2.3. kabul city master plan · plan and planned land use by categories is explained as table 2.12...

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Chapter-2 Urban Planning of Kabul City 29

2.3. Kabul City Master Plan

2.3.1. Background of the Master Plan

Kabul Municipality, therefore, requested the Planning and Finance Department to prepare a Master Plan for the capital. Historically, the Master Plan was updated two times. Even now the Plan is under process for updating work by the Architect and Planning Division based on the latest issue of 1978 Master Plan. It was formulated together with Russian advisors.

• National Plan including Kabul city: 1919

• 1st Updated Kabul city Master Plan: 1974

• 2nd Updated Kabul city Master Plan: 1978 (still continue the work for updating)

Authorization and acceptance for updating work of Master Plan requires cabinet approval. The updated Master Plan is estimated to cover around 37,000 hectors. Accordingly, public announcement is regulated by the Master Plan procedure before implementation, but it was not informed formally to the governmental and private sectors regarding the effectiveness of Master Plan issues.

As a result, most of repatriation of refugees returning to their homeland or new settlement, have started construction of illegal houses by themselves because they cannot get municipal acceptance. Also, most of returnees are still isolated from adequate information about urban resettlement. In consequence, newly constructed houses still have difficulty of legal authorization everywhere.

The 1978 Master Plan applied the sub division system with 5 zones and it is shown below as given by the Kabul Municipality. (This zoning system excludes sub-urban area within the municipality)

• North-East: 1,670 hectors

• North-West: 4,920 hectors

• South-West: 7,440 hectors

• South-East: 12,800 hectors

• Detail plan for central Kabul: 1,950 hectors

• Total: 28,780 hectors

The total planning area has been estimated to be 35,345 hectors. The latest Master Plan and planned land use by categories is explained as Table 2.12 and Figure 2.8.

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Table 2.12 Land Use by Category

Land Use Area (ha) Percentage (%) Area (ha) Area

(ha) (1) Low Rise Residential (1 to 3 Storey Housing Area)

3,297 9.33% Housing Area

Entire Residential Area

(2) High Rise Residential (4 to 16 Storey Mixed Housing Area / Including commercial use at ground floor) 5,489 15.53%

(3) Reserved Area for Housing 806 2.28% 9,592 (4) Children’s Playground and Parks for Residents 799 2.26% Public Area (5) Public Facility 785 2.22% (6) Public Parks and Open Spaces 6,308 17.85% (7) Central Market 52 0.15% (8) Public Health Center 115 0.33% (9) Education, Training, Institution 396 1.12% (10) Public Bus Station 43 0.12% (11) Electricity Power Generation Center 9 0.02% (12) Area for Drinking Water Supply 1,074 3.04% (13) Graveyards 373 1.06% 9,952 (14) Main Road 1,035 2.93% Road (15) Access Road 377 1.07% 1,411 20,956(16) Ring Road 674 1.91% Ring Rd. Others (17) Green Area on the Ring Road 1,676 4.74% 2,350 (18) Industrial Area 1,912 5.41% Other (19) Reserved Area for Industry 20 0.06% Urban (20) Special Purpose Area 504 1.42% Area (21) Airport 1,201 3.40% (22) Green Area (Planting Area) 181 0.51% 3,818 (23) Others (Hills, Railway, Rivers, etc.) 8,222 23.26% 8,222 14,389 Total 35,345 100.00% 35,345 35,345

Source: Plan by Kabul Municipality and Area computation by JICA Study Team

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Figure 2.8 Master Plan of Kabul City

Source: Planned by Kabul Municipality and digital drawing by JICA Study Team

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2.3.2. Population Assumption

(1) Case-1: for sufficient living space

The Study Team analyzed the Master Plan to determine how many people can be settled within the residential area. The international standards for population densities of new town development which can provide residents sufficient living space, assume 150 persons/ hectare for a low-rise residential area and 300 persons/ha for high-rise.

Based on the assumption of 100 persons/ha for reserved residential area, the results are shown Table 2.13.

Housing has great importance to build the country and efforts in solving the housing shortage are on the increase. However, the gap to be filled is very wide and the problem is tremendous due to civil war damage especially on returned refugees.

In the Master Plan, residential area is designated for two types of areas. Middle and high-rise housing areas (4 to 16 stories) are allocated along major roads and low-rise housing areas (1 to 3 stories) are allocated inside residential blocks.

Within both residential areas with reserved housing area, it will be possible to receive more than 2.3 million inhabitants according to the assumptions of the Study Team as shown below.

Table 2.13 Population Density Analysis on the Master Plan

Residential Area Area (ha) Prospect Density Population

Low Rise Residential (1 to 3 Storey Housing Area) 3,297 150 494,500 High Rise Residential (4 to 16 Storey Mixed Housing Area / Including commercial use at ground floor) 5,489

300

1,646,700

Reserved Area for Housing 806 100 80,600 Total 9,592 2,371,750 Net Population Density 247 Semi-Gross Population Density (Except “Others Area” such as hills, roads, river, airport etc.) 113

Gross Population Density 67 Source: JICA Study Team

Based on the above conditions, net population density will be 247 persons/ha, semi-gross density (except hills, ring roads, rivers, airport etc.) 113 persons/ha and gross density 67 persons/ha.

Ministry of Housing, Building and Town Planning has conceived the idea to develop satellite towns around outskirts of the municipal area. The satellite towns will be receive the overflow population from the municipal area when population pressure increases over capacity in future.

(2) Case-2: for 3.1 million population (framework in 2020)

In the land use table of Master Plan, the total residential area can be calculated at around 20,956 ha (refer to Table 2.12) based on the map. In the area, semi-gross population density is calculated at 148 person/ha in 3.1 million total population 2020 (refer to Table 2.9). The residential area to calculate the density includes housing area, public facility area (school, hospital and community center) and public area (transportation area, park and utility area). This means that the density can be compared with density of new town developments. The density is rather higher than

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those of new town developments in Japan, but it is not so far from them as shown in the following three Japanese examples:

• Tama New Town: 100 person/ha

• Kohoku New Town: 138 person/ha

• Chiba New Town: 130 person/ha

Densities of residential areas of major cities in the world are even slightly higher: Mexico City (155 persons/ha), Sao Paulo (160 persons/ha) and Karachi (163 persons/ha). (Source: United States Census Bureau, 1991 residential area population densities)

Hence, the size of 3.1 million in 2020 would be possible population for the Master Plan. However, it is indispensable that infrastructure should be adequately provided.

(3) Case-3: for actual living space

Furthermore, the residential area could contain even more population from the point of view of population density in the Master Plan. The following detail assumptions, which consider actual living space, were used for the calculation.

Low-rise housing area assumptions

• 12 persons per house = 2 families per house and 6 persons per family

• 400 m2 land per house (calculated on the map of Master Plan)

• Net-population density was calculated at 300 persons/ha in the housing area

Medium-rise housing assumption

The high-rise housing (up to 16 story) was planned in the Master Plan, however, more practical dwelling: medium-rise was considered for the assumption.

• 5 persons per house (a household)

• 100 m2 land per house

• Net-population density was calculated at 500 persons/ha in the housing area

3.7 million population is calculated according to the above assumptions. The semi-gross population density is 177 persons/ha in the entire residential area.

Table 2.14 Comparison of the Cases Case Net density Semi-gross

density Gross density Population

(1) Case-1: for sufficient living space 247 113 67 2.4 million (2) Case-2: for 3.1 million populations

(framework in 2020) 323 148 88 3.1 million

(3) Case-3: for actual living space 386 177 105 3.7 million Source: JICA Study Team

2.3.3. Traffic and Transportation

Characteristics of the Master Plan were applied to the super-block system. Hence a new traffic system design is introduced with outer ring road around urban area, and newly introduced railway system for the passenger and cargo services to connect with

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northern and southern areas of the country.

For bus transportation system design, a bus center is located at central area and 4 bus terminals are provided at the entrance area to the city. These are at intersections of regional trunk roads and the ring road. Bus parking with maintenance shop is located beside Kabul International Airport. Airport will be expanded at its present location.

Schematic traffic system of the Master Plan is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9 Traffic System

Source: JICA Study Team

2.3.4. Parks and Open Space

The Master Plan provides sufficient space for parks and open spaces which includes sports facilities, green belt along the river, recreational facilities and buffer area. These parks and open spaces network creates rich urban space as well as good environment. Inside of every residential block a pedestrian network system is provided including playground and other neighborhood facilities such as kindergarten and school. Sufficient functional urban open space is provided for emergency such as natural disaster, fire or conflict.

Figure 2.10 shows parks and open spaces network system.

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Figure 2.10 Parks and Open Spaces Network System


2.3.5. Public and Neighborhood Facility

At present, government offices are highly concentrated in the central area, especially in District 2. The Master Plan clearly has a decentralization policy including relocation of major government offices out of the central area and to disperse market places.

It is advisable that solutions solve typical urban problems of traffic congestion at central area as well as mitigate negative environmental impacts.

2.3.6. Consideration for Reconstruction Plan

Issues related to urban development of relevance to capital city of Kabul during the period of reconstruction include the following:

• Urgent issues related to emergency recovery/revitalization program including settlement for returned refugees.

• Implementation programs coordinated with the previous Master Plan, such as land use, road and utilities network, and building height, population density control, etc.

• Infrastructure provision and urban environment.

• Clarification of land and property rights.

• The need to involve all relevant stakeholders in the process of urban reconstruction.

Another challenging issue is how to adopt these programs to the long-term urban development framework. Of course, the first step will be to rehabilitate urban functions up to their pre-war levels. However, this should take into consideration

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population changes caused by urban migrants in addition to the original inhabitants. And also the level of life supporting infrastructure should be the same level or higher than pre-war levels to meet expectations for quality of life.

The Government is implementing a parallel program to solve the major problems including lack of safe dwelling units with sufficient life support infrastructures and initial employment opportunities. Dedicated international donors and a special fund for the reconstruction of housing and infrastructure are supporting these efforts. For housing reconstruction program, these include grants or donated building materials for house owners to repair their properties, even for unauthorized housing. Also there is a special fund for creation of job opportunities as part of REAP (Recovery of Employment Afghanistan Program) and work for unskilled jobs such as civil work, urban cleaning, etc.

Considerable work remains to be done, such as selection of eligible beneficiaries, establishing returnee priorities, selecting residential areas for the rehabilitation, determining how rehabilitating utilities can connect to houses, and making sure that grants are used for their intended purpose and not dispersed elsewhere.

(1) Reconstruction of Kabul City

The reconstruction of the capital city Kabul is on the priority list of most Ministries who are faced with rebuilding and strengthening their institutions and establishing viable laws/regulations and relations with the outside world.

For the reconstruction of the Capital city, it is preferable to have the benefit of an urban Master Plan that translates the development vision into a comprehensive development framework with coordinated land use, transportation and infrastructure components at the city level. However the lack of funds and fading of policy at the end of a long period of conflict delays the preparation of the implementation plan and reconstruction work is proceeding simply on the basis of urgency and an outline of priorities.

To evolve a sustainable vision for the long term, implementation issues must be a main consideration. The role and capability of central government as well as municipal government, the private sector and other stakeholders must be flexibly defined and periodically reviewed, since the effective contribution of each depends on the development of governance, financial institution and entrepreneurship.

In addition to this situation, the existing Master Plan issued in 1978 with updating process identifies the long-term development guidelines for the target year 2020. It is not recommended to drastically or hasty change this without social consensus and financial background.

(2) Reconstruction of the South-Western Area

The South-Western Area of Kabul city represented, before the conflict, a favored area for the expansion of the city. The area had advantage of calm backyard, appearance of cultural atmosphere, good environment for settlement and proximity to urban central area. However, the area also had large blocks of unauthorized land with multiple ownerships. These are now destroyed and vacant lots needing to be authorized by the land registration system for implementing urban reconstruction.

The Municipality is initiating a detailed Master Plan (Scale 1: 2,000) based on the 1978 Master Plan (Scale 1: 24,000) approved by the Cabinet. Progress will be encouraged for land clarification together with the registration process.

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Future prospects of South-Western Area

After settling outstanding matter, the area will be developed according to the policy of Master Plan. Of course from time to time, some review and updating work will be required to meet social needs and economic backgrounds.

For implementing the existing Mater Plan in South-Western Area for future, the following should be carefully considered:

• Opposition by local residents opposed to relocation, particularly the owners of small land and unauthorized land, who experienced difficulty to obtain political support.

• The inability of Government/Municipality to obtain consensus on the amount of compensation to be paid or the acceptability of a relocation house, in addition to the fact that mutual consensus produced the policy of “Reconstruct our home town!” in the short term and a comfortable town in long term.

• The reluctance of Donor agencies to assist urban reconstruction in view of their negative social impacts. The same is true of private sector, which perceives too many risks in smooth handling as well as cost recovery.

As a result, public agencies are unable to proceed with project implementation and viable alternatives may be difficult to find today because of the lack of political consensus concerning project significance.

In summing up the future plan of South-Western Area for year 2020, the following issues are noteworthy:

• Comprehensive urban development projects are necessarily of long-term nature and involve the setting up of a dedicated implementation mechanism.

• The Municipality should be carefully planned with proper attention accorded to economic feasibility, environmental soundness, socio-political impacts and source of finance.

• The Municipality should engage in a consultation process involving relevant stakeholders and community representatives.

• The involvement of the private sector is desirable and effective but only realistically feasible where cost recovery is proven with an acceptable level of financial return.

• Cost recovery can be highly improved and a self-sustaining system also realized by setting affordable standards of infrastructure provision and focusing on implementation schedules.

• The classification of unauthorized building/land has its roots in the disorderly political system from the history of the conflicts. However, it is difficult to require compulsory relocation of such occupants elsewhere on a legal basis alone.

• A realistic approach should consist of working on 2 fronts: the first is preventive and consists of providing a feasible project basis, but not disregarding the plan to accommodate low income households, particularly returned refugees who are living in a relative’s house; the second is curative and consists of developing mechanisms for upgrading and eventual legalization and reintegration of existing unauthorized settlements into the urban fabric.

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(3) Suggestions for Land use zoning in the South-Western Area

Land use control is indispensable to lead to proper land use by restricting undesirable land use in areas. The land use zone system is a basic zoning tool to control land use for the area. The system introduces controls on buildings in the zones according to the purpose of each zone.

Other complement zones can be designed to promote land use more appropriate to local conditions. A zoning system for special use is typical in order to complement the land use zoning.

1) Land use zones

a. Low-rise exclusive residential zone

Low-rise exclusive residential zone is designed to conserve the good dwelling environment of a low-rise residential area. Therefore, the zone should be most strict regarding building uses, building coverage ratios, floor area ratios and height.

Educational facilities (excluding universities), community facilities, small-scale shops, restaurants and offices can be built in the zone. For industries, small-scale food processing industries can be also built in the zone.

