#2276. use of miniaturized bacterial mutagenicity assays ... · #2276. use of miniaturized...

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#2276. Use of Miniaturized Bacterial Mutagenicity Assays for Drug Candidate Screening and Impurity Evaluation S.G. Sawant, L. Xu and A. Smith Covance Laboratories Inc., Greenfield, IN, USA Abstract Mutagenicity evaluation is required by regulatory agencies prior to first in human trials and/or pharmaceutical marketing. Early screening of drug candidates for mutagenic potential is beneficial to reduce mutagenicity-related late stage attrition and maximize hazard identification while minimizing resource expenditure. The 6- and 24-well plate Ames assays require significantly less amount of test article and are similar to the plate incorporation method using full plates. The purpose of this validation study is to demonstrate a comparable sensitivity of the miniaturized versions to the full plate assay. A total of 10 known Ames negative (anthracene, 6-mercaptopurine and L-methionine) and positive (2-aminoanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, ICR-191, 2-nitrofluorine, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, sodium azide) compounds as well as two pharmaceutical-related starting materials/ impurities (1-H-pyrazole-4-boronic acid and 4-methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid) were used in the validation studies. The Ames assay was performed simultaneously using full, 6-well and 24-well plates for each validation test article in the presence and absence of rat liver induced metabolic activation system. Overall study conclusions were compared between the miniaturized formats and the full plate assay. Additionally, sensitivity of the miniaturized assays was evaluated by comparing outcome from each tester strain/test condition and also by comparing corresponding test compound concentrations between 6- and 24-well plate formats with the full plate assay results. Comparison of study data shows that both miniaturized formats correctly predict the mutagenicity outcome of all test compounds in the full plate assay and with a high concordance (~ 95%). The results indicate that the miniaturized formats provide an opportunity to conduct evaluation of drug candidates and drug impurities for mutagenic potential at an earlier stage in discovery and with a reduced compound requirement. Introduction Testing for genotoxic activity of new chemical entities is used as an early surrogate for carcinogenic potential. Testing for mutagenicity is required by regulatory agencies to conduct first in human trials and/or pharmaceutical marketing. To reduce mutagenicity-related late stage attrition, early screening is beneficial to maximize hazard identification with minimal resources. The 6- and 24-well plate formats are miniaturized versions of the standard plate Ames assay that require significantly less compound and are similar to the standard plate incorporation Ames assay. The plating is performed onto wells of 24- or 6-well plates containing approximately 1.0 or 5.0 mL of Vogel-Bonner agar (compared to a standard full plate containing 20-25 mL of agar) respectively. The amounts of bacterial cell culture, S9-mix or buffer solution, and test article are reduced 5- and 20-fold from that employed for a standard plate assay, respectively. The reduced compound requirement for the miniaturized formats allows mutagenicity evaluation of NCEs in early discovery phase. In case of a positive outcome with a lead candidate, additional structurally related compounds can be evaluated to assist medicinal chemistry efforts. These formats can also be deployed during early discovery phase for compounds with structural mutagenicity concern identified by expert chemists and/or in silico structure-activity- relationship programs. The purpose of this validation study is to assess a comparative sensitivity of the miniaturized versions to known Ames negative and positive compounds to that of the standard full plate assay. Materials and Methods The Ames assay was conducted simultaneously using standard plates (90 mm), 6-well plates and 24-well plates for each validation compound with and without metabolic activation (S9) system. Six tester strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101) were tested in the 24-well plate format, whereas seven strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101) were evaluated in the 6-well and standard plate formats. TA1537 was excluded from the 24-well plates Ames assay due to low spontaneous revertant counts in this strain and was replaced with TA97a tester strain. Vehicle and positive controls were included with each study. Twelve, four and two replicates of vehicle control were included in the 24-well, 6-well and standard plate assay, respectively. Positive controls and test article concentrations were plated in triplicate for 24-well plate and in duplicate for 6-well and standard plate formats. Overview Assay Comparison Results 90-mm vs 24-Well Plates, ICR-191, TA97a, No S9 90-mm vs 24-Well Plates, ICR-191 Compound-by-Compound Condition-by-Condition 24-well vs 90-mm plates GLP Ames Full Plate Ames Mini Ames Micro Ames Format 90-mm plates 90-mm plates 6-well plates 24-well plates TA required ~ 2 g 250 mg 40 mg 1 20 mg 1 Ames strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537/97a, WP2uvrA, WP2uvrA pKM101 TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2 2 TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2 2 TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, WP2 2 Criteria for a positive assay 2-fold: TA97a/98/100/WP2 2 3-fold: TA1535/1537 Same 2-fold:TA97a/98/100 3-fold: TA1535/1537/WP2 2 2-fold: TA97a/100 3-fold: TA98/1535/WP2 2 Concentration-dependent increase in mutagenicity Same Same Same and a minimum of 6 colonies in TA group of TA98/1535/WP2 2 Test conditions With and without S9 Same Same Same Top concentration 5 mg/plate Same 1 mg/well 3 250 μg/well 3 Replicates/conc. Three Two Two Three Method Plate incorporation Same Same Same Turnaround time Weeks 9 days 9 days 9 days Endpoints Mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, precipitation Same Same Same 1 Amount required shown, Request 60 mg and 40 mg respectively for mini and micro formats, 1 Includes both WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101 bacterial strains, 3 Concentrations corresponds to 5 mg/plate in the full plate assay Validation compounds Actual outcome Comparison 24-well plate 90-mm plate 6-well plate 24-well vs 90-mm 6-well vs 90-mm 2-Aminoanthracene Anthracene ICR-191 Benzo[a]pyrene Sodium azide 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 6-Mercaptopurine 4-Nitroquinoline 2-Nitrofluorine 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene L-Methionine The 24- and 6-well format Ames assay correctly predcits the overall outcome in the standard 90-mm plate Ames assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates Concentration-by-Concentration 24-well vs 90-mm plates 6-well vs 90-mm plates Summary and Conclusions Summary The 24- and 6-well format Ames assay correctly predicts the overall outcome in the standard 90-mm plate Ames assay. Conclusions Our findings from the validation study with 10 compounds indicate: The 24- and 6-well format Ames screen can be used with high confidence to evaluate drug candidates for genotoxicity with low compound requirements. The miniaturized Ames formats can also be used with high confidence to evaluate drug impurities for mutagenic potential. TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1535 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1535 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 2-Aminoanthracene 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates Anthracene 4-Nitroquinoline 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates ICR-191 2-Nitrofluorine 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates Benzo[a]pyrene 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates Sodium azide 6-Mercaptopurine 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid L-Methionine 6-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 6-well vs 90-mm plates TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 2-Aminoanthracene 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates Anthracene 4-Nitroquinoline 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates ICR-191 2-Nitrofluorine 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates Benzo[a]pyrene 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates Sodium azide 6-Mercaptopurine 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid L-Methionine 24-well plate assay 90-mm plate assay 24-well vs 90-mm plates Grow Bacteria – TA97a/98/100/1535/1537/ WP2uvrA/WP2uvrA pKM101 Mix bacteria, S9/buffer mix, test article, top agar Incubate at 37°C for 48-56 hours Score plates for toxicity, precipitation, and mutagenicity Compile and compare results between 24-well:90-mm and 6-well:90-mm plate formats 90-mm plates 6-well plates 24-well plates Prepare test article dose solutions, positive and negative controls No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1537 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 6-well 90-mm 2-Aminoanthracene Anthracene ICR-191 Benzo[a]pyrene Sodium Azide 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 4-Nitroquinoline 2-Nitrofluorine 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene L-Methionine 6-Mercaptopurine 24-Well vs 90-mm Plates 6-Well vs 90-mm Plates Compound-by-Compound 100% 100% Condion-by-Condion 88.9% 91.1% Concentraon-by-Concentraon 94.3% 94.9% Presented at SOT 2017 24-well 90-mm Negative Positive Concordance Disconcordance No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 24-well 90-mm 2-Aminoanthracene Anthracene ICR-191 Benzo[a]pyrene Sodium Azide 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 4-Nitroquinoline 2-Nitrofluorine 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene L-Methionine 6-Mercaptopurine

