm e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
(DOT)
r e p o r t s
f a v o r a b l e r e s u l t s f ro m a c o n t r o l l e d research e x p e r i m e n t on R o u t e
4 0 i n H oward C o un ty . T he a d o p t i o n o f s t a n d a r d s and spe i f i c a t i o n s
f o r
t h e
u s e
of
c r u m b r u b b e r
in
a s p h a l t
i s
o f c r u c i a l
i m
x
o r t a n c e i n
o p e n i n g u p a la rge i n t e r n a l
market.
S t u d y area p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s , t echnica l i n f o r m a t i o n ,
h i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w , a nd
f i n a n c i a l
d a t a on
t h e
r e c y c l i n g and
r e c o v e r i n g o f t i r e s are c o n t a i n e d i n t h e a p p e n d i c e s o f t h i s
r e p o r t .
,
S e l f - R e l i a n c e , Inc. (SRI) recommends t h a t t h e C u m b e r l a n d
C o u n t y C l e a n C o m m u n i t y C o m m i t t e e ( C C C C C ) , w o r k i n g w i t h l o c a l
i n v e s t o r s , assess i n
d e t a i l t h e markets
f o r c r u m b r u b b e r
as
hog
f u e l and a s an a s p h a l t a d d i t i v e , and t h a t
i t
m o r e f u l l y
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e T i r e c y c l e p r o c e s s .
SRI
a l s o
recommends
t h a t
CCCCC
work
w i t h
t h e
c o u n t y
t o
r a i s e
t h e
d i s p o s a l
c o s t of
t i r e s
a t
e x i s t i n g l a n d f i l l s a n d t h a t i t e n c o u r a g e t h e
s t a t e
t o a d o p t s t a n d a r d s a nd s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r
t h e
u s e
of
c rumb
r u b b e r i n a s p h a l t . A d d i t i o n a l l y , a si te-specif ic assessment of
t h e
p y r o l y s i s t e c h n o lo g y s h o u ld be u n d e r t a k e n . The p y r o l y s i s
t e c h n o l o g y may u s e
t h e est imated 25
t o 35 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c r a p
t i r e
t h a t w i l l n o t be marketable.
2
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I n
combination, the se s te ps would id en t i fy
site-specific
investment needs and help create the supply and demand requisites
for an economically viable crumb rubber enterprise.
3
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11. BACKGROUND ON PROJECT
T h i s
s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f s i t i n g a s c r a p
t i r e p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t y i n F a y e t t e v i l l e , N o r t h C a r o l i n a . The
o b j e c t i v e s o f
t h i s
s t u d y were:
o t o
assess
t h e e c o n o m i c v i a b i l i t y of
t h e
t i r e r e c y c l i n g
r e p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y f o r t h e C u m b e r l a n d C o u n t y r e g i o n
o t o determine t h e s o u r c e s , q u a n t i t i e s , a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y of
s u p p l y w i t h i n a s p e c i f i c r a d i u s of t h e p ro po se d f a c i l i t y ,
and
t o assess t h e c o l l e c t i o n n e t w o rk
o
t o
d e t a i l
t h e
t e c h n o l o g i c a l o p t i o n s f o r c rum b ru b b e r
p r o d u c t i o n and r e s p e c t i v e c o s t s
o t o assess
t h e
p o t e n t i a l
markets
f o r p r o c e s s e d , discarded
t i r e p r o d u c t s
P r e v i o u s f e a s i b i l i t y
assessments
o f t i r e r e c y c l i n g
p e r f o r m e d b y SRI and o t h e r s i n d i c a t e
t h a t
p r o c e s s i n g t i r e s i n t o
c r u m b r u b b e r i s
t h e
m ost p r o m is i n g o p t i o n f o r
t h e
s u c c e s s f u l
marketing of p r o d u c t s d e r i v e d f ro m discarded t i r e s . C r u m b r u b b e r
o f f e r s a wide v a r i e t y of o p t i o n s i n market c h o i c e s . D e p e nd i ng o n
t h e s i ze o f
t h e
c r u m b , or c h i p , i t may be s o l d as a n a s p h a l t
s up p l e m en t , f u e l s u b s t i t u t e ,
f i l l e r
for
t h e pro
u c t i o n of
e l a s t o m e r p r o d u c t s ( r u b b e r a n d p l a s t i c ) , a n d o t h e r i n d s t r i a1 a n d
c o m m e r c i a l u s e s .
The p r o c e s s i n g
p l a n t
c a p a c i t y m u s t be
determined based
on
s u p p l y
and demand
f i g u r e s . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f dem and (m axim um
58,000 t o n s p e r y e a r ) w i l l
i nd i c a t e
whether t o d ep en d on
e a s i l y o b t a i n e d s o u r c e s f o r a s u p p l y ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8,000 t o n s )
or
t o a g g r e s s i v e l y s o l i c i t a d d i t i o n a l s t o c k fr o m t h e s u p p l y area.
Assuming t h a t t h e
p l a n t
w i l l o p e r a t e 300 d a y s p e r y e a r , Table 1
shows t h e
r a n g e o f f i g u r e s
t h a t
c a n be u s e d for s i z i n g
t h e
p l a n t .
'
'3.
A
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T A B L E
1
R E Q U I R E D SUPPLY O F T I R E S F OR V A R I AB L E -
S I Z E D T I R E P R O C E S S I N G F A C I L I T I E S
plant
capacity
(tons/day) tires/day
30-day
1
-year
tire supply tire supply
1 100
3,000
30,000
5
500
15,000
150,000
10 1,000
30,000
300,000
50 5,000
150,000
1 ,500,000
100 10,000 300,000 3,000,000
4,500,000
264
26,400
792
00
7 b20,000
-----------.---------------
8,
50 15,000
450,000
'\
A daily processing quantity
of
150 tons for a 300-day work
year
(179
tons for a 251-day work year) is recommended as a
reasonable supply. Hourly operating capacities based on the
150-ton-per-day (45,000-ton-per-year) recommendation are provided
in Table
2.
c
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T A B L E 2
P O U N D S - P E R - H O U R C A P A C I T Y OF 1 5 0 - T O N S - P E R - D A Y
T I R E P R O CE S S IN G F A C I L I T Y AT V A R I A B L E
USE
S h i f t s
150 t o n s per day 179 t o n s per day/
300
days
per
year
251
days
per year
( i n pounds per hour)
i n pounds per hour)
o n e 8-hour s h i f t 37, 00 44,700
two
8-hour s h i f t s
2 4 hours a day
12,500
14,900
18,750 22
9
375
6
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111.
OVERVIEW OF
DISCARDED TIRE PROBLEM
T h e p r o b l e m
w i t h
discarded
t i r e s
i n C u m b er la n d C o u n t y
i s
s imilar
t o t h a t
i n
o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s i n
t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s .
S o m e t h i n g o n
t h e
o r d e r o f
9
m i l l i o n a u t o m o b i l e
t i r e s and 2
m i l l i o n
t r u c k t i r e s
are d i s c a r d e d
y e a r l y
i n
N o rt h C a r o l i n a . N a t i o n a l l y ,
a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t o f
t i r e s
i s r e c y c l e d i n t o new p r o d u c t s ,
20
per-
cent
i s u s e d
a s
r e t r eads ( m o s t l y t r u c k
and
f l e e t ) , and a b o u t 10
percent
i s u s e d
as
i n d u s t r i a l a d d i t i v e s
f o r
f u e l s a nd
i n
o t h e r
s p e c i a l i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n s .
Tires
d o n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y decom pose
when
b u r i e d . T he y h a v e
a
t e n d e n c y t o
r i s e
t o
t h e
s u r f a c e
and
c o m p r o m i s e
t h e
s u i t a b i l i t y
o f l a n d f i l l s i t e s f o r f u t u r e d e v e l op m en t . T i r e s i m p r o p e r ly
d i s p o s e d o f ,
e i t h e r
i n
l a n d f i l l s
o r
l e f t
o n
t h e
s u r f a c e o f
t h e
g r o u n d , p r o v i d e e x c e l l e n t
breed ing
g r o u n d s f o r
disease
c a r r i e r s
a n d p e s t s . H uge
t i r e
s t o c k p i l e s h a v e p r o v e n t o be
a t h r e a t
t o
p u b l i c
s a f e t y and
e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y .
F i r e s o c c a s i o n a l l y a r i s i n g i n s t o c k p i l e d
t i r e s a r e
c o s t l y a n d
d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l . The Winchester, V i r g i n i a ,
t i r e
f i r e b u r n e d
f o r
more t h a n n i n e m o n t h s
and
c o s t F r e d e r i c k C o u nty more t h a n
$2,300
t o c o n t a i n .