The zone is designed in the low-rise residential area with community parks in the land use plan in the South-Western Area. Most districts include this zone.

b. Mid-to-high-rise exclusive residential zone

Mid-to-high-rise exclusive residential zone is designed to conserve the good dwelling environment of mid-to-high-rise residential area. Universities, hospitals, middle-scale shops, restaurants and offices can also be built in the zone in addition to the ones of low-rise exclusive residential zone.

The zone is designed in the mid-to-high rise residential area of the land use plan in the South-Western Area. Most districts include this zone, especially on collector streets and minor/major arterial streets. In the D3, this zone covers the whole area.

c. Neighborhood commercial zone

Neighborhood commercial zone is designed to provide daily necessaries for neighborhood residents. The zone has less strict building regulations than residential zones mentioned above. Accommodation facilities, theaters, cinemas and small-scale industries can be built in the zone.

Community centers (including commercial and public facilities) are designated for the zone. In addition, areas on major streets are also designated for the zone.

d. Industrial zone

Industrial zone is designed to encourage industries. Particularly, mixed land use with residential area should be avoided in the zone. Non-polluting industries are desirable in the zone.

At the west edge of South-Western Area, on the Kandahar road, an industrial area is designated on the Master Plan. The area also has the role of physical distribution center for the city. The industrial zone should be designed to cover the whole industrial area.

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2) Special land use zone (educational zone)

Educational zone is designated in order to maintain and enhance environment of educational, research and cultural activities. The educational zone targets the area where educational and research facilities are located together in a residential area. The zone should be prevent the construction of facilities which bring environmental deterioration, such as play facilities or commercial facilities (including hotels).

The educational zone should be designed to promote land use appropriate to the parts of local situation in D3, D5 and D7. These educational environments should be maintained in residential areas.

2.3.7. Proposed Projects

(1) Central laboratory of construction materials

In Kabul city, construction industries are growing rapidly due to urgent rehabilitation projects and encouragement of commercial business. Accordingly, construction of public / private buildings and infrastructure such as road betterment work are being encouraged. This movement will accelerate more in the near future.

However, there are insufficient number of testing laboratories for construction materials. Hence, what is adaptable or un-adaptable, it is determined by an engineer’s opinion without any scientific confirmation.

Before the war, Kabul Polytechnic Institute was operated as a testing laboratory of construction materials. That laboratory was useful for upgrading the skills of students and engineers and also promoting evolution of construction industries. However, that whole facility was destroyed and is no longer functional. For that reason, supervising consultants and contractors for aid projects bring their testing materials to the laboratory in Islamabad, Pakistan. Sometime it is difficult bring bulky testing materials/samples to a foreign country and it is also a waste of time and money.

Consequently, it is highly required to build a new Central Laboratory of Construction Materials (to test for strength of concrete, reinforcement bar, steel, gravel, and make chemical analysis of water, sand, soil, etc.) in the Kabul Polytechnic Institute. This facility should be operated as the central laboratory of whole nation together with teaching equipment/materials for students. The Polytechnic Institute still has a few technical staff and sufficient land within its campus.

2.4. Administrative and Legal Matter

2.4.1. General

For various reasons emanating from the traditional absence of subordination to the leadership in Kabul city, a fragile coalition and fragmented society based on ethnical differences and alliances has kept Afghanistan’s central government, throughout its existence during the 20th century, from being regarded as a strong centralized administrative authority. It is still early for the Afghanistan’s transitional government to become a fully functioning and final structure, but experiences of successive Afghan governments, including that of the Taliban Islamic Movement (or the ‘Islamic Emirate’ as they called themselves), followed more or less the model of its predecessor, the former communist regime that ruled during the 1980s; hence, it is likely that the current setup would configure itself in a similar manner. The

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difference from those regimes lies mainly in that there is no political party structure parallel to the government that was common under the communists.

The Afghanistan ‘Islamic’ Transitional Authority (hereafter referred to as AITA) headed by President and Head of State, Hamid Karzai, is expected to administer Afghanistan for the 18 months that follows the Emergency Loya Jirga1. The president of AITA had a number of its cabinet ministers assigned through the ELJ and subsequently appointed the remainder. AITA was expected to undertake structural reform, particularly downsizing (compared to its predecessor) the Afghanistan Interim Administration, but this did not take place. In today’s Afghanistan, there are 29 ministries with additional offices and commissions that have been added later by the discretion of Mr. Karzai.

The traditional Afghan style of governing, with a nominal central government in Kabul city and a relative degree of autonomy for the provinces, was applied, quite naturally, for the AITA. Beneath the central authority, the countryside is demarcated into 32 provinces with each administered under a governor appointed, theoretically, by Kabul city2. Some ministries have applied the concept of ‘zones’, which consist of several provinces nearby to each other, to administer their activities and fulfill their duties.

The officials of AITA were somewhat reluctant to provide the entire picture and scope of the administration, as well as the number of civil servants on their payroll. Even the structural chart was inaccessible. Thus the one below is an amalgam of information originating from various sources.

Figure 2.11 Structure of the AITA

29 ministries

Vice Presidents Special Advisors

Ministerial Advisors

Deputy Head Deputy Head

Disaster PreparednesDept.

Direct CooperationDept.

Control & EvaluationDept.

General Department ofNational Security

Genereal AdministrativeDept.

Press Dept. Private InvestmentDept.

Civil ServicesDept.

Documents &Relations Dept.

Head of GeneralAdministrative Department

Head of State& President

Source: Based on various information collected by the JICA Study Team

A well-informed source close to the AITA has provided the JICA study team with the information that the envisaged number of civil servants on the payroll stands close to 240,0003. Yet it is not clear to how many of them have been recruited at this time.

Figure 2.12 is a typical structure observed in one of the ministries of AITA.

1 The Bonn Agreement (S/2001/1154) foresees that the transitional authority would be responsible for the next 24 months from its inception, but today, most of the authorities, including those from the UN, mainly refer to the next 18 and not beyond. 2 Some ministries within the AITA apparently are working under the old 29-province system. 3 This figure excludes the security apparatus personnel, as well as the national army (Ministry of Defense), which both considered as classified information.

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Figure 2.12 Ministry of Public Works

First Deputy Minister Second Deputy Minister

Advisors

Fare ChargingDept.

Project SurveyDept.

Task Force forTunnels

AdministrativeDept.

Press Dept. Mechanic Dept.

Planning Dept. Inspection Dept.

Road MaintenanceDept.

Human ResourcesDept.

Documents &Relations Dept.

Minister ofPublic Works

Source: Ministry of Public Works

For reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts to unfold as planned, the donor community inevitably will have to seek for sufficiently manned, functioning and accountable Afghan agencies to fulfill their part of the commitment. AITA, since its inception, was expected to display the capability and capacity by co-implementing emergency rehabilitation programs in a manner that would satisfy international donors who would then channel additional aid.

Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority (AACA) emerged under the Interim Authority, and outlived the latter’s tenure. Its role is to attract and allocate bilateral and multilateral funding, and then prepare, coordinate and implement the National Development Framework (designed by the AACA) based on assessment of needs.

The key line ministries that play a role in the reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts are the Ministries of Reconstruction and Planning. According to Afghan officials, the boundary between these two is determined by whether a certain development project is meant to reconstruct an existing facility (Reconstruction) or to build it from scratch (Planning). The rest of the ministries relevant in identifying, planning, implementing and maintaining such programs would play their natural roles.

Because of the complexity in demarcation of responsibilities, duties and authorities that exist, there is a chance that overlapping or competition among ministries, as well as with the AACA, could hinder smooth progress if they are not well coordinated.

Based on the findings of the investigation process, as well as the reality on the ground, donor attention focused on Kabul city, where needs were immense and urgent to draw up a comprehensive reconstruction plan followed by its swift implementation. Thus, the local administration in Kabul city (i.e., the Municipality) has become a crucial implementing partner for the donor community.

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2.4.2. Administrative Structure

The City of Kabul has been the capital of Afghanistan since 1775. The 1964 Constitution certifies its unchallenged status in Article 5.

Figure 2.13 Structure of the Kabul Municipality

Documents & Relations Department Mayor's Office

Administrative Department Board of Advisors

Greenery & Forestry Department

Trash & Sanitation Department

Price Control Department

Deputy Mayorfor City Services

Property Department

Deputy Mayorfor Property

Planning Department

Income Department

Deputy Mayorfor Planning & Finance

Major Structure Department

Planning Engineering Department

Deputy Mayorfor Construction

Representative of Gozars

Head of Districts 1 to 16

Mayor

Source: Kabul Municipality

The Kabul Municipality, as shown in its structural chart above, is assigned to take charge in accommodating and facilitating foreign aid that is directed toward the reconstruction of the City, as opposed to other major cities of Afghanistan where the fulfilling of such work is left to the Ministry of Reconstruction. Kabul Municipality controls, as well monitors, the development activities based on its so-called Master Plan, originally drawn up in the 1970s with the help from the then Soviet Union and subsequently subject to several amendments.

The Mayor of Kabul city, at present, is appointed by the President of AITA based on unknown criteria. It is expected that, under an appropriate political climate, citizens of Kabul city would directly elect their mayor, as stipulated by law, but never practiced. The Mayor exerts his executive power within the Municipality structure, which includes direct control over the Municipality’s senior and middle-ranking staffs.

As of today, Municipality personnel appear to be mostly those officials and civil servants who had close contacts, if not affiliation, with the former Islamic State of Afghanistan,4 a tendency widely observed in AITA as a whole. It has not been made clear as to how the future employment of Municipality staff members would take place other than that preference would be given to reinstate former officials, rather than identifying new candidates. The number of personnel working for the Municipality today has reached 2,700, a figure that does not include contract workers, according to one of the deputy mayors.

For the initial 9 months of reconstruction work, the dispatch of aid has been concentrated to Kabul city for security reason, thus leaving the Municipality loaded with many tasks to accomplish and events to follow. Unfortunately, but sometimes not surprisingly, various stories and rumors disseminate about corruption and the involvement of some senior figures of the Municipality. While several reshuffling and dismissals have taken place, these stories and allegations have not been established in court.

4 The recent appointment of a new Mayor to Kabul City, Mr. Jagdalak, further strengthens this observed tendency.

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2.4.3. Legal Structure

Throughout the duration of the peace process carved into the Bonn Agreement, until the time a Loya Jirga will ratify a new constitution, the Constitution of 1964, which is considered to be the most democratic constitution in the history of Afghanistan by many, has been revalidated with the exception of Chapter II, which defines the Monarchy.

All laws, regulations, by-laws, executive orders (decrees) under the previous regimes, including those adopted during the Taliban reign, are subject to a process of screening and scrutiny. Each ministry is held responsible to study and clarify the legal conformity of those laws, regulation and orders that are under their jurisdiction in terms of three sources (the Bonn Agreement, the 1964 Constitution and the policies of the AITA), and then inform the results to the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry has been preparing a database, which has now reached 56 pages, on this matter (see example in Appendix 2).

The conducted study so far tells that the legal backbone to support the Municipality’s authority in implementing reconstruction programs has not been drawn up in detail. Rather, the information provided by relevant officials through separate interviews suggests that practices that allow the Municipality to develop the capital have been given priority. The Municipality, as stated earlier, is the planning authority, as well as the de facto implementing agency, of the Master Plan, ratified by the Parliament in 1979, in regards to the development of the City. The Master Plan itself is a law and therefore any amendments, additions, abolitions and changes to the plan require approval by the Council of Ministers (i.e., the Cabinet).

2.4.4. Further Considerations

There is little doubt that the current structure of AITA itself needs to be streamlined, in order to avoid bureaucratic red taping and constraints, not to mention duplicity and ambiguity, of some offices’ functions. Recalling the origin of this structure and the imprinted nature of wide government control, it would be advisable to move swiftly to avoid duplicity by merging some of the ministries. The Kabul Municipality cannot remain immune from the tendency towards an oversized and overextended executive branch. Yet, little can be achieved without the proper knowledge, political will, popular support and close guidance from the international community.

AITA needs to deal with the overlapping functions of various governmental organizations, agencies and offices, including divisions and bureaus within the ministries. The situation observed today, with 30 ministries or so and still more to come, needs to be taken seriously and properly adjusted. In this regard, AITA would benefit from establishment of a task force dedicated to defuse the situation by streamlining offices, removing red tape and eventually reducing its own financial burden. An offer to help in structuring a successor to the problematic and dysfunctional system would be valuable.

Ministries, in most cases, have not envisaged any specialized department, or office, dedicated to supervise training schemes for their personnel. A chart provided by the Ministry of Public Works, as shown above, with the existence of a department dedicated to human resources, could be considered as an exception. Based on discussions with various ministry officials, there was considerable lack of awareness on how important and essential human resources are, and the need not only to recruit skilled and trained personnel, but also to train them with sufficient time and under

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proper supervision.

Developing human capacity and working efficiency within key and line ministries for reconstruction is an urgent requirement. Parallel with reform of the administrative system which the AITA intends to carry out in order to meet the demands, training courses similar to those provided by vocational training centers should be provided for most low-ranking officials who had once been laid off by a previous government but are now reemployed. These schemes could include computer and information technology-related courses, an area which has become increasingly significant in establishing a functioning government. Middle-ranking officials might require improvement of their managerial skills for administering their offices. Workshops should be encouraged in order to extend discussions beyond just one office, division, bureau and ministry. Furthermore, the Civil Service Commission, which has not been fully activated yet but would be solely responsible to provide training for civil servants, needs to be supported through these two fundamental schemes.

Notwithstanding the agreement among international aid agencies and donors not to sky-rocket salaries to be paid to Afghan nationals, substantial and obvious differences have made it difficult for AITA to retain their skilled and desired personnel. The issue exists where experienced human resources are scarce and competition among donor related activities is fierce. Hence, foundation of vocational schools for civil services could broaden the spectrum of human resources in general.

<Addendum>

With few exceptions, civil servants that have been newly recruited and/or have been reinstated are male employees. Very few female personnel appear to be actively working in Ministries such as Planning, Foreign Affairs, Transport, Reconstruction and Justice. This limited observation does not exclude the probability that other ministries also share a similar condition. Tradition and religion do play a role here, where segregation of sexes from early stages of life has been practiced in Afghanistan for centuries, but these values should not restrict the general employment of female personnel in government and public offices. Segregation does not necessarily mean exclusion of either sex. Thus, recruitment of qualified and skilled female personnel, encouraged by donors, needs to be promoted through consultation, formulation and implementation of various development projects in all sectors of Afghanistan, including those related to the Municipality.

2.5. Gender and Social Considerations

2.5.1. Gender

The Gender sector in this Study does not include cultural, religious, or legal aspects on gender, but concentrates only on what are the necessary considerations that should be discussed, and viewpoints of women in Afghanistan that should be included in the urgent rehabilitation of social infrastructure which will free women from past bondage, obtain more equal positions with men in the society, liberate them to participate in social activities, job markets, political arena, and have easier access to education. The Gender sector seeks the way to eliminate or alleviate the physical obstacles that Afghan women are facing because of social infrastructure that this Study Team is planning to rehabilitate.