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Page 1: #2276. Use of Miniaturized Bacterial Mutagenicity Assays ... · #2276. Use of Miniaturized Bacterial Mutagenicity Assays for Drug Candidate Screening and Impurity Evaluation S.G

#2276. Use of Miniaturized Bacterial Mutagenicity Assays for Drug Candidate Screening and Impurity EvaluationS.G. Sawant, L. Xu and A. SmithCovance Laboratories Inc., Greenfield, IN, USA

AbstractMutagenicity evaluation is required by regulatory agencies prior to first in human trialsand/or pharmaceutical marketing. Early screening of drug candidates for mutagenic potential is beneficial to reduce mutagenicity-related late stage attrition and maximize hazard identification while minimizing resource expenditure. The 6- and 24-well plate Ames assays require significantly less amount of test article and are similar to the plate incorporation method using full plates. The purpose of this validation study is to demonstrate a comparable sensitivity of the miniaturized versions to the full plate assay. A total of 10 known Ames negative (anthracene, 6-mercaptopurine and L-methionine) and positive (2-aminoanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, ICR-191, 2-nitrofluorine, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, sodium azide) compounds as well as two pharmaceutical-related starting materials/ impurities (1-H-pyrazole-4-boronic acid and 4-methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid) were used in the validation studies. The Ames assay was performed simultaneously using full, 6-well and 24-well plates for each validation test article in the presence and absence of rat liver induced metabolic activation system. Overall study conclusions were compared between the miniaturized formats and the full plate assay. Additionally, sensitivity of the miniaturized assays was evaluated by comparing outcome from each tester strain/test condition and also by comparing corresponding test compound concentrations between 6- and 24-well plate formats with the full plate assay results. Comparison of study data shows that both miniaturized formats correctly predict the mutagenicity outcome of all test compounds in the full plate assay and with a high concordance (~ 95%). The results indicate that the miniaturized formats provide an opportunity to conduct evaluation of drug candidates and drug impurities for mutagenic potential at an earlier stage in discovery and with a reduced compound requirement.

IntroductionTesting for genotoxic activity of new chemical entities is used as an early surrogate for carcinogenic potential. Testing for mutagenicity is required by regulatory agencies to conduct first in human trials and/or pharmaceutical marketing. To reduce mutagenicity-related late stage attrition, early screening is beneficial to maximize hazard identification with minimal resources. The 6- and 24-well plate formats are miniaturized versions of the standard plate Ames assay that require significantly less compound and are similar to the standard plate incorporation Ames assay. The plating is performed onto wells of 24- or 6-well plates containing approximately 1.0 or 5.0 mL of Vogel-Bonner agar (compared to a standard full plate containing 20-25 mL of agar) respectively. The amounts of bacterial cell culture, S9-mix or buffer solution, and test article are reduced 5- and 20-fold from that employed for a standard plate assay, respectively. The reduced compound requirement for the miniaturized formats allows mutagenicity evaluation of NCEs in early discovery phase. In case of a positive outcome with a lead candidate, additional structurally related compounds can be evaluated to assist medicinal chemistry efforts. These formats can also be deployed during early discovery phase for compounds with structural mutagenicity concern identified by expert chemists and/or in silico structure-activity-relationship programs. The purpose of this validation study is to assess a comparative sensitivity of the miniaturized versions to known Ames negative and positive compounds to that of the standard full plate assay.

Materials and MethodsThe Ames assay was conducted simultaneously using standard plates (90 mm), 6-well plates and 24-well plates for each validation compound with and without metabolic activation (S9) system. Six tester strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101) were tested in the 24-well plate format, whereas seven strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101) were evaluated in the 6-well and standard plate formats. TA1537 was excluded from the 24-well plates Ames assay due to low spontaneous revertant counts in this strain and was replaced with TA97a tester strain. Vehicle and positive controls were included with each study. Twelve, four and two replicates of vehicle control were included in the 24-well, 6-well and standard plate assay, respectively. Positive controls and test article concentrations were plated in triplicate for 24-well plate and in duplicate for 6-well and standard plate formats.

Overview

Assay Comparison

Results90-mm vs 24-Well Plates, ICR-191, TA97a, No S9

90-mm vs 24-Well Plates, ICR-191

Compound-by-Compound

Condition-by-Condition24-well vs 90-mm plates

GLP Ames Full Plate Ames Mini Ames Micro Ames

Format 90-mm plates 90-mm plates 6-well plates 24-well plates

TA required ~ 2 g 250 mg 40 mg1 20 mg1

Ames strainsTA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537/97a, WP2uvrA,

