2.2 life cycle design strategies cortesi 10-11

Sara CortesiPolitecnico di Milano / Dip. INDACO / DIS / Facoltà del Design / Italia

sara cortesipolitecnico di milano . INDACO dpt. . DIS . school of design . Italy

Learning Network on Sustainability

course System Design for Sustainabilitysubject 2. Introduction to product Life Cicle Design (LCD)

learning resource 2.2Life Cycle Design Criteria


CONTENTS:

Life Cycle Design criteria:. resources minimisation. low impact resources selection. product lifespan optimisation. material lifespan extension. design for disassembly


RESOURCES MINIMISATION


RESOURCES MINIMISATIONWHAT DOES IT MEAN

QUANTITATIVE SAVINGREDUCTION IN THE CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS AND ENERGY. in all life cycle phases

. for a specific function


RESOURCES CONSERVATIONfor future generation

AVOIDED (ENVIRONMENTAL) IMPACTpre-production, production, distribution and disposal of the amount of resources not used

RESOURCES MINIMISATIONENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES


LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTION


LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTIONWHAT DOES IT MEAN

orient design choices towards materials and energies with the lowest environmental impact

. OFFERED FUNCTION BEING EQUAL

. CONSIDERING THE WHOLE LIFE CYCLE

QUALITATIVE SAVING


LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTIONTWO APPROACHES

SELECT RESOURCES WITH NO/LOW TOXICITY

SELECT HIGHLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES


LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTIONSELECT RESOURCES WITH NO/LOW TOXICITY


DO NOT USE MATERIALS AND ENERGY(see: resources minimisation)

DO NOT USE RESOURCES WHOSE HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL HARMFULNESS IS WELL KNOWN

(e.g.: asbestos)

SELECT RESOURCES WITH A REDUCED HARMFULNESS



Harmfulness of materials and energies has to be considered in relation to:

. THE WHOLE LIFE CYCLE(not only pre-production)

. THE FUNCTION(useful life span, weight, efficiency, ...)

. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION CONTEXTS(use, disposal, ...)

. ADDITIVES AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS



LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTIONSELECT HIGHLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES


The renewability of materials and energies depens on:

. RE-GROWING SPECIFIC SPEED

. EXTRACTION FREQUENCY

A resource is renewable if:anthropic consumption rate < natural re-growing rate

LOW IMPACT RESOURCES SELECTIONSELECT HIGHLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES


PRODUCT LIFESPAN OPTIMISATION


PRODUCT LIFESPAN OPTIMISATIONWHAT DOES IT MEAN

that isto design for a long useful lifespan of the artifacts

EXTEND THE LIFESPAN(of products and/or components)

that isto design for a useful lifespan characterised by high frequency of use of the artifacts

INTENSIFY USE(of products and/or components)


PRODUCT LIFESPAN OPTIMISATIONLIFESPAN EXTENSION


PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE

PRE-PRODUCTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSUMPTION

USE

DISP.

P-PROD.

PROD.

DISTRIB.UPDATING OF THE COMPONENTS CAUSING CONSUMPTION

PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE

DISPOSAL

same function in time

PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

USE USE

AVOIDED IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTSshort product/component life

extended product/component life


PRODUCT LIFESPAN OPTIMISATIONUSE INTENSIFICATION


PRE-PROD. PROD. DISTR. DISPOS.

use (function) during time




B 1 B 2 B 3A 1 A 2 A 3C 1 C 2 C 3

A 1 A 2 A 3

B 1 B 2 B 3

C 1 C 2 C 3

LIFE

INDI

PEND

ENT

FROM

LEN

GHT

OF U

SE

AVOIDED IMPACTS

products/components not intense life

product/component intense life


Ds

Ds

Ds

PP P Dt

PP P Dt

PP P Dt

PP P Dt Ds

use (function) during of time

PP P Dt Ds

PP P Dt Ds

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER USE CONSMPTION

NEW PRE AND POST CONSUMPTION TECHNOLOGIES WITH LOWER IMPACT

LIFE

FUNC

TION

OF

LENG

HT O

F US

E

not intense life products/components

intense life products/components LIGHTER IMPACTS LIGHTER IMPACTS


MATERIAL LIFESPAN EXTENSION


MATERIAL LIFESPAN EXTENSIONWHAT DOES IT MEAN

MAKE THE MATERIALS SURVIVE THE PRODUCT IN WHICH THEY ARE USED

. REPROCESSED to obtain new secondary raw materials

. INCINERATED to recover their energy content

MATERIALS CAN BE:


MATERIAL LIFESPAN EXTENSION

Design to facilitate:

. RECYCLING

. COMPOSTING

. ENERGY RECOVER


PRE-PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE

LANDFILL


PRE-PRODUCTION


RECYCLINGCOMBUSTIONCOMPOSTING

PRE-PRODUCTION

material non-extended life

material extended life

AVOIDED IMPACTS ADDITIONAL IMPACTS


PRE-CONSUMPTION (POST-INDUSTRIAL)waste and scraps generated by production

POST-CONSUMPTIONmaterials from disposed products

. closed loop. open loop

RECYCLING PATHS

RECYCLING


. collection

. transportation

. separation (disassembly a/o crushing)

. identification

. cleaning

. secondary raw material’s production

POST-CONSUMPTION RECYCLING PHASES

RECYCLING


Depends on:. SPECIFIC MATERIAL’S CHARACTERISTICS performances recovery (and cost of the process)

. metals and glasses

. thermoplastic polymers

. thermoset polymers. PRODUCT’S ARCHITECTURE

. RECYCLING PHASES

RECYCLABILITY OF MATERIALS


DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY


DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLYWHAT DOES IT MEAN

DESIGNTO MAKE EASY AND INEXPENSIVETHE SEPARATION OF PARTS AND MATERIALS


DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLYENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

FACILITATE THE SEPARATION OF PARTSfacilitates

MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, UPDATINGAND RE-MANUFACTURING OF PRODUCTS

and then is functional to

EXTENDING PRODUCT’S LIFESPAN



FACILITATE THE SEPARATION OF PARTSfacilitates

THE REUSE OF COMPONENTS


EXTENDING COMPONENT’S LIFESPAN



FACILITATE THE SEPARATION OF MATERIALSfacilitates

. THEIR RECYCLING (if not compatible)

. THEIR SEPARATION (if toxic/harmful)


EXTENDING MATERIAL’S LIFESPAN

2.2 life cycle design strategies cortesi 10-11

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