The towns are full of women who are freed from the forced wearing of the burka, or who walk alone without accompanied by male companions, or women who returned to educational institutes to learn how to read and write, and girl students who study at

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schools. In government offices, many women are working wearing colorful dresses.

However, this does not mean that women now enjoy equal rights and freedom with men, or women can do actually things freely in our sense. For example, all women wear some kinds of scarves, long skirts, long pants, and mostly long sleeves in weather where the temperature goes up to around 35℃ during the day. Also, in towns, women are packed into small spaces in buses while men occupy the majority of the room. Often times, women are pushed into the trunk of taxis where only luggage should be place.

Yet, the women whom the Team interviewed all said that they are free now to do almost anything, that they are very pleased and satisfied. Their expressions are vivid and cheerful.

(1) Survey on women’s opinion

In order to assist the rehabilitation of social infrastructure, a survey was undertaken to ask women’s opinions to find what difficulties they faced in the past, or are facing now, and what are the better ways to improve such conditions.

Because there were requests to focus on the provision of public buses and the construction of public toilettes (which are the two most urgent problems that should be promptly solved for the “Gender” sector in this Study), the survey items also largely concentrated on the above two subjects.

The survey interviews were carried out by the use of questionnaires in towns and at the time of house-to-house visits. A total of 54 women between the ages of 20 to 60 years old were interviewed. The following is the summary of the results.

1) Transportation problems

The following summary suggests that all women who go out often face problems in obtaining transportation to travel to their destinations. Almost all women stated that they use public buses when they go out because taxis are too expensive.

Table 2.15 Questionnaires on Transportation Do you have problems with transportation

when you travel/going out? Yes (50) No (0) Don’t go out (4)

1. What do you use when you go out far? Public buses 54 Taxi 0 Other 0

2. How do you want to use buses? Separate buses for women 17 Separate part within the buses 1 Simply want more buses/more room for women (50:50) 23 No comment/no answers 10 Present method is O.K. 3

3. About bus routes Buses should come in to gozars 4 No particular request/comments 50

4. Comments on bus stops Some bus stops in gozars away from main roads needed 4 The locations are O.K. but need roofs and fences 16 No particular comments 34


2) Problems with public toilets

None of the women who were interviewed knew of the existence of public toilets in

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Kabul city. No one has ever used a public toilet. However, all the women who were interviewed and who often go out stated that they have face problem finding a toilet. They think that construction of public toilets is one of the highest priority matters to free women from concern of finding some place while they are out.

Table 2.16 Problems with Public Toilets 1. Have you ever experienced difficulty in finding a toilet while you are out?

Yes (52) No (2-don’t go out)

2. What would you, or did you do then? a. Find any place possible, on the corner, behind a building b. Just be patient until get home c. Borrow at someone’s house d. No particular comments

39 10 1 4

3. What are the inconveniences or problems you faced when used toilets in government office, schools, hospitals? a. Filthy b. Smell bad c. Have to wait for long time d. The numbers of toilets are not enough e. Toilets are always out of service f. The locations of toilets are bad

52 52 35 36 28 4

4. On the style of toilets, which do you prefer of the below? a. Afghan style b. Western style c. Whichever

38 4 10


(2) Women’s participation in society

In This Study, how women’s position in the society has improved in Afghanistan was measured by the positions that women occupy and by the number of female employment in various government offices and other institutions. Because the situation of Afghanistan is still very much fluid, it is difficult even to obtain the number of employees in government offices.

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Table 2.17 Ratios Between Male and Female Employees/Positions Government Offices/

InstitutionsTotal Number of Employees

Number ofMale

Number ofFemale Remarks

Ministry of Public Health 2,313 1,660 652 Minister 1 Professional 812 440 372 Administrative 710 560 150 Service Staffs 790 660 130

(Doctors) 20 19 1 Mini. of Women’s Affairs 1,341 300 1041

Minister 1 Deputy Ministers 2 Directors 8 3 5

Ministry of Justice 60 40 20 Number of lawyers Kabul Municipality 951 876 75 Childcare Hospital 496 359 137 Medical Staff 295 237 58 Doctors/nurses Administrative staff 36 25 11 Service staff 165 97 68 Guards, cleaning Malalai ZaZhantoon (Obstetrics/Gynecology)

348

55

293

Medical Staff 178 8 170 Administrative Staff 35 4 31 Service Staff 135 43 92


As can be seen in the above tables, a considerable number of female staff are now working in various government offices or in hospitals. Although only limited numbers of private companies exist in present day Afghanistan, many employment opportunities are available in government offices or international communities, such as UN offices, NGOs, or in offices of donor countries that have offices in Kabul city. However, female staff that occupy management positions are quite limited. For example, 75 women are working at the Office of Municipality, but none of the women occupy supervisory position.

It is also understood that a number of women, as well as men, are in the service sector; that is, they are guards, cleaning women, or only serving tea. Because during the Taliban regime, women were kept away from education, many women lack the qualification to be employed for higher positions. Nevertheless, we can see from the above, that quite a number of women have already returned to work.

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Table 2.18 Number of Professors in Kabul University Faculties Male Female % of Female Total

Law & Social Science 622 72 10.3 694 Natural Science 328 190 36.6 518 Literature & Languages 744 255 25.5 999 Islamic 269 107 28.4 376 Engineering 660 20 2.9 680 Agriculture 513 4 0.7 517 Pharmacy 289 47 13.9 336 Economics 598 35 5.5 633 Veterinary 189 2 1 191 Education 132 86 39.4 218 Geology 212 11 4.9 223 Social Science 245 83 25.3 328 Journalism 342 60 14.9 402 Arts 68 3 4.2 71

Total Number of Students 5,211 975 (Average) 18.70% (Average) 6,186

Source: Kabul University

The ratios between female and male teaching staff (including some lecturers and candidates for professor) and students in Kabul University are indicated in the attached tables. As for the number of professors, the female professors occupy only about 14% on average of the total number. For example, there is no female professor in the Faculty of Agriculture where the total number of professors is 32; the Faculty of Engineering has only one female professor, which is only 2.6% of 38 professors, and only one professor for Islamic Studies. The highest ratio is in the Faculty of Journalism where females occupies 33%, that is, three teachers out of nine; then comes the Faculty of Social Science in which the female professors occupy 26.3% of the total.

As for the ratios between the female and male students at present, female students occupy only 18.7% of the total: that is 975 out of 6,186 students. The lowest ratios are for the Faculty of Agriculture where only four female students are enrolled out of 517, and two student in Veterinary Science of 191, then three students in Faculty of Arts while the total is 71. The highest ratios are in the Faculties of Education that has nearly 40% female, then comes 36.6% in Faculty of Natural Science. Other faculties with higher ratios are Islamic Studies, Literature, and Social Science where over 25% of the students are female.

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Table 2.19 Numbers of Students by Faculty in Kabul University Number of Professors Educational Degree

Fem ale Male Total

Professor AssociateProfessor

AssistantProfessor

Candidatefor Prof. Phd MS MA BS No.

Degree Law 5 22 27 4 6 3 14 1 4 0 12 0 Natural Science 8 39 47 9 20 4 14 6 20 2 18 0 Literature 7 55 62 6 19 17 20 5 19 0 38 0 Islamic 1 33 34 (45) 2 5 10 28 0 7 0 27 0 Engineering 1 38 39 4 7 2 26 0 7 0 23 6 Agriculture 0 32 32 9 9 6 8 4 13 0 15 0 Pharmacy 3 12 15 3 4 1 7 2 2 0 12 0 Economics 3 20 23 (24) 3 4 8 9 3 11 0 9 0 Veterinary 3 11 14 3 3 5 3 6 3 5 0 0 Education 2 15 17 3 8 4 2 2 12 0 3 0 Social Science 5 19 24 (25) 3 9 6 7 4 10 0 10 2 Geology 3 16 19 3 4 5 7 0 8 0 11 0 Journalism 3 9 12 1 4 2 5 0 3 0 9 0 Arts 2 11 13 0 5 1 7 0 1 0 12 0 Total 46 332 378 53 107 74 157 33 120 7 209 8 (13.9) (391) (199) Note: Phd MS – Master of Science MA – Master of Arts BS – Bachelor of Science ( ) Indicate corrected numbers (discrepancies in calculation) Source: Kabul University

The Chancellor of the University has stated that the University is attempting to increase the number and ratio of the female students from 30 to 40% in the near future. However, he says that unless the dormitory for the female students is rehabilitated, it is impossible to increase their number because they have no place to stay if the students are from outside of Kabul city.

The Ministry of Women’s Affairs is working hard to find jobs in various government offices for women and introducing them to the positions that became available. The Ministry has already introduced 400 job opportunities in various government offices to women.

It seems that the participation of women in the society and job markets is satisfactorily progressing. Even the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is not demanding quick and radical changes, but aiming at slow and gradual but sure advancement. The achievements of successful literacy education, vocational classes by expanding the present activities, will necessarily provide opportunities for many more women in Afghanistan.

(3) Other important aspects that should be considered

Besides the necessities of obtaining public buses and construction of public toilets, there are several more aspects that require urgent attention. One is the rehabilitation and construction of kindergartens and the other is the construction of women’s centers that the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is planning to set up. Furthermore, the education of personal hygiene and public health for the general public in the Target Area is urgently required.

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1) Existing situations of kindergartens

The Department of Kindergarten of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is requesting the assistance for the rehabilitation and construction of kindergartens in Kabul city. Many kindergartens have been destroyed during the years of internal conflict, and many others have become old and deteriorated without receiving the required repairs for a long period of time.

All kindergartens in Afghanistan are basically governmental. But there are two types of kindergartens: one belonging to government offices and institutions (such as, ministries, schools or hospitals) and the other type are ones established in communities. All kindergartens, therefore, belong to the Ministry. All the teachers are employed and paid by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, but the Ministry of Education sets their educational curriculum and qualification.

According to information provided by the Department, there are presently 109 kindergartens (136 according to the information of other source) for governmental offices and 36 (or 46) are for communities in Kabul city. Of the above, 91 kindergartens are active as governmental institutions, but 18 kindergartens are closed due to the need for reconstruction or rehabilitation. Among the ones in the community, 18 are active but another 18 are closed and need reconstruction or rehabilitation.

Various donor countries, NGOs, international organizations, and ISAF are assisting some of them in one way or another. It is understood that GTZ has already repaired 7 kindergartens for the government offices, and USAID has a plan to repair 15 kindergartens for the governmental affiliated ones. However, assistance for the kindergartens in communities is largely missing.

There are 11 kindergartens in the communities in the Target Area (Districts 3, 5, 6 and 7), but only 4 of them are active. Although all of them, including the ones that are active, require some kind of rehabilitation, another 7 kindergartens are unable to reopen due to the high degree of damage and lack of budget.

Since women perform the work of child rearing in the culture where families tend to have many children, women are unable to have educational opportunity. If women can leave their children at kindergartens in the community, they don’t have to take their children with them to their work places where the transportation situation is quite problematic and extremely hard for women to do so. Thus, urgent rehabilitation of kindergartens in communities is very important.

2) Establishment of women’s centers

The establishment of women’s centers in Afghanistan in all provinces and all districts of Kabul city is the urgent plan of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs. The purpose of establishing the centers is to give educational opportunity for women and girls who have been deprived of such opportunities during the Taliban administration, and to incorporate them into the society as regular citizens.

The biggest problem the Ministry faces presently is the lack of facilities to use as training places for illiterate women and girls who do not fit in elementary schools or secondary schools because of their ages and the subjects of the training. Such women and girls need to have separate classes.

The Ministry plans to have centers in all provinces and the 14 districts in Kabul city. In July 2002, the construction of the center in Bamyan has started by the assistance from Japan and with the cooperation of an Afghan NGO. Two centers in Kabul city

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have been established with the assistance from GTZ. The candidate places for thirteen additional centers have been already selected and promised by GTZ, but these centers will be using rented houses that may be good only for one year because of the rent contract law in Afghanistan.

The Ministry would like to have its own buildings so that they can use the facilities permanently and make long-term plans.

(4) Results and analysis of the social survey

The results of the survey are summarized in the table on the next page. Overall conditions of the surveyed houses and areas are explained below.

a. Housing

The houses visited by the Team are located far from the main roads, where vehicles can hardly pass. Alleys are narrow and dirty, and smelly ditches are dug in the middle of the narrow alleys to which all human feces and urine are discharged from each house on the both sides. The streets smell bad and sanitary conditions are extremely dangerous.

Except for the houses on the hills of the District 3, the houses in Districts 5, 6, and 7 have high walls of about 2 meters in height. Walls are made of sun-dried bricks (adobe). These walls adjoin each other on both sides of alleys to the end of each block. From the street, no one can see inside of the walls at all. Each wall has a small entrance about 1 meter wide, a tin or wooden gate. Each lot is rather spacious, approximately 300 m2. Within the walls, house buildings, kitchen and a toilette are located along the walls.

The center of the lot is a front yard where often vegetables or two to three different kinds of fruit trees (such as peach, apricot or grapes) are planted. Each lot has a well for the house. All walls are nicely rebuilt because the first things the people repair are the outer walls to secure their houses. However, inside of the high walls are houses often still in rubble or houses fairly damaged.

Many returnees are living in an extremely crowded conditions with two or three families of their relatives or with strangers. The largest number of families in one lot is 12. They are not relatives, but Hazara people from Bamyan living together. There are also two 6 family houses. Very few houses have only one family, which the people say, used to be a normal way. The survey revealed that an average family number in one lot is about 2.7 families with 16 people. Many of them have just come back from the evacuated places a few months ago, and thus have no notable belongings such as furniture, wardrobes, drawers, or cabinets. They have nothing in the kitchen, except for small fireplace, or a sort of stove. Toilets are generally located on one corner of the lot surrounded by adobe walls and a cloth curtain to cover the front entrance. Each toilet bowl is directly connected to the street by a ditch to discharge all the excrement.

According to survey, not a single house escaped damage from the internal conflict. Many houses still hang only clothes or plastic sheets on the windows instead of glasses. However, a considerable number of houses have already been rebuilt or now are being repaired or reconstructed. Financial assistance or some kind of assistance for reconstruction and repair for houses is the highest demand among the people.