The
f i r e s i p h o n e d s o m e
$1.8
m i l l i o n f r o m
t h e
S u p e r f u n d ( C o m p r e h e n s iv e E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s p o n s e C o m p e n sa t io n and
L i a b i l i t y
Act)
f o r c o n t a i n m e n t an d c l e a n u p o f t h e
mel ted- t i re
r u n o f f f r o m
t h e s i t e .
F o r
es t imat ing
t h e
number
of
t i r e s
generated
i n
a
b i v e n
area ,
t h e I n t e n c o M odel
was
u s e d (see A p p e n d i x
F).
T h e
estimate
a s s u m e s
t h a t a s t a n d a r d w o r n
t i r e
has
l o s t
4 pounds
of
tread a n d
w i l l
w e i g h
22
p o u n d s .
Based
o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s
-- 1979 d a t a
f o r t o t a l
U.S.
s c r a p
t i r e
g e n e r a t i o n ,
sta tewide
v e h i c l e
p o p u l a t i o n s ,
sta tewide mileage
f i g u r e s ,
and
l o c a l
statewide t read
l i f e t i m e
a v e r a g e s
--
r es iden t s of N o r t h C a r o l i n a
w i l l
g e n e r a t e
3 3
p o u n d s o f d i s c a r d e d t i r e s p e r p e r s o n
per
y e a r .
1.
For t h e p u r p o s e
of
t h i s r e p o r t , t h e s t u d y area i s d e t e r m i n e d
t o be w i t h i n a 100- t o 150-mile r a d i u s o f F a y e t t e v i l l e . F o r t y - t w o
c o u n t i e s , o r s e c t i o n s t h e r e o f ,
f a l l
w i t h i n
a 100-mile
r a d i u s o f
F a y e t t e v i l l e ( s ee A p p e n d i x
A .
I n c l u d i n g C u m be rl an d C o u n t y , t h e r e
i s
a
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f
3,436,000 w i t h i n
t h e
100-
t o
150-mile
r a d i u s of F a y e t t e v i l l e , e x c l u d i n g
t h e
p o p u l a t i o n s i n M e c k l e n b u r g
C o u nt y a nd S o u t h C a r o l i n a . T h i s f i g u r e i n c l u d e s a n
8
u r b a n
p o p u l a t i o n o f 1,8OT,OOO. ( W i t h i n t h e 100-mile r a d i u s o f
F a y e t t e v i l l e , the re
are 27
c i t i e s w i t h p o p u l a t i o n s o v e r
10,000.
T h i s i n c l u d e s
t h e
m e t r o p o l i t a n
areas of
G r e e n s b o r o - H i g h P o i n t ,
W i l m i n g t o n , D u r h a m , a n d Rale igh . )
7
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Based
o n t h e I n t e n c o f o r m u l a for est imating d i s c a r d e d $ire
g e n e r a t i o n , an estimated y i e l d o f 5.2 m i l l i o n d i s c a r d e d t i r e s
would
be
g e n e r a t e d a n n u a l l y i n t h e s t u d y
area.
O f t h a t a m o u n t ,
2 , 7 1 5 , 0 0 0 w o u l d be g e n e r a t e d
i n
u r b a n
areas.
The Gresham
Lake l a n d f i l l , which receives
t i r e s f r o m
t h e
s u r r o u n d i n g T r i a n g l e area ,
estimates
t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y
100,000
t i r e s a re
r e c e i v e d a n n u a l l y .
There are
o t h e r r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e
s o u r c e s where
l a r g e
q u a n t i t i e s of t i r e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d ( s e e
Table 3 ) .
To r o u t i n e l y o b t a i n t i r e s f r o m
these
s o u r c e s ,
a
re l i ab le
c o l l e c t i o n and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s te m w i l l be n e c e s s a r y . T h e
f o l l o w i n g
t a b l e
i l l u s t r a t e s t i r e p o u n d a g e and n u m b e r s o f t i r e s
u s i n g a c o n s e r v a t i v e - - g i v e n t h a t many o f these t i r e s w i l l be
h e a v i e r t r u c k t i r e s -- 2 2 - p o u n d s - p e r - t i r e f i g u r e .
Of
t h e
t o t a l
t i r e s
(5.2
m i l l i o n )
i n
t h e
s t u d y
area,
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 4 p e r c e n t , or 7 2 8 , 2 7 5 , d i s c a r d e d t i r e s
per
y e a r are
c o l l e c t e d
a t
c o n v e n i e n t p o i n t s
fo r
t r a n s p o r t . S e v e r a l o f these
s i t e s a l s o ha v e v a r y i n g a m ou nt s of t i r e s s t o c k p i l e d .
F i f t y - t w o p e r c e n t , or 2,715,000,
scrap t i r e s a r e
a v a i l a b l e
f o r c o l l e c t i o n
i n
u r b a n i z e d areas . The r e m a i n i n g 4 8 p e r c e n t , or
2 , 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 , of
d i sca r ded
t i r e s
are
l o c a t e d i n s u b u r b a n - r u r a l and
r u r a l l o c a t i o n s . H en ce , t h e m a j o r i t y o f
d i s ca rd ed
t i r e s are
e s t a b l i s h i n g
a
f o r m a l c o l l e c t i o n s y s t e m ,
e i t h e r
t h r o u g h s e l f -
g e n e r a t e d e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p o r g o ve rn m e n t i n c e n t i v e , , s u f f i c i e n t
n u m b e r s o f
d i sca r ded
t i r e s
are
a v a i l a b l e
and
can
be
c o l U e c t e d .
I n i t i a l l y , c o l l e c t i o n of t i r e g c a n
be
l imited ' ' \ t o those
o b t a i n e d u n d e r c o n t r a c t o r i n f o r m a l a g r ee m e n t with t h e m i l i t a r y ,
l o c a l i n d u s t r y , and l a n d f i l l s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g
100-
t o 150-mile
perimeter. Small b u s i n e s s e s now p a y i n g t o h a v e t i r e s removed , and
t h e small u s e d - t i r e j o b b e r s who c o l l e c t t i r e s i n b u l k t o r e c y c l e
u s a b l e
carcasses,
s h o u l d t ake a d v a n t a g e o f
a free or
l o w - c o s t t i r e
d u m p p o i n t .
l o c a t e d a t o r near c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n s . BY
I n i t i a l
i n d i c a t i o n s
are t h a t
t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n n e tw o rk
i s c a s u a l and l i m i t e d i n s c o p e t o m o s t l y
smal l ,
i n d e p e n d e n t
o p e r a t o r s w o r ki n g i n
small
r e g i o n s .
As
w o r d o f t h e t i r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a p t be co m es know n, i n d i v i d -
u a l s s h o u l d
seek
o u t
t h e
s e r v i c e
of t h e
f a c i l i t y t o d i s p o s e o f
t h e i r t i r e s t o c k s . - D e pe n di ng o n what t i r e t o n n a g e i s avai lab le
p e r d a y ,
a
p o r t a b l e t i r e shredder may be a p p r o p r i a t e t o
s h r e d
8
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TABLE 3
SOURCES
OF
CONCENTRATED DISCARD TIRES
--
ANNUAL GENERATION
Source
Number of Tires Pounds
(
per year
1
(per year)
Cohen
&
Green
Kelly Springfield
Camp Lejeune
Cherry Point/Semour Johnson
Fort Bragg
Fayetteville retail outlets
Gresham Lake landfill (Raleigh)
Marion Mullen (South Carolina
tire salvage)
TOTALS
7,273
318,182
10,000
1,455
31,819
236,364
100,000
23,182
160,000
7,000,000
220,000
32,000
700,000
5,200,000
2,200,000
i
j lO,Q\OO
3
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t i r e s
a t
v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s a nd minimize t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s . The
c o u n t l e s s n um be rs o f
small-
a n d m e d i u m - s i z e d t i r e p i l e s
scat tered
t h r o u g h o u t
t h e
s o u r c e r e g i o n s h o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d a n d p ro v i d e d
t h e
o p p o r t u n i t y t o u s e
t h e
f a c i l i t y .
No
t i r e
p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t i e s c o n t a c t e d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of
t h i s
s u r v e y i n d i c a t e d
t h a t
t h e y pa i d f o r t h e d e l i v e r y
of t i r e s .
S e v e r a l , i n f a c t ,
charged a t i p
fee. S t o c k p i l e r s o f t i r e s w i l l
be
e n co u ra g e d t o d i s p o s e o f
t h e i r t i r e s i f
a l l o w e d t o i n v e s t i n a
t i r e
p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t y .
