22. chapter - 22 safety in construction industry

8/19/2019 22. CHAPTER - 22 Safety in Construction Industry

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CHAPTER - 22

Safety in Construction Industry

1 Scope of Safety in ConstructionWork 1.1 Basic Philosophy 1.2 Parameters of Safety in

Construction1.2.1 Studies, Statistics and

Results1.2.2 Site Planning and Layout 1.2. Safe !ccess1.2." Safety Work Permit #

Checklist 1.2.$ %ood &ousekeeping

2 Statutory Pro'isions (ndian Standards" Construction )achinery

".1 Lifting !ppliances and %ear ".2 *ransport, +arthmo'ing and

)aterial &andling+-uipment

". Plant )achinery, +-uipmentand &and *ools

$ nderground Works$.1 +/ca'ation$.2 0rilling, Loading and Blasting$. Shoring and nderpinning$." *unnelling and Shaft Sinking

!o'eground Works.1 Sca3olding, Ladders and

Staircases.2 Structural 4rames, 4orm5ork

and Concrete Work .2.1 +rection and

0ismantling of Steel andPrefaricated

Structures

.2.2 Castinsitu ConcreteStructures.2. Wall and 4loor 6penings.2." 4orm5ork and Slipforms

. Structural Steel Work and+rection

." Welding and Cutting6perations

.$ Lifting )achinery and+-uipment

7 nder5ater Works7.1 %eneral Pro'isions7.2 Boats7. Rescue and +mergency

Procedures7." Wellsinking7.$ Co3erdam7. Caissons

8 0emolition8.1 Precautions Prior to 0emolition8.2 Precautions 0uring 0emolition

9 )o'ement of )aterials and )en1: &ealth and Welfare of Construction

Workers1:.1 0ust &a;ards1:.2


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"fter agriculture, construction seemsto be the second largest economicactivity. If mining and #uarrying areconsidered as a part of or inclusive of construction industry, it becomes thelargest of all industrial activities. $omegures of the most advanced country,

%$", are as under &

Ta(%e ' 22"1 )eat$s * )eat$ Rates+USA '

1,,2

1,,

1,,.

1,,/

1,,0

)EATHS !gricul

ture''( )*+ )* '+- '

)ining,>uarryin

g

'/ 0( '' /0 /

Construction

))( )(/

*-

)anufacturing

'' 0() '-* 0-) 0

*rans. #Pu. til.

'0' '/- )( )++ '/

*rade */ */ *(+ */ *0Ser'ices 0 0- 0'0 0// 0

%o't. /)0 /+) /-* /+- /

)EATH RATES &er 1 %a$ 3orers4 !gricul

ture

+* +' +* + +

)ining,>uarryin

g

+/ +) - +0 +/

Construction

/ / 0 0 /

)anufacturing

* * * * -

*rans. #Pu. til.

- - - - +

*rade + + + + +Ser'ices + + + +

%o't. - - - - -Source & "ccident 1acts, ((', 2$C, %$".

In our country reportability of construction accidents is not !nown. 3utfollowing gures are reproduced belowfrom Indian 4abour $tatistics, (((-.

2IC Code / 5 / representsconstruction and construction activitiesand all India fatal accidents in thisindustry are as under &

Year Fata% Accidents

()0 *()' *())

6hese gures are not reported formany years and from many $tates andmany wor!s. 6herefore this data is

incomplete and misleading. 6able ++. ma!es it clear that thecombined deaths and death rates of construction and mining industries aremore than even agriculture. 7ecreaseduring last years indicates that safety acti'ities can certainly decrease theaccidents. *his pro'es the scope andimportance of safety in constructionindustry.

"s per rough estimate about + la!hrms and more than + la!hs wor!erswor! in construction industry in India.

6hus mostly it is labour oriented andunorganised. 8or!ers are mobile, mostlyilliterate and wor! on contract basis. 6heywor! under sun and rain, cold and windand dust and sand. 6heir wor!ingconditions are mostly unsafe, ha9ardousand unhygienic. 6heir wor!load is heavyand demands heavy muscular wor!. 6heirwor! and wor!places are not of permanent nature and therefore not

governed by any law li!e the 1actories"ct. 6he 3uilding and other Construction8or!ers "ct ((0 and the :ules (()have been passed and implemented in+0. 6he overall wor!ing conditions of ma;ority of construction wor!ers are,therefore miserable.

3asic philosophy to improve theirwor!ing conditions is the safetyphilosophy. It should be realised thatconstruction is inherently ha9ardousindustry, , contract based industry,

demands heavy wor! load, contributeshigh fre#uency and severity of accidents,less protected by law, movable and needscontinuous e


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stri!ing against ob;ect, falling on the >ator into pit, sump, gutter etc., occupationaldiseases of lung, s!in, locomotors andnervous system, electrical and pneumatictools, unguarded machinery, heavyvehicles and wor!ing without safetye#uipment are the ma;or causes of

accidents. ?echani9ation can eliminatesome manual wor! ha9ards. 8or! permitsystem, prompt supervision and rstaid,use of personal protective e#uipment andproper tools, training and education andpro;ect safety committee are some of theremedial measures.

Safety &$i%oso&$y forconstruction 3or should be based onthe following points&

. $afety policy statement and strictadherence to it.

+. $afety cannot be delegated. It is a linefunction.

-. $afety is everybody’s responsibility.*. It is an integral part of all pro;ect

activities./. @ood planning and advice, and

discussion with contractor andsubcontractors are essential at designor initial stage.

0. $afety ensures success with

satisfaction.'. 8or! permit system is desired for allha9ardous wor!s.

). "ll construction accidents should berecorded, reported and investigated forthe purpose of safety and costing.

(. $tandards, Codes and $tatutoryprovisions must be followed. $afetymanuals should be prepared forcontractors, wor!ers and supervisors,and

. Aducation, training and supervision

for safe wor! methods and use of safetools and e#uipment play an importantrole.

$ee =art of Chapter' also.

1"2 Para5eters of Safety inConstruction '

=eculiarities and parametersgoverning safety in construction industry

are, now, discussed in the followingparagraphs.

1"2"1 Studies+ Statistics andResu%ts '

$tatistics and studies on construction

accidents are not much available asfactory accidents. 6his is mainly becauseof no exclusive authority, late and pooradministration, non reportability and nocomplete compilation of such data.

In one study which lasted for /years, 4evitt B()' highlighted thehidden costs of construction accidents. Deconcluded that these accident costsmostly exceeded the grossprot of mostof the rms in construction industry. De

also found that all managers who hadgood safety records do three things &

. ?otivate their subordinates to attendto safety.

+. =rovide training for managers andwor!ers at all levels, and

-. Insist that wor! is carefully planned.

Champoux et. al. B()' studied -/'accidents in construction industry andidentied the higher ris! areas of wor!

and organisation as targets forprevention. Digh ris! tas!s are crucial toergonomist and all those wor!ing forsafety in construction.

2ational Institute of 6raining forIndustrial Angineering B2I6IA, 3ombayconducted a study B()( and afterinterviewing site engineers, safetyocers and labourers on site, it wasconcluded that the reasons for health andsafety problems were

. 6he absence of safety rules andregulations.

+. 6he unorganised nature of wor!.-. "lmost total lac! of any need for

safety felt by engineers andcontractors and

*. "bsence of trade unions for welfareand health.

6he main safety measures suggestedwere

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. Compulsory use of safety helmets.+. %se of safety belts for wor!ing at

heights greater than ./ m.-. =rovision of canvas around the

sca


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+. I4E gures include rst aid in;urieswhile ours are reportable B*) hoursabsence accidents.