WP2uvrA pKM101

TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537,

WP22

TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, WP22

TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA1535, WP22

Criteria for a positive assay

≥ 2-fold: TA97a/98/100/WP22

≥ 3-fold: TA1535/1537Same ≥ 2-fold:TA97a/98/100

≥ 3-fold: TA1535/1537/WP22≥ 2-fold: TA97a/100

≥ 3-fold: TA98/1535/WP22

Concentration-dependent increase in mutagenicity Same Same

Same and a minimum of 6 colonies in TA group of

TA98/1535/WP22

Test conditions With and without S9 Same Same Same

Top concentration 5 mg/plate Same 1 mg/well3 250 µg/well3

Replicates/conc. Three Two Two Three

Method Plate incorporation Same Same Same

Turnaround time Weeks 9 days 9 days 9 days

EndpointsMutagenicity, cytotoxicity, precipitation

Same Same Same

1 Amount required shown, Request 60 mg and 40 mg respectively for mini and micro formats, 1 Includes both WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA pKM101 bacterial strains, 3 Concentrations corresponds to 5 mg/plate in the full plate assay

Validation compoundsActual outcome Comparison

24-well plate

90-mm plate

6-well plate

24-well vs 90-mm

6-well vs 90-mm

2-Aminoanthracene

Anthracene ― ― ―

ICR-191

Benzo[a]pyrene

Sodium azide

4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid ― ― ―

1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid

6-Mercaptopurine

4-Nitroquinoline

2-Nitrofluorine

7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene

L-Methionine ― ― ―

The 24- and 6-well format Ames assay correctly predcits the overall outcomein the standard 90-mm plate Ames assay

6-well vs 90-mm plates

Concentration-by-Concentration24-well vs 90-mm plates

6-well vs 90-mm plates

Summary and ConclusionsSummaryThe 24- and 6-well format Ames assay correctly predicts the overall outcome in the standard 90-mm plate Ames assay.

Conclusions

Our findings from the validation study with 10 compounds indicate:

▶ The 24- and 6-well format Ames screen can be used with high confidence to evaluate drug candidates for genotoxicity with low compound requirements.

▶ The miniaturized Ames formats can also be used with high confidence to evaluate drug impurities for mutagenic potential.

TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA1535 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA

pKM101 TA1535

No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9 No S9 S9 No

S9 S9

2-Aminoanthracene 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

Anthracene 4-Nitroquinoline6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

ICR-191 2-Nitrofluorine6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

Benzo[a]pyrene 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

Sodium azide 6-Mercaptopurine6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid L-Methionine6-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

6-well vs 90-mm plates

TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA pKM101 TA97a TA98 TA100 TA1535 WP2uvrA WP2uvrA

pKM101

No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S9 No S9 S92-Aminoanthracene 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid

24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

Anthracene 4-Nitroquinoline24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

ICR-191 2-Nitrofluorine24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

Benzo[a]pyrene 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

Sodium azide 6-Mercaptopurine24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid L-Methionine24-well plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―90-mm plate assay ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

24-well vs 90-mm plates

Grow Bacteria – TA97a/98/100/1535/1537/ WP2uvrA/WP2uvrA pKM101

Mix bacteria, S9/buffer mix, test article, top agar

Incubate at 37°C for 48-56 hours

Score plates for toxicity, precipitation, and mutagenicity

Compile and compare results between 24-well:90-mm and 6-well:90-mm plate formats

90-mm plates 6-well plates24-well plates

Prepare test article dose solutions, positive and negative controls

No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2 uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA1537

6-well

90-mm

6-well

90-mm

6-well

90-mm

6-well

90-mm

6-well

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90-mm

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90-mm

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90-mm

6-well

90-mm

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90-mm

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90-mm

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90-mm

2-Aminoanthracene Anthracene ICR-191 Benzo[a]pyrene▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

Sodium Azide 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 4-Nitroquinoline▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

2-Nitrofluorine 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene L-Methionine 6-Mercaptopurine▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

24-Well vs 90-mm Plates 6-Well vs 90-mm Plates

Compound-by-Compound 100% 100%

Condition-by-Condition 88.9% 91.1%

Concentration-by-Concentration 94.3% 94.9%

Presented at SOT 2017

24-well

90-mm

Negative

Positive▬ ▬

Concordance

Disconcordance

No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9 No S9 With S9

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

TA97a

TA98

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA

WP2uvrA

pK

M101

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

24-well

90-mm

2-Aminoanthracene Anthracene ICR-191 Benzo[a]pyrene▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

Sodium Azide 4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylboronic acid 1-H-Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 4-Nitroquinoline▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

2-Nitrofluorine 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene L-Methionine 6-Mercaptopurine▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬

▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