Some
p l a n t s
charge f o u r
cents p e r
p o u n d o f t i r e d e l i v e r e d t o
t h e i r p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t i e s . A f a c i l i t y i n Howard C ou nt y ,
M a ry la nd , o r i g i n a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e d u n de r
t h e
n a m e o f R o p l e x i n
1980, b u i l t i t s i n i t i a l s t o c k b y c o l l e c t i n g t i r e s f r o m u n w a n t e d
p i l e s a t a p r i c e of 50 c e n t s per t i r e .
F r e e acceptance of t i r e s t o c k w i l l l i k e l y
a t t r a c t
some
la rge
g e n e r a t o r s o f
disca rded
t i r e s or s c a v e n g e r s s e e k i n g t o d i s p o s e
of
t h e i r u n w a n t e d t i r e s . H ow ev er, b y c h a r g i n g a d i s p o s a l f e e ,
t h e
f a c i l i t y w i l l
have a
p r e d i c t a b l e s o u r c e of r e v e n u e t h a t may h e l p
pay for
c a p i t a l and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s a n d d e b t r e p a y m e n t .
I n a
g r o w i n g n u m b e r of areas , l o c a l l a n d f i l l s
charge
e v e n
h i g h e r
t i p r a t e s , o r as i n M i n n e s o t a , h a v e
had t h e
d i s p o s a l o f
t i r e s
b a n n e d c o m p l e t e l y .
In
c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o t h e r p r e l i m i n a r y
o b j e c t i v e s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f a c i l i t y , I i t w o u l d be a d v i s a b l e t o
c o n s i d e r s u c h p o l i c i e s for
North
C a r o l i n a . C u r r e n t l y ,
i n
N or t h
C a r o l i n a , m os t p u b l i c l a n d f i l l s do n o t d i s t i n g u i s h be ween t i r e s
accepted
wastes,
s u c h
as
$1.40
per
c u b i c y a r d
a t the
Wake C o u n t y
l a n d f i l l . The o n l y s t i p u l a t i o n i s t h a t a l l t ires " t n e x c e s s of 18
i nches i n
diameter
be q u a r t e r e d .
The
p r i v a t e l y o w n e d Gresham Lake
l a n d f i l l , a l s o
i n
Wake C o u n t y ,
accepts t i r e s
and
charges 25
c e n t s
for
car
t i r e s
and $1.00 f o r t r u c k t i r e s .
a n d
o t h e r
s o l i d
wastes,
c h a r g i n g
t h e
same low
t i p p i n g
P
e for
a l l
An i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n re co mm en din g
t h e
p r o d u c t i o n o f
c r u m b r u b b e r o v e r o t h e r
t i r e
r e c y c l i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s
i s
t h a t t h e r e
a re only t h r e e u s e s
which
h a v e been d e t e r m i n e d t o be o f s u f f i c i e n t
market
s i ze t o a b s o r b t h e est imated f i v e m i l l i o n p l u s t i r e s
g e n e r a t e d i n t h e C u m b e r l a n d C o u n t y s u p p l y area. Two o f t he se ,
b o i l e r - f u e l s u b s t i t u t e an d a s p h a l t s u p p le m e n t , r e q u i r e s i z e
v a r i a t i o n s
of
ch ipped
or
g r o u n d r u b b e r .
The
t h i r d ,
p y r o l y s i s o i l ,
r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s t o d e t e r m r n e f e a s i b i l i t y f o r t h e
C u m b e r l a n d C o u n t y
area.
Self-Reliance, I n c . r e c o m m e n d s t h a t CCCCC:
o assess i n
d e t a i l t h e market f o r c r u m b
r u b b e r i n
c o o p e r a t i o n
w i t h C u m b e r l a n d C o u n t y
and
p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y
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o assess
i n d e t a i l
t h e
market f o r cru m b r u b b e r f o r a
co-fire
o r s u b s t i t u t e f o r hog f u e l
o
f u r t h e r e x p l o r e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of an
enterpr i se
t o
p ro d u c e o i l t h ro u g h p y r o l y s i s t e c h n o lo g y
o r a i se t h e
d i s p o s a l c o s t o f t i r e s a t e x i s t i n g l a n d f i l l s
o
e n c o u r a g e
t h e s t a t e
t o a d o p t s t a n d a r d s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
f o r
t h e
u s e o f c r u m b r u b b e r i n
a s p h a l t
o c o n t i n u e t o
be
a l i a i s o n b e t w e e n
t h e
p r i v a t e s e c t o r and
t h e
S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of
S t a t e
C om merce, C o m m e ri ca l D i v i s i o n o f E n e r g y , a n d t h e
D e p ar tm e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s and Communi ty Deve lopment
on t h e i s s u e o f c ru mb r u b b e r d e v e lo p m e n t
i
,
?
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IV. RECOMMENDED
DEVELOPMENT
PLAN OUTLINE
The f o l l o w i n g d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n o u t l i n e i l l u s t r a t e s t y p i c a l
t a s k s
t h a t
s h o u l d
be
a c c o m p l i s h e d i n
C C C C C ' s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e
u s e o f crum b r u b b e r . I n i t i a t i o n of a n y o n e item d o e s n o t
i n
i t s e l f p r e c l u d e s t a r t i n g a n y o t h e r t a s k .
A .
B.
C.
D .
E.
F.
G.
H.
D i s t r i b u t e t h e r e p o r t
Meet w i t h p o t e n t i a l crum b ru b b e r p l a n t i n v e s t o r s
Meet
w i t h
t h e
S t a t e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n o n ro a d
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s for t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of r u b b e r as a
s t a n d a r d i z e d c om po nen t i n a s p h a l t
I d e n t i f y and
meet
w i t h e n d- u se p l a n t s t o d i s c u s s markets
and
s u p p l y
Meet w i t h i d e n t i f i e d
p a r t i e s t o
s i t e
p l a n t i n C u m b e r l a n d
C o u n t y
Meet w i t h C o u n t y o n l a n d
use
a n d
permits
Meet w i t h t e c h n o l o g y v e n d o r s and i n t e r e s t e d c r u m b r u b b e r
c om p an ie s t o d i s c u s s e q u i pm e nt p u r c h a s e , p a t e n t l eas ing ,
o r f r a n c h i s e a r r a n g em e n t
I d e n t i f y s o u r c e s
of
f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e
i
i
1 .
2.
3 .
p r i v a t e i n v e s t o r s
Department
of E ne rg y I n d u s t r i a l Assistance
(For
a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y , c o n t a c t
S t u a r t N a t o f , P ro g ra m M a n ag e r, Off ice of I n d u s t r i a l
P r o g r a m s , U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of E n e r g y , Mail Code CE
121
, 1000 I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e , SW, W a s h i n g t o n , D .C.
20585.
N o r t h C a r o l i n a Energy D e v e l o p m e n t A u t h o r i t y
The
A u t h o r i t y i s s t a f f e d
by
t h e E n e r g y D i v i s i o n
09 t h e
N o r t h C a r o l i n a C o m m e r c e
Department.
The
p r i m a r y
s t a f f
p e r s o n i s E l l e n P o l a n s k i . Head of t h e E n e r g y
D i v i s i o n i s D o u g C u l b r e t h , w h o has e x p r e s se d i n t e r e s t
i n t h e f u e l a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e c r u m b r u b b e r . (PO
2 5 2 4 9 , Raleigh, N o r t h C a r o l i n a
97611 919/733-2230)
The A u t h o r i t y can i s s u e b on ds f o r e n e r g y - g e n e r a t i n g
p r o j e c t s , b u t t h e f u n d s m u s t be f u n n e l e d t h r o u g h
a
p u b l i c a g en c y. P r o v i d i n g
high-BTU
m ake-up f u e l f o r
w a s t e - t o - en e r g y p l a n t s s u c h as t h a t o p e r a t i n g
i n
17
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W i lm in g to n , w ould l i k e l y q u a l i f y for this
a s s i s t a n c e . )
4 .
The
R e s o u r c e C o n s e r v a t i o n and R e c o v e r y
Act,
P u b l i c
Law
9 4- 58 0, S e c t i o n 2 0 0 4 , p r o v i d e s
for a 5-percent
g r a n t t o w a r d s t h e p u r c h a s e p r i ce
of
t i r e
sh r ed d e r s
t o t h o s e
e l i g i b l e
a p p l i c a n t s bes t meeting c r i t e r i a
p r o m u l g a t e d u n d e r t h i s s e c t i o n . H o w ev er , m oney was
n e v e r a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r t h i s s e c t i o n .
5.
