2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

How do you get your carbon?Man vs Bear

Videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMUOBBuPyXQ

Anticipatory Set

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Objectives

• Identify what makes an organic molecule “organic”

• Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms

• Identify the monomers of each type of macromolecule

• Describe the basic structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Organic Chemistry• Because of the many important and unique

properties of carbon-based molecules, there is a special branch of chemistry devoted just to the study of these molecules.

• Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon.– “Organic”molecules– “Organic” compounds

• The organic (carbon based) compounds we are studying are called MACROMOLECULES.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Salt - NaClWater – H2O

Sand – SiO2

Inorganic Compounds

NO CARBON!

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon is the fundamental element to most of the molecules found in living things.

Carbon atoms have unique properties that allow carbon to build a very large variety of “organic” molecules and compounds with varying degrees of complexity and size.

In living organisms, carbon-based molecules form highly ordered structures, which carry out most of the processes that keep organisms alive.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

6 Protons6 Electrons

Unique Properties of Carbon

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form multiple, stable covalent bonds.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other carbon atoms to form an extremely large variety of molecules.

Unique Properties of Carbon

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbon can bind with a wide variety of other elements.

Unique Properties of Carbon

Vitamin B-12

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Amino Acids

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Carbohydrates Lipids

Protein Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

1. Straight chain structures2. Branched chain structures3. Ringed structures

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Check on learningQUESTIONExplain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living organisms?ANSWERCarbon atoms form 4 stable, covalent bonds with carbon atoms and many other elements, to form wide variety of large and complex molecules.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbon-based macromolecules are built of many small subunits bonded together.

– Monomers are the individual subunits.– Polymers many monomers bonded together.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Check on learning

QUESTIONWhat is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer?

ANSWERA polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller units, call monomers, which are bonded together.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

1. Carbohydrates

1. Lipids

1. Proteins

1. Nucleic Acids

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Monomer

Polymer

Glucose molecules are the monomers of carbohydrates, including starches, cellulose and glycogen (polymers).

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

HydrogenCarbon

Oxygen

Structure of Carbohydrates

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

C6H12O6

Chemical Formula of Glucose

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

C6H12O6

Chemical Formula of Glucose

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

C6H12O6

Chemical Formula of Glucose

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbohydrates can form simple sugars to complex polysaccharides

– Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose / fructose).

– Disaccharides are sugar molecules made 2 simple sugars (sucrose)

– Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Disaccharides2 monosaccharides bonded together

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

PolysaccharidesLong chains of sugars bonded together

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Source of Energy– Animals: glucose and

glycogen– Plants: starch – found in

foods - potatoes and carrots

• Structure– Animals: chitin – make up

the exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans, as well as the cell walls of fungi

– Plants: cellulose – cell walls of plants and algae

Functions of Carbohydrates

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– Most lipids contain chains of carbon (carbon backbones) bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

• Lipids are nonpolar (not soluble in water) molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

(+)

(-)

POLAR – anything that has a positive end and a negative end

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Energy– Fats provide long-term sources of energy.

• Structure- Phospholipids make up cell membranes.- Cholesterol provides structural support in cell membranes

• Hormones- Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol

Functions of Lipids

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Saturated fatty acids (monomer)- No double bonds- Solid at room temperature

• Unsaturated fatty acids (monomer)- At least one double bonds- Liquid at room temperature

Fats & oils are made from 2 different types of fatty acids.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Triglyceride (polymer)

Fatty Acids

Glycerol

Triglycerides• Consist of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.

• High levels of triglycerides have been correlated with hardening of the arteries, leading to pancreatitis, heart attacks and strokes.

Fats and oils are Triglycerides made from fatty acids

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Large molecules made of amino acids

• Proteins are formed through the instructions from DNA

Proteins

monomers polymer

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Amino Acids

9 essential amino acids that have to come from food sources:

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Structure – cell membranes, musculoskeletal system• Regulate cell processes – enzymes• Transport molecules• Help with immunity

Functions of Proteins

Each protein has is own unique structure.

The structure of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

The structure of a protein determines its function.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Peptide Bond

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– Made of nucleotides (monomer)– Nucleotides are made of a nitrogen containing

base, a sugar and a phosphate group.

A phosphate group

nitrogen-containing “base”

deoxyribose (sugar)

• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) - Polymer

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Nucleic Acids (DNA) = polymers

• Made of nucleotides (monomer)

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Functions of Nucleic Acids

• DNA stores genetic information

• RNA builds proteins

Nucleus

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Three Basic Uses of Macromolecules Absorbed by the Digestive System

1. Energy for immediate use by cells to conduct their normal Metabolic processes (Muscle contraction, secretions, active transport)

2. Synthesize (build) structural or functional molecules to repair and replace cells.(Mitosis and Cytokinesis)

3. Storage as glycogen or fat for later use as energy (nutrient reserves)

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

ALL Living Things from Bacteria to Humans Conduct METABOLISM

Metabolism is the total of all the chemical reactions that

occur in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Two Kinds of Metabolic Reactions:

1. Catabolism 2. Anabolism

All organisms must be able to acquire and use vitamins, nutrients and energy from the environment.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Anabolism – small molecules are assembled into larger molecules, using energy.

Catabolism – large molecules are broken down into smaller ones releasing energy.

Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules