230 main peculiarities of ep and of ra

8/8/2019 230 Main Peculiarities of EP and of RA

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From Terminology toFrom Terminology toPhraseology inPhraseology in

English for PsychologyEnglish for Psychology

Rosita B. Maglie



Lexis and TerminologyLexis and Terminology

“Studying psychologic(al) terminologyin English is

like learning a new language”

At first words look different and complicated.

However, by understanding a few important

guidelines, psychologic(al) terminology canbecome interesting and seem like solving a

logical puzzle.



VocabularyVocabulary

Classical (Greek and Latin) origin

e.g.

membrane, deficit, amnesia, cerebellum

from Greek: e.g. catharsis (G.purification);

from Latin: e.g. cerebellum (L. dim.of cerebrum, brain)



VocabularyVocabulary

Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) origin

e.g. behavior, chunking, coping, debriefing,

fear, flooding etc .

ictus /stroke

ecografia: *ecography ☺ultrasonography ,ultrasound scanning



Phonology & SpellingPhonology & Spelling

Italian

psicologia, psicologo, psicologico

Englishpsychology [sai’kolodji]

psychologist [sai’kolojist]

psicologic(al) [saiko’lodjikl]



Monoreferentiality orMonoreferentiality or

Semantic UniquenessSemantic Uniqueness

One Word/Term = a specific meaning and concept.

No synonyms

Anorexia nervosa = a mental disorder manifestedby extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion

to food, usually occurring in young women andoften resulting in life-threatening weight loss,accompanied by a disturbance in body image,hyperactivity, and amenorrhea.

Megacolon = a condition of extreme dilation of thecolon. Syn. Giant colon

Hirschsprung disease for the Danes

Ruysch disease for the Dutch.



Non-Emotionality

Medical Terms have Denotative Functions

Brain in EP and EGP

The nerves connecting the brain and structures of thehead are cranial nerves

they were not the only ones to have brains and ambition He’s a hot head!

catachresis (neck of uterus, corpus/body of uterus,fundus uteri )

ellipsis (Otto’s fever, parachute mitral valve)

eponyms (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease)

toponyms (Thogoto virus, Rio Bravo Fever )



Accuracy and TransparencyAccuracy and Transparency

Affixation = Prefix - Root – Suffix

e.g. acrophobia = acro- (= highest point,extremity) - phobia (=fear );biopsychology = bio- (=combining formdenoting life); -psycho- (=the mind, mental); -

logy (=study). Imprecision

e.g. carcinoma (epithelial cancer) vs. glaucoma(a rise in the pressure of the eyeball)

Obscuritye.g. trichotomy (the trimming of unwanted hairbefore surgery)



Shortness

e.g. contraception (contraconception)

Acronyms simple: ANS = Autonomic nervous system, DID =

Dissociative Identity Disorder.

compound: A-B-A design= Experimental design in

which participants first experience the baseline condition(A), then experience the experimental treatment (B),and then return to the baseline (A).

combined (numerals and letters for types, stage,severity, position, measures): IQ 50-70, type A1.

Abbreviations CV (cardiovascular), Fld (fluid) Stacked Noun Phrases body mass index

Redundancy caesarean section delivery



Syntax of EMPSyntax of EMP

Omission of Phrasal Elements

prepositional phrases with of , in, on, with:

root nodule bacteria

(bacteria to be found in root nodules)

prepositional phrases with for , usually for +

gerund : the operating room/theatre

(the room for carrying out operations)



Expressive Conciseness andPre-Modification

nouns modified by relative clauses:

a blood donor (a person who donatesblood),

laboratory equipment (equipment which is used in a laboratory)

a combination of for + gerund and passivevoice:

crisis intervention techniques(techniques which are usedfor intervening in a crisis)



Relative clause (1)

Replace the relative clause with

adjectives, usually obtained throughaffixation:

Measurable lesion

( = lesion which can be measured)

Reactive force (= force which reacts)

Absorbent material (= material which absorbs)



Relative clause (2)

