20b.pdf

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

1/73

ENERGY

CONSERVATION

P A SHAH

Associate TPEC. Consultant.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

2/73

Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation Act 2001.

Energy Management.

Energy Audit.

Demand Side Management.

Negawatt.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

3/73

Energy Conservation Act 2001

The Scope

Public awareness campaign.

Specialized technical advisory services.

Training and certifications of energy auditorsand managers.

Testing and certification of appliances.

Policy advisory services. Energy conservation fund.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

4/73

Energy Conservation Act

The Setting

Derivative of national policy.

Energy Efficiency action plan.

National plan for sustainable

development.

Environmental protection laws.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

5/73

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

It is an Art, Science and Engineering ofPlanning, Directing, Controlling the

Generation, Supply and Consumption of

Energy to:

MAXIMISE PRODUCTIVITY& COMFORTS.

MINIMISE THE ENERGY COST & POLLUTION

With CONSCIOUS, JUDICIOUS and EFFECTIVE

USE OF ENERGY.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

6/73

Energy Management includes

1. Supply side Management likereducing the auxiliary

consumption, T&D losses etc.2. Demand side management

includes customer side

reduction through energyefficiency.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

7/73

Energy Audit

It is the verification, monitoring andanalysis of use of Energy includingsubmission of technical as well asfinancial report containing

recommendations for improving energyefficiency with Cost Benefit Analysis andAction Plan to reduce energyconsumption.

Ref: EC Act 2001.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

8/73

Energy Audit Types

Phases:

Pre audit phase.

Audit phase.

Post Audit phase.

Preliminary Audit.

Detailed Audit.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

9/73

ENERGY ACCOUNTING,

MONITORING AND CONTROL

Energy audit is the systematic approach to carry out criticalexamination of each use of energy and to suggest the waysand means to improve the efficiency

The information of all important equipment of the plant are

required to carry out E. A. Electrical Consumption,

Operating hours

Production and Quality specification/ Variation

Electricity consumption per unit of production.

Electricity consumption per unit of time.

Production per unit of time.

Maxima and minima and normal values of equipment or processparameters like temp., pressure, flow etc.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

10/73

Integrated approach

Furnace running at rated capacity

Insulation improvement.

Scope of waste heat recovery

Min. opening of doors

Oil heating economics

Improvement in the lighting system

Upgrading with the latest technology.

Improvement in power factor

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

11/73

ESCOs

Escos include :

Investment for energy audit and equipments

Financing arrangement

Purchase, installation, maintenance ofequipments

Training of O&M personnel.

Monitoring

Measurement & verification Guarantee of energy saving.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

12/73

Demand Side Management (DSM)

DSM is defined as the planning,implementation and monitoring of utilityactivities designed to influence the

use of electricity for mutual benefit of utilityand the customer.

DSM program fall into two categories, energyconservation and load management

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

13/73

Demand Side Management (DSM)

Energy conservation encourages consumers to

use energy more efficiently, resulting reduced

energy consumption without sacrificing

comforts, convenience or productivity.

Load management shifts electricity loads from

one period to another but rarely reduces

electricity consumption.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

14/73

Why care about DSM?- Utility view

DSM can bring :

Less peak power demand reducing need for

outages or extensive peak power purchase Less dist. loss increasing available peak power

that can be sold

More off peak demand - generating more

revenue and profit.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

15/73

Demand Side Management

It can increase off peak demand &

revenue.

It can also improve power factor and

allow more generation capacity to be

sold.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

16/73


Load shapeLoad shapetargettingtargetting

Time of Day targeting. ItTime of Day targeting. Itreduces cost by shifting loadreduces cost by shifting load

from high cost to lower costfrom high cost to lower cost

Geographical targetingGeographical targeting ItIt

reduces cost, by encouragingreduces cost, by encouraging

load growth in area whereload growth in area wheredistribution infrastructure isdistribution infrastructure is

under utilized.under utilized.

Equipment targetingEquipment targeting ItIt

reduces cost by improvingreduces cost by improving

efficiency and p.f. for equipmentefficiency and p.f. for equipment

contributing to peak cost.contributing to peak cost.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

17/73


Falls in 2 categories :

(1) Energy Conservation

It encourages the consumer to use energy moreefficiently, resulting in reduced energy consumption

without . Sacrificing comfort, convenience orproductivity.

(2) Load Management

It shifts electricity loads from one period to another

but rarely reduces electricity consumption. DSM programmes costs substantially less per kw (or kwh)

saved than it costs to generate a kwh from a new powerplant.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

18/73


The State and regional electricity system can

be categorized in 2 types from Supply Side

relations.

(1) D MW

(2) D

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

19/73


Options :

Managerial or administrative options such as imposingdemand and energy cuts on the use of electricitynot likedby many

Staggering of weekly holidays and recess periods inindustries.

