230569177 physics tranformers

7/26/2019 230569177 Physics Tranformers

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HYSICS ROJECT

ON

TRANSFORME

R


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Certifcate

This is hereby to certiy that________________________ the original and

genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject

matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed

solely, sincerely and satisactorily by

__________________________________o C!"" #$$ %, "chool regarding his project

titled &Transormer 'rinciple, Types and its !pplications()


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!cknowledgementsI would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher as well as ourprincipal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic

Transformer Principle, Types and its Applications., which also helped

me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really

thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in

finalizing this project within the limited time frame.


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$N*+#

Acknowledgements

Aim

Introduction

Types of Transformer

Mains transformer

3 phase transformer !" # phases

$igh%&oltage transformer

'urrent transformer

Principle of (peration

Transformer 'ore

Types of 'ore 'ore Type

)hell Type

(ther Parts

A suita*le container

An insulating medium

+ushings

'onser&ation

+reather

)ections in Transformers

orking Principle

'onstruction

Application

Aim


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To )tudy the Transformers Principle, Types and its

Applications)

I-T(/0TI(-Transformer is a static electromagnetic de&ice that magnetically changeselectric energy from one circuit to another circuit without changing in itsfre1uency. It can increase or decrease the &oltage le&el in the circuit witha similar decrease or increase in current. In )tep%up transformer, theenergy is transformer into higher &oltage whereas in the )tep%downtransformer, the energy is transformed into lower &oltage.

It is a de&ice that has no mo&ing parts, which con&erts an alternating

&oltage gi&en another A' &oltage, increasing or decreasing its &alue,

without changing the fre1uency. 0nlike the auto%transformer, a

transformer has a gal&anic isolation *etween the input 2primary and

output 2secondary, i.e. no dri&er only electrically connects the two parts.

It is e1uipped with one or more windings 2winding primary and one ormore secondary windings. The operating principle is *ased on the energy

transfer *y mutual inductance 2electromagnetic induction4 A' primary

winding path which creates a magnetic 5eld that is 6captured6 *y the

secondary winding which then transforms *ack into power. The

transformation ratio is in7uenced *y the num*er of turns of the primary

winding with respect to the num*er of turns of the secondary winding. 8or


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e9ample, if the secondary winding has :; turns as the primary winding

has :;;, the transformation ratio will *e a*out primary, secondary issue a &oltage of a*out #=>. In practice, the

energy transfer cannot *e total, a certain amount is lost. The transformer

has a characteristic indicating this property? it is the coupling coe@cient,

which can *e optimied *y choosing materials and forms that go.

)ometimes, elementary and secondary, there may *e only one winding,

*ut with one or se&eral taps. It is important to remem*er that the

transformer *y its nature cannot transmit /' &oltage and is limited to the

transfer of A' &oltages, including the range of amplitude and fre1uency

depend on its type. There are se&eral kinds of processors dedicated to

&arious areas4 audio sector, high &oltage, $8, etc..

Types of Transformer

Mains transformer

3 phase transformer !" # phases


'urrent transformer

Auto Transformer

Polyphase Transformer

Audio Transformer

Instrument Transformer

ains transormer
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This type of transformer is commonly used in the production of powersector alone, mostly in amateur. Industrial side, this type of component ismore often replaced *y switching control systems, pro&iding e1ual power,less heat, a smaller footprint, and often a range of input &oltages greater.-ote4 )ometimes, a transformer is used only for issues of isolation, theoutput &oltage *eing e1ual to the input &oltage.

3 phase transformer !" # phasesIt is a *it peculiar transformer specially designed for use with three%phaseprimary and secondary phases with two or &ice &ersa. There are two typesof ca*ling windings to ensure this function4 6'onnection Be*lanc6 and6'onnection )cott.6


0sed in cars 2to produce sparks candles that trigger the e9plosion of thefuel, in tele&isions 2C$> transformers for &ery high &oltage needed to

operate the 'T in certain consumer gadgets such as 6*alls plasma 6orTesla transformer 2transformer high &oltage and high fre1uency thatproduce arcs &ery long 2o&er a meter. $andling this kind of processors2when they are operating regime can *e dangerous, e&en deadly, soe9treme caution is re1uired.