The
S o l i d
Waste
D i s p o s a l
Act,
P u b l i c
Law
8 9 - 2 7 2 ,
S e c t i o n 1003; o b j e c t i v e s
make
m u l t i p l e reference t o
p r o m o t i n g research a n d d e v e l o p m e n t
of
s o l i d - w a s t e
management and r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ,
d e m o n s t r a t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
and
a p p l i c a t i o n
of t h e
same, a n d p r o v i d i n g t r a i n i n g g r a n t s
i n
o c c u p a t i o n s
i n v o l v i n g d e s i g n , o p e r a t i o n , and maintenance of
s o l i d - w a s t e d i s p o s a l s y s t e m s . T h i s a ve nu e o f
a s s i s t a n c e s h o u ld be f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d o nc e
a
d e s i g n o n
a
d e f i n i t e t e c h n o l o g y i s made.
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APPENDIX
A
COUNTY AND CITY POPULATIONS IN
THE
100-
t o 150-WILE
SUPPLY AREA
(County data based on July, 1984 census estimates, city
populations based
on
July, 1983 estimates)
COUNTY -- MAJOR CITIES COUNTY POPULATION CITY POPULATION
Alamance -- Burlington 102,200
Anson
26,100
Bladen
Brunswick
Cabarrus -- Concord
Caswell
Chatham
Columbus
Craven -- Havelock
Cumberland -- Fayetteville
Davidson -- Lexington
Dublin
Durham -- Durham
Edgecombe -- Tarboro
Franklin
Granvi le
-
Guilford -- Greensboro
-- High
P o i n t
30 700
43
00
92,000
22,100
35
,
200
51,800
76 500
251,300
117,600
41,500
159,200
58,200
31,900
36,300
325,300
37,954
17,959
1
20,620
61,762
16,306
102,670
10,822
158,712
66,685
14
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COUNTY -- MAJOR
CITIES
H a r n e t t
Hoke
J o h n s t o n
J o n e s
Lee
-- S a n f o r d
L e n o i r -- K i n s t o n
Montgomery
Moore
Nash -- Rocky Mount
N e w
Hanove r
--
W i l m i n g t o n
O n s l o w
--
J a c k s o n v i l l e
Orange
--
C h a p e l
H i l l
P e r s o n
P i t t
--
G r e e n v i l l e
R a n d o l f
--
Ashboro
Richmond
R o b e s o n -- Lum be r ton
Rockinghare
--
Eden
-- R e i d s v i l l e
Sampson
S c o t l a n d
--
L a u r i n b u r g
S t a n l e y
--
A l b e m a r l e
Union --
Monroe
Vance -- H e n d e r s o n
Wake -- R a l e i g h
-
C O U N T Y POPULATION
61,800
22,100
75
,
00
9
,
00
39 ,
00
61,000
23
, 00
54,300
70,200
110,400
118,600
80,900
30,100
94,900
96,400
46,600
105,500
85,400
50
, 00
33,800
49
,
00
76
,
00
38
, 00
337
, 00
CITY POPULATSON
15,540
26,268
45,403
45,085
25,134
32,941
16,961
16,961
12,506
12,135
15,155
15,058
15,966
167,464
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COUNTY
0
MAJOR
CITIES COUNTY POPULATION CITY POPULATION
Wayne --
Goldsboro
98,100 35,539
Wilson
--
Wilson
64,600
35
,
79
TOTALS
i
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FIGURE
1
POPULATION AREAS WITHIN
100- TO
150-MILES
OF
FAYETTEVILLE
D,,,,,.,,,32,000 lbs
E,,...,..510,000 lbs
Each concentric-circle represents 50
miles from the center
of
Fayetteville,
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APPENDIX
B
CHARACTERISTICS OF TIRES: COMPOSITION AND CHEMISTRY
T o d a y ' s t i r e s are
a
c o m p l e x c o m p o s i t i o n . Different p a r t s of
t h e t i r e ( t r e a d , s i d e w a l l ,
carcass ,
i n n e r l a y e r ) h a v e d i f f e r e n t
ch a r ac t e r i s t i c s , which are i m p a r te d by v a r i o u s b l e n d s of r u b b e r
and o t h e r
materia l .
Most passenger t i r e s u s e s y n t h e t i c ru b b e r
com pounds i n c l u d i n g s t y r e n e - b u t a d i e n e , c i s p o l y b u t a d i e n e , b u t y l ,
e t h y l e n e - p r o p y l e n e - d i e n e - t e r p o l y m e r (EPDM) a n d n e o p r e n e r u b b e r s .
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e s y n t h e t i c s , n a t u r a l r u b b e r
i s
common i n t r u c k
t i r e s .
The d e v el o pm e n t o f t o d a y ' s l o n g - w e a r i n g ,
all-weather
p a s s e n g e r
t i r e
has
m e a n t
t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f
a
l a rge
number o f
a n t i o x i d a n t s , a d h e s i o n e n h a n c e r s , a n t i o z o n a n t s , a n d b i o c i d e s i n t o
t h e
t r ead . Commonly found i n these a d d i t i v e s a r e t r ace
elements
o f a n t i m o ny , a r s e n i c , b a r iu m , l e a d , c o p p e r , c a d m i u m , s o d i u m ,
p o t a s s i u m ,
a n d
o t h e r e l e m e n ts . S e v e r a l o f
these elements
a r e
know n t o be t o x i c . H o w e v e r , the re i s no i n d i c a t i o n i n a n y o f
t h e
l i t e r a t u r e r e v ie we d t h a t t h e y p r e s e n t a
h e a l t h r i s k
i n
t h e
r e c y c l i n g o f
t i r e s .
I n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e a bo v e e l e m e n t s , s u l f u r i s present as
a
v u l c a n i z i n g a g e n t i n t h e r u b b e r , u s u a l l y c o m p r i s in g
1.5
t o
2
p e r c e n t o f t h e r u b b e r b y v o lu m e . When u s e d f o r a , f u e l , t h e
p e r c e n t a g e o f s u l f u r i n
t i r e
r u b b e r i s e q u i v a l e n l j t o t h a t
c o n t a i n e d i n
high-grade
b i t u m i n o u s c o a l . Z i n c o x i d e
is
added
i n
r e l a t i v e l y large c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
( 5 p a r t s
p e r
100
parts &f r u b b e r )
as a c u r i n g act ivator a n d p i gm e n t . Z i n c o x i d e is a p o t e n t i a l
p ro bl em i n u s i n g r u b b e r
as a
f u e l b e c a u s e i t i s
re leased as
a
p a r t i c u l a t e ; t h i s phenomenon
has
been r e p o r t e d t o c a u s e p r ob le m s
i n b o i l e r s y s t e m s .
Crumb r u b b e r d e r i v e d f ro m t i r e s
i s
a v e r y h e t e r o g e n e o u s
m i x t u r e o f d i f f e r e n t r u b b e r s . While t h e r e i s an a v e r a g e
c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e d i f f e r e n t r u b b e r c o n s t i t u e n t s v a r y because o f
d i f f e r e n t
t i r e
m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' f o r m u l a t i o n s .
C o m p o s i t i o n of t i r e s a l s o i n c l u d e s :
o
r u b b e r a t
80
p e r c e n t
o s t ee l a t 10 p e r c e n t
o f i b e r a t 10 p e r c e n t
18
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Addit ional rev iew ind icates that :
o two
pounds of
o i l i s
required t o manufacture
one pound
of
sy nt he ti c rubber (There ar e sev en pounds of oil per
g a l l o n
.
o
1.9 to
2 . 5 g a l l o n s
of
o i l c a n
be
recovered from an average
20- to 25-pound
t i r e
o One t o n
of t i r e s
i s
required
t o
e x t r ac t t h e e q u iva le n t
of
one barrel of crude
o i l
o
There are approximately 90 t i r e s
i n
one
t o n
o
One t o n
of
t i r e s y i e l d s app roximate ly
1 , 3 5 0
pounds of
rubber
i
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APPENDIX C
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
TIRE-RECYCLING
PROCESS
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 m i l l i o n t i r e s (350 m i l l i o n p o u n d s )
are
r e p r o c e s s e d as reclaim (350 m i l l i o n p o u n d s ) each y e a r i n
t h e
U n i t e d Sta tes . The t i r e s are f i r s t g ro un d t o a
9-
t o
30-mesh
and
t h e n
p r o c e s s e d . P r o c e s s i n g e n t a i l s t h e m i x i n g o f
t h e
c r u m b r u b b e r
w i t h
o i l s a n d o t h e r p r o c e s S i n g
a i d s ,
a n d t h e n
d i g e s t i n g
t h e
m i x tu r e i n a steam p r e s s u r e v e s s e l for 4 t o
6
h o u r s
w i t h
c o n t i n u o u s m i x i n g . The r e s u l t i n g p r o d u c t c a n be mixed w i t h o t h e r
c o m p o u n d i n g agents
and
s t r a i n e d t o rem ove i m p u r i t i e s ,
and
i s
t h e n
r o l l e d o u t on r e f i n i n g m i l l s
and packaged
i n
sheets .
