21.3 changes in the movement. 2 types of segregation de facto: by practice/by choice people tend to...
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21.3 CHANGES IN THE MOVEMENT
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2 TYPES OF SEGREGATION• De facto: by practice/by choice
• People tend to live near others similar to themselves
• Esp. common in the North and today• De jure: by law
• Jim Crow laws in the South kept blacks out of white communities
• Civil Rights laws attacked de jure well, but de facto is much harder to change
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2 TYPES OF SEGREGATION• “Race riots” in Harlem, NYC and Watts, Los
Angeles
• Showed Americans that blacks outside the South were angry about housing, jobs, and education
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MALCOLM X• Converted to Islam by following the teachings of the
Nation of Islam
• An aggressive black Muslim group• Encouraged blacks to fight violence with violence
• Once he went on his Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, he began to preach peace
• He was killed by a member of the Nation of Islam who disagreed with his peaceful approach in 1965
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BLACK POWER• Stokely Carmichael encouraged African-
Americans to be proud of their race and culture
• He called for self-defense and “Black Power”• He appealed to young blacks who felt that
change was not happening fast enough
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BLACK POWER• The Black Panthers also called for violence
against white police officers
• Wanted African Americans to create their own, self-sufficient society in the U.S.
• They even ran day-care centers, homeless shelters, soup kitchens, etc.
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BLACK POWER• The FBI was very concerned about these “Black
Power” groups
• FBI chief J Edgar Hoover had their phones wiretapped
• He had been doing the same for Dr. King for years
• These phone taps and other tactics were often conducted without a warrant
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1968 AND BEYOND• Dr. King was assassinated April 3, 1968 at a
hotel in Memphis, TN by a white supremacist
• Some evidence points to FBI involvement…• His death sparked race riots in over 100 cities,
including Cleveland
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1968 AND BEYOND• 1968 Civil Rights Act bans segregation in
housing
• Banks and real estate agents can’t discriminate with their customers
• But due to poverty and unequal schools, many blacks could afford to move into nicer suburbs
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1968 AND BEYOND• In the 1970s, affirmative action policies took hold
• This gave special consideration to job/college applicants from groups who have long been persecuted
• Increased the number of minorities in higher education and higher paying jobs
• Some whites felt that the special treatment was unfair