-. I4E gures are old when safety e


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0. PP+ & 2ot using helmet, safety shoes,hand gloves, safety belt, respiratorsetc.

'. 6thers & 2oise, vibration, dust, gas,fumes, cave in, night wor!, overtime,intoxication etc.

6his suggests the direction of accident prevention wor! in constructionactivity.

1"2"2 Site P%annin8 and ;ayout '

In construction activities, scope of site selection is less though not 9ero.?ines are at xed places and cannot beshifted. 3uilders or organisers generallypurchase the site where land is availableat low price and where contractors andwor!ers have to wor!. In a xed factorypremises, construction is to be carried outin a limited space. In dense population,construction of high rise Bmultistoreyedbuilding needs wor!ing at height. @uttersand underground piping have xed trac!savailable. %nderwater wor! has xeddestinations and long pipelines arepassed through the shortest possibledistance for economic reasons. 6hereforein a limited scope of site selection,

planning and layout becomes mostessential on the available site.

:efer part 0 and ' of Chapter ' forplanning, layout and design.

1irst, plan for the whole and then forthe detail. =lan site layout, plot layoutand e#uipment layout as perre#uirement. "lternate layouts should beprepared for selecting the best one.=rocess >ow diagram and stages orse#uence of wor! should be decided.Aach wor! should be subdivided in stepsaccounting for safety precautions andresponsibilities. 1acilities for water, reghting, rstaid, tools and e#uipmentavailability, roads, vehicle movement,par!ing, smo!ing booths, sanitary bloc!s,crMche, canteen, control room, safe entry,exit and escape route etc. should beproperly planned. 6opography, geology,weather, environment, separationdistances, service corridors, overheadwor! Bpipe bridges, tan!s, slabs etc.,

segregation etc. should also be

considered. $pecial precautions should beencountered for wor!ing at heights ordepths B$ee Chapter 0.

=lanning, layout and designing of steel structure, tall towers, metal tan!s,vessels, reactors, utilities, piping etc.need Da9op, ha9ard identication, ris!

and reliability assessment, strength andstability criteria, inventory reduction,process safety, failsafe design,emergency shutdown procedure andemergency planning.

"ppointment of safety and healthpersonnel, trained supervisors andre#uirement of ade#uate rstaid and reghting facilities and personal protectivee#uipment should be considered at thestage of planning and budgeting forsafety at wor!.

1"2" Safe Access '

1or the safety of wor!places andavoiding ris! of in;ury to wor!ers, safemeans of access to and egress from allwor!places should be provided,maintained and indicated wherenecessary.

$ection -+ of the 1actories "ctre#uires that all >oors, steps, stairs,passages and gangways shall be of soundconstruction and properly maintained andshall be !ept free from obstructions andsubstances li!ely to cause persons to slipand where it is necessary to ensuresafety, steps, stairs, passages andgangways shall be provided withsubstantial handrails. $afe means of access are re#uired at all wor!ing places.

6o prevent fall, fencing or other devicesare re#uired.:ule 00" of the @u;arat 1actories

:ules species access for re ghting andre#uires unobstructed layout of plantsand building and doors and windows onexternal walls for easy access inside thebuilding.

?eans of access may be a ladderportable or xed, ramp, runway orstairway. 6hey should conform to the codeor standards prescribed.

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1"2". Safety or Per5it * C$ec%ist ' " format of such permit is given as 6able ++.+"

Ta(%e 22"2 & Safety 3or &er5it s3&4+ at construction site7ate & $8= 2E. &

$8= :e#uested by J Issued to & =ro;ect J

$ection

4ocation of

the wor! tobe done

$8= issue

7ate 5 6ime

$8= Axpiry

7ate 5 6ime

2ame of the person

7esignation

Company

7escriptionJ2ature of the wor!

A#uipmentJtools tobe used 6ic! √

=robable Da9ards 6ic! √

Cranes

Fall of persons from height

Suspended load

Chain pulley blocks

Falling objects o!erhead

"ork

Failure of slingstackles

Slings # other lifting

tackles

Fall belo" ground le!el

$o%ic dustfumes

&lectrical e'uipment

&lectrical shock

Fire

(o"er hand tools

)o!ing machinery

(oor illumination

*thers +,rite-

.onising /adiation *ther causes +,rite-

&ye injury +flying

objectsarc-

1ollowing safetymeasuresJprecautions are necessaryand have been ta!enJensured.

6ic! √

1ollowing safety measuresJprecautions to be ta!enJensuredduring execution of the ;ob.

6ic! √

:emar!sJspecialinstructions, if any byissuing authority Bpl.specify

=roper means of access B4adders

etc.

"ll wor!men use safety

helmet.

vi9., display of warningsigns

=roper sca


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" chec!list for construction safety is given as 6able ++.-.

Ta(%e 22" Construction Safety C$ec%ist

2ame and address of the Construction Company NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 8or!ingatNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

"udited by NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN "udit date NNNNNNNNNNNN

No" C$ec Points Co55ents. Delmets used by all.+. $afety belts used by all during wor!, if height is more than +

meters.-. $tatic lines are provided to facilitate hoo!ing of safety belts.*. $afety nets are provided where sca


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be lifted and placed in their properplace.

0. =iles of materials should be stable andproperly supported.

'. 6hrowing of material should beavoided. If it is to be thrown, warningsignals should be given.

). =roper painting and colourcodingshould be followed.(. "t least at the beginning and end of a

shift, supervisors should ta!e round tochec! above points.

2 STATUTORY PRO=ISIONS

$ee =art +.*( of Chapter+) for the3uilding and Ether Construction 8or!ersB:egulation of Amployment and

Conditions of $ervice "ct, ((0 cameinto force from -((0, and =art +./ forCentral :ules, (() under this "ct. 6heserules came into force from ((().6ut of 2$2 rules, 2:: are pertaining tosafety # health of construction wor!ersand prescribe much detail. Denceforth itwill be referred as ‘3EC 8or!ers :ules(()’ for brevity’s sa!e.

6he above rules prescribe for safetycommittees Bfor wor!ers / or more,$afety Ecer Bfor wor!ers / or more,

reporting of accidents, medicalexamination of building wor!ers,occupational health centre, constructionmedical ocer, ambulance room,ambulance van, stretchers, occupationalhealth services, notice of poisoning oroccupational diseases, rstaid boxes,emergency care services, provisions forwor!ing hours, rest interval, spread over,wee!ly holidays, notices and registers,latrine and urinal, canteen for

wor!ersO+/ and payment of wages.Its ChapterGI, rules -* to /*prescribe for excessive noise, vibration,re protection, onsite emergency planBfor wor!ersO/, fencing of motors etc.,excessive weight, health and safetypolicy, overhead protection, dust, gasesand fumes, eye and head protection,electrical ha9ards, vehicular trac,structural stability, stac!ing of materials,disposal of debris, use of safety helmetsand shoes etc.

6he other provisions are regardingregistration, responsibilities and duties,lifting appliances and gear, runways andramps, wor! on or ad;acent to water,transport and earth moving e#uipment,concrete wor!, demolition, excavationand tunnelling wor!s, steep roof, ladders,

catch platform, safety belts and nets,structural frame and frame wor!, stac!ingand unstac!ing, scaush door shutters +( B=art 5+, use of hot bituminous materials /(0,bre rope slings ((**, dress divers+(, river valley pro;ects -00 B=arts to , sewerage system ('+,protective barriers in and around building-*/, reservoirs, guidelines for operation'-+-, shallow foundation (*, masonrywalls (/, loading standards )'/,

underground air raid shelter /*((, buc!et


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meshing, wire rope and its clamping, ropedrum and tie rods should be chec!edbefore every use. 6ie rod should bead;usted to prevent clutch arrangementto slip. :atchet arrangement should be!ept in position while hoisting a load.

$ee :ule /( of the 3EC 8or!ers

Central :ules, ((), for statutory details.

Hoists ' :efer $ec. +) of the1actories "ct. 7esign should be as perstandard code. Eutdoor hoist towersshould be erected on rm foundation,securely braced, guyed and anchored.4adder way should extend from bottom totop. Doist shaft Bway should be enclosedwith rigid panels or fencing at all landingplatforms, access or where any person isliable to be struc! by any moving part.

6he shaft enclosure, except atapproaches, should be of + mt Bminimum mt height above the >oor or platformto prevent any person falling down thehoist way. Doisting engine or motorshould be capable of controlling theheaviest load. 8hen the cage or platformreaches its highest point, it should bestopped automatically Bno overrun.

Doist platform or cage should becapable to carry the maximum load. It

should have a safety gear to hold it if therope brea!s. "t the ground >oor coilsprings should be provided to arrest anyaccidental fall. Cage or platform shouldhave toeboards or enclosures to preventfall of material inside. Counterweightsshould run in guides. Interloc! door shouldbe provided where any wor!er has toenter the cage.

2otices of carrying capacity BweightJpersons should be displayed.

1actory hoistsJlifts should be

thoroughly examined by a competentperson at least once in 0 months withreport in 1orm 2o. ( B:ule /), @1:. $ee:ule 0/ 5 '), 1orm GI of the 3EC 8or!ers:ules, (() for more details.

)errics ' 6hey are of two types &$tio(i%e4 ' :efer$ec. +( of the 1actories "ct and :ule 0,@1:.

6he crane capacity should beascertained and bra!es chec!ed beforelifting a load. ?obile crane should bepar!ed on hard soil and not near any pitor excavation.

$afe wor!ing load of any cranedepends on Ba condition of the ground

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Bb boom length Bc inclination of boom tothe vertical Bd radius of rotation whilelifting the load Be out rigger bloc!ed orfree and Bf operator’s s!ill.

6he safe wor!ing load should bedisplayed in the crane. It should bederated Blowered due to defects in

welding, bend in angle, bracing andconditions of clutch, bra!e etc.7evices should be provided to

prevent load being moved to a pointwhere the corresponding safe wor!ingload of the crane would be exceeded.

$tandard signalling code, understoodby the operator and trained signalman,should be followed. $ee gure ++. 6hecrane operator shall respond to signalsonly from the appointed signaller, butshall obey a stop signal from anybody.

6ag lines should be used whilehoisting heavy and bul!y load. 6he craneand its parts Bbra!es, boom, hoo!, wireropes, pulleys etc. should be chec!edregularly and maintained in goodcondition.

6he load should not touch the boomand the boom should not touch any liveelectric line or structure. Ruality of pac!ing should be chec!ed before lifting.2obody should stand below the boom or

load. 6he operator should be able to seethe hoo! and the load, should !eep hiswind shield clean for clear vision and dec!clean of any oil, mud or dust.

8hen the hoo!s are lowered to thelowest point, at least two dead coilsshould remain on the rope drum.?a!eshift methods to increase thecapacity of a crane are unsafe.

7uring storm, the hoo! bloc! shouldbe anchored rmly and swing loc! bereleased. "t the end of wor!, the load

should be removed from the hoo! and thehoo! should be raised to the maximumheight.

6he mobile crane should have horn,head lights, side lamps, rear and stoplights and >ashing direction indicators. Hibcrane should !eep the ;ob lowered whiletravelling without load.

8hile travelling up a slope, the loadradius should be decreased and whiletravelling down, that radius should be

increased as shown in g. ++. Constant

watch on the radius is necessary whiletravelling on uneven surfaces.

"ir pressure in the tyres should bee#ual, otherwise tilting is possible asshown in g. ++.

8hile operating tower cranes, windloads should be considered and trained

operators should be employed to sit incabs at height. 8ind speed indicatorshould be provided in the driver’s cab.

8here two or more cranes wor! sideby side, direct communication systemshould be provided in the cab to alert theother driver about danger 9one. ?inimumdistance between two approaching cranesshould be maintained by limit switches.

$ee :ule /', /), 0-, 0*, '*, ) 5 )of the 3EC 8or!ers :ules, (() for otherdetails.

;iftin8 Ro&es+ S%in8s etc" ' $afewor!ing capacity of the lifting ropes mustbe !nown beforehand. :opes, slings,rings, shac!les, tac!les, chains, hoo!s,swivels etc. should be installed,maintained and inspected as per $ec. +(of the 1actories "ct and :ule 0, @1:.:epaired ropes should not be used inhoists.

8here multiple independent ropes

are used to lift a load, each rope shouldbe capable of carrying the loadindependently.

$ee also :ule ' of the 3EC 8or!ers:ules, (().

."2 Trans&ort+ Eart$-5o?in8and >ateria% Hand%in8E@ui&5ent '

"ll vehicles and earthmoving and

material handling e#uipment should havefollowing general provisions.

6hey should be of good design, soundmaterial and construction, ade#uatestrength and maintained in good wor!ingorder. =rinciples of safety and ergonomicsshould be considered in design andoperation.

EperatorsJdrivers should be welltrained, medically examined, physicallyt and above ) years of age. 6heyshould be competent, reliable and followthe signalling code. Delp of authorised

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signaller must be ta!en while drivingbac!wards or the view is restricted. 6heyshould be protected against weather,dust, load being lifted and possibleaccidents.

"ll vehicles should be e#uipped withproper lights, horns, silencers, power and

hand bra!es and reversing alarm. 6heirmotors, engines, bra!es, gears, chassis,blades, trac!s, wire ropes, sheaves,transmission parts and pneumatic,hydraulic systems should be chec!eddaily before use.

6he vehicle or machine should not beleft unattended with the engine running.7ec! plates and steps should be !ept freefrom oil, grease, mud etc. 6he cab shouldbe !ept at least m away from a facebeing excavated. 3uc!et excavatorsshould not be used at the top or bottomof earth walls with a slope exceeding 0.@ross laden weight, tare weight,maximum axle weight and groundpressure in case of caterpillar should beindicated.

8hen not in use, the boom should bein the direction of travel and scoop,shovel or buc!et be raised and withoutload. $afe par!ing place should beprovided where more vehicles have to

wor!. 2obody should be allowed to rest orsleep under the vehicle.

Po3er S$o?e%s Eca?ators4 ' 6heyshould be e#uipped with emergency stopdevice and two independent loc!ingdevices for bra!e pedals. 6he buc!etteeth should not come nearer the boomthan * cm. $afe wor!ing load of thelifting gear should be displayed in thecabin and its indicator should be tted.

6he boom should be prevented from

swinging during transport. 6he boomshould not be pulled tight against theemergency stop while supporting a load.

6he wire ropes should be of specieddiameter and construction. 6he safeoperating radius shall not be exceeded.

6he shovels should be so operated asnot to loose their stability. 6he drivershould see that no person is under ornear the raised buc!et or grab. 8hen notin use, the buc!et shall be !ept resting on

the stable ground and not hanging. 6ruc!to be loaded should be stationed at 0

cm. or more from the excavator evenwhen it turns. Aarthing and reextinguisher should be provided wherenecessary.

#u%%do:ers ' 8hile moving uphill,the blade should be !ept low. 6he blade

should not be used as bra!e except inemergency. 6he blade suspensionarrangement, wire rope or hydraulicsystem should be inspected wee!ly.

"t the close of wor!, the bulldo9ershould be left on level ground and beforeleaving it, the operator should apply thebra!es, lower the blade and ripper andput the shift lever in neutral.

Scra&&ers ' 6he tractor andscrappers should be connected by asafety line when in operation. $crappersmoving downhill should be left in gear.$crapper bowls should be propped whenblades are being replaced.

Pa?ers ' @uards should be providedto prevent wor!ers from wal!ing underthe s!ip.

Road Ro%%ers ' 6he land should bechec!ed for bearing capacity and general

safety before using a road roller. 8hilemoving downhill the engine should be ingear. 8hen it is not in use, the bra!esshould be applied, the wheels should bebloc!ed, the contact should be switchedo< and the engine should be in bottomgear if the roller is facing uphill and inreverse gear if it is facing downhill.

Pi%e-dri?ers ' "ll piledrivinge#uipment should be of good design andconstruction and properly maintained.

Argonomic principles should beconsidered. =iledriving should be carriedout under the supervision of a competentperson. %nderground services should belocated and rendered safe before startingpiling. =ile drivers should be rmlysupported on sound foundation. If necessary, they should be guyed also. If two piledrivers have to wor! nearby,they should be separated by a distance atleast e#ual to the longest leg.

If electrical conductors are inproximity, they should be made dead.

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8hen leads have to be inclined, theyshould be counterbalanced and tiltingdevice should be secured againstslipping. 6he hoses of steam and airhammers should be securely lashed tothe hammer so as to prevent them fromwhipping if a connection brea!s.

Everturning of a piledriver has to beprevented. Eut coming of the rope fromthe top pulley or wheel and missing of hammer from the pipe should also beprevented.

=ile lines and pulley bloc!s should beinspected before the beginning of eachshift. Enly trained operators should beemployed. %se of suitable signals, earprotectors and safety helmet isnecessary. =iles should be prepared at adistance at least e#ual to twice thelength of the longest pile from the piledriver. 8hen not in use, the hammershould be bloc!ed at the bottom of theleads.

8hen piledrivers are wor!ing overwater, a suitable boat should be !eptreadily available at all times. 8histle,siren, signals, re ghting e#uipment andsucient sheaves should be provided, theweight of machinery should be evenlydistributed and watertight compartments

should be provided with siphons toremove water seepage.

>o(i%e As&$a%t ;ayers andFinis$ers ' 6he mixer elevator should bewithin a metal enclosure with a windowfor observation, lubrication andmaintenance. 3itumen scoops shouldhave covers. 6he sprayer should have reresistant shield with an observationwindow. 2onfoaming products arepreferable. :e>ective ;ac!ets should be

provided to wor!ers wor!ing on publicroads.

6he re extinguishers are necessarynear spreader and others in readiness. 2ona!ed >ame should be used to see thelevel of asphalt in the tan!. 6hinnersshould not be heated on open >ame.Inspection doors should not be opened if there is any pressure in the boiler.

If a burner >ame is extinguished, thefuel supply should be cut o< and the

heating tube should be thoroughly blownout by the fan to prevent bac!re.

$ee ChapterQ, :ules )) to (/ of 3EC8or!ers :ules, ((), for statutory detailsof the above e#uipment.

." P%ant >ac$inery+E@ui&5ent and Hand Too%s '

"ll such machinery, e#uipment andtools should be of good, ergonomic andsafe design, maintained in good wor!ingorder and operated by trained operatorswith necessary personal protectivee#uipment. $afety instructions frommanufacturer and safe operatingprocedure should be followed.

=ower driven e#uipment should beproperly earthed, stop switch provided inclose proximity, ade#uately guarded,

speed regulated and when not in use,switched o< Bdeenergised and isolatedbefore any ma;or ad;ustment.

Concrete >itures ' "ll gears,chains, rollers and open revolving bladesshould be guarded or fenced. Doppershould be protected by side railing toprevent wor!ers from passing under thes!ip. Dopper hoisting wire rope, bra!e,s!ip hoist clutch and bloc!ing Bxingwhen raised device should be chec!ed

and ad;usted regularly. 7ouble earthingand insulation of electrical part isnecessary. 3efore allowing a person toenter the drum for cleaning or repair,electrical connections Bfuses should beremoved.

Concrete buc!et towers and mastswith pouring gutters or conveyor beltsshould be erected by competent personsand inspected daily. 6he winch operatorshould be able to see the lling, emptying

and lowering of buc!et, otherwise aban!sman should direct the operator.@uides for buc!et should be correctlyaligned to prevent the buc!et from

;amming in the tower.$tructure or sca


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valves and securely attached to the pumpno99le.

Concrete =i(rators ' Gibrating unitshould be completely enclosed and beltbe guarded. Alectrical vibrator should beprotected by overload relays and earthed.

Cable length should be sucient. 2eedleload should be rmly loc!ed. 2eedle innercore should be lubricated.

$ee ChapterQI, :ules (0 to ' of the3EC 8or!ers :ules, (() for Concrete8or!.

Pneu5atic Co5&ressors' 6estingby a competent person is necessary. "irreceivers should be e#uipped with asafety valve, pressure gauge, drain coc!and openings for inspection and cleaning.It is safer to provide a =:G, a stop valveand an oil separator between the airreceiver and the compressor.

Compressors should be e#uipped withan automatic device to control the safedischarge pressure, a #uic! release valveand suitable arrangements to prevent orremove contamination in a connedspace. 8here explosive gas mixture maybe formed in compressor, it should beprotected against spar!ing.

8ater >ow should be ensured inwatercooling ;ac!ets. Inter and aftercoolers should be able to withstand themaximum pressure in the air dischargepiping. $uch piping should be providedwith a fusible plug and insulation toprotect wor!ers against burns and reris!s.

8here stop valves are installed in airdischarge piping, they should be easilyaccessible for inspection and cleaningand one or more safety valves should be

installed between the compressor and thestop valve.

Pneu5atic Too%s ' Eperatingtriggers on portable pneumatic toolsshould be so placed as to minimise theris! of accidental starting of the machineand so arranged as to close the air inletvalve automatically when the pressure of the operator’s hand is removed. "ir hosesand their connections should be e#uipped

with safety clips or retainers to preventdies and tools from being accidentally

expelled from the barrel. 3efore anyad;ustment or repair, power should bedisconnected and pressure in hose linesbe released.

Cartrid8e-o&erated Too%s '=referably lowvelocity tool should be

used. $uch tools should have a coverBguard which cannot be opened withoutrendering the tool inoperative, devices toprevent from accidental ring, to preventring if the mu99le is not pressed and toprevent ring if it is not perpendicular tothe wor!ing surface.

6he recoil should not be capable of in;uring the user. 6he tool should beinspected for all safety devices and tosee that the barrel is unobstructed.

Cartridgeoperated tools should notbe stored or operated in explosiveatmosphere. 8hen not in use, it shouldbe !ept in its special container for thepurpose of safety.

E%ectric Too%s ' =ortable electricaltools should be operated at low voltageand with A4C3 to avoid ris! of shoc!.

6he tools should be properly earthed withmetallic cases. !ll insulated or douleinsulated tools need not be earthed.

=eriodic inspection and maintenanceshould be carried out by a competentelectrician. =roper fuse and insulatedhandle are necessary.

Hand Too%s ' 6hey should betempered, dressed or repaired by acompetent person. Cutting edges shouldbe !ept sharp. Deads of hammers andother shoc! tools should be dressed orground as soon as they begin tomushroom or crac!. 8hen not in use or

while carrying or transporting, theyshould be !ept in suitable containers.

Insulated or nonconducting toolsshould be used near live electricalinstallations. 2onspar!ing tools should beused near >ammable vapours.

$ee Chapter' for more details.

Con?eyors ' Conveyors should besmooth running. 2ip between tight beltand pulleyJroller and other transmission

parts should be guarded. If they are notentirely enclosed, at cross over places,

15


16/32

bridge with handrailing should beprovided. Amergency stopdevices Be.g.cord or cable should be easily accessible.$top buttons should be provided at driveand ta!eup ends. 8here two or moreconveyors operate together, controldevices should be so arranged that no

conveyor can feed on to a stoppedconveyor. 8hen a conveyor is discharginginto a bun!er or hopper, the feedingconveyor should be provided with anoverload switch.

$crew conveyors should always be!ept covered. 6he cover should not beopened without stopping the conveyor.

$ee =art -.0 of Chapter/ for moredetails.

Crus$er P%ants ' 6hey should belocated away from construction area to!eep away dust, sand, gravel, noise andvibrations. Axtra isolation switch shouldbe provided to prevent accidental startingduring repair or maintenance. Alectricalmotors, switches and instrumentationshould be dust and moisture proof. "ccessroads to the crusher hopper and screensshould be cleaned by water spraying.=ower cables should be laid undergroundor at safe elevation. "ll e#uipment, plant

and machinery should be cleared daily of dust and sand.

Po3er


17/32

suitable for foundation is e/ca'ation. Itmay be with or without dewatering thesite and out of many methods a suitablemethod of excavation should be selected.

@eneral precautions for anyexcavation or underground wor! are &survey of ha9ards of fall of persons, soil,

material etc., inrush of water, oil, gasetc., ade#uate lighting and ventilation tosupply fresh air inside, controlling gas,vapour, dust etc. within safe limits, reprecaution, safe means of access,stability of the ground, position of publicutility services such as electric ortelephone cables, water, gas or sewersline etc., eection or distortion. "ll sides shouldbe fenced by barrier at least up to mand a danger notice and red signal andlight be provided.

$ides of all excavation must besloped to a safe angle not steeper thanthe angle of repose of a particular soil.$ee 6able ++ of Chapter -+ for such angleof repose.

Cutting shall be done from top tobottom. 2o undercutting of side shall beallowed. In narrow trenches a ladder

should be extended from bottom to topand m above the ground surface.Arosion of soil over excavated pits,trenches etc. should be prevented fromrunning water by dewatering pumps etc.:oadbarrier at a distance should beprovided if road is to be bloc!ed. Delmetsand gumboots should be given to allwor!ers wor!ing inside.

In large scale excavations for dams,huge buildings, highways, railways etc.,

accidents occur mostly due to thevehicles, dumpers, truc!s etc. 6herefore

such vehicles must be chec!ed forwarning sirens, horns, lights, signals,reverse alarm etc. :ules of driving shouldbe enforced. $ucient lighting should beprovided for night wor!.

/"2 )ri%%in8+ ;oadin8 and

#%astin8'

7rilling and loading are re#uiredbefore blasting.

3efore starting dri%%in8, anypresence of unred explosives should becarefully chec!ed. 2o drilling should beallowed in the butts of old holes. 3eforedrilling, loose or disintegrated roc! shouldbe removed by hand tools or pneumatic

;ac! hammers to protect drillers against

falls of material. 8here this is notpossible, a protective canopy or overheadscreen should be provided.

Doles are drilled by pneumatic handhold drills to a specic pattern.Compressed air hoses should have self loc!ing couplings. 7rillers should wearhelmet, hand gloves and gumboots.

"fter chec!ing the drilling pattern anddepth, the drilling crew is withdrawn fromthe site with all drilling e#uipment andaccessories. 6he blasting foreman will

chec! all the holes to be %oaded byexplosives and detonators for blasting.

6ransportation, storage, handling and useof explosives are governed by theAxplosives "ct and :ules. $ee =art +.( 5+. of Chapter+). 2o smo!ing or open>ame is allowed in explosive loadingarea. "ll the wor!ers from this area arewithdrawn to a safe place. Enly suitablebattery lamps should be used duringloading shot holes.

2o holes should be loaded exceptthose which are to be red in the nextround of blasting. Doles loaded during oneshift should be red in the same shift.7iameter of the hole should be at least -mm more than the dia of the cartridge. 6oavoid misres, the detonator should becompletely inserted lengthwise in thecartridge and fastened in such a mannerthat it cannot be pulled out accidentally.

6he cartridges are not forced into theholes. Cap crimpers of proper design

should be used for crimping the blasting

10


18/32

caps into fuse. " !nife or teeth shall notbe used for this purpose. Intensity of charge to be loaded must be wellcalculated and safe enough to preventdamage to nearby structures due toshoc! and vibration resulting formexplosion.

Ta5&in8 of cartridge in the hole isdone by a wooden Bor nonspar!ingmetallic stic! gently. If dynamite is to beremoved from cartridge, loose dynamiteshould not be tamped. =rimer shall neverbe tamped. 7uring tamping care shouldbe exercised to avoid in;ury to fuse or capwires. 6he holes are lled with clay andsand stic!s at the top. 7etonators’ wiresshould not be damaged or pulled out.

6hen the continuity of the entirecircuit is chec!ed by a blasting circuittester and the resistance of the circuit isalso measured. 2o other electric circuitshould be allowed in that area or it shouldbe deenergised. :adio, 6G and :adartransmitters can detonate electric cap.Dence minimum safe distance should bemaintained. 6he lead wires are connectedto the exploder whose ring switches are!ept ‘open’, loc!ed and !eys with theblasting foreman. 6he surplusexplosivesJdetonators are returned to the

maga9ines. 6hen follows the 3arnin8 procedure.‘8arning’ and ‘"ll clear’ signals should beestablished and made !nown to allconcern. 6rained persons are posted at allapproaches with red >ags to stop alltrac and by passers.

6he (%astin8 foreman, then, soundsa warning siren to drive away all personsfrom the danger area and not to allowanybody to enter in the blasting area."fter being satised with the readiness of

blasting, the blasting foreman will re theshots by closing the switch of theexploder. "fter dispersion of gases anddusts, the foreman will return to the areaand chec! for any misre.

>isBre can be minimised by usinggood #uality explosives, testing eachelectric cap with a blasting galvanometerbefore loading or by testing the completecircuit before ring. 6he safest way todeal with misre is to re shoot it by new

primer. If there is no misre, then hegives ‘"ll Clear’ signal and allows the

removal of blasted materials. 4oose roc!should be scaled down.

Hau%a8e i.e. pulling and shifting of material after blasting is carried outmanually or mechanically. Gehicles Btrainor truc!s should have headlights, taillights and loud horns. Dauling by winch

should be done under the supervision of acompetent person. 8or!ers should not betransported along with the material.

3lasting record should be maintained.7ate and time of blast, number of holes,type of explosives and detonator used,amount of charge per hole, ring patternand se#uence should be recorded.

/" S$orin8 andUnder&innin8'

$horing and underpinning arere#uired to stop settlement of a wea!foundation, to strengthen the foundationto carry added loads, to provide supportbecause of ad;acent operations and toprevent deterioration of the foundationmaterials.

S$orin8 refers to removal of temporary supports after completion of

;ob and underpinning refers to providingpermanent supports which remain in

place even after completion of ;ob.$horing re#uires s!illed wor!ers and

cordoning o< the area due to ha9ardousnature of the ;ob. It is to be carried outunder constant supervision and control of #ualied and experienced engineer. 6he

;ac!, needles and temporary supportsshould be of ade#uate capacity andstrength to raise the structure.

6ypes of shores available are ra!ing,>ying, needle beam and post. 6he shores

and needles to be underpinned must bedesigned to withstand the anticipatedload.

Under&innin8 is useful to stopsettlement of the structure, or to givemore support by new foundations towithstand added load of the structure.

6his wor! is to be done rapidly, in alimited space and with great care, to theexisting structure. "de#uate lateralbracing helps obviate the need of underpinning interior walls or columns.

1


19/32

If damage results during underpinningand repairs re#uired, it is best to wait tillall settlement and lateral movement areceased.

@enerally two methods are availablefor underpinning the pit method and thesteel cylinder or caisson method. 6he pit

method is used where new foundation isnot to be very deep. In the other method,the steel cylinders of caissons are placedunder the existing footings and sun! tothe roc!. $!illed wor!ers are re#uired dueto restricted availability of wor!ing spaceand headroom. 6he shoring of the columnis removed at the end.

/". Tunne%%in8 and S$aftSinin8'

6unnels are re#uired for roadwaysand railways through mountain, hydropower station underground, irrigation of water, drainage, mining of minerals,storage of ha9ardous wastes and defenceinstallations Bunderground shelter etc.

Tunne%%in8 may be in soft groundBclay, sand, gravel or soft earth or inroc!. $oft ground tunnelling is carried outby fore poling, needlebeam and timber,liner plates, shield and liner plates and

plenum process or compressed airloc!.:oc! tunnelling is carried out by drilling,blasting, muc!ing or by machines whichmay be full face boring machine or theheader with rotary milling head on atelescopic boom.

$afety measures include wellmaintained e#uipment and tools, theirtesting by competent persons, speedyremoval of debris, refuse and trash, safeand ade#uate wal!way, proper drainage

and water pumping if re#uired, goodlighting, use of helmet, gumboots andgoggles by the wor!ers, ;umbo platformwith guard rails and toeguards to wor!near the entire face of the tunnel to bedrilled, pneumatic drills with pusher legs,wet drilling for dust control, pneumaticcoupling with self loc!ing couplings,separate transport vehicles for explosivesand detonators and their separatemaga9ines, safe handling of explosivesand detonators, avoidance of spar!, no

smo!ing in explosive area and all

precautions mentioned in foregoing =art/.+ for drilling, loading, blasting andhaulage.

"fter blasting, roc! falls can causema;or accidents. 6herefore inspection of walls and roofs, scaling of loose roc!,bolting and supporting of wea! spots,

chec!ing of wea! seams and planes by ahand hammer and supporting of roof andsides are essential.

?echanical loading of muc! andhaulage are re#uired for speedyconstruction in tunnel. ?uc! Bdirty thingcars should be loaded evenly and notpiled above the sides. Gehicles in tunnelshould not run overloading andoverspeeding. :ailtrac!s should be safeand sound. $mo!eless locomotives shouldbe used. 7ump cars should be withloc!ing device to prevent accidentaltipping.

8hen tunnelling is done through ashaft Bvertical rod or stem, the tunnelmus! is hoisted through the shaft andbrought to surface for disposal. Doistingmachines should have automatic bra!esto stop and hold the conveyance Bcage orcar if the hoisting power fails. It shouldhave a depth indicator. :ules for hoistJliftshould be followed as mentioned in

foregoing =art *..?echanical ventilation is necessary inall tunnelling wor! to supply fresh air tothe wor!ing crew and removal of dust,fumes and gases including methane, CE+etc. :oc! dust containing silica and#uart9 may cause silicosis. Gentilationducts should be airtight and should havereversible duct blowers to operate in bothdirections.

6he tunnels are lined with plain orreinforced concrete or steel forms to

support the surfaces and to prevent anyroc! fall. $ca


20/32

gates. ?eans of escape and ladder frombottom to top should be provided inaddition to any mechanical means of ingress and egress. 8inches at shaft topsshould provide easy replacement of buc!et. "ll landings in shaft should havegates that close the opening to a height

of at least + mt."ll shafts of over - mt in depthshould have an ade#uate head framestrong enough to withstand the maximumload. It should be open steel wor!, reresistant and protected againstlightening.

$hafts should have a signallingsystem that warns the hoisting man whena conveyance passes beyond the safelimit of travel. 6he signal code should beposted in the hoisting machine room andat each landing.

2o combustible material or structureshould be allowed within a shaft, tunnelmouth, engine house or fan house.4ubricating oils, grease and ropedressings should be !ept in closed metalcontainers and away from shafts.Alectrical installations in shafts andtunnels should comply with rules andregulations. 4ightening arresters shouldbe provided on the surface. Amergency

lighting to function for a long time Btoescape safely should also be provided.

0 A#O=E


21/32

units should be so placed that they do notfall by wind, ;er! or other factors.

"de#uate instructions should begiven to the wor!ers for safe erection. If due to high wind, rain, snow or reducedvisibility, it becomes unsafe to wor!, thewor! should be interrupted. =arts to be

erected at a greater height should beassembled on the ground. 8hile liftingprefabricated parts, area underneath itshould be barricaded. $teel trusses beingerected, should be rmly shored, bracedor guyed until they are permanentlysecured in position and no wor!ers shouldbe allowed to wor! under them at thattime. " boom or any moving part of acrane Bincluding the load lifted shouldnot touch such trusses. In absence of such precautions, six wor!ers died in oneaccident when trusses fell down onwor!ers wor!ing underneath. 2o loadbearing structural member should bewea!ened by cutting, drilling etc. Epenweb steel ;oints should be directly placedin position and secured againstdislodgement.

0"2"2 Cast-in-situ ConcreteStructures '

6he planning of construction of castinsitu, large span and multistoreyconcrete structures should provideinformation on specications of materialsto be used, methods of safe placing andhandling, reinforcement design and loadbearing calculations. 7uring construction,a daily progress report should bemaintained, stagewise erection procedureshould be prescribed, defects watchedcontinuously and loads should not bedumped or placed on setting concrete.

0"2" a%% and F%oor O&enin8s '

8alls should be on sound footing,perfectly vertical, properly ;oined and of sucient thic!ness for strength and loadbearing. 3ric! ;oints should be properlyaligned, cemented and pointed if re#uired. =lastering and colour coatinggive extra protection. $upport of the wallunder construction should not be ta!en

but a scaoor area. 3ottom of a window shouldbegin within mt from the >oor.

1loor construction uses a variety of

material depending on choice. Aarth llingwith cement or cement concrete isnecessary for strength. 8ooden plan!s,steel grate Bgrill or plates, tiles, stones,marble, cement concrete, asphalt etc. aresome of the >ooring materials.

1loor openings are re#uired forerection of hoist or lift way, tan!, vesselor reactor, piping etc. 6ill these >oorgapsare not occupied by their proper ttings,they pose danger of falling from height.

6herefore $ection -- of the 1actories "ctre#uires that all such >oor openingsshould be securely covered or fenced. If any gate is provided at any landingplatform, it should be !ept loc!ed Bnotsimply closed and openable when anyperson has to wor! near it. In absence of such unloc!ed gate, a wor!er fell from a- mt height and died on the spot.