I n some
r e f e r e n c e s t o reclaim, t h e term
i s
u s e d s y n o n y m o u s l y w i t h g r o u n d
c r u m b r u b b e r .
For
p u r p o s e s o f
t h i s
r e p o r t ,
reclaim
w i l l be
d e f i n e d
as
t h e
p r o c e s s
descr ibed
a b o v e .
Reclaim i s u se d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n
of
c e r t a i n p a r t s of some
t i r e s , m o s t l y b i a s , as well
a s
a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r p r o d u c t s
c o n s i d e r e d n o t t o h a ve e x a c t i n g r u b b e r
s pe c i f i c a t i ons .
Bias t i r e s
c a n a b s o r b c o n s i d e r a b l y m ore
reclaimed
r u b b e r t h a n
t h e
s o p h i s t i c a t e d s tee l -be l t ed t i r e . E x a c t i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s for new
h i g h w a y t i r e s h a v e l e d t o
t h e
d i s p l a c e m e n t
of
g r o u n d scrap . A
market
of 8 m i l l i o n p ou nd s, n a t i o n a l l y , has b e e n est imated f o r
reclaim i n n o nh ig hw a y u s e t i r e s , s u c h
as
o n
farm,
o f f - r o a d , a n d
w a r e h o u s e v e h i c l e s .
A n ot h e r e f f o r t ,
which
has
r e l i a b l y
i f m o d e s t ly c o n t r i b u t e d t o
t h e r e c y c l i n g e f f o r t , i s t h e c o l l e c t i o n a n d resa l4
of
t i r e
carcasses
for re t reading. This is estimated t o recycle
up t o
20 percent of Uiscarded t i r e s ,
t h o u g h
t h e pract ice i s
m a i n l y
p u r s u e d b y t r u c k i n g and f l e e t b u s i n e s s e s . The s p l i t t i n g i n d u s t r y
u s e s one p e r c e n t
of
t h e d i s c a r d e d t i r e s u p p l y . S p l i t t e r s d i e - c u t
t i r e
s i de
walls
t o fabr ica te r u b b e r
items of h i g h
d u r a b i l i t y , s u c h
a s
spacers
and gaske t s .
AMBIENT GRI#DIBG
OF
TIRES
A m b i e n t
p r o c e s s i n g i s u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y by cru mb r u b b e r
m a n u f a c t u r e r s
i n
t h e
U n i t e d
Sta tes .
The
name
i s
d e r i v e d f r o m
t h e
p r o c e s s o c c u r i n g
a t
a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
.as
o pp os ed t o
t h e
s u b z e r o
t e m p e r a t u r e s c h a r a c t e r i z i n g c r y o g e n i c
cracking.
C o n v e n t i o n a l
a m b i e n t p r o c e s s i n g
f i r s t
e n t a i l s
the
r e m o v a l
of
t h e
metal
bead
f r o m t h e t i r e .
T h i s
i s u s u a l l y a m an u al o p e r a t i o n , an d r e s u l t s i n
s o m e l o s s
of
r u b b e r a v a i l a b l e
for
processing, a n d
a
s i g n i f i c a n t
labor c o s t . The
bead
h o l d s
t h e
t i r e s n ug t o t h e wheel when t h e
20
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t i r e
i s i n f l a t e d . Tires c o n t a i n i n g
s t e e l
i n t h e t read
are
n o t
s u i t a b l e f o r p r o c e s s i n g i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l f a s h i o n .
P r e p a r e d
t i r e s
are
f e d
i n t o
a
c h u t e t h a t d e l i v e r s
them
t o tw o
r o t a t i n g d rum s.
The
h e a v y - s t e e l d r u m s
are
o p e r a t e d
a t
h i g h t o r q u e
and low
speed.
T h e y r o t a t e a t d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s w i t h a c l e a r a n c e
between
them
o f 1/4 t o 1 / 2 i n c h .
w i t h h o o k e d
t e e t h f o r s h r e d d i n g . The
t i r e s
p r o c e s s e d i n
t h i s
manner
are
d e s c r i b e d as
being
e x p l o d e d a n d
are
d e l i v e r e d as i r r e g u l a r l y s i z e d
t i r e
c h u n k s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4
i n c h e s
by
4
i n c h e s .
These
p i e c e s c a n
be f u r t h e r reduced i n s i z e b y - r u n n i n g them t h r o u g h
a
c o m m i n u t e r .
Some a re e q u i p p e d
The c o m m i n u t e r
i s
a n a x i s
w i t h
m u l t i p l e e x t e n d i n g b l a d e s
t h a t c u t t h e p i e c e s
aga ins t
f i x e d d y e s
w i t h
s l o t s t o p e r m i t b l a d e
p a s s a g e . C o m m i n u t e r s
are s i zed
t o c u t
t h e
r u b b e r p i e c e s t o a
p r e d e t e r m i n e d
mesh.
An estimated
15,000
BTUs per t i r e '
are
r e q u i r e d t o m e c h a n i c a l l y s h re d t h e r u b b e r i n t o o n e- in c h p i e c e s ,
r e p r e s e n t i n g a b o u t f i v e p e r c e n t o f
t h e
heat
o f c o m b u s t i o n
(Gaines
a n d Wo l s k y , 1979).
U n t i l
r e c e n t l y , ambient p r o c e s s i n g o f u s e d t i r e s
was
i n a d e q u a t e l y d e v e lo p e d t o a l l o w
t h e
c r u m b i n g o f s t e e l - b e l t e d
t i r e s . Al though many shredder m a n u f a c t u r e r s h a v e
been
a b l e t o
market p r o d u c t s t h a t c u t
t h e
s t e e l
w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e m a in t e n an c e
c o s t s , t h e
s t e e l
b e l t i n g c o u l d n o t be s u f f i c i e n t l y c l e a n e d fr o m
t h e c r u m b r u b b e r .
R e c e n t i n n o v a t i o n s by C um b er la nd E n g i n e e r i n g , G r a n t Chemical,
E n e r g y R e c o v e r y S y s t e m s , and o the rs h a v e r e p o r t e d l y s u c c e e d e d i n
c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v i n g
t h e
s t e e l
f r a c t i o n f r o m
t h e
c r u m b t u b b e r .
If
these claims are v e r i f i e d , t h e n t h e a m b ie n t p r o c e s s i n g , t e c h n o l o g y
w i l l be p r a c t i c a l , as i t s cos t compares f a v o r a b l y ' w i t h the
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s . I t is a p p r o p r i a t e t o n o t e here t h a t t h e
u s e d t i r e
p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y
i s
s u b j e c t t o h e a v y p o s t u r i n g
b e t w ee n c o m p an i es , f a s t - p r o f i t scams, a n d a p l e t h o r a o f
c o n f l i c t i n g o p i n i o n s on what has b e e n d o n e , what i s p o s s i b l e , a n d
what f u t u r e there i s f o r t h e i n d u s t r y . G i v e n
t h i s
s i t u a t i o n , care
m u s t be
t a k en
i n assess ing claims
t h a t
are made r e g a r d i n g p r o d u c t
a n d s y s t e m c a p a b i l i t i e s .
O n e o n - s i t e v i s i t t o a c ru m b r u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e r ( Em a nu el
T i r e C om pany, B a l t i m o r e , M a r y l a n d ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t as much as 60
percen t
o f
t h e
weight
o f
t h e
f i n a l
c r u m b p r o d u c t
was
u n m a r k e t a b l e
b e c a u s e o f s t e e l a n d
f i b e r
c o n t a m i n a t i o p . T h i s mater ia l c o u l d be
u s e d
as a
f u e l u n d e r a p p r o p r i a t e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o r as t h e f e e d s t o c k
i n a p y r o l y s i s f a c i l i t y f o r c o n v e r s i o n t o f u e l - g r a d e o i l ; b u t
t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n s e p a r a t i n g s t e e l f r o m
t h e
s e g m e n t of t h e r u b b e r
l e f t
a f t e r t h e g r i n d i n g o p e r a t i o n makes a n y s uc h e f f o r t
a t s t ee l
r e c l a m a t i o n c o s t p r o h i b i t i v e .
21
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CRYOGENIC PROCESSING
OF
TIRES
T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t e c h n o lo g y t o c ru m b in g
t i r e
r u b b e r i s
r e l a t i v e l y n e w .