'urrent transformer

This is a component whose principle is also *ased on the transfer ofelectromagnetic energy *etween two windings, with the diDerence thatthe primary is arranged in series in the circuit which it is desired to knowthe consumption. )ometimes it is the power wire of the circuit to *emeasured is the primary of the transformer 2in this case, there is nowinding, a thread can Eust stay right, the secondary *eing added *y themeans of a clamp which can *e closed around 2clamp. The interest of thismethod is that it is not necessary to interrupt the power supply circuitforinserting a measuring instrument.
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Principle of operation

Mutual induction principle is followed in the working of the transformers.Transformer has two windings which are magnetically coupled with itscore. hen one of the windings called primary is energied with asinusoidal &oltage, an alternating 7u9 is esta*lished in *oth the windings.According to 8aradayFs laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf isinduced in the secondary winding which is called mutually induced emf.Thus energy is transferred from primary circuit to the secondary circuitthrough electromagnetic induction.

Transformer coreIt magnetically couples the two windings of the transformer. +y usingsilicon steel as the material, $ysteresis loss in the core is reduced. Inorder to reduce the eddy current loss, the core is laminated. Cachlamination is of thickness ;.3:mm to ;.:mm.

Types of core

There are two types of cores, namely, core type and shell type.

'ore type

In this type of transformer, the windings surround a considera*le part of

the core. The indi&idual laminations of the core are cut in the form of B

shaped long strips.

)hell type

In the shell type transformers, the core surrounds a considera*le part of

the windings.

(ther parts

(ther necessary parts of transformer are as follows4


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o A suita*le container

o An insulating medium

o +ushings

o 'onser&ation

o +reather

Container

A suita*le metallic container is used for housing the assem*led core and

the windings. +etter cooling can *e o*tained *y increasing the surface

area of the container with the help of corrugated sheets.

$nsulating mediumThe transformer windings and the metallic container are insulated from

one another *y a suita*le insulating medium. The transformer oil not only

pro&ides insulation *ut also helps to dissipate the heat due to iron ad

copper loss occulting in the transformers)

-ushings

All the transformer leads are *rought out of the container through

suita*le *ushings)

Conservator

The function of conser&ator is to allow contraction and e9pansion of oil

without e9posing it to the outside air.

-reather

It is a *o9 containing calcium to a*sor* moisture of air entering theconser&ator as it is well known fact that the insulating property of the

transformer oil is lost e&en if a small amount of moisture enters in it. )o

the dry air is allowed to pass in through this *reather.

"ections in transormers


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'ore

Primary winding

)econdary winding

.orking principle

hen we gi&e supply to the primary winding in the transformer one

current will *e 7owing in the primary winding, this will *e creating one

7u9, this 7u9 will 7ow in the core and this 7u9 will *e cut *y the secondary

winding, this will create the &oltage in the secondary winding, if we short

the secondary winding *y connecting the load current will *e 7owing in

the circuit, hence the circuit is closed.

Terms

Primary >oltage4 >oltage4 >#

Primary 'urrent4 Ioltages 2> to k>

Power 'apacity 2>A to M>A

8re1uency

'ooling Type 2Air, ater, 8an, (il 'ooled

inding 2)tep down, )tep 0p, Multiple indings

Application 2Impedance Matching, Power )upply, )ta*ilier

'onstruction

Cores

Baminated steel coresPermea*ility silicon steel cores are used in the transformers of power and

audio types. Most common of laminated cores are C%)haped and I%)haped.

Toroidal cores)ilicon steel or Perm alloy is used in the transformers. This transformer

*uilt like a ring shaped core. These types of transformers are more

e@cient when compared to the C%I shaped types.

Coolant

If temperature inside the transformers 2power transformer increases it

will damage the winding insulation. )mall transformers will produce less

heat only for that natural air circulation is enough. +ut for large capacity


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transformers transformer oil is used as insulation as well as cooling of

that also.

Terminals

)mall Transformers will ha&e wire leads will *e connected to the coil ends

and *rought out to the circuit connections. Barge Transformers may ha&e

hea&y *olted terminals.

!pplications

In Jeneral electrical power is getting generated at one place getting

transmitted *y ca*les and 5nally distri*uted with respect to the

consumers.

)uppose for e9ample

Power generation is


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its simplest form, a transformer consists of two conducting coils ha&ing a

mutual inductance. In an ideal case it is assumed that all the 7u9 linked

with the primary winding also links the secondary winding. +ut, in practice

it is impossi*le to realie this condition as magnetic 7u9 cannot *e

con5ned. The greater portion of the 7u9 7ows in the core while a small

portion called the leakage 7u9 links one or the other winding. /epending

upon the particular application and type of connection, a transformer may

ha&e additional windings apart from the two con&entional windings.

There are two types of transformers a&aila*le. They are

N )tep%up Transformer

N )tep%down Transformer

)tep%up Transformer4

It is used to step%up the &oltage to the re1uired &alue. 8or e9ample, from

the generating station, if some using step%up transformer. It is *ecause when line is gi&en. 8or

households it is a*out #3;>.


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230569177 physics tranformers

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