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Table 2.20 Results of the Survey in the Four Districts of the Target Area and Others Surveyed Items District 3 District 5 District 6 District 7 Others

(6 houses)Housing Own house 25% 18% 20.60% 22% 40%Rented /relative's house 75% 43.80% 79.30% 78% 60%Squatters ? 37% ? ? 0Damages to Houses 25% damaged 1 3 7 5 150% damaged 1 3 3 6 175% damaged 3 2 1 1 1100% damaged 2 3 0 3 3Rebuilt partially/completely 5 4 4 13 3Average family size 6.5 persons 7.4 persons 6.9 persons 6.1 persons 7.7 personsAverage family number living in one house 3 families 2.9 families 2.6 families 2.7 families 2.2 familiesAverage number of persons living in one house 15 persons 13.5 persons 18.2 persons 16.6 persons 17 personsReturned from: (families)

Internal refugees 9 families 20 families 13 families 29 families 2 familiesPakistan 5 8 13 7 5Iran 0 4 3 3 2(did not evacuate) 2 0 0 2 2Water Supply (number of houses) Own wells 0 7 7 6 2Public wells/taps 7 4 4 0 3Neighbors wells 0 0 0 8 0Own indoor/outdoor taps 0 0 0 0 1Wells are dry/little water (No wells) 10 3 12 3Supply of Electricity 0 0 0 0 1Use a generator 0 0 5 families 2 families 0Use batteries 0 1 family 0 4 families 0Sewerage Exists 0 0 0 0 0Sewerage, but damaged 0 0 0 0 1


b. Water Supply

The next high demand is for water supply. All houses in the Districts 5, 6, and 7 have individual wells. But, only very few wells supply abundant water for the use of the families. The people say that year-by-year the volume of water is becoming smaller. Particularly the last several years since drought hit the area, the water amount of the river and wells has declined. Today, the water in the nearby river is completely dry, and so are the waters in many wells. In some houses, wells are buried because the well would not give water at all. In some areas and gozars there are public wells or taps to get water, but in some gozars even public water does not exist. The people living in those areas go to neighbor’s wells where they still provide some water, and as a result, the water in such wells is being depleted.

This situation is particularly severe in the District 7, where several gozars do not have public water places. Neither do they receive water supply by water wagon. The people rely on the charity of their neighbors whose wells still give water. In these gozars only one well in three to five houses still produces water, but the conditions of these wells is also becoming severe. For the wells that hardly provide water, if people use water in the morning, then in the afternoon the well gives no more water.

In the case of the gozars in the mountains of District 3, the situation is a little different. There are no wells in individual houses at all. All the people living in the hill area go

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to public water places to get their water. There are several public water places in the middle of the hill. However, supply hours are limited to only one to two hours each day. Therefore, all the people around rush to the water when water comes, and they make lines to wait for their turn every day. Some of them have to bring water to the top of the hill because all water taps are at the middle of the hill but none at the top.

There is an unused large water supply system in the Gozar 3 on the hill, but the system had been destroyed by the civil wars. The water pipeline also has been completely broken and only remnants of the foundation remain. The wakil says that the repaired system can cover water for 11 gozars in the District. Some parts of the hills are very steep, and it is extremely difficult just to walk without carrying anything in one’s hands. Water fetching is the work of children and women who have to fetch water every day passing narrow and dirty alleys.

c. Electricity

Not a single house visited had electricity. One house close to a road had wires and electricity by so called “self reconstruction”: that is, using electricity without a formal permission. A few families are using a generator, or batteries taken from a broken vehicle, but these are used only for a few hours each day to light one room or watch TV for one hour. The majority of the families are using kerosene lamps by spending about 50,000 to 70,000 Afghanis each week to light a room.

When there was supply of electricity, some people used electricity for cooking, but now almost all families use firewood for everyday cooking, and probably for warming rooms during the winter. Firewood is bought everyday from firewood markets.

Provision of electricity is the third highest request of the people.

d. Sewage System

No sewerages exist in the areas where the survey was carried out. Each house has a toilet at the corner of the lot next to the street, so that all the human feces and urine can run out to the street. On the streets, each house has an outlet for the excrement. It is said that the government or private companies used to collect the excrement periodically in the past, but now no one collects it and it is simply left on the streets. However, because of the arid weather, all feces and urine get dried quickly. The problem caused by this situation is that when strong winds blow, which is almost a daily phenomenon in Kabul city, the winds picks up dried garbage, feces, and urine and drops it on uncovered wells and the people, and also the people inhale them.

Small and dirty ditches in the middle of each alley also expose the residents to a very dangerous situation. Although the amount of garbage from fruits and vegetables is not a large amount because roaming goats eat it up, the problem is that the people cannot use enough water to wash out the filthy water which stagnates in the ditch producing dangerous conditions. Furthermore, many children cannot afford shoes, so that they play around or walk on the streets barefoot. This situation increases the danger for children of catching infectious diseases.

e. Movements of the Returnees

Contrary to our anticipation, the survey revealed that there are only limited numbers of the returnees who originally came from local regions. There are many internally displaced peoples living in the Target Area, but many of them are original Kabul city residents who roamed around within the city chased by the Taliban soldiers or by

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others. Those who have their house in the city are willing to go back to their house as soon as various infrastructures are rehabilitated and their house is also reconstructed. Their biggest problem is that, for the time being, they do not have incomes to rehabilitate their house.

On the other hand, there are few repatriates who stated that they are not going back to the original places where they came from. One family who escaped the drought of Ghazni area said that because they do not have any property, land or house there, they want to remain in Kabul city. There is a group of 12 families of Hazara people from Bamyan who said that they are not going back there because they have nothing in Bamyan. Those families live together in a large complex by working as porters. These are rather rare cases.

2.5.2. Proposed Programs and Projects

As mentioned in the previous section, there are several areas that require immediate attention in addition to the projects that have been already decided. Those are, the rehabilitation and construction of kindergartens in communities, construction of women’s center, rehabilitation of women’s dormitory of Kabul University, training of healthcare staffs in communities, and rehabilitation of small roads and ditches in the Target Area.

(1) Gender

From the “Gender” viewpoint, the rehabilitation of community kindergartens and construction of women’s center, and the rehabilitation of women’s dormitory are three most urgent requirements.

1) Kindergartens

As explained in the section of “Existing Situations of Kindergartens”, many of the kindergartens affiliated to government offices already have been or are being rehabilitated by donor countries. However, almost none of the kindergartens in communities have been, to this date, rehabilitated. Nor have they received any offer for assistance.

In order for women to attend literacy classes, vocational schools or to work, the availability of kindergartens is essential. If no kindergartens are available, girls of the family must carry the burden of rearing of their younger siblings.

There are 11 kindergartens in the Districts 3, 5, 6 and 7, but, as stated, only 4 kindergartens are active presently and other 7 are unable to open because of the damage and lack of budgets. Although 4 kindergartens are open, those also require some repairs. The Department of Kindergarten of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs said that although they asked the assistance for the rehabilitation of kindergartens in communities, none of the organizations agreed to provide assistance.

The Department further stated that there are more than 2,500 qualified kindergarten teachers seeking opportunities, but due to lack of facilities, those teachers are unable to utilize their qualifications.

The lack of the accessible kindergartens is one of the major physical obstacles for women to secure social participation and to obtain educational opportunities.

2) Women’s centers

The Ministry of Women’s Affairs is trying to make Women’s centers as the nucleus of

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women’s development. The centers may be the place of education, the place to acquire vocational skills, the place to give birth to children safely, and the place to consult when women have problems.

Two centers have been already started, and 13 additional places have been promised. However, the Ministry says that all these places will be operated in rented houses, and they do not know if the contracts can be extended longer than one year.

The whole world knows that Afghan women need education, and everyone knows that it has to start immediately. Much assistance is coming to elementary and secondary schools, but adult women, and the girls of low teens who missed the opportunity of receiving education need separate facilities than the formal schools because of the nature of their education. Furthermore, those women who were forced to stay home for long period of years do not have any skills to earn income, nor have qualifications to be employed at offices. The participation of women in society as valuable citizens largely depends on the education, knowledge and skills they receive.

(2) Social consideration

From the “Social Consideration” viewpoint, many parts of the living conditions of the Target Area have to be improved. However, the most urgent aspect that should be improved is the sanitary condition of the people. This can only be possible by mobilizing the citizens.

1) Training of healthcare staff

The sanitary conditions of the people living in the Target Area is very dangerous and has to be improved as soon as possible. As explained in the section of “People’s Living Conditions”, the people are living literally covered with human feces and urine. The people need to acquire some education and knowledge of personal hygiene and public healthcare. If they have basic knowledge of how to take care of themselves, they may be able to improve their surroundings by themselves.

By selecting several people (preferably female because they are the ones who take of the health of family members) from each community or gozar, providing them with basic healthcare training for few to several weeks or months, then, those women trained can spread the knowledge and the skills to the community.

This type of project is proceeding by cooperation with the activities of NGOs.

2) Rehabilitation of community roads

Many small alleys in remote gozars where the so-called “city planning” has not been carried out are narrow, dirty and emit terrible odor, but are left out from the project. All such alleys have narrow ditches where dirty water with garbage stagnates. Because of water shortage there is no way to use water to clean the ditches. Moreover, the excrement that flows down to the streets is just left alone as they come out of the toilets of each house.

These conditions have to be improved by mobilizing the people in the community. Some measures to clean such garbage and disposals must be taken immediately. Although the weather is turning to winter, and the temperature may go down, later when the rainy season comes, the small alleys will be flooded with filthy water.

It is suggested that by applying either “food for work” or “money for work” method to mobilize the people around and take provisional, if not a permanent, measures to clear

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the roads. The project should also provide some financial assistance to the community people.

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Chapter-5 Conclusions and Recommendations 59

Chapter-3 Rehabilitation Study of Infrastructure

3.1. Traffic Management and Road Rehabilitation Plan

3.1.1. Traffic Management

The Law of Road Transportation5 was originally approved in May 1981, under the communist regime. Traffic signs were adopted, similar to the ones used in Western countries (see sample below). Since then, several amendments have been applied6.

(1) Existing transportation management

The Ministry of Transport, originally the General-Department of Transportation under the Ministry of the Interior, holds the sole responsibility for managing roads that run throughout the country. The extended length of the roads today is about 21,000 kilometers. For historical and political reasons, Afghanistan has been long deprived from railway services, thus today only 24.6 kilometers exist in its remote northern area.

Although there exist a department for procurement within the Ministry structure, procurement of fuel is left to the Ministry of Commerce to deal.

According to figures provided by the Ministry, approximately 900 personnel are on the payroll of the central office in Kabul city while some 800 others are contracted workers. The Ministry is seeking budget allocation to install technical service stations for regional centers (e.g., Kandahar, Heiratan, etc.).

5 The original version could be found in the Official Gazette No. 482 of May 21, 1981. 6 According to the Ministry of Justice, their archive of the Official Gazette had been damaged, due to the civil war, and some of the copies no longer exist.

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Figure 3.1 Structure of the Ministry of Transport

Deputy Minister(Technical)

Deputy Minister(Utilization/Benefits)

Technical Advisor

Relation and DocumentsDept.

Head of Planning

AdministrativeDept.

TransportationDept.

Balanced DevelopmentDept.

Supply and ProcurementDept.

Private SectorDept.

Technical ServicesDept.

Technical Services Station in HeiratanGovernment Provincial Transport Agencies

Mini Buses of Balkh, Jowjan, Pul-i Khumri and Kandahar

Dept. of ProvincialAgencies

Central Dept. ofTransport Enterprises

Minister ofTransport

Source: Ministry of Transport

(2) Existing transportation management

1) Existing car registration

a. Car Number Plate Registration

The traffic polices in Kabul city are managed within the seven departments shown below.

• Car registration Dept

• Car license Dept

• Education Dept

• Route permit Dept

• Planning statistics Dept

• Planning logistics Dept

• Accident Evaluation Dept

The car registration department statistics for the number of cars registered in the period 1980 to 21 March 2002 and the period 22 March to 21 July 2002 for Government and private vehicles as shown below.

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Table 3.1 Car Registration of Kabul City

No Type of Car Number 1980--- 22 March 2002---Plate ---21 March 2002 ---21 July 2002 Total

1 Private Fast Speed Green 43,909 2,020 45,929 2 Governmental Fast Speed Black 6,180 68 6,248 3 Private Truck White 17,198 636 17,834 4 Governmental Truck Black 7,941 7 7,948 5 Private Bus White 14,766 734 15,500 6 Governmental Bus Black 1,516 20 1,536 7 Private Taxi White 19,503 1,133 20,636 9 Private Motorcycle White 5,607 3 5,610

10 Government Motorcycle Black 641 20 661 11 Rickshaw White 184 184

Total 117,445 4,641 122,086 Source: National Police Agency

The new cars registered in Afghanistan are imported cars and the following procedures are applied.

• At the 1st custom duty house in Herat, all custom documents are checked and 50 % of imported tax is paid by the car dealer.

• After the checking and passing by the 1st custom duty house, the dealer will pay another 50% of the tax to the 2nd custom duty house in Kabul city which checks all documents.

• Then necessary documents related to car number issuance are readied the dealer who will go to the traffic police to install the number plate.

However, 20-30% of cars (mostly private cars) are not registered or have non-number plates throughout Kabul city. It was assumed that the delay of the payment to the 2nd custom duty house by the car dealer (or operator) and report about the not registered cars is coming to the traffic police.

b. Used Car Center

There are 172 used car shops near the Traffic Police in Kabul city. Five shop owners said that the types of cars they are handling is: 90% Japanese cars, 10% German and Russian cars. 15,000 cars were sold in the last 4 months, averaging 3,000 used cars sold per month. The price for a standard 1800 cc car is U.S.$ 3000 to 4,000.

All the imported cars from Japan come with right hand steering. Many gasoline engine cars are converted to diesel engine at the car transition point in Dubai.

2) Existing traffic management

There are no traffic signals at the major intersections in central Kabul city. Some roads have one-way traffic which is enforced by police in central Kabul city. Some major intersections are rotary type. Traffic congestion commonly occurs in Kabul city since drivers just ignore the traffic rules since there is lack of a traffic control system at intersections.

Illegal parking, stopped cars and pedestrians beside the road interrupt smooth traffic flow. Road signboards, road markings and traffic signal control system are considered necessary facilities to control the traffic flow, but they do not exist in Kabul city. Damaged Roads are getting worse due to lack of proper maintenance works.

In general, the traffic management system is not functional, and has brokendown

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facilities and equipment that are beyond repair. Therefore it is urgently needed to implement rehabilitation planning of road works in Kabul city. The following road works items were investigated in order to identify the traffic problems in Kabul city.

a. Road Conditions

Since public transportation is taken as a separate issue, other items are mentioned here.

Condition of Road Maintenance

The major arterial roads are constructed with asphalt concrete and concrete pavement under the Russians. However, roads have deteriorated and are in bad condition due to lack of maintenances. Vehicles have to slow down when traveling which causes traffic congestion. It also causes car accidents in many instances. Noise pollution is caused to the surrounding areas.

For both arterial and secondary roads that are not properly repaired or maintained immediately, such roads will become worse for road users.

The roadside drains between traffic lane and sidewalk have no slab covers and are considered dangerous for both the vehicles and pedestrians.

Although, the Municipality has carried out road maintenance/repairs works, their performance is inadequate and unable to solve the problems.

Where shops and illegal parking occupy the narrow road near an intersection, they interrupted the traffic flow.

b. Traffic Congestion

Situation of Congestion

Traffic congestion occurs in the daytime at market areas in the central area of Kabul city. Congestion is especially serious at the rotary intersections without traffic signals. Also traffic congestion occurs every day on narrow roads.