I t s
a d v o c a t e s claim t h a t c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s i n g
i s
t h e o n l y t e c h n o l o g y
f e a s i b l e
t o p r o c e s s t o d a y ' s d i s c a r d e d
t i r e s
b e c a u s e o f t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f
s t e e l -be l t e d
t i r e s . T h e i r a s s u m p t i o n
i s t h a t
a m bie n t g r i n d i n g o f t h e
s t e e l - b e l t e d t i r e s i s
n o t
p r a c t i c a l
.
I n t e r e s t i n g l y , a l l o p e r a t i o n a l crum b r u b b e r p r o d u c e r s
i n
t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s u s e a m b i e n t g r i n d i n g , a n d many
claim
t o p r o c e s s
s t e e l - b e l t e d t i r e s .
The G e n s t a r P l a n t i n C h a n d l e r , A r iz o n a ,
claims
t o b e c a p a b l e o f g r i n d i n g t h e
s t e e l -be l t e d
p a s s e n g e r
t i r e
down t o a s i z e o f 100 mesh .
P r o c e s s i n g t i r e s c r y o g e n i c a l l y e n t a i l s p r e s i z i n g t h e t i r e s
i n t o p i e c e s a p p r o x im a t e ly
15
c e n t i m e t e r s s q u a r e . T h i s p r o c e s s
i s
c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g a common s h r e d d e r . P r e p r o c e s s i n g r e d u c e s
o v e r a l l s i z e , a nd i n c r e a s e s s u r f a c e area a n d b u l k d e n s i t y t o
c o n s e r v e t h e l i q u i d n i t r o g e n u se d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e s s . The
p r e s i z e d rubber c h u n k s a r e f e d v i a a v i b r a t o r y h op p e r o n t o a
c o n v e y o r and i n t o
t h e
f r e e z i n g u n i t . Rubber i n s i d e t h e f r e e z i n g
u n i t i s s p r a y e d
w i t h
a f i n e
mist
o f l i q u i d n i t r o g e n , w hic h
i m m e d ia t e l y v a p o r i z e s , a b s o r b i n g h e a t e n e rg y . The r e s u l t i n g g a s
i s c i r c u l a t e d , i n c r e a s i n g g a s v e l o c i t y a n d e n h a n c in g
t h e
c o o l i n g
e f f e c t . The r u b b e r i s c o o l e d t o b e t w e en
-60
a n d -100 d e g r e e s
c e n t i g r a d e . The c o n v ey o r d e l i v e r s t h e f r o z e n a n d
e m b r i t t l e d
r u b b e r t o a hammer m i l l w h e r e
t h e
r u b b e r i s s m as he d by t h e i m p a c t
of
m u l t i p l e hammer b l o w s . The hammers are p i n n e d to. d i s k s t h a t
a re
r o t a t e d , g i v i n g
t h e
hammer
a d d i t i o n a l f o r c e f r o m t T c e n t r i f u g a l
m o t i o n . Hammer w e i g h t s r a n g e f r o m
3
o u n c e s t o
750
p o u n d s . A
t y p i c a l p r o c e s s i n g a s s e m b ly i n c l u d e s t h e
following
p i e c e s
of
e qu ip m en t i n s e q u e n t i a l o r d e r :
DESTONER - -> SHREDDER - -> VIBRATORY FEEDER -->
CONVEYOR
-- >
FREEZING
TUNNEL - -> HAMMER MILL
--> PRIMARY
STEEL
SEPARATION -->
FIBER SEPARATION
- ->
SECONDARY STEEL SEPARATION
-->
CLASSIFIER - ->
BAGGER
The o ne c r y o g e n i c p l a n t f o r r e p r o c e s s i n g
t i r e s
i n N o r t h
America was d e c o m m i s s i o n e d b e c a u s e
of
e co no m ic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
COMPARISON A N D CONTRAST BETWEEN AMBIENT AND CRYOGENIC PROCESSES
The p r e l i m i n a r y p r o c e s s i n g , s h r e d d i n g , a n d s i z i n g are s imi lar
p r i o r t o b o t h am b ie n t an d c r y o g e n i c c ru m b i n g . T he same
i s
t r u e
f o r p o s t p r o c e s s i n g , when t h e p r o d u c t
i s c l a s s i f i e d
a n d b a g g e d .
22
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7/26/2019 23663
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The s e p a r a t i o n o f f i b e r a n d s t e e l i s similar f o r
t h e
p r o c e s s e s ,
r e l y i n g o n magnetic s e p a r a t i o n for t h e s t e e l and
a i r
s e p a r a t i o n
f o r t h e
f i b e r ,
a l t h o u g h
t h e
i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e p r o c e d u r e
Is
h i g h l y v a r i a b l y f rom s ys te m t o s y s te m .
The o n l y
essent ia l
dif ference b e t w e e n t h e a m b i e n t a n d
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s e s l i e s i n t h e c r u m b i n g o f t h e shredded
t i r e .
A m b i e n t e q u i p m e n t d o e s appear t o h a v e a n e d g e w i t h l o w e r
c a p i t a l
c o s t . E q ui pm e n t m a i n t e n a n c e , h o w e v e r , i s a concern a n d i s
e x p en s iv e . T hu s e q u i p m e n t . r e l i a b i l i t y i s i n q u e s t i o n , and
p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f e x t en d e d d ow nt im e
might
present
a
p r o b l e m . There
i s a l s o some q u e s t i o n on t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s t ee l r e m o v a l ,
a l t h o u g h som e o f t h e l e a d i n g e qu ip m en t i n n o v a t o r s h a ve a s s u r e d
t h a t
s t e e l r e m o v a l i s n o l o n g e r a p r o b l e m . T h e m a j o r dif ference
between
t h e
t w o t e c h n o l o g i e s ,
w i t h respect
t o c ru m bi ng
t h e
r u b b e r ,
i s
t h a t t h e c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s a c c o m p l is h e s t h e s i z i n g
w i t h
o n e
p a s s
t h r o u g h
t h e
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s ;
t he
ambient
process,
i n
c o n t r a s t , r e q u i r e s repeated m i l l i n g o f t h e r u b b e r o h i p s a nd
s c r e e n i n g o f t h e
m i l l e d
p r o d u c t t o
f i l t e r
o u t
t h e
desired s ized
c r u m b . For t h e
ambient
p r o c e s s ,
t h e
more
t h e
r u b b e r c h i p s
are
p r o c e s s e d , t h e m o r e t h o r o u g h t h e s t e e l a n d
f i b e r
r e m o v a l ; t h e
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s c a n e f f e c t i v e l y a c c o m p l i s h s t e e l r e m o v a l w i t h
o n l y o n e pass i f t h e d e s i r e d mesh
s i z e
i s small e no ug h t o permit
t h o r o u g h s e p a r a t i o n
of s t e e l
and r u b b e r .
An o n - s i t e v i s i t t o
t h e
Emanuel Ti re Company l e d t o
t h e
d i s c o v e r y t h a t a r a t i o as h i g h as
3
t o Isu t as l ow as 1 t o 3
( d e p e n d i n g o n mesh
s i z e ) ,
o f n o n q a r k e t a b l e r u b b e r a n d s t e e l t o
marketable c rumb
was l i k e l y .
The cost of r e p r o c e s s i n g \
t h e
r u b b e r
p u l l e d o f f
t h e
f i n i s h e d
c r u m b r u b b e r
b e l t
i n c r e a s e s b e c g u s e
of
I t s
s t e e l
c o n t e n t .
Repeated
m i l l i n g w ou ld r e c o v e r mor\e r u b b e r ;
h o w e v e r , t h e economics of a d d l t i o n a l
processing may
discourage
t h i s pract ice . S i m i l a r l y , g r i n d i n g t o f i n e r meshes w o u l d f u r t h e r
separate
t h e
s t e e l f r o m
t h e
r u b b e r . The
cost
o f
repeated
m i l l i n g
t o a d e q u a t e l y separate t h e s t e e l f r o m t h e r u b b e r t o a l l o w
marketing
of t h e s t e e l i s p r o h i b i t i v e , a nd t h u s p r e c l u d e s t h e
la rge-scale s a l e o f
s t e e l
as a n i n c o m e p r o d u c e r .
I n c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s i n g ,
t h e h i gh
c o s t
o f
l i q u i d n i t r o g e n
must be
c o n s i d e r e d . The e n e r g y r e q u i r e d
t o
l i q u e f y o n e p ound of
p u r e n i t r o g e n a t ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i s a b o u t 3,000
BTUs
( the rmal ) .
T h i s
i s
m o r e t h a n
30,000
BTUs
per
t i r e
i f t h e
energy
v a l u e o f
t h e
hammer m i l l i s
i n c l u d e d ( G a i n e s a n d W o l s k y ,
1979).
