2245-9 joint ictp-iaea advanced school on the role...
TRANSCRIPT
2245-9
Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on the Role of Nuclear Technology in Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems
Karl Verfondern
13 - 18 June 2011
Research Center Juelich Institute for Energy and Climate Research
Julich Germany
The Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear Energy Part 2: Hydrogen Production Systems
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The Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyPart 2: Hydrogen Production Systems
Karl Verfondern Research Center Jülich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6)
Joint IAEA – ICTP Advanced School on “Development and characterization of materialsfor hydrogen-based energy systems: Role of nuclear technology”
June 13-18, 2011, Trieste, Italy
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 2IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
ContentsPart I- Hydrogen Economy and the Role of Nuclear PowerPart II- Hydrogen Production Methods Using Nuclear Heat/Power - Steam Reforming- Coal Gasification- High Temperature Electrolysis- Thermochemical CyclesPart III- Nuclear Process Heat Reactors
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 3IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Routes of Hydrogen Production
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 4IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Current Hydrogen Production Methods
48% natural gas steam reforming30% oil partial oxidation
18% coal gasification
4% electrolysis
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 5IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Hydrogen Plant
• Steam-methane reformer of Uhde design
• Capacity: 13.8 t/h or 153,000 Nm3/h corresponding to 550 – 630 MW (HHV)
• purity > 99.9%
• Feedstock: natural gas, refinery off-gas,liquid propane (mixed feed, alternativefeed, spare feed)
• Load range: 100% - 40%
• Heat flux: 70 kW/m2
Uhde
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 6IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Nuclear Steam ReformingEVA-I reformer tube at FZJ
• most widely appliedconventional productionmethod
• savings of ~ 35% of NG,if process heat is fromnuclear
• tested under nuclearconditions in pilot plantsin both Germany andJapan
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 8IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
EVA-ADAM (Long-Distance Energy Transport)
EVA
ADAM
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 9IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Technical Data of EVA-II/ADAM-II Facility
Power Input 10 MWeCooling gas flow rate 4 kg/s of heliumPressure 4 MPaTemperature max/min 950/350 °CSG temperature/pressure 700 °C / 5.5 MPaMethane input 0.6 kg/sSteam reforming temp. max 820 °CMethanation temp. max 650 °CADAM-II heat release rate 5.3 MWt
From 1981 - 1986: 13,000 hours of operation, of which 7750 h at 900 °C and 10,150 h as complete process
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 10IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Combined HTTR/SR Complex
HTTR
SteamGenerator
SteamReformer
Naturalgas
Water(H2O)
Hydrogen
IHX10MW
IsolationValve
950C
30MWFeed gas preheater
395°C
Pressurized water cooler
20MW
150°C Radiator
Heliumcooler
905°C
Steamsuper heater
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 11IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
He circulator
Electricheater
Steamreformer
Steamgenerator
H2; 120m3/h, COF low Diagram and Main Test Items oO ut-of-Pile Demonstration Test Facili1/ 30 scale model of HTTR hydrogen productio
R eplacement of nuclear heat with electricityH2:110Nm3/h,COM LN2 tankLNG tankPumpPumpEvaporato rEvaporato rSurgetankFlarestacSurgetankProductgasInert gas feed li neProductgascombustion
880℃
Condenser
Steam generator
Steamreformer
Electric heaterCirculator Hot gas duct
Helium gas circulation system
Product gas
Nitrogen feed lineProduct gas combustion system
Natural gas feed system
Steam feed system
600℃
650℃
450℃
Shematic Diagram of Simulation Test
Oarai, Japan
JAEA Steam Reforming Out-of-Pile Pilot PlantSchematic of Simulation Test
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 12IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Coal Refinement
790 kWh electricity
360 kg coal dust
250 kg charcoal
280 l methanol
160 kWh gasoline
550 m3 synthesis gas
150 m3 SNG
Conversion of 1000 kg of lignite
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 13IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Coal Gasification with Nuclear Energy
with steam: C + H2O H2 + CO - HCO + H2O H2 + CO2
------------------CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O
with hydrogen: C + 2 H2 CH4 + H
------------------CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2 - H
CO + H2O H2 + CO2
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 14IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Gas Composition after Steam Coal Gasification
High pressure increases methane content good for SNG productionHigh temperature increases hydrogen content good for syngas production
Pr tion of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 15IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Nuclear Simulated Steam Coal Gasification
Lab scale testing:1973-1980 with 5.0 kg/h
Semi-technical scale testing: 1976-1984 with 0.5 t/h
Gasification: at 750-850°C and 2-4 MPa
Total coal gasified: 2413 tOperation time: ~26,600 h with
~13,600 h under gasification cond.