Omission of subject and auxiliary when

the clause has a passive form

Patients assigned to the combination-therapy group also received irinotecan…

(= Patients that were assigned to the

combination-therapy also receivedirinotecan…)



Relative clause (3)

the verb of the passive form in the

relative clause without a complement:it precedes the noun it specifies andbecomes a past participle:

Predefined subgroup analyses included

analyses of the patients whose disease progressed after…

(= analyses of subgroups which had been

predefined included analyses…)



Relative clause (4)

When the agent is expressed, it isplaced before the past participle and ahyphen is inserted in between:

Non-treatment-related toxicities

(= toxicities which are not related to

treatment)



Relative clause (5)

The prefix un- + past participle permitsthe omission of the relative clause inthe negative form:

The unwanted liquid was thrown away

(= the liquid which was not wanted was

thrown away)



Relative Clause (6)

The verb of the passive form modified

by an adverb: the latter is placedbefore the former with a hyphen inbetween

At least one unidimensionally-

measurable lesion was required (= onelesion which can be measured

unidimensionally was required..)



Relative Clause (7)

Thus and so are used not only in order to

avoid a relative clause but also to coordinateclauses beginning with expressions like and in this way :

Cetuximab is a chimericIgG1monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR with high

specificity and with a higher affinity than either epidermal growth factor TGF-α, thus block ing

ligand-induced phosphorylation of EGFR.



Relative Clause (8)

The use of gerund:

Increasing clinical evidence exists supporting the notion that

radiotherapy dose-escalation results inimproved prostate tumor control

Late-reacting normal tissues (= normaltissues which have a late reaction).

A robot controls the moving line (= arobot controls the line which is moving).



Stacked Noun Phrases

antibody-dependent cell-mediated tumor

cell killing

metastatic androgen-independent prostratecancer

metformin-associated lactic acidosis

diabetes-related emotional stress

drug injecting behaviour

functional insertion and deletion polymorphism

difficult-to-measure variables



Nominalization (1)

To reflect the same process of

deduction of results from experimentsor the same process of derivation of objects from a manufacturing process:

Modifications of the dose of cetuximabwere made only in cases of toxic effects

to the skin, and modification in the doseof irinotecan were made in cases of hematologic or non hematologic toxic

effects.



Nominalization (2)

The concept in thematic position, thus

making the communication of information more natural by placing itin thematic position

It is essential to keep magnetic disksand tapes in fireproof safes. The

protection of original software, however,

is not sufficient. An additional security precaution consists in storing copies at different sites, away from the computer



Nominalization (3)

Greater objectivity to the author’s

thought

The effectiveness of the combination of irinotecan and cetuximab in patients

with irinotecan-refractory tumorssuggests that cetuximab may

circumvent irinotecan resistance.



Nominalization (4)

The verb only links more and more

complex noun phrases.

The complete development of the fracturemodel requires an understanding of the

bond-rupture reaction.

With regard to the understanding of a

specialized text, even if the structure issimplified, the higher lexical density of the sentence and the more complexstructure of stacked noun phrases makes

its decoding more and more difficult.



Tense Use

A great number of non-finite forms:

To explain this remarkable behaviour, eachelectron is considered to possess an electric

charge, the charge being a numerical measure of the force of repulsion

experienced between two electrons

(= To explain this remarkable behaviour, eachelectron is considered to possess an electric

charge, which is a numerical measure of the force of repulsion that is experienced

between two electrons)



Active Voice vs. Passive Voice

We considered patients eligible if they were

more than 18 years of age and had stageIV, histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma. Other criteria for eligibility

were used : a Karnofsky performance-statusscore of 60 or more; adequate hematologic function (haemoglobin, at least 9 g per decilitre [5.6 mmol per liter]; neutrophil count, at least 1500 per cubic millimetre;and platelet count at least 100,000 per cubic millimetre .



Sentence Length

In order to improve the positive predictivevalue (PPV) for cancer, predictors of biopsy outcome have been investigated includingDRE and TRUS findings and PSA correctionmethods such as density, velocity, and age-adjusted reference ranges, but none of them has proved useful to select cases for

biopsy with an acceptable balance in termsof avoided biopsies versus reduced sensitivity.