One-Way Traffic

Fourteen one-way streets (almost all have two-lanes) are located in central Kabul city. Big congestions occur at the exits of one-way traffic streets during morning and evening times. The traffic police check and review the conditions of one-way traffic streets every 2 months.

Traffic Signal

Even though the traffic signals were installed on 52 intersections in 1990, they only function at 7 intersections. Police investigated the 7 intersections; however, manual control has been temporarily stopped or simply burned.

Final Report


Figure 3.2 Main Intersection in Kabul City

5857

25

75

109

30

6214

1318

64

15

16

8011

652

53

495 41464278

4

34

27

373

1265

3167

3933

3869

8

3447

44 35 8672 70

36 85 50 71

3751

48

61

59

68

5582

40


Actually traffic control is enforced by traffic police at many intersections with a small red board (20cm in diameter). During morning and evening rush hours, traffic congestion often occur due to lack of enforcement by the traffic police.

Merits and Demerits of Rotary Type Intersection

Traffic congestion occurs at intersections, almost all of which are rotary type, every morning and evening time during rush hours because they are not suitable size for the traffic volume and they violate traffic regulations.

There are 35 rotary type intersections in Kabul city; however their size is questionable in terms of the traffic volume and number of lanes. The general merits and demerits of rotary type intersections are pointed out below.

Merits and Demerits of Rotary Type Intersection

Merits:

• The flow of cars is smooth without traffic signals for small volume intersections and 4-5 legs.

• In case drivers made a mistake to turn, the driver can make one more journey around the rotary.

• Since cars reduce their speed, it is comparatively safety

Demerits:

• Large volume intersections require more legs for the rotary.

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• Once congestion begins, the flow from each leg is uneven so that congestion continues.

• In case all drivers do not follow the traffic regulations, traffic congestion and accidents can occur.

c. Traffic Facilities

Parking Lots

Off Roads:

Fourteen parking lots are located off roads in the central parts of Kabul city, with an average of 800 m2 which are used almost always as bus terminals. Private cars can use the parking lots; however, so far only 20-30 % use them.

On Roads:

There is no specified place for parking on the roads; however, many people illegally park on the existing widening roads in Kabul city.

Sidewalks

There are sidewalks (2.0m- 2.5m in wide) on the left and right at the center parts of Kabul city and main intersections. Although there are side ditches without covers between the road and sidewalk, due to lack of maintenance, the side ditches are obstacles for cars to pass pedestrians. Moreover shops, roadside trees, objects and much illegal parking are obstacles for cars to safely pass with pedestrians. Thus the present sidewalks in Kabul city do not have enough space for pedestrians.

d. Traffic Management Facilities

The traffic signals, road signs, road markings, street lighting which are the facilities for traffic management have been destroyed and no maintenance has been performed.

Road Signboards

Although the road signboards were installed in 1990 at the required places, these were destroyed and due to lack of maintenance, at present they have been imperfectly left at several intersections.

Road Markings

The existing road markings are thin or have disappeared making conditions worse for traffic management. In particular the road marking in main intersections are urgently required to prevent traffic congestion and traffic accidents and for the safety of pedestrians.

Street Lighting

About 1,200 street lighting fixtures have been installed by Germany (KFW) on the main arterial road between airport and center of Kabul city.

e. Traffic Administration

Traffic Regulations

In 1990, it was decreed that car steering wheels shall be left side, but actually almost cars have right handed steering wheels. Even if the current situation will be allowed to

Final Report


continue, the regulations to be corrected.

Road traffic regulations cover the following topics:

• Traffic Rules

• Route Licenses

• Driving Licenses

• Regulation Destination

• Traffic Signs, Traffic Signals, Road Markings

Drivers Licenses

Anyone 19 or over (even old men and women) are entitled to get a drivers license. Driving education is performed for two weeks and following a driving test, the traffic license is given to those who have passed the test. There are five classes of licenses including truck, standard sized car, bus, trailer and motorbike. The number of license holders totaled 17,118 persons as of July 2002 as indicated below.

• 01 April 1981 – 31 March 2002 12,320 persons

• 01 April 2002 – At present 4,798 persons

• Total license holders 17,118 persons

There is no special licenses or education for bus and taxi drivers with passengers. Periodical updating and penalty system are also not implemented.

Driver Education

There is a short driving course before the traffic license test conducted by the Department of the Kabul police.

Assisting the Disabled

There are no measures to assist those with disabilities such as old people, minors, handicapped people, low income-earners, and women. The public traffic system and the number of cars provided for low income or handicapped people are inadequate.

Car Transportation Pollution

Currently, Kabul Municipality does not have a department to control traffic pollution; hence, there are no regulations to control environmental noise, environmental vibration, environmental quality and exhaust gas.

Traffic Accidents

The death caused by traffic accident as reported to the traffic police was 50 persons from March 2001 for the next five months. The cause of traffic accidents was lack of maintenance of road facilities, lack of traffic safety facilities and violation of traffic regulations. Traffic accidents will increase accordingly, therefore until the maintenance of traffic safety facilities shall be implemented.

(3) Rehabilitation plan

As explained before, almost all road traffic facilities do function. It is considered that the rehabilitation plan in the future will improve main intersections, which will reduce

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the current traffic congestion. Simultaneously improving driver education and enforcing the traffic regulations is connected with reduction of traffic congestion and traffic accidents.

The proposed projects and programs to improve city transportation are discussed in the following section.

1) Long-term rehabilitation plan

The long-term rehabilitation plan by 2020 covers 3 projects and programs such as rehabilitation of intersections, full required facilities for road traffic management and traffic control system.

The all of these measures will be take time and finance; however, it is important that road traffic facilities shall be positively rehabilitated taking into consideration the future plan of Kabul city.

a. Rehabilitation of Intersections

The long-term rehabilitation plan of intersections is to address 8 problematic intersections in the South–Western Area and 37 intersections in North–Eastern area.

Thus, a total of 45 intersections will be rehabilitated as part of the long-term rehabilitation plan by 2020.

b. Full of Required Facilities of Road Traffic Management

It is expected that the required facilities rehabilitation for proper road traffic management shall be implemented as shown in Table 3.2.

Especially it is recommended to explain driving license, road traffic regulations and driving education not only to drivers but also to common citizen. Moreover, it is necessary to re-examine the land use plan based on the traffic system.

Table 3.2 Required Facilities for Traffic Management Plan Purpose Required Facilities

One way traffic Entrance and Exit Restriction

Road Marking

Turn to left Right Restriction

Traffic Restriction

Lane Use Regulation

Smooth and Safety for Car Traffic style

Traffic Sign Restriction

Point Control Signal Signal of Route System Crossing of Railroad Guidance of Run Course

Signal Restriction

Guidance of Course

Control and Restriction of Traffic Style

Display Board of Lightning Guidance

Parking Regulation at Roadside

Parking Meter Parking Traffic Restriction

Zone parking Regulation

Effective Use of Road Facility

Public Parking Lots Separation of Road and Sidewalk

Priority of Pedestrian and Bicycle

Self Sidewalk

Guard Rail

Protection of Pedestrian

Priority of Sidewalk Protection Pedestrian Bridge Bus Lane Support of Public

Transportation Improvement of Bus running System

Priority and Increase Service of public Transportation Bus Stop

Environmental Improvement

Street Planning Road Scene and Exhaust Gas Tree of Roadside

Improvement of Safety at Night

Installation of Street Lighting

Safety near Intersection at Night

Street Lighting


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c. Traffic Control System

The traffic control system features using advanced information technology with all required facilities of road traffic management is listed below.

• Collection of Traffic Information

• Intensive Control of Traffic Signals

• Control of Variable Regulation of Traffic Signals

• Traffic Control at Urgent Locations

• Guidance Control of Traffic

• Traffic Information and Public Relations

The long – term rehabilitation program is shown in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Long - Term Rehabilitation Program

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Rehabilitation of

Intersection

Full Required Rehabi

litation Facility

Traffic Management

System Source: JICA Study Team

2) Proposed project and program

The urgent rehabilitation plan by 2005 and the following projects and programs are proposed.

a. Improvement of Intersections

As explained before, almost all road traffic facilities do not function. It is considered that the rehabilitation plan in the future will improve main intersections, which will reduce the current traffic congestion.

In principal, the subject intersections are located in the South–Western Area of Kabul city; however, it is necessary to address the required intersections for improving the whole Kabul city.

The urgent rehabilitation plan covers 7 intersections in the South–Western Area and 13 in north–eastern area. Thus, a total of 20 intersections are to be addressed.

The improvement of intersections consists of following two steps.

First Step

Reconstruction of road structures which were destroyed such as reconstruction of rotaries, sidewalks, drainage, pavement, median strip, etc. In principal the rehabilitation of intersections includes rehabilitation of the basic facilities for carrying out traffic management effectively.

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Second Step

Rehabilitation for traffic management facilities such as traffic signals, traffic signboards, road markings, street lighting, establishing lines for turning, establishing of channelization, etc.

3.1.2. Road Rehabilitation Plan

(1) Existing conditions

1) General road conditions in Afghanistan

The national road network in Afghanistan covered more than 20,000 km according to the Road Condition Survey done by USAID during the early 1990’s. The road network consisted of national roads and provincial roads of 5,800 and 14,900 km respectively.

2) Present situation of roads in Kabul city (whole area)

The rehabilitation policies and infrastructure targets in whole Kabul city studied by the Team as described in chapter 1, are based on quantitative & qualitative criteria for infrastructure. Roles and functions of the South-Western Area in Kabul city area emphasized as critical since the Area is expected to absorb the rapid increase of residential population in the City. Thus, the long-term conception for strategic development of the absorption Area needs to be addressed.

Based on the above principle, the existing conditions and present situation of roads has been surveyed as of November 2002 and the results of survey obtained are shown below.

• Primary paved roads are still under restoration but their conditions are mostly good.

• One primary road, Darul Aman Street, has been improved to good enough condition for bus service implemented by KfW.

• Secondary roads in residential area are mostly unpaved and still consist of earth roads.

• A present aim for rehabilitation of secondary roads is conversion of earth roads to gravel roads.

• Most pedestrian paths of sideways also are earth paths.

• Side ditches of roads mostly are deep earth type without storm out-fall.

• Cleaning of side ditch is being implemented recently at many places in the City

• Speed limit of city roads is 50 km/hr, but drivers do not keep to the limit.

• Several traffic signals are under test operation at intersections.

• Some white lane marking have been drawn on existing roads but vehicles are passing outside the lanes where there are no median divisions.

• Highway lighting and pedestrian crossings have been provided at major intersections.

• Vehicles keep to the right even when most steering wheel of cars is installed on the right.

Final Report


The existing condition of arterial roads within Kabul city now allows general vehicles to pass without difficulty since lots of restoration works by various organizations have been executed after the inauguration of the interim administration of Afghanistan in December 2001. However, restoration of trunk roads connecting urban cities have just commenced to improve their conditions. The East-West highway of Route A-1 is in very good condition inside Kabul province, within about 40 km from the center of Kabul city, but the good road condition suddenly changes to bad beyond the point of 40 km. This poor road condition, however, will be improved since two rehabilitation projects have commenced: by US for west road (Kabul city toward Kandahar) and by SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency) for east road (Kabul city toward Jalalabad). Most repair works in the city area are carried out by the method of random paving and/or overlay with 20-30 mm thickness of asphalt material.

The major problems for road rehabilitation are understood as follows:

• The main roads inside the city are paved by concrete and/or asphalt, but the flow of traffic is not smooth enough since the damaged asphalt surface during the conflict has not yet been restored by incidental maintenance.

• Subsidiary roads in residential area (excluding arterial roads) are constructed as earth roads without pavement, and their bad road conditions affect the utilization of community roads by residents.

Conditions of arterial and subsidiary roads are shown in the following photos.

Photo-3.1 Condition of Arterial Road Photo-3.2 Condition of Subsidiary Road

3) Existing road network

The “arterial roads” in Kabul city were selected and classified during the study of rehabilitation plan by JICA Study Team. The selected arterial roads were classified under three levels: (i) Main Arterial Road, (ii) Arterial Road, and (iii) Supporting Arterial Road. These investigation results are shown in Figure 3.3, Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 for road classification, road lane and pavement conditions respectively. These classified roads compose most of major road network in Kabul city.

a. Road Classification

The road classification of Kabul city is shown in Figure 3.3 below.

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Figure 3.3 Road Classification in Kabul City


b. Road Lanes

Investigation of road lanes results are shown in Figure 3.4 below.

Figure 3.4 Number of Road Lane in Kabul City


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c. Pavement Conditions

Pavement conditions investigation results are shown in Figure 3.5 below.

Figure 3.5 Road Pavement Conditions in Kabul City


Conditions (levels) of asphalt pavement in Kabul city are classified based on their smoothness and Roughness as shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Conditions (Levels) of Asphalt Pavement in Kabul City

Road condition Level-1 smooth

Level-2 Reasonably smooth

Level-3 Medium rough

Level-4 Rough

Level-5 Very rough

Length (km) 0 50.56 136.73 28.60 35.25 Share ratio (%) (0 %) (20 %) (55 %) (11 %) (14 %)


4) Evaluation of on-going plan by counterparts

The Study Team conducted interviews with the persons in charge of project planning in the Ministry of Planning and Kabul Municipality. The state budget for on-going projects & planned projects for development of the Kabul Municipality were obtained from the Ministry of Planning as shown in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6. Meanwhile, the municipal budget for this fiscal year was also obtained from the Kabul Municipality as shown in Table 3.7.

