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Modern day Kashmir consist of three parts:

Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK)� Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)� Gilgit-Baltistan

India occupied Kashmir

China has occupied Aksai Chin since the early 1950s and, in addition, an adjoining region almost 8% of the territory


Indian occupied Kashmir can be divided into three parts :

� Jammu (which consist of Hindu population; the Kashmiri pundits)

� The Kashmir valley (which consist of 90% Muslim population)

� The Leh Ladakh belt which consist of the Buddhist monks or people following Buddhism


� India got its independence on 15th

August,1947 at the cost of partition

� When the British left the country India consist of more than 520 princely states

� The British gave these princely states the choice of either staying with India or joining Pakistan

� It took India almost 2 years to merge all the princely states into the Indian sub-continent


� The princely state of Kashmir had a Hindu King (Maharaja Hari Singh) and 78% Muslim population

� Lord Mountbatten gave the king an option of either joining India or Pakistan before 15th

August 1947

� The king was unsure so asked for more time

� He however asked both India and Pakistan to sign a standstill agreement

� Pakistan accepted but India refused


� The people in the state protested against the king’s indecisiveness

� Some of them wanted accession with Pakistan

� A reaction to the protest the king asked his troops to open fire on the people

� A large number of Muslim population was killed in the violence

� A reaction to these killings the Pathantribesmen from the North West frontier province invaded Kashmir

� They defeated the king’s troops and reached the capital Srinagar


� The king fled to Jammu and asked India for help against the onslaught

� India agreed only on the condition of accession

� Hence the king on 26th Oct 1947 signed the accession agreement with India

� India airlifted her troops to Kashmir

� The Pakistan army was stunned and wanted to fight back

� However the two countries decided to take the dispute to the Security council


� Security council : India blamed Pakistan of aggression

� While Pakistan blamed India for the forced accession of Kashmir to India

� When the talks were still on India send her troops to drive away the tribesman from the occupied land

� Pakistan also retaliated and a full on war ensured

� The UN security council intervened and urged the two countries to declare a cease fire


� On August 13th 1948 urged for a cease fire agreement between the two countries

� Withdrawal of troops

� A cease fire line demarcates

� And a plebiscite in Kashmir under the UN supervision

� Both the countries accepted this proposal


� Pakistan occupied Kashmir : consist of some parts of Jammu and Pooch

� Some areas of western Kashmir,Gilgit and Ladakh territory

� India occupied Kashmir: consist of Jammu, Kashmir valley and remaining Ladakh territory near the Tibet border


� The war of 1965 was perhaps one of the most intense wars the two neighbours ever fought.

� Pakistan attacked India in operation code named Gibraltar on August 5, 1965.

� The war was at a point of stalemate when the UN Security Council unanimously passed a resolution on September 20 that called for a ceasefire.

� New Delhi and Islamabad accepted the ceasefire, and the war ended on September 23.

� Indian troops suffered 3,000 casualties, while the Pakistani suffered 3,800

� In the aftermath of the war, Soviet-brokered Tashkent Declaration was signed on January 10, 1966


� A meeting was held in Tashkent in the USSR (now in Uzbekistan) beginning on January 4, 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement.

� Indian and Pakistani forces would pull back to their pre-conflict positions

� The nations would not interfere in each other's internal affairs

� Economic and diplomatic relations would be restored

� The two leaders would work towards building good relations between the two countries.


� The 1971 Indo-Pak war initially started as a civil war in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) as a result of political oppression by the ruling elite of West Pakistan

� The revolt began in 1970, when after the general election Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman was thrown behind bars.

� Pakistani Army cracked down in Bangladesh, killing civilians.

� Over 80 lakh refugees entered India.� Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community


� But failing to elicit any response, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi decided to help Bengali freedom fighters liberate East Pakistan in April 1971.

� In one of the swiftest military campaigns in recent history, India liberated Bangladesh in two weeks, taking 93,000 Prisoner of Wars.

� On July 2, 1972, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Pact, agreeing to respect the Line of Control until the issue is finally resolved.


� Kargil was one of the brutish wars fought between the two countries at the frozen heights of Himalayas.

� Infiltrators in the Batalik sector were first discovered by Indian Army patrols on May 8, 1999.

� The intruders, comprising mostly Pak Army regulars, along with a sprinkling of Mujahideen, were specially trained and equipped by Pakistan in 40 staging camps near the Line of Control (LoC).

� On May 31, Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said it was a "war-like situation" in Kargil and on June 6, the Army launched Operation Vijay, a major offensive in Kargil and Drass sectors.


� Three days later, the Army captured the crucial Tololing peak.

� By July 11, Pakistani infiltrators started retreating from Kargil as India recaptured key peaks at Batalik and set a deadline of July 16 for total withdrawal.

� On July 12, Sharif announced the pullout on the television and proposed talks with Vajpayee.

� Operation Vijay was declared a success on July 14.


� Though the Kargil war happened in 1999 the entire 1990s have seen the growth of terrorism in Kashmir

� Various terrorist organizations have operated from Kashmir against India with the help of Pakistan

� Most of them have demanded a separate state for Kashmir

� Some of them (the Hurriyat) have asked for an accession with Pakistan


� All Parties Hurriyat Conference : Syed Ali Shah Geelani (chairman Tehreek-e-Hurriyat a component of All Parties Hurriyat Conference)

� Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front : YasinMailk (chief)

� Mirwaiz Umar Farooq : moderate Hurriyatleader / Chairman of the Awami Action committee.


� Demand for the dilution of the Armed Force Special Power Act

� The transition from militancy to street protest has overturned the Kashmir paradigm

� The Sangbaaz Tehreek : many are students and professionals ,products of growing middle class in Kashmir that has used India's economic boom to take wings

� thousand more are silent supporters : they operate through the internet where the outpouring of the Azadi sentiment is overwhelming


226 pak conflict) - wordpress.com · civil war in east pakistan (bangladesh) ... recent history,...

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