Te5&orary Doors should besecurely covered with close plan!ing orother covering until it is replaced by a

permanent >oor. =arts of protectionshould only be removed to the extentre#uired for the progress of the wor!. Ins!eleton steel structures, permanent >oorlling should be installed as the erectionprogresses.

0"2". For53or and S%i& for5s'

6ubular steel frames used as stagingto support concrete formwor! shouldhave a safety factor of at least + and beused as per manufacturer’srecommendation. $truts andJor diagonalbraces must be in proper position andsecured for frames to develop full loadcarrying capacity. "s erection progresses,all connecting devices should be in placeand fastened for full stability of ;oints andnuts. "s height increases above two tires,suitable plan!ing should be used as awor!ing platform. 7uring concrete pouringoperation, staging system should be

constantly watched and corrected if necessary.

21


22/32

Concise procedures to cover allstages of wor! should be prepared andsupervised by a competent person.1oundations should be chec!ed for groundconditions. 7rawing or s!etch forshuttering should be explained towor!ers. $horing should be provided for

support and should not be removed untilauthorisation and the concrete hasac#uired sucient strength. $horingshould be braced or tied together toprevent deformation or displacement.?echanical, hydraulic, pneumatic orvacuum lifting devices should haveautomatic holding device in case of powerfailure.

8or!ers placing reinforcement rodsand unloading concrete above theslipform platform should wear safety beltsand lanyards to protect from falling.$lipform >oor where reinforcement rodsare being lifted should have temporarybarricades. 8hile lappingJ;oining verticalreinforcement rods, the pro;ections shouldbe tied to prevent their falling o


23/32

8or! under or over water is re#uiredfor deep foundation, well sin!ing, riverdredging, underwater pipelines,tunnelling, concreting, cooatingstructure and special operationspertaining to irrigation and marinepurposes.

"1


24/32

e#uipment, training and supervision areuseful remedial measures.

"/ Coerda5'

%nderwater excavation is carried outby B =umping out the water if in>ow is

not excessive B+ Isolating the site by aco


25/32

pressure gauges, communication systemand manloc! attendant.

Avery caisson, shaft, wor!ingchamber, medical loc! and man loc!should have a minimum internal height of .) mt. 6he door between the wor!ingchamber and the man loc! leading to a

lower pressure should be !ept open whenany person is wor!ing inside and the loc!is not in use. "ir supplied to the caissonfrom a compressor should be clean andnonpolluted. "ll air lines should be induplicate and with nonreturn valves toprevent the air escape from the chamberif pressure in the lines fails. 6here shouldbe a standby compressor for emergenciesand two separate power supplies for eachcompressor. 6here should be twoindependent sources of electrical supplyfor lighting. Axhaust valves should beprovided on chamber for clearing the airwhen necessary. :eliable means of communication such as bells, whistles,telephones etc. should be maintained atall times between the wor!ing chamberand surface installations. "n ad;ustablesafety valve should be tted on theoutside of the bul!head to a separatepipe leading from the wor!ing chamberthrough the bul!head to the outside air.

Avery caisson and shaft containing>ammable material should have waterlines, hose connections and reextinguishers.

In all tunnels / mt or over in diameteror height, a wellguarded overheadgangway should be provided from thewor!ing surface to the nearest airloc!with an overhead clearance of at least .)mt.

A


26/32

contents if any, previous use, structuralproblems, ground characteristics,condition of roof trusses, type of framingused in framed structure, e#uipmentsensitive to noise, vibration, dust etc.,radioactivity, utility or service lines, gasand power lines, ;oint with or e


27/32

AC s$eet rooBn8 re#uires carefulconsideration of points of support beforeplanning its demolition. " rm ladderresting on such point should be given towor!ers to climb to the roof. 6hen theyshould use a cat ladder or a cra5lingoard supported on ridge to stand and

remove the sheet. In no case, they shouldbe allowed to wal! or stand directly onthe "C sheet. %nderneath nearby fallarrester net should also be used.

a%%s should be demolished storeyby storey and starting from the top.%nsupported walls should be preventedfrom falling by shoring and ties.

F%oors should be demolished byusing plan!ing or wal!ways to stand ormove when it becomes wea! to withstandthe load. Epenings through whichmaterial is dropped should be fenced orbarricaded.

Ta%% c$i5neys should not bedemolished by blasting or overturningunless the sucient open area isavailable for its safe fall. 8or!ers shouldnot stand on chimney wall. 6hrown downmaterial should be removed duringbrea!s in the wor! or under controlledconditions.

Structura% stee%3ors should be

demolished by cutting its parts in such away that it should not collapse, twist orspring suddenly. It should be demolishedtier by tier. Cut parts should not bethrown from a height. 6hey should belowered safely.

Industria% structure such as anuclear power plant, ha9ardous chemicalor petrochemical plant or a plantcontaining a plenty of asbestos materialBe.g. insulation, "C sheets should bedemolished only after consulting their

respective experts or specialist engineerand ta!ing all precautionary measuresagainst their specic ha9ards. @eneralrules are as stated earlier.

, >O=E>ENT OF>ATERIA;S AN) >EN

Construction materials being heavy,long or varying in si9e, pose ha9ards inhandling, loading, unloading andtransportation. :ailway wagons, motor

truc!s, tractors, trailers etc. are useddepending on the weight, si9e anddistance to be travelled. 6raining of handling of such materials and use of lifting appliances for them is a basicre#uirement. $ee Chapter/ and 0 formaterial handling and wor!ing at heights

and depths. $ee =art +.* to +.*-, +.*(and +./ of Chapter+) also.

$ome general precautions are asunder &

. 1or selecting transportation by railwaywagons, the route should be surveyed.

6he material should not foul with anyxed structure ob;ect or anotherwagon while negotiating bend or turn.

6he material should not pro;ect outsideand height should not reachelectromagnetic eld of overheadtraction line. :ailway rules should befollowed. Identication, mar!ing andproper pac!ing are necessary.

+. ?otor truc!s must have valid :6Epermits and ecient bra!es, lights,horns, side and reverse signals, ;ac!s,tools etc. 6hey should be in goodwor!ing condition. Enly trained andlicensed driver should drive and not

the helper or cleaner. 8hile driving anAthylene oxide tan!er by a cleaner, itwas dashed against a structureresulting into brea!ing of the mainvalve and the whole factory shed andthe tan!er were burnt into ashes.

-. 7rivers should strictly follow the speedlimit on highway and inside any factorypremises. 6hey should observe utmostcare while turning, overta!ing, crossingrailway level crossing and applyingbra!es. 6hey should have tre5card

while carrying ha9ardous chemicals.*. 6he transport vehicle should not be

overloaded. 2o material should pro;ectabove or beyond the side panels.3ac!ward pro;ection should not bemore than a meter. 3ending barsBrods should not touch the road. 4i#uidshould not be lea!ing. 4ime, cement,gravel or dusty material should notthrow continuous dust. 6hey should becovered. :ed signals B>ag or light

should be displayed on the pro;ectedend.

20


28/32

/. ?aterial should be properly loadedconsidering weight, dimension, centreof gravity of the load, carrier capacity,safety distance and wor!ing clearance.4oad should be properly pac!ed andlashed. In rainy season, waterproof cover should be provided.

0. ?en should not sit on the load or sidepanels or on the driver’s cabin. 6heyshould not wal! on a moving vehicle.