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Table 3.5 State Budget for On-Going Projects for Kabul City

Project Period No Project Name

Start Until Used-up Amount Budget for year 2002

1 Road Rehabilitation (whole city area) 1988 2002 $436,275 $25,000 2 Road Construction (whole city area) 1976 2002 $135,000 $15,000 3 Kabul River Clean (Sukhta - Charkhi) 1988 2002 $20,975 $17,500 4 Supply of Cars & Equipment to Kabul 1993 2004 $33,750 Donation;$1,000,0005 Rehabilitation of Airport Road 1990 2002 $264,800 $25,000 6 Reconstruction Qalha ZamanKhan Rd. 1996 2002 No Estimation $55,000 7 Road Project of Baghi Halle Mardan 1999 2002 No Estimation $20,000 8 Canal Project for Flood Protection 1990 2002 $53,000 $10,000 9 Reconstruction of Afshar Canal (D8) 1996 2002 $150,000 $10,000 10 Deep Well Projects (2 Nos.) 1996 2002 No Estimation $2,500 11 Reconstruction Khush AllKhan Menna 1996 2002 No Estimation $7,500 Total Amount $1,187,500


Table 3.6 State Budget for Planned Projects for Kabul City

Project Period No Project Name

Start Until Estimated Amount Budget for year 2002

1 Road Construction (whole city area) 2002 2006 $500,000 $75,000 2 Road Rehabilitation (whole city area) 2002 2006 $500,000 $25,000 3 Reconstruction of Tepeak Building 2002 2005 $75,000 $25,000 4 Reconstruction of PachaaSaheeb Brdg. 2002 2002 $75,000 $25,000 5 House Supply Project for Refugees 2002 2006 $125,000 $25,000 Total Amount $1,275,000 $175,000


Table 3.7 Municipal Budget for Fiscal Year 2002 by Kabul Municipality No Project Name Form of Project Budget for year

1 Repair of Fence along Kabul City (whole city area) Transitional $12,500 2 Road Construction (whole city area) Transitional $50,000 3 Repair of Road Side Drain Transitional $25,000 4 Repair of Parks Transitional $37,500 5 Reconstruction of Traffic Control Rooms Transitional $20,000 6 Reconstruction of Buildings of Kabul Municipality Transitional $25,000 7 Preparatory Works for Under-Planned Area Transitional $25,000 8 Repair of Flower Vase along Main Roads in Kabul City Transitional $25,000 9 Organizing & Comparing of Rahman Mena Orthographic Plan Transitional $12,500 10 Reconstruction of Buildings & Walls for Kabul Zoo Transitional $50,000 11 Rehabilitation of Condolence Mosque for Women Transitional $12,500 12 Reconstruction & Painting for Municipal Theatre Transitional $12,500 13 Reconstruction of Municipal Hall for Wedding Transitional $7,500 14 Repair of Municipal Gardens Newly Planned $25,000 15 Pavement Repair for Municipal Road (whole city area) Newly Planned $25,000 16 Construction of Underdrainage Newly Planned $110,000 17 Miscellaneous Construction Projects Transitional $250,000 Total Amount $725,000


The values in the tables were obtained by conversion from Afghanis to US Dollars at an exchange rate of US$1.00=Afgh 50,000 (before the change of denomination in October 2002).

Final Report


Both annual budget scale of the ministry and municipality is less than US$ 1million and the portions of budget for road related projects are about $100,000 in each Table; hence, the impact to cover the cost for road projects would be less-effective considering of circumstances just after the warfare, which fundamentally requires much more incidental rehabilitation for roads.

5) Numerical analysis of existing road conditions

The investigated road conditions for each district are classified as shown in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 Road Classification Classification Main Arterial Arterial Supporting Community Sub-Total

District Road Road Arterial Road Road (Inc. others) 1 0.250 3.170 3.316 1.953 7.813

2A 3.438 1.826 3.665 1.237 4.950 2B 3.452 0.000 0.000 16.145 64.580 3 5.589 1.092 9.246 39.864 159.455 4 6.918 12.256 7.038 52.389 209.556 5 18.324 0.711 1.194 97.070 388.281 6 0.000 19.627 10.067 49.453 197.812 7 0.000 15.668 5.749 27.385 109.539 8 7.464 11.580 10.430 59.825 239.300 9 10.105 7.164 3.401 23.217 92.869

10A 0.000 2.625 3.699 16.203 64.813 10B 0.000 12.141 3.587 62.347 249.388 11 1.419 5.738 2.614 57.897 231.588 12 0.000 2.799 4.756 36.230 144.919 15 0.000 18.645 0.000 128.294 513.177 16 0.384 8.605 4.253 9.897 39.588

Total 57.343 123.647 73.015 679.406 2717.628 Source: Kabul Municipality

The portion of arterial roads is higher than the other road classes according to the classification table; hence, the impact of road rehabilitation to arterial roads would be higher than that of other roads except smaller secondary roads such as community roads in towns.

(2) Rehabilitation plan

1) Master Plan of Kabul City

An urban road network is mostly developed based on the master plan of a city. The arterial road network in Kabul city had been developed and expanded along the Kabul River, and divided by several mountains such as Asmayi, Aliabad and Sherdarwaza. The master plans of Kabul city were produced in 1964, 1970 and 1978. The latest edition (1978) of master plan was based on the two earlier editions and was drawn up by department of Planning & Construction of the Kabul Municipality under the supervision of the former Soviet Union. The road network layout in the master plan indicates that the arterial roads are arranged in the northwest and southeast direction, with cross roads northeast and southwest.

2) Strategy of road rehabilitation

The future rehabilitation plan for Kabul city should be drawn up as a long-term plan for 2020. Road rehabilitation will bear a positive and important role in the public transportation plan in Kabul city. The urgent rehabilitation of South-Western Area in the city, as the concentrated target for city rehabilitation, will be realized based on the short-term plan for 2005.

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The established long-term plan will be implemented following the budget schedule and the basic information from road registers. The road registers will be completed as soon as possible by the relevant bureaus and/or departments in Kabul city. The expected format of registers will include three elements: (i) road classification, (ii) lane numbers, (iii) road condition (damage), as described in clause 2.2(1). The format may be similar to that shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 Format of Road Registers Rd. No.

Route Name

Road Length(km)

Road width(m)

Number of Lanes

Sidewalk width (m)

Traffic Volume

Number of Intersections

Road condition

Drainage condition


The road registers will be connected with the road maps. The number of vehicle and motorcycle registrations also will be grasped in addition to information of road registers.

3) Urgent road rehabilitation plan

The road rehabilitation plan is being drawn up based on the results of evaluation for existing roads and using road registers. The selected roads are regarded as a target for urgent rehabilitation of arterial roads in Kabul city as shown in the following Table 3.10 and Figure 3.6.

Table 3.10 Road Registers for Urgent Rehabilitation Plan Rd. No.

Route Name

Road Length(km)

Road width(m)

Number of Lanes

Sidewalk width (m)

Traffic Volume

Number of Intersections

Road condition

Drainage condition

1 West 15 6.5 2 1.0 82,000 8 Very Poor Less Nos.2 East 25 7.5 2 2.0 98,000 12 Bad Partially 3 South 12 6.0 2 1.5 78,000 5 Bad Partially


Final Report


Figure 3.6 Urgent Rehabilitation of Arterial Roads in Kabul City


The estimated cost of urgent rehabilitation for three roads is estimated based on the contract basis in a past road restoration as described in the following paragraph for Quick Road Rehabilitation Projects.

Based on the rough and an average estimate of road restoration cost for asphalt road reconstruction obtained as US$250 per linear meter, then the cost for urgent rehabilitation would be as shown below.

• West road rehabilitation: $250 x 15,000m = $3,750,000

• East road rehabilitation: $250 x 25,000m = $6,250,000

• South road rehabilitation: $250 x 12,000m = $3,000,000

* Total Rehabilitation Cost: US$13,000,000

The schedule for the urgent rehabilitation program would be as shown in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11 Schedule for the Urgent Rehabilitation Program Urgent Programs Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 Preparation and Implementation


4) Middle-long term rehabilitation plan

In order to accomplish the rehabilitation program, the arterial road rehabilitation will be executed. It would take until year 2020 to rehabilitate all arterial roads to be restored to good or excellent condition. The cost for the middle-long term rehabilitation is estimated based on the unit cost of $250 per linear meter for reconstruction with a rough addition for price fluctuation of about 40%, which means

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$350 per meter for the length of arterial road of 123.6 km.

Cost for middle-long term rehabilitation: $350 x 123,600m = $43,260,000

The schedule for the middle-long term rehabilitation program would be as shown in Table 3.12.

Table 3.12 Schedule for the Middle-long Term Rehabilitation Program

Middle-long term 200 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 202

Preparation and Implementation


5) Urgent road rehabilitation by KfW

Since May 2002, many asphalt repair works have been executed in Kabul city using the funds of KfW, German Development Bank. The planned length of road rehabilitation is 309 km in all, and the repair works will be executed in several lots or phases. The repair implementation plan by KfW will be coordinated with the Kabul Municipality in April 2003 based on the latest road conditions in Kabul city. The following figure shows the implementation plan by KfW as of October 2002, prior to amendment next April.

Figure 3.7 Urgent Road Rehabilitation Plan by KfW


6) Capacity building

The rehabilitation projects are an absolute necessity for Kabul city to recover from the war. The management of each project is also a matter of vital importance. However, government services and/or contractors lack experience about big construction projects, as identified empirically through the implementation of Quick Road

Final Report


Rehabilitation Projects; hence, technical transfer including project management are important matters. Dispatching of selected trainees from the counterparts to Japanese training institute and/or dispatching of Japanese skilled experts to assist counterparts in Kabul city would be an effective measure to educate trainees and develop their future engineering talent.

(3) Grant aid project in road sector

A grant aid project is recommended as a result of the Study as explained in chapter 5. Since many roads have been urgently rehabilitated by KfW and JICA Study Team in Kabul city, the existing condition of most arterial roads are now passable without inconvenience as described in chapter 3.2.1. The grant aid project in the road sector was selected for more effective rehabilitation implementation. Hence, the improvement of the major intersections with pedestrian overpass at Salang Wat & Asmay Wat has been proposed rather than rehabilitation of asphalt roads in the city.

(4) Quick road rehabilitation project in the South-Western Area

The JICA Study Team recommends to implement urgent rehabilitation for the arterial roads which were damaged seriously during the civil war. Two roads were selected to be restored considering their quick impact and effectiveness for rehabilitation of the South-Western area in Kabul City as shown below.

1) Rout of project roads;

(i) Section-1: South-Western Road (8.43km)

(ii) Section-2: South-Eastern Road (5.13km)

2) Quick rehabilitation;

(i) Patching: 1(W) 8,211m2 2(E) 10,329m2

(ii) Asphalt Pavement: 1(W) 3,780m2 2(E) 420m2

(iii) Overlay: 1(W) 3,653m2 2(E) 12,831m2

(iv) Open Ditch: 1(W) 6,800m 2(E) 5,700m

3) Work schedule at bit

Completion date is end of December 2002 from the notice to commence after signing to the contract agreement on the end of August 2002.

4) Project Procedure

(i) Invitation for Bid (6 Bidders): 22nd August 2002

(ii) Clarification (Q&A) on Bid Document: 24th August 2002

(iii) Bid Submission & Opening: 25th August 2002

(iv) Contract Negotiation: On and after 26th August

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Figure 3.8 Location Map for Quick Road Rehabilitation Project

Section 2South East

Section 1South West

Darulaman Palace


5) Tender Documentation and Bidding

The bid documents were prepared between 18 and 24 August 2002 while the prequalification for bidders were evaluated. The bid was made for both roads at the same time and the bids with 4 bidders participate each were carried out on 26 August 2002.

The contractor of Section-1 was Qais Construction Company Limited (QCC), Director: Mohamed Latif, Address: Salang Wat, Kabul city, Afghanistan, and Section-2 was Humanitarian Assistance Service for Afghanistan (HASA), Director: Abudul Haq Niazi, Address: Micro Ryon III, Kabul city, Afghanistan.

6) Work Schedule and Contractors

The original construction period was for 2 months, and the completion date was at the end of October 2002 from the notice to commence on 01 September 2002 after signing to the contract agreement on the end of August 2002.

a. Section-1

The mobilization of asphalt plants and compaction rollers was delayed for 2 weeks, and asphalt patching works, pavement and overlay were actually started on 23 September 2002.

Final Report


As of the original completion date on 31 October 2002 the progress was 24 %. This was understandable for the conditions due to the limited working time and increased traffic congestion. Therefore the expansion of contract was agreed on 30 November 2002. All works of Section-1 were substantially completed on that date. The defects and deficiencies for provisional handover were carried out among Kabul Municipality, Contractor, JICA Study Team and JICA Kabul Representative Office in a satisfactory manner.

The provisional handover certificate was issued on 30 November 2002 after repair works were carried out and checked. It is scheduled that final hand over certificate will be issued on 14 January 2003 after 45 days for maintenance period.

b. Section-2

The Contractor HASA could not make sufficient progress due to the lack of management and responsibility. Several warning letters were issued for additional mobilization of equipment; however, the contractor could not satisfy the required request. HASA contract for Section-2 was terminated on 19 September 2002, after the required period to the termination of two weeks from 4 October 2003.

It was problem to find another contractor because of the limitation of contract period by the end of October 2002. However, the JICA Study Team analyzed the bidders of Section-2 and clarified that the second cheapest contractor of the bid was the best one and nominated them for negotiation. As a result, the contractor became QCC with the original contract cost. But the contract period was extended 2 months until 4 December 2002.

However, delay occurred to Section-1 also and the actual asphalt patching works and pavement works were started on 23 September 2002. As of the revised completion date on 04 December 2002 the progress was only 45 % due to the limited working time and increased traffic congestion. The biggest reason for delay was Islamic Ramadan period between 4 November to 3 December 2002, when the workday was only half of a normal day.

However the works of Section-2 continued and all works were substantially completed on 12 January 2003. The defects and deficiencies for provisional handover were carried out among the same in a satisfactory manner. The provisional handover certificate was issued on 12 January 2003 after repair works were carried out and checked. It is scheduled that the final hand over certificate will be issued on 21 February 2003 after 45 days for the maintenance period.

7) Revised Quantity of Project Roads

The quantity of project roads was revised taking into consideration the existing road condition as shown below.

Section-1 Section-2

(i) Patching: 6,210m2 5,904m2

(ii) Asphalt Pavement: 1,690m2 685m2

(iii) Overlay: 8,156m2 17,815m2

(iv) Open Ditch: 4,876m 5,817m

Conditions of rehabilitation works are shown in the following photos.

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Photo-3.3 Condition of Road Excavation Photo-3.4 Condition of Asphalt Spreading

3.2. Water Supply Rehabilitation Plan

3.2.1. Existing Conditions

(1) Current state of water supply

The major rivers in Kabul city (Paghman, Kabul and Logar rivers) have dried up since 1998 when the consecutive drought years began and narrow streams or storm-water drainage is observed only occasionally in the rainy season from February to April. Groundwater is the only water source available for the citizens of Kabul city at present.

The majority of the people get water from shallow wells dug in the house compound, hand pump wells located along the road sides and at public spaces that have been constructed by international assistance groups. Shallow well water is contaminated in many wells so that water is used mainly for washing. Clean water is available from hand pump wells and used for drinking although many hand pump wells in the downtown area have begun to be contaminated by colitis and have dried-up. People suffering from water contamination or dry-up wells wait for city water service by water tank trucks to obtain drinking water and washing water for dishes. Large buildings and houses in high-class residential areas construct private wells equipped with motor pumps to pump up groundwater for their own use.

Department of Planning, Kabul city supplies drinking water by water tank trucks to the people living in the remote areas from water sources. Seventeen water tank trucks rented by GTZ for a period of 3 months, supply deep well water to 14 Districts. Two deep wells (wells in Baghebabor and Wazir Akbar Khan) are used as feeding stations for water tank trucks making two trips a day. The deep well in Baghebabor is regularly used as a feeding station and the deep well in Wazir Akbar Khan located in the compound of the military hospital is used when surplus water is available after consuming water in the hospital. Procurement of 24 water tank trucks is underway by the government of Japan for donation to the Kabul Municipality.

The Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS) operates the piped water supply system. Piped water system covers water service in the central area of Kabul city. Groundwater is pumped up from 37 deep wells, which supply water to water zones through 12 major distribution reservoirs constructed on hill slopes in various place in the water service area. They supplied 31,600 connections as of 2001. Total pumping capacity of the 37 deep wells reached at a little over 3,100 m3/hr or 75,000 m3/day. However, due to the planned interruption of power supply from 6 a.m.

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to 6 p.m. caused by water shortage at the hydropower plant, the total pumping capacity of deep wells dropped to about 1,800 m3/hr. In addition, water leakage from pipes and taps reduced the actual service water amount to the consumers. Assuming the pumping worked at full capacity and water leakage ratio was 40 %, the amount of water available for consumption is estimated about 13,000 m3/day.

Another piped water supply system of Kabul is operated for the Russian style apartment complexes (Microrayan Official Apartment Complexes 1, 2, 3 & 4) to supply 8,800 residential units. The initial system was installed in 1965 and operated by Department of Protection and Maintenance under the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. 11 deep wells serve water directly to the consumers through the water distribution network and by elevated regulation tank. The total pumping capacity of the deep wells is designed at 790 m3/hr or 19,000 m3/day. Due to aging of the equipment, power supply problems, and water leakage from the network and the taps, the present water supply capacity drops to less than a quarter of the design capacity.

(2) Responsible agency of water supply

Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS) was established in 1978 as a semi-autonomous public corporation under the Ministry of Public Works; it CAWSS changed to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing as of July 2002. CAWSS is responsible for the water supply systems and sewerage in Kabul and 12 local cities including Charikar, Ghazni, Herat, Jalalabad, Kandahar, Khundus, Mazare Sharif, Mehterlam, Qala-e-Naw, Qalat, Shiberghan and Taluquan. The total number of CAWSS staff was 770 as of August 2002 as shown on the organization chart in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9 Organization Chart of Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS) P r e s i d e n t

A s s i s s t a n t

5 8 A c c o u n t i n g E n g i n e e r i n g 3 6

9 F a c t o r y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 4

1 3 P l a n n i n g K a b u l C i t y W a t e r W o r k 2 3 6

1 1 P e r s o n a l S e r v i c e s 2 3

1 0 S e c r e t a r i a t W o r k S h o p 1 7

P r o v i n c i a l W a t e r S u p p l y 5

T o t a l N u m b e r o f S t a f f

7 7 0 p e r s o n sI n c l u d e s 1 7 P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e s 3 4 6

Source: Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS), JICA Study Team

(3) Development of water supply system in the past

Development of a modern water supply system of Kabul was initiated in the end of 1920s when the King Amanullah Khan invited a British engineer to implement the project for the construction of intake facilities to withdraw surface water from the Paghman River. Installation of 5 inches conveyance pipeline of 26 km long to the

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water reservoir in the city was used for distribution of water by gravity flow. Japanese Yen Loan was introduced for the expansion project of Alaudin well fields to construct 4 deep wells having pumping capacity at 10,000 m3/day, water transmission pipes, 7,500 m3 reservoir and distribution network. The design was made to further transmit a part of the conveyed water to the Old Reservoir. The first expansion project was completed in 1957. The Japanese Yen Loan also financed the second expansion project to construct 3 deep wells having 8,000 m3/day at Kargah Spring and install 15 km conveyance pipeline to the Old Reservoir. In addition, water distribution network and service pipes were installed with 225 public water taps and 170 fire hydrants.

Loan agreement was signed between the governments of West Germany and Afghanistan in 1966 for the third water supply expansion project for the development of Afshar well fields. Since then, the German government has financed the water supply development projects of Kabul.

The present water supply system of Kabul consists of 6 water districts basically divided by the location of water sources as shown in Figure 3.10 Water Supply System of Kabul. The total pumping capacity of 53 wells is 5,500 m3/hr or 131,000 m3/day. As of August 2002, the total pumping capacity of 37 wells in service reached 3,100 m3/hr or 75,000 m3/day. Water is supplied both from the water transmission pipes connected directly to the distribution networks and from 13 reservoirs having total storage capacity of 34,000 m3.

Figure 3.10 Water Supply System of Kabul

Source: Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS), JICA Study Team

3.2.2. Donor Activities on Water Supply

Several international donor groups have been assisting the rehabilitation and improvement of water supply conditions in Kabul since 1998. Aid from NGOs was extended mostly to the construction of hand pump wells and immediate repair of water leakage. Representative aid agencies included OXFAM, CARE, HABITAT,

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ICRC, GTZ, KfW and some other NGOs. Among the aid agencies, ICRC, CARE and KfW are the major group at present to assist the rehabilitation of Kabul Water Supply System operated by the Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS). The activities implemented or to be implemented by the group for the year 2002 are listed below.

(1) International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is ready to implement the following projects

• Electrification of the Logar Water Supply System

• Puli Arfal (Replacement of the transmission line to the reservoir 1,200 m3) (To be implemented by KfW)

• Wasir Abad (Well digging and connection to the network)

• Afshar Water Supply Project (Two new wells and maintenance of the existing system)

• Qul-e-Abchakan (Extension of the transmission line and construction of a new 90 m3 reservoir)

• Project Jadid Phase 2 (Extension of the network)

• Karte Parwan “Zone 2” (Upgrading of the existing wells)

(2) German financial cooperation through KFW rapid water sector support program outline

• Power connection to the well field of Alaudin and Afshar (the later rehabilitation only)

• Rehabilitation of wells in Afshar

• Rehabilitation of the pumping station Afshar and additional pumping equipment for a new pumping station at Alaudin

• Rehabilitation of the existing reservoirs Sarail Shamali Said Noor Mohd Shah Mina (Logar), Demazang (Alaudin) and Asfhar

• Spot repair at the water transmission lines from the well fields to their relevant reservoirs

• Gravity dosing equipment for chlorine to be installed at the main reservoirs

• Bulk water meters at the inlets of the main reservoirs in order to improve the water distribution estimates

• Pipes, including valves, fittings and accessories and repair material for the force account works in the distribution network (Approx. 30 – 50 km replacement)

• Radio equipment for the communication between well fields and reservoirs

• Consumer meters

• Transport (pickup), tools and equipment for the pipe repair teams

• Basic water analysis equipment (Turbidity, pH, Residual chlorine)

• Basic office equipment including EDP equipment for accounting

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• Consulting service for elaboration of detailed specifications procurement, supervision of force account works, hydraulic verification of the primary network introduction of EDP for billing and accounting, support in institution building account management of project funds

• Rahman Mina water supply project (survey, design & extension about 1.5 km network) (Not yet decided)

• Karf-e-She water supply system (extension about 14 km network) (Not yet decided)

• Replacement of the transmission line from the reservoir 1200m3 of Deh Afghanan to Karta-e-Ariana (Not yet decided)

(3) CARE international water sector support program

• Rehabilitation of existing two wells in Alaudin

• House connection in the Nasali & Alaudin project networks

• Funding the running cost (support of fuel and technical service) for Nasali and Alaudin water supply systems

• Capacity building of the CAWSS

(4) The projects which are not covered by the implementing programs of the agencies

• Arzan Quemat Puli Ehanki project (survey-design) (Requested to KfW)

• Rahman Mina project (Survey, design and extension: KfW listed pipe installation.)

• Khoshshal Mina project (survey, design and extension) (Requested to KfW)

• Extension of project Kart-e-She (Requested to KfW)

• Second phase of Logar project (pumping equipment of existing ten boreholes and connection to the collector mains (KfW has not yet decided.)

• Phase 2 of Afshar water supply project (including of digging 4 wells and connection to collector main)

• Survey and design of the city sewerage system

• Rehabilitation of the central stocks

• Construction of 12 pump houses boundary wall (Requested to KfW)

• Construction of 11 main reservoirs boundary wall

• Rehabilitation reinforce concrete factory (Requested to KfW)

• Extension of 350 house network in Zone 6 (Requested to KfW)

• Construction of offices of zones 1, 2, 4 & 6 (Requested to KfW)

Among the three major aid agencies, the rehabilitation project of KfW extensively covers the Kabul piped water supply system. KfW’s assistance program Phase-1 project, immediate rehabilitation, with the budget of US$9.6 million started in the middle of 2000 to continue 3 years for the restoration of the Kabul piped water supply system including the rehabilitation of water sources, water transmission pipes, water distribution reservoirs and distribution network for Zones 1 to 6. The KfW assistance

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program will continue Phase-2 as a 2-year program, which will be started by the end of 2002 to conduct survey, study and rehabilitation work addressing groundwater source, expansion of distribution network, etc. along with preparation of master plan and feasibility studies to clarify the required projects for future expansion work. In addition, KfW has a plan to carry out the Phase-3 assistance program based on the outputs of the Phase-2 program.

3.2.3. Kabul City Rehabilitation Plan

(1) Basic conditions for rehabilitation of water supply system

1) Water demand projection

Water demand, required water treatment capacity and required water intake capacity are forecast based on the population framework from the city planning of Kabul and the water consumption assumed at 30 liters in 2002, 50 liters in 2005 and 150 liters in 2020 per capita per day respectively. From the results of water demand forecast, the required intake capacity of the entire Kabul area reaches 84,000 m3/day in 2002, 179,000 m3/day in 2005 and 689,000 m3/day in 2020.

Table 3.13 Comparison of Water Consumption: JICA URSP Study and Master Plan

Present condition Short-term target Long-Term target URSP Study 30 Liter/person/day

(2002) 50 Liter/person/day (2005) 150 Liter/person/day (2020)

Master Plan (1974) 1)

97.5 Liter/person/day (1972)

Individual supply: 100Liter/person/day Public supply: 30Liter/person/day (1979)

Individual supply: 150Liter/person/day Public supply: 30Liter/person/day (2004)

Note: 1) Water Systems Master Pan (Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage and Solid Waste Systems for Greater Kabul, Ministry of Housing, Building and Urban Planning) made by WHO/UNDP

Source: WHO/UNDP, JICA Study Team

In the southwest districts of Kabul, the required intake capacity reaches 26,000 m3/day in 2002, 54,000 m3/day in 2005 and 261,000 m3/day in 2020. The required intake capacity is estimated as daily average water demand, and all the water demand is supplied from the piped water supply system. Therefore, the figures in Table 3.14 need adjustment depending on the service coverage ratio of the piped water supply system.

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Table 3.14 Water Demand and Required Intake Capacity in 2002, 2005 & 2020 Year Area (ha) Population (person) Potential Water Demand Required Water Treat. Required Water Intake Distr T Total 2002 2005 2020 2002 2005 2020 2002 2005 2020 2002 2005 2020 30 l/c/d 50 l/c/d 150 l/c/d 30 l/c/d 50 l/c/d 150 l/c/d 30 l/c/d 50 l/c/d 150 l/c/d1 D1 441 71,560 95,582 86,000 2,150 4,780 12,900 3,070 6,830 18,430 3,220 7,170 19,3502 D2A 268 66,518 81,472 61,000 2,000 4,070 9,150 2,860 5,810 13,070 3,000 6,100 13,720 D2B 328 24,090 29,506 29,000 720 1,480 4,350 1,030 2,110 6,210 1,080 2,220 6,5203 D3 790 58,000 74,858 78,000 1,740 3,740 11,700 2,490 5,340 16,710 2,610 5,610 17,5504 D4 1,205 252,354 306,152 259,000 7,570 15,310 38,850 10,810 21,870 55,500 11,350 22,960 58,2805 D5A 823 39,550 49,718 69,000 1,190 2,490 10,350 1,700 3,560 14,790 1,790 3,740 15,530 D5B 2,756 90,450 113,701 218,000 2,710 5,690 32,700 3,870 8,130 46,710 4,060 8,540 49,0506 D6A 570 92,773 117,461 142,000 2,780 5,870 21,300 3,970 8,390 30,430 4,170 8,810 31,950 D6B 2,193 75,481 95,568 246,000 2,260 4,780 36,900 3,230 6,830 52,710 3,390 7,170 55,350 D6C 3,656 45,739 57,911 118,000 1,370 2,900 17,700 1,960 4,140 25,290 2,060 4,350 26,5507 D7A 865 42,128 52,852 71,000 1,260 2,640 10,650 1,800 3,770 15,210 1,890 3,960 15,970 D7B 547 80,842 101,420 137,000 2,430 5,070 20,550 3,470 7,240 29,360 3,640 7,600 30,830 D7C 2,875 47,029 59,000 83,000 1,410 2,950 12,450 2,010 4,210 17,790 2,110 4,420 18,6808 D8A 1,755 124,882 187,942 237,000 3,750 9,400 35,550 5,360 13,430 50,790 5,630 14,100 53,330 D8B 4,498 31,526 47,445 216,000 950 2,370 32,400 1,360 3,390 46,290 1,430 3,560 48,6009 D9A 440 83,218 124,833 110,000 2,500 6,240 16,500 3,570 8,910 23,570 3,750 9,360 24,750 D9B 1,800 36,217 54,327 54,000 1,090 2,720 8,100 1,560 3,890 11,570 1,640 4,080 12,150

10 D10A 328 19,136 23,554 29,000 570 1,180 4,350 810 1,690 6,210 850 1,770 6,520 D10B 1,023 149,910 184,520 196,000 4,500 9,230 29,400 6,430 13,190 42,000 6,750 13,850 44,100 D10C 2,568 34,689 42,697 47,000 1,040 2,130 7,050 1,490 3,040 10,070 1,560 3,190 10,570

11 D11 1,129 95,100 150,898 123,000 2,850 7,540 18,450 4,070 10,770 26,360 4,270 11,310 27,68012 D12 2,609 15,086 21,686 52,000 450 1,080 7,800 640 1,540 11,140 670 1,620 11,70015 D15 1,855 200,000 219,509 239,000 6,000 10,980 35,850 8,570 15,690 51,210 9,000 16,470 53,77016 D16A 235 32,500 36,016 36,000 970 1,800 5,400 1,390 2,570 7,710 1,460 2,700 8,100 D16B 1,540 56,099 62,170 124,000 1,680 3,110 18,600 2,400 4,440 26,570 2,520 4,660 27,900

Kabul City 37,097 1,864,878 2,390,798 3,060,000 55,940 119,550 459,000 79,920 170,780 655,700 83,900 179,320 688,500South-west 15,075 571,993 722,489 1,162,000 17,150 36,130 174,300 24,500 51,610 249,000 25,720 54,200 261,460


2) Water sources

The following Table 3.15 shows the list of existing deep wells of the Kabul piped water supply system. Total pumping capacities of 37 units of deep well pumps in operation reach 75,000m3/day or 0.87 m3/sec. Six deep well pumps in Logar well-fields Phase-1 are installed, but the pumps are not operated due to power supply and budgeting problems. Total of 53 units of deep well pumps including the 10 units of Logar Phase-2 project are to be installed in future, and the total pumping capacity will reach 131,000 m3/day or 1.52 m3/sec.