I t i s clear
t h a t
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s i n g
of
r u b b e r w i l l o n l y
be
f e a s i b l e w h e n v e r y f i ne meshes of c rumb
are
r e q u i r e d . These can
be pr iced h i g h e r t h a n
t h e c h i p s
a n d 30-mesh c r u m b r e q u i r e d f o r
t h e
f u e l and a s p h a l t
markets.
I t i s i m p o r t a n t
t o
a p p r e c i a t e t h a t
c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s i n g c a n p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e
crumbing of
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7/26/2019 23663
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r u b b e r t o v e r y small
mesh,
a n d
t h a t s tee l
a n d
f i be r
r e m o v a l
are
g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d i n
t h i s
p r o c es s . C r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s i n g t o
s i z e s t h i s
small
i n s u r e s t o t a l r em ov a l o f
s t e e l
f r o m t h e r u b b e r ,
and
i n t r o d u c e s t h e s t e e l b y - p r o d u c t as a marketable q u a n t i t y .
H ow ever, e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d
i s
t h a t
c r y o g e n i c
p r o c e s s i n g r e q u i r e s ambient s i z i n g s teps , which a l o n e are a d e q u a t e
f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f ? / &i n ch and l a rger
c h i p s
for f u e l .
T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e
markets
r e c o m m e n d e d , c r y o g e n i c
p r o c e s s i n g d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o be a d v a n t a g e o u s , e v e n t h o u g h
a l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e , i f n o t a l l , o f t h e r u b b e r m a y be r e c o v e r e d
f o r marketable u s e
w i t h t h e
c r y o g e n i c s y s t e m .
T h i s might
a l s o
a p p l y t o r e c o v e r y of t h e s t e e l . H ow ev er , b e c a u s e no c r y o g e n i c
p l a n t i s i n o p e r a t i o n , t h e c o m p a r i s o n can n o t be
made.
The b u lk d e n s i t y of c r u m b e d r u b b e r has b ee n i d e n t i f i e d as a
f a c t o r i n f l u e n c i n g t h e des i r ab le , h i g h - e l a s t i c c o n d i t i o n i m p a r t e d
b y
t h e
r u b b e r
i n
r o a d a s p h a l t . B ulk d e n s i t y c a n
be
u s e d t o
c h a r a c t e r i z e
t h e
s u r f a c e q u a l i t y o f t h e r u b b e r c r u m b s . C ru m bs
p r o d u c e d b y a m b i e n t g r i n d i n g , which i n v o l v e s t h e t ea r ing of
t h e
r u b b e r , have a p o r o u s , h i g h - s u r f a c e area. C r u m b s m a n u f a c t u r e d b y
m e a n s o f a c r y o g e n i c p r o c e s s h a ve m ore of a c r y s t a l l i n e s u r f a c e ,
w i t h s m o o t h cracked
angles.
L a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s h av e show n t h a t
t h e e f f i c a c y o f r u b b e r
i n
a s p h a l t c o r r e s p o n d s l i n e a r l y w i t h t h e
r u b b e r ' s
b u l k
d e n s i t y . P o r o u s
p a r t i c l e s
h a v e a l o w e r b u l k d e n s i t y
t h a n d o s m o o th e r a n g u l a r o n e s b e c au s e t h e f o r m e r d o n o t pack as
c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r . I n t h e o r y , t h e grea ter s u r f a c e area o f
t h e
l o w e r - b u l k - d e n s i ty c ru mb r u b b e r s permits
a
more t h o r o u g h d i g e s t i o n
o f t h e c r u m b i n t o t h e a s p h a l t . F i g u r e 2 s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of
b u l k d e n s i t y t o e l a s t i c s t r a i n r e c o v e r y i n a s p h a l t . I A l s o n o t e
t h a t
n a t u r a l r u b b e r
has
a
s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n ta g e o v e r , s y n t h e t i c
crum b i n g i v i n g
t h i s
q u a l i t y t o a s p h a l t .
Other i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e
t h e
e l a s t i c s t r a i n
r e c o v e r y o f a s p h a l t are t h e time a n d t e m p e r a t u r e of the d i g e s t i o n
o f t h e r u b b e r
i n
t h e a s p h a l t m i l l .
S e v e r a l c o m p a n i es , i n a d d i t i o n t o c o n v e n t i o n a l eq u i p m en t
v e n d o r s , lease
r i g h t s
t o r e p o r t e d l y s u p e r i o r t i r e p r o c e s s i n g
t e c h n o l o g y . P r o c e s s r e v e n ue a n d c o s t est imates f r o m se lec ted
c o m p a n i e s are i n c l u d e d
a t t h e
e n d
of
t h i s a p p e n d i x . E q u i p m e n t
prices
v a r y w i d e l y d e p en d i n g upo n h o u r l y p r o c e s s i n g capac i ty a n d
m a n u f a c t u r i n g f e a t u r e s .
O t he r
f a c t o r s i m p o r t a n t i n c o n s i d e r i n g
e q u ip m e nt c o s t i n c l u d e e n e r g y an d o t h e r r e s o u r c e u s e a nd
maintenance.
T i r e shredders
are
p r i c e d f r o m
$60,000
t o $150,000. Other
p r o c e s s i n g , c o n v e y i n g , a n d p a c k ag i n g e q u ip m e n t , e x c l u d i n g g r i n d e r s
f o r f i n e
mesh, can be
e x p e c t e d t o c o s t
$90,000
t o 1 2 0 , 0 0 0
2 4
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FIGURE
2
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC RECOVERY AND BULK DENSITY
-
0 Synthetic Rubber
0
Natural
Rubber
9
\
\a
\
\
Natural
&lubber
h - -0.94)
Bulk Density (kg/m3)
Source:
J. Oliver, Optimizing the Improvements Obtained by
the Digestion of Comminuted Scrap Rubbers in Paving
Asphalts Australian Road Research Board,
Nunawading, Victoria, Australia, 1982.
2 5
-
7/26/2019 23663
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( Bur di c
and
Dewan,
1984).
Gr i nder s can be expect ed pr i ced at
100,000 or more.
The ambi ent pr ocessi ng of st eel - bel t ed t i r es has a hi h
equi pment - mai nt enance cost . The Ener gy Recover y Syst em
(ERS
7
,
I n c . ,
pr oposal quot es a f i gur e of
100, 000
per year i n mai nt enance
f or t he pr oduct i on of 8.4 m l l i on pounds of bot h shr edded and
cr umbed r ubber . Thi s f i gur e i s consi der ed hi gh, at near l y 20
per cent of t he cost of machi ner y.
Cr yogeni c hammer m l l s r ange i n pr i ce f rom 50,000 t o
100,000, dependi ng on t he hammer si ze and t he capaci t y of t he
uni t . The f r eezi ng uni t s r ange
i n
pr i ce f rom
250,000
t o
350, 000. Cr yogeni c pr ocessi ng appear s t o l ose any cost
compet i t i veness when the pr i ce
of
l i qui d ni t r ogen
(LI N) ,
consumed
i n t he pr ocesi ng of each t i r e, i s consi der ed. Est i mat es as hi gh
as
2.5
cent s
per pound
of
t i r e ar e common f or t he cost
of
LI N
consumed. Assum ng a pr oduct i on of
8.4
m l l i on pounds ,
as
i n t he
above ambi ent assessment , a year l y cost of 210,000 f o r LI N i s
pr oj ect ed ( 18,000 per year mai nt enance) ,
J ust r ecent l y, one f i r m announced pl ans t o mar ket a compl et e
syst em f or t he ambi ent pr ocessi ng of passenger t i r e f o r 500, 000.
The syst em wi l l be abl e t o pr ocess up to 500 t i r es an hour .
However i t i s not cl ear how smal l t he pr ocess i ng equi pment i s abl e
t o r educe t he t i re. I ndi cat i ons ar e t hat , at best , onl y
3 3
per cent of t he t ot al out put wi l l be gr ound t o a smal l er mesh, and
t hat most of t he pr oduct wi l l be si zed t o be combust ed as f uel .
The f ol l owi ng sect i on gi ves var i ous cost est i mat es and
econom c dat a f or cr umb r ubber f aci l i t i es. Thi s dat a demonst r at e
t he
wi de var i at i ons i n cost gi ven
by
exper t s and system vendor s.
'.