2ecessary re ghting arrangementshould be !ept ready. Angine exhaustsshall not open near any >ammablematerial. Gehicles carrying highly>ammable li#uids or gases must havespar! arrester on their exhaust pipe.Axplosives, detonators and combustiblematerial shall be separately stored withsafety precautions. It should not be piledover +./ mt height. $ee Chapter - forre 5 explosion safety. 1or electricalsafety see Chapter . $ee Chapter +),=art +.* and +.*+ for ?otor Gehicles "ctand :ules.

17 HEA;TH AN) E;FARE OFCONSTRUCTION

OR!ERS

Eccupational ha9ards and diseasesrelating to construction wor! are mainlydust ha9ards BSilicosis due to silica dust,Siderosis due to iron dust, !nthracosisdue to coal dust and Cement Pneumoconiosis due to cement dust,noise and vibration, heat and humidity,electricity, ha9ardous chemicals, wor! atheights and depths Bin a conned space,material handling, lifting machinery,transport vehicles, radiation ha9ards,

biological ha9ards etc. 1irstaid boxes andoccupational health services at wor!placeor nearby are most desirable.

17"1 )ust Ha:ards '

8hile handling building materials,wor!ers can be exposed to four types of dusts which by inhalation can causefollowing lung diseasesB=neumoconiosis &

Si%icosis : $ilica B$iE+ dustBrespirable si9e ./ to - micron causesbrotic changes, modulation in bothlungs, shortness of breath, decreasedchest expansion, reduced capacity forwor! and in advanced case impairment of total lung capacity. 6he e


29/32

In addition to these respiratorydisorders, other health ha9ards are asunder &

$!in Cement ec9ema due toal!alinity or presence of chromium, 1uruncles,

=yoderma, Cellulitis,"sbestosis

Gision Con;unctivitis2ervoussystem

?uscular pain, 3ac! pain,2euralgia, $pondylosis,"rthritis and :heumatism

7igestive system

=eptic ulcers

Aar Dearing loss due to high noiseEthers :adiant heat, Digh

temperature near furnace, CE

gas and "sbestosis due toasbestos cement products

Pro&$y%ais Contro% 5easures4are engineering control and medicalmonitoring.

Angineering control includes methodsof elimination or minimisation of dustexposure. 4ocal exhaust Bsuction hood,cyclone dust collector, unit dust collector,electrostatic precipitators, substitution of wet grinding for dry grinding and hydro

blasting for sand blasting and builtindevices with grinding and polishingmachines etc. are generally used. 6heyshould be maintained in good wor!ingconditions. 8or!ers should wear dustmas!sJrespirators and eye protectionalso.

?edical monitoring includes appraisalof dust generating places or processes,area monitoring and analysis, medicalexaminations including Qray and sputum

test, lung function test and clinical tests.

$ee Chapter+* also.

17"2 Noise and =i(ration '

Crushers, grinders, compressors andheavy lifting machinery in constructionindustry cause high noise. Continuouslywor!ing near such high noise causeshearing loss, deafness, annoyance,change in heart rate, blood pressure,sweat rate, wor! performance etc. and

also psychological and psychomotore


30/32

Chapter 0 for details. 1or electricalha9ards and controls see Chapter.

17"/ First-aid and Hea%t$Ser?ices '

"t all wor! sites, rstaid boxes

containing prescribed medicines,antidotes and e#uipment are mostessential. 6rained rstaiders should alsobe employed. 6hey should be procient inthe use of resuscitation and other lifesaving techni#ues and in rescueprocedures. 2ecessary e#uipmentincluding stretchers should be readilyavailable.

"ll wor!ers should be sub;ect tohealth surveillance. 8or! area monitoring

should be carried out. Dealth servicesshould be available at wor!place ornearby. $ee Chapter+* for further details.

$ee Chapter QQIG, :ules ++- to +-+of the 3EC 8or!ers :ules, ((), formedical facilities. It re#uires medicalexamination, construction medical ocer,EDC, ambulance room, ambulance van,stretchers, 1"3, emergency treatment,notice of occupational diseases etc.

17"0 e%fare '

"t or near wor! site, ade#uate supplyof drin!ing water, sanitary and washingfacilities or showers, change or cloa!room, lunchroom or canteen, rest room orshelter, facilities for food and drin! andsuitable living accommodation should beavailable to wor!ers. 6he si9e andnumber of such facilities may varyaccording to the number of wor!ers.8here necessary separate facilities

should be provided for male and femalewor!ers.

$ee Chapter QQGIII, :ules +*+ to +*'of the 3EC 8or!ers :ules, ((), forstatutory provisions regarding abovewelfare facilities.

17" Accident Re&orts andRecords '

8here prescribed, as in case of

factory premises, all accidents toconstruction wor!ers should be reported

to the authorities where absenteeism dueto accident lasts for more than *) hours."ll fatal accidents should also be reportedto police and the family of the deceased.8here format is prescribed Be.g. 1orm +,@1:, it must be reported in that formonly.

:ecord of nonreportable accidentsincluding nearmisses should bemaintained for internal use.

"ll accidents should be thoroughlyinvestigated by a team of concernedocers including $afety Ecer and theirconclusions should be used as remedialmeasures to prevent future accidents.

2onfactory construction sites shouldreport their accidents to the authoritiesprescribed.

" good record of all such accidentsand their costs should be maintained for along time. It may be useful to draft a lawor to ma!e internal rules and regulations.$ee =art ( of Chapter/ and =art - of Chapter(.

$afety Committee should beconstituted and a $afety Ecer should beappointed in every establishment wherein/ or more construction wor!ers areemployed as re#uired by $ection -) of the 3uilding and Ether Construction

8or!ers "ct, ((0.$ee :ule +, 1orm QIG for accidentreport and :ule +-, 1orm QIII for noticeof poisoning or disease, of the 3EC8or!ers :ules, (().

17"G Er8ono5ics '

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between ) to calJmin and the heartrate between - to / bpm. Ethers li!ecasting, painting, mixing cement andaggregates with water and masonry wor!were placed in the category of light andmoderate wor!. 6he energy expenditurein that case ranged between +./ to )

calJmin and heart rate between ( to-/ bpm.In plastering, a stooping posture was

found to be harmful. It would be better toadopt a s#uatting posture for plasteringthe wall area below the hip level.

6he wor!ers reported acute pain inelbows of the arm holding the wor!ingpan. " simple use of a stool or stand toput the pan can reduce the pain. 6he useof a longer handle for the patella can beresorted to reduce stooping.

6hus application of ergonomics in

construction industry can be used toredesign wor! pattern for comfort andeciency and improvement of healthconditions.

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Eercise

1" State+ E&%ain+ >ention or)iscuss -

. 6he reasons for health andsafety problems and safetymeasures based on 2I6IA $tudy

B()(.+. 6he main provisions under the

3uilding and other Construction8or!ers "ct ((0 or :ulesB(() thereunder.

-. 8hat are the precautionsnecessary to run KB Crusher plants B+ =owergenerators B- Angines B*

6ransport e#uipment.*. $afety precautions re#uired for K

Ba Axcavation wor! Bb 7rilling,4oading 5 3lasting Bc ?obileasphalt layers Bd Crusher plants

/. 6he safety measures necessarywhile carrying out tunnelling andshaft sin!ing E: $afetymeasures for wall and >ooropenings.

0. $e#uence of demolition E:=recautions during demolition.

'. "t length the health and welfareof construction wor!ers.

). 6he di

22. chapter - 22 safety in construction industry

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