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 16IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Pilot Plant for Hydro Coal Gasification
Semi-technical scale testing: 1975-1982 with 0.2 t/h
Pilot plant scale testing:1983-1986 with 10.0 kg/h
Gasification: at 850-950°C and 6-12 MPa
Coal throughput: ~40,000 twith up to 6400 Nm3/h of SNG
Operation time: ~8000 h
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 17IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Steam Coal Gasifier Design for Prototype Plant
Thermal Power: 340 MWCoal throughput: 50 t/hEffective volume: 318 m3
Heat exchanging area: 4000 m2
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 18IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
General Achievements of PNP Project
Confirmation of technical feasibility of allothermal, continuous coal gasification
Manufacture and successful operation of high temperature heat-exchanging components
Demonstration of licensing capability of a nuclear process heat HTGR by resp. safety research
But under the given conditions at that time, the nuclear process was not competitive
with the conventional process!
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 19IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
200 m3/h
Electrolysis
Electrolysis ideal for remote and decentralized H2 production
Off-peak electricity from existing NPP (if share of nuclear among power plants is large)
As fossil fuels become more expensive, the use of nuclear outside base load becomes more attractive.
Norsk Hydro
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 20IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
High Temperature Electrolysis
Increased efficiency; Reduced electricity needs; Capitalize from SOFC efforts.
Erdle 1995
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 21IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
High Temperature Electrolysis Ceramatec SOEC
stack test2 x 60 cells, ½ ILS module operated for 2000 h
Herring
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 22IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Thermochemical Cycles
Decomposition of water by a series of thermally driven chemical reactions
Criteria arereaction kinetics, thermodynamics, max. temperature, heat transfer, separation of substances, side reactions, material stability, toxicity, corrosion, processing scheme, thermal efficiency, cost
Top candidates- sulfur family (S-I, HyS, Mark13) with H2SO4 splitting- Ca-Br (UT-3) cycle- Cu-Cl hybrid cycle
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 23IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Sulfur-Iodine Cycle
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+O22
1H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1 O22121
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+O22
1H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
(9 I2)l + (SO2)g + (16 H2O)l
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 24IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
S-I Process DemonstrationILS Loop by GA, Sandia, CEA
40
30
20
10
010 20 30 40 50
20
10
-20
-10
0
0
Operation time (h)Flu
ctu
atio
n o
f I 2 c
onc. in
sulfuric a
cid
(%)
H2 O2
50
2:1
Pro
duction o
f H
2 an
d O
2 ( )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200
H2, O
2 Pro
duct
ion
[Nm
3 ]
Operation Time [h]
H2
O2
JAEA 2004
Achieved 65 l/hAchieved 30 Nl/h over 1 week
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 25IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Nuclear H2 R&D Projects in Japan
HTTR + S-I to become the world‘s first nuclear H2 production plant
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 26IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Nuclear H2 R&D Projects in Japan
GTHTR300H
direct cycle,block-type core950°C at coolant exit
168 MW(th) for the sulfur-iodine processfor 24,000 Nm3/h of H2
plus 202 MW(e)
Production of Hydrogen with Nuclear EnergyTrieste, Italy, June 13-19, 2011
Folie 27IEK-6 Reactor SafetyKarl Verfondern
Thank youfor your kind attention !
email: [email protected]