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PROFORPIA
STATHIYEXT
OF
236
Y
1 2 , 0
1 6 2 , 0
1 , 2
1 6 0 , 9
1 4 , 4
4 , 2
9
3 , 6
6 , 9
1 6 , 3
8 , 9
7,3
7
8 , 0
s t Y e a r
6 , 0 0 0
O O 0 )
P l a n n e d
Scrap
T i r e
C o l l e c t i o n
( U n i t s )
Planned
P r o d u c t f
on
Crumb R u b b e r ( l b s )
a
8 9 , 1 0 0
V
P l a n n e d . P r o d u c t i o n
to
I n v e n t o r y (fbs)
1 , 2 0 0
V
F l a n n e d P r o d u c t i o n t o Sales (16s)
7 , 9 0 0
?lanned
Sales
Crumb Rubber 9C/lb.-Avcrage
( S ' s )
7 , 9 1 1
y f r e C o l l d c t i o n gees ( ' S I
s c r a p S t e e l S a l e s
I S S )
a
2 , 1 0 0
486
V
R e t r e a d a b l e C a s i n g Sales
( 'SI
1 , 8 0 0
m
P r o j e c t e d O p e ra t i n g
C o s t s
( 'SI
Met Prof f or (Loas) S S )
L.
6,003
6 , 2 9 4
Taxes
3 , 4 6 2
A f t e r T a x Profit
C a p r e c i a t i o n
{ add
Back1
Cash
F l o w
,
3,303
Source:
Steve Burdic, Small Farms Action Group,
Lincoln,
Nebraska
-
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* .
P'LaMed
Scrzp
Tiye
C o l l e c t i o n
Production
C r u m b
Rubber
( u n i t s
1
(000)
ajInventory
( l b s ) (000)
b)Sales
( l b s ) (000)
Sa les Crumb Rubber
Avg. th$O.Og/ lb .
$(OOO)
S d e s Scrap S t e e l (000)
Sales
Retreadable Casings
(000)
Sub
Total
Income (000)
3ecs for T i r e C o l l e c t i o n (000)
Total Income (000)
P r o j e c t e d
Operat ing Costs
Compensation (000)
Operating
(000)
'
Interest* (0001
P r i nc i pa l Pay
Back** (000)
DcpreciatAon
#**
000
T o t z l Costs ( Q O O )
N e t P r o f i t
or(Loss)
(000)
T a x e s * + % *
(000)
After Tax
Profit
(000)
Depreclzt lon (Add Back)(000)
Cash Flow
-
(000)
Notes *Calculated at
1 S i y w ~ r a
200 200
200
4 0 0 4 0 0
4
2,700 2,700
2,700
5,400
5,400 5.4
100 100
100
100
100
1
2,600
2,600
2,600
5J30
5,300
5 ,3
2 3 4 '
234
234
477
477 b
40
4 1 40
41
40
150 150 150
150
150 1
424
425
424
668
,
567
5
7 0 7 0
70
1 4 0
140
1
4 9 4 495
494
aoa
807 a
76 76
76 a2 82
260 260
260
260 260 2
6 9
6 9 .
6 9 69 6 9
21 21
26
26
44 45 44 342
341 2
2 5
24
188
1 8 7 1
4
20
154
154
1
24
24 24 29 . 2 9
20 20
**Comput8d a t 15 Y r s .
b v 8 l
Pay Wilding and
Lanc-7
Y r s .
&Machinery
and W e - m e n t
***Computed
on
Building
S t r l i g h t
Una -
* * *wTwes
a t
5 5 %
10 Y:r. - 7 Y r s .
.Uchinery
and
Equisment
so
ve
' B u r h c ,
Sm&1
ion
Group
ncoln,
Nebraska
-
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7 8 . - a 10 12 TOTAL 1st
Yr.
I4
3
11
-
600' '600
8,100 8 ,1 0 0
'
600
8,100
100
8,000
720
40
150
910
210
1
1 2 O
106
260
69
42
-+
599
330
269
4 4
313
100
100
8,000 8,000
1,206
1 ,2
81
1,206
7,911
4 1
486
1,206 1;206
4 1 4 0
720 720
4 1
40
300
150 1,800
911.
910
280 2,100
210 210
1,677
12,297
,676 1,677
1,121 1,120
1 2 9
2 6 0
I
106
1 0 6
260 260
6 9
42
69
42
117 1,143
260
3,120
828
4 4 1
69
117
'1760
260
69 69
.. 58 58
600
5 9 9
330 330
270
269
4 4 4 4
3 1 4
313
1,361 1,
748
6 1 3
1,112 1,113
612 612.
500 501
60 60
560
5 6 1
.60
-
673
29
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TOT
2nd
. 15 16 17 18
19
20 2 1 2 2 2 3
21:
~
12
162
1,000
i3 5 0 0
100
1 3 400
1,000 1,000
13,500 13,500
1 ,000
13.,500
100
1,000
'
000
13,500 13:500
100
100
?3;500 13,500
100 1.00
1
160,
100
13
,
00
100
13 O o 13 4 O o 13,400
13,400
13,400
13,400
1 , 2 0 6
8 1
300
1 , 5 8 7
350
1 , 9 3 7
1,206
81
300
.1,587
350
1 , 2 0 6
8 1
300
1
,
87
350
1 , 9 3 7
1 , 2 0 6
81
300
1 , 5 8 7
350
1 , 2 0 6
81
300
1
,
87
350
1,206
81
300
1
,
87
350
1,206
81
l , i 0 6
8 1
300
1 , 5 8 7
350
1,206
14
3
1 g
4
300
1
,
8 7
3 5 0
1 , 9 3 7
1 , 9 3 7
1, 37
1 , 9 3 7 1 , 9 3 7 1,937
2 3
129
260
69
5 8
129
260
6 9
58
60
m
1 2 9
260
69
58
6 0
m
1 2
2 6 0
6 9
5 8
60
m
129
260
69
58
6 0
m
7
-
3
12
260
69
58
60
572;
1 2 9
260
6 9
58'
--
60
m
1 2 9
2 6 0
69
58
60
576
6
'\
1
361
7 4 8
613
60
6 7 3
1,363.
749
612
60
1,361
748
6 1 3
60
1,361
749
612
60
1,361 1,361
749
612
60
1
1
361
748
- a 361
7 4 948
613
60
673
613
60
6 1 2
'
60
672
673
672 672
6 7 3
.
672
No provision
for
Investment
tu
c r e d i t
30
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1) TIRE STATXSTICS :
20
80.00%
10.00%
10.00
630,
000
.
0.40
$2.50
5,600,000
5.00%
2, 800, 000
0.06
0.12
1,050
8
000
0.0125
3, 000
1 4
5
50
525,000
2)
BREAKDOWN OF
RUBBER PARTICLES t
P E c m r s o B D A s ~ 66
2/3%
~ S O I D A s ~ I i L l B B E R
33
V3
3)
R e J T P E R m : .
$2, 00
4) EI&crRIcITypEREIoNIH:
$6,000
5 ) I
ON
$400,000
1
$60,000
6 )
WXES: 20 $298
,
00
L
.
PEWJENT
SIWI-SKIILED
16 X 8
=
l28,OOO
UNSKILLED
15,X
=
90,000
PERCENC
YCVM l O t , X
4
= 40,000
7) m-=
4 . $10
,
00
PERmlT
S K I D 20 X 2 =
~40,000
,
b
8 ) M
$20,
000
9 ) ANWALPEl333W I NCREASES
IN
?Es"s
& S E S 5.00%
10)
DEPRExlIATIONSCHEDUIE:
S Y F A R S U N D E R ~
WPFECVIBIE BASE (95%
OF
500,000
ASSUMES
USING
1%) 475,000
PERCENT D ~ R E I A T E D :
YEAR
1 15.00%
2 22.00%
3 21.00%
Sou rce: Energy Recovery System s, fnc., Great Neck, New YorE
,
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TIRES :
RECEIPT
S A L E OF
SALE OF
SALE OF
S A L E OF
TOTAL
OF TIRES :
C A S I N G S
RUBBER GRANULES
CRUMB
RUBBER
STEEL
REVENUES
ELECTRICITY
INTEREST
(NOTES)
DEPRECIATION
INSURANCE
SUPPLEES
FEES
WAGES:
SKILLED
SEMI SKILLED
UNSKILLED
YOUTH
TOTAL WAGES
MAINTENANCE
MISCELLANEOUS
ROYAJiTZES
TOTAL
EXPENSES
PRE-TAX INCOME
LESS:
TAXES
ADD BACK
DEPRECIATION.
C A S H F f X l W -
40
128
90
40
---
252
78
336
336
13
1,015
---
24
72
60
71
6
12
15
' 298
\\
20
' 84
762
+, 100
---
253
71
208
Plr
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ECONOMIC
PROPOSAL
FOR
CRYOGENIC TIRE
RECYCLING FACILITY
Prepared
by:
David