Textual Features in EMP

Conjunctions: a cohesive function and

a pragmatic function

Patients with advanced colorectal cancer who receive fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan,and oxaliplatin in combination or

sequentially may survive 18 to 21months. However , once these treestandard drugs have failed, there are no

accepted treatment options.



Theme and Rheme

Theme (where the subject is

introduced) & Rheme (showing whatis said about the subject)

In the past decade, the median durationof survival among patients with advanced colorectal cancer has increased from 12

months to about 18 to 21 months, mainly owing to the introduction of irinotecan

and oxaliplatin. Irinotecan and oxaliplatinare widely used….



Text Genres in EMP Patient Information

Leaflets (PILs)

En PIL

User friendly

Common words andTechnical terms

It PIL

Difficult Technical terms

Case histories: orSOAP

Subjective (the patient’sstatement of his/hercondition)

Objective (the physician’sobservations of thepatient’s condition)

Assessment

Plan



Research Article (RA)

Title

Title

Authors Name of the affiliation, department

Date of submission



Research Article

Abstract

Overview or summary of the article

(100-150 words) Highlights of results

General statement of significance



Research Article

Introduction

Specific problem under study.

Background information to clarifytopic: history, patho-physiology,

clinical presentation.

Rationale and purpose of themanuscript



Research Article

Methods

Study Design

Subject selection procedures Methods of measurements

Descriptions of analytical techniques



Research Article

Results

What happened?

Graphs, tables, charts, figures thatsummarize findings.

Statistics



Research Article

Discussion

Meaning and significance of work Evaluation and interpretation of results

Critique of study: discussions of limitations,

as well as strengths, further analysis Comparison with work of others

Disclaimers, equivocation, apologies, chest

thumping, speculation, instruction, fantasyand so on.



Research Article

References

Evidence that the work of others hasbeen considered

Leads to further exploration of thesubject

(adapted from Gehlbach 2002: 6)



Title

indicative, indicating only the topic

informative, giving some idea of themessage of the paper



Abstract

What the author did

How the author did it What the author found

What the author concluded



Abstract

a) Introducing purposeb) Describing methodology

c) Summarizing resultsd) Presenting conclusions

(Bhatia 1993: 78-79)



Introduction - Verb Use Extended review of other literature

surrounding the topic.

If it is relevant to the previous study, thelatter is always presented in the present

perfect tense Work which is perceived as distant from the

present study, or is refuted by the authors,is usually given in the simple past

Hence the choice of tense is not governedonly by considerations of time but alsoimplies the author’s attitude to the content



Introduction – Verb Use (2)

Only a universally accepted truth isgiven in the present tense

“Saliva contains IgA and IgM antibodiesderived from perioral lymphoid tissue...”

(Webber 1996)



Introduction – Tense Use

When the authors speak of their ownwork, they often use a personal form– generally the first person plural.There is also a switch in the tensechoice here – to the simple past if the study is finished.



Materials and Methods

The methods section describes the

methodology of the study. It detailsthe patient population studied, thestudy design utilized, and data

collection techniques employed; itdescribes in more detail than many of us care to know the analytical and

evaluative procedures used in thecourse of the study.



Results

The results section, quite logically,

presents the information obtainedfrom the execution of the study.Results are usually found both in the

text and in accompanying tables,charts, graphs, and figures. Theanalysis and some interpretation of

the data are also presented in theresults section.



DiscussionThe longest section of the paper, occupyingup to 40% of the total. The first sentence of the discussion, or comment, usuallycontains a further analysis of the results.Other topics are discussed in it such as theoutcomes and conclusions of otherstudies may be compared and contrasted;the authors may offer apologies foroversights and transgressions or build acase to strengthen and support the results.

Finally, there are usuallyrecommendations, often with the use of the verb should , and suggestions forfuture research.

230 main peculiarities of ep and of ra

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