Meanwhile, the recharge of groundwater in Kabul river basin was studied in the Report of “Volume II, Existing Water Supply Systems Master Plan Water First Stage Water, Water Supply Sewerage, Drainage ad Solid Waste Systems for Greater Kabul”, prepared for the World Health Organization as executing agency for the United Nations Development Programme by the Canadian consultant company Proctor & Redfern International Limited in 1974. According to the Report, the recharge capacity of 4 aquifers in Kabul basin is estimated at 4.2 m3/sec under normal years as presented in the following Table 3.16 and also the report estimates 70 to 90 % of the recharge in each aquifer is made by the rivers in the catch basin.

In view of the drought in the last 3 to 4 years, the recharge from the rivers is not expected at all since the rivers have dried up and the recharge capacity has been reduced to more or less 1 m3/sec or 86,400 m3/day. This causes drawdown of the groundwater level in the area.

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Table 3.15 List of Deep Well Pumps of Piped Water Supply System for Kabul under Operation by CAWSS (As of August 2002)

No. Name/Location Nos. of Pump

Installed

Nos. of Pump

in Operation

Pumping Capacity per unit (lit./sec)

Total Pumping Capacity (m3/day)

Actual Pumping Capacity (m3/day)

Water Transmission/ Distribution to ; Water

Service Zone

1 Parwan 1 1 8 691 691 Nawabad Dekepak Reservoir & direct supply 6 2 Wazir Abad 2 2 17 and 20 3,197 2,506 Direct supply to the service area 6 3 Logar 20 4 40 69,120 13,824 Reservoir (O) - Karte Naw/ Direct supply 1 4 Nasajee 1 1 20 1,728 1,728 Reservoir ( C) - Said Noor Mohamad Shah Mina 1 1 1 24 2,074 2,074 Reservoir ( C) - Said Noor Mohamad Shah Mina 1 1 1 27 2,333 2,333 Reservoir ( C) - Said Noor Mohamad Shah Mina 1 5 Alaudin 5 5 35 and 40 16,200 16,200 Reservoir (A) Deh Mazag 4 Darull Malamen 1 1 35 3,024 3,024 Reservoir (A) Deh Mazag 4 Deburi 1 1 25 2,160 2,160 Reservoir (A) Deh Mazag 4 6 Elamofanhanga 1 1 30 2,592 2,592 Deh Afghanan Reservoir 3 7 Elmojel 1 1 17 1,469 1,469 Deh Afghanan Reservoir 3 8 Puliartal 1 1 12 1,037 1,037 Deh Afghanan Reservoir & direct supply 3 9 Afshar 2 2 17 2,938 2,938 Reservoir (F) - Afshar Reservoir 5 1 1 30 2,592 2,592 Reservoir (F) - Afshar Reservoir 5 2 2 35 6,048 6,048 Reservoir (F) - Afshar Reservoir 5 1 1 40 3,456 3,456 Reservoir (F) - Afshar Reservoir 5

10 Qarghakarez 1 1 20 1,728 1,728 Reservoir (G) - Bagh-e-Bala Reservoir 2 11 Khoshal 2 2 30 5,184 5,184 Reservoir (G) - Bagh-e-Bala Reservoir 2 12 Khair Khana 6 6 5.6 2,903 2,903 Punjsat Family (Khair Khanan) Reservoir 5 1 1 4 346 346 Punjsat Family (Khair Khanan) Reservoir 5 1 1 7 605 605 Punjsat Family (Khair Khanan) Reservoir 5 Total (m3/day) 53 37 131,423 75,436 Total (m3/hour) 5,476 3,143 Total (m3/sec) 1.52 0.87


Assuming that the current drought continues, deficit between the water demand and the required intake capacity in 2005 will be about 270,000 m3/day or 3.1 m3/sec. Furthermore, the deficits will increase up to 450,000 m3/day or 5.2 m3/sec in 2020. Even if the groundwater recharge recovered to the normal year rate of 4.12 m3/sec, this value is a little less than the required water intake amount 359,000 m3/day for 100% piped water supply in 2005 estimated from the water consumption of 50 liter per capita per day for 2.4 million population with 30 % water loss from the networks and 5 % water loss from water transmission pipes. Excessive pumping more than the groundwater recharge amount will cause of drawdown of groundwater level, groundwater contamination and land subsidence. From the analysis above, the expansion of service area of the piped water supply will be carried out with a plan of inter-basin water conveyance.

Table 3.16 Basic Condition of Aquifers in Kabul Basin in Normal Year Name of Aquifers in Kabul Basin Upper Kabul Lower Kabul Paghman Logar Total Recharge Rate (m3/sec) 0.92 0.35 0.5 2.41 4.2 Horizontal Area of Aquifer (km2) 20 30-Assumed 18 30 98.0 Storage Capacity of Aquifer (M. m3) 56.5 70-Assumed 81 70 277.5

Note: Data estimated by Proctor & Redfern International Limited in 1974.) Source: JICA Study Team

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3) Water distribution reservoirs

Figure 3.11 Location of Water Distribution and Pressure Regulation Reservoirs


There are 13 major water distribution reservoirs in Kabul for distribution of water to the water distribution networks for 6 water zones. The total storage capacity is 34,000 m3. The total storage capacity is sufficient for a water supply system having the water distribution capacity in the range from 100,000 to 130,000 m3/day in terms of daily average demand. However, the balance between the water consumption in the water

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zone and the storage capacity of the reservoir(s) should be studied in detail in together with a study of the water transmission capacity. The locations of water distribution reservoirs are listed in Table 3.17.

Table 3.17 Major Water Distribution Reservoir in Kabul No. Name/Location Storage Capacity (m3) Water Service Zone No. Elevation (MSL)1 Reservoir (F) - Afshar 10,000 Zone 5 MSL 1880 2 Reservoir (H) - Nawabad Dekepak Reservoir 5,000 Zone 5 MSL 1858 3 Khaire Khana Reservoir -Karezshamali 300 Zone 5 ? 4 Reservoir (O) - Karte Naw 5,000 Zone 1 MSL 1860 5 Reservoir (A) - Deh Mazag 7,500 Zone 4 MSL 1857 6 Reservoir (G) - Bagh-e-Bala 1,200 Zone 2 MSL 1880 7 Punjsat Family Reservoir 500 Zone 5 ? 8 University Reservoir 1,000 Zone 4 MSL 1865 9 Deh Afghanan Reservoir 1,250 Zone 3 MSL 1834 10 Reservoir ( C) - Said Noor Mohamad Shah Mina 1,000 Zone 1 MSL 1856 11 Quli Abchkam Reservoir 50 Zone 3 ? 12 Karez Shamali Reservoir 1,200 Zone 5 ? 13 Nawabad Dekepak Reservoir 180 Zone 6 MSL 1880 Total 34,180 Source: JICA Study Team

4) Water distribution network

Detail information of water distribution network is not available for the piped water supply system of Kabul. The water distribution networks are divided into 6 zones and the division of water zone depends on the location of well fields. The distribution of population or water demand and the supply capacity of the well fields does not always satisfy the water consumption in the water zone. Especially, the Logar well fields have a large supply capacity but less water demand in the Water Zone 1 and a part of the pumped water is diverted to the adjacent Water Zone 3. The entire water service area will be developed and restructured based on the block-wise division of water zones. Detail survey for the inventory of the pipe networks and hydraulic analysis of the distribution pipes shall be carried out prior to the expansion of the network and the restructure of the network as well to construct an efficient water distribution network system.

Table 3.18 Water Distribution Zones in Kabul

No. Name of System-Distribution Zone Service Area by Administrative District

1 First (1st) Zone - Nasajee Project District 1& 8 2 Second (2nd) Zone - Gargha Careez Project District 2,4 & 10 3 Third (3rd) Zone District 1,2 & 9 4 Fourth (4th) Zone - Allaudin Project District 3,6,&7 5 Fifth (5th) Zone District 11 & 15 6 Sixth (6th) Zone - Afshar Project District 2,4,10,11&15 7 First (1st) Zone - Logar Project Phase 1 & 2 Water transmission to Kartenaw


(2) Phased rehabilitation and development programs for water supply system

Rehabilitation, reconstruction and expansion of the water supply system for Kabul city will be developed in accordance with the step-wise strategies, target level and the plans and programs proposed.

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1) First stage (from present to 2005)

To carry out the inventory survey, definition of the problems and immediate rehabilitation work of the malfunctioning water supply facilities and system for restoration of the original function and the design capacity.

The target of the First Stage is set to supply the required minimum amount of clean water at the rate of 50 liter per capita per day on average to the people of Kabul through:

• Restoration of the existing water supply system to recover the original function and the rated design capacity of the facilities and the system by means of rehabilitation of the permanent/temporary equipment and facilities. This restoration work will be carried out mainly by KfW, ICRC and CARE.

• Strengthening the supply of water to the remote areas from water sources by increasing the number of water tank trucks and public taps through securing the feeding wells/stations located in several Districts.

• Preparation and introduction of technical guidelines, design criteria, etc, to apply appropriate technologies for the rehabilitation and development of water supply facilities.

• Drafting, approval and enforcement of Water Supply Act/Law to institutionalize the waterworks and service of water.

• Survey and analysis of groundwater resources and inter-basin surface water conveyance and review and revision of Kabul Water Supply Master Plan and implementation of feasibility study of the priority projects.

• Implementation of capacity building and education programs for the administrative staff, engineers, technicians, workers and residents.

2) Second stage (from 2006 to 2010)

To continue rehabilitation works and proceed to expansion of the service area by developing stable water sources to supply safe water with average consumption at 75 liters per capita per day to the people of Kabul through:

• Implementation of new water source(s) development project to increase the water supply capacity and enforcement of the regulations to control groundwater users.

• Implementation of expansion projects for the development of permanent and reliable facilities and systems to expand the service areas.

• Restructuring of the existing water conveyance, transmission, distribution and water leakage control to establish an efficient and effective water zone system to make a water distribution backup system for each zone.

• Preparation of the plans and programs for rationalization of waterworks in operation and maintenance of water supply system and financial aspects.

• Review of water tariffs and application of new water charges to recover the cost of service.

• Preparation of privatization study.

3) Third stage (from 2011 to 2020)

To expand the facilities and service area along with the technical and management efficiency to run the waterworks for supplying sufficient and the better quality water

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of 150 liter per capita per day at reasonable water charges to the beneficiaries through:

• Continuous implementation of the expansion project to construct permanent and reliable facilities/systems for the expansion of water service areas.

• Rationalization of management of waterworks to minimize costs for production and distribution of water.

• Establishment of self-support financial capability for the management of waterworks proceeding toward privatization.

(3) Highlight of new water source development plan

Considering the finite amount of groundwater in the Kabul Basin, the expansion of water supply capacity depends on availability of new water sources. Namely, the balance of water amount between the future water demand and the safe pumping capacity from the existing aquifers is to be conveyed from the new water source(s). The following paragraphs provide an overview of the development plan for the new water sources and conveyance of water.

According to the water demand projection, water intake capacity is forecast at 688,500 m3/day in the year 2020 while the available safe yields of groundwater from the existing four aquifers of Kabul are estimated at approx. 250,000 m3/day. Therefore, new water source development is essential and required for expansion of water supply capacity. New water sources such as the lower confined aquifer and surface water in the vicinity of Kabul are considered for the alternative water sources.

Figure 3.12 Intake Water Demand Available Groundwater Capacity of Existing Aquifers


Comprehensive study for new water sources has not been conducted before. This preliminary study aims at presenting several discussion points from the people responsible to secure adequate water sources for the development of Kabul water supply.

Figure 3.13 indicates the alternative sites for new water sources. These alternatives sites are divided into two groups. The first group (Alternatives 1 to 4) is proposed for the short-term plan to develop deeper confined aquifer(s) along the Loger River in the South of Kabul. The second group (Alternatives 5 to 7) is proposed for the

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middle to long term plans to develop groundwater or surface water in the Panjeser River Basin in the North of Kabul. Figure 3.14 and Figure 3.15 indicate the topographic and hydraulic profiles of the water conveyance pipelines on the assumption to convey 50,000 m3/day from the South water sources and 150,000 m3/day from the North water source respectively.

Preliminary cost study was conducted for the investment cost and operation & maintenance cost of the respective alternatives and is summarized in Table 3.19. The results show that the unit cost for intake and water conveyance facilities including the operation, maintenance and investment cost recovery in 30 years ranges between 0.039 US$/m3 and 0.084 US$/m3 for the Alternatives 1 to 4 and 0.173 US$/m3 and 0.221 US$/m3 for the Alternatives 5 to 7. Although the results are derived from the preliminary study, the estimated unit cost of each alternative implies feasibility of new water source development.

Table 3.19 Summary of Alternative Water Source and Tentative Cost Estimation

Alternatives Water Source

Development Capacity

(m3/day)

Direct Constructio

n Cost (M.US$)

Unit O&M Cost

(US$/m3)

Unit Cost including

Investment Cost

Recovery in 30 years (US$/ m3)

Alternative 1

Lower Confined Aquifer in Kabul City (Groundwater) 50,000 7 0.024 0.039

Alternative 2

Lower Confined Aquifer in 9km South of Kabul (Groundwater) 50,000 8 0.025 0.044

Alternative 3


Alternative 4


Alternative 5

Groundwater in 57 km North of Kabul (Groundwater) 150,000 75 0.116 0.173

Alternative 6

Ghorband River or Irrigation Channel in 66 km North of Kabul (Surface Water)

150,000 114 0.127 0.214

Alternative 7

Panjser River or Irrigation Channel in 74 km North of Kabul (Surface Water)

150,000 121 0.129 0.221

Note: - Locations of water sources are tentatively selected through available information and site investigation. - Exploiting capacity is set as a representative case for preliminary study. - Cost estimation was tentatively made in year 2002 price. - Direct construction cost doesn’t include design, land acquisition and primary power supply cost. - O&M cost were tentatively estimated based on reasonable price assumptions. Source: JICA Study Team

Final Report


Figure 3.13 Locations of Alternative Water Sources


URSP-SWPT

94

Figure 3.14 Hydraulic Profiles for South Water Sources

Note: - Hydraulic profiles were preliminarily prepared to examine feasibility on future water source development.

- Flow rate (Q) were tentatively defined as 580 L/s (50,000 m3/day). - Hillside of Mt. Binihesar were tentatively selected as a probable distribution reservoir site (GL: +1850m MSL).


Final Report


Figure 3.15 Hydraulic Profiles for North Water Sources

Note: - Hydraulic profiles were preliminarily prepared to examine feasibility on future water source development.

- Flow rate (Q) were tentatively defined as 1740 L/s (150,000 m3/day). - Due to high pressure pump required, high pressure class pipe shall be employed for specific section. - Hillside of Mt. Cehelgazi was tentatively selected as a probable distribution reservoir site (GL: +1850m MSL). - There is a possibility to install a mini-hydropower generator at the inlet of distribution reservoir (available pressure: approx. 120 m)