Shift water pumping for drinking water schemes, industrialuse and agricultural purposes to night off peak periods

Comprehensive energy audit by industrial consumers Co-generation

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

20/73

Coincidence factor

This coincidence factor measures

fraction of the peak customer level saving

This factor is used to decrease the demand

reduction seen by the utility.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

21/73

What is DSM ?

Who can benefit from it?

Demand side management is a way to changecustomer demand by changing equipment efficiency& use pattern.

It benefits :

Electricity utility company (Profit management-Increase revenue, reduce cost & risk)

Customer (House hold -> Increase disposable

income, business -> Become more competitive) Business partners (sale more product & services)

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

22/73

DSM options

Energy Efficient Motors (EEM)

Variable speed drives (VSD)

Good House keeping Measures (GHK)

Waste Heat Driven Vapor Absorption Refrigeration system (VARS)

Improvement in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

Time of Day tariff (TOD) High Efficiency Sodium Vapor Lamps (HPSV)

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Electronic Ballast (EB)

Efficient Pumps and fans (PUMP & FAN )

Power Factor Improvement (PF) Industrial Cogeneration (COGEN)

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

23/73

Barriers to DSM Options

Those that are under control of the electric utility.

Those that result from cultural or awareness problem

Those related to the institution & infrastructure necessary forsuccessful implementation of DSM programmes.

Others : Lack of information

Non-availability of technology

Uncertain benefits

Lack of tech. expertise

No proven technology (reliability)

Late delivery an uncertainty

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

24/73

DM E

Companies (ESCOs)

ESCOs have played a major role in DSM

implementation in United States and other Western

C

P C In a Performance Contract, the ESCOs identifies

and implements those measures at no initial cost to

the owner, maintains the measures for the life of thecontract, and guarantees the energy saving.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

25/73

Negawatt power

is a theoretical unit ofpower

representing an amount of energy

(measured in watts) saved.

The energy saved is a direct result of

energy conservation or increased

efficiency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

26/73

A negawatt is a watt of

electricity that is notused because of a

conservation measure,and is therefore

available for some otheruse.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

27/73

For example:

If you switch on a 13-wattcompact fluorescent light in place

of a 60-watt incandescent light

you have saved 47 watts. So you

could say, your new lamp has

added 47 negawatts to theelectrical supply on the grid.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

28/73

Power Factor

Improve power factor above 0.95 to get

rebate from utility.

Reduces KVA demand

Reduces electrical losses in the plant.

Reduces cable temperature.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

29/73

POWER FACTOR - USE OF CAPACITOR

Power factor is the coefficient of electricalactive work

Power Factor = KWH = COS

KVAH

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

30/73

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF P.F.

ON SYSTEM ?

A low p.f. means larger current (larger kva) for same work(kwh).

A low p.f. therefore will result in more loses in internaldistribution system and also in supply lines, and supplierhas to allocate more kva capacity.

A higher p.f. will result in substantial energy

conservation. A low p.f. is caused by induction loads andrunning induction load at reduced capacity.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

31/73

Capacitors for induction motors

MOTORMOTOR

HPHP

KVAR Rating for speed (RPM)KVAR Rating for speed (RPM)

30003000 15001500 10001000 750750

2.52.5 11 11 1.51.5 2255 22 22 2.52.5 3.53.5

7.57.5 2.52.5 33 3.53.5 4.54.5

1010 33 44 4.54.5 5.55.51515 44 55 66 7.57.5

2020 55 66 77 99

2525 66 77 99 10.510.5

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

32/73

MOTORMOTORHPHP

KVAR Rating for speed (RPM)KVAR Rating for speed (RPM)

30003000 15001500 10001000 750750

3030 77 88 1010 12124040 99 1010 1313 15.515.5

5050 1111 12.512.5 1616 1818

7575 1616 1717 2121 2323100100 2121 2323 2626 2828

Capacitors for induction motors

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

33/73

Motors

RetrofitsRetrofits Approx. SavingsApprox. Savings

If load < 50% connect with starIf load < 50% connect with star

windingwinding

33%33%

Replacement of motor byReplacement of motor by

smaller size energy efficientsmaller size energy efficientmotors if motor load

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

34/73

Motors

Stopping idle running; Matching motors with the driven load

Improving drive transmission efficiency

Use of high efficiency motors Improvement in the motor systems.

Oversize motor need more investment,running cost, KVA demand, cable losses,Switchgears, Space requirement andinstallation cost.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

35/73

Motors

Motor selection may be carried out with load

requirement, duty cycle, motor speed and with the

environmental considerations.

Options available for energy conservation are : Soft starters

Programmable logic circuits (PLC)

High Efficiency Motor(HEM)

Avoiding rewinding of motors more than 2-3 times

Use of variable speed drive

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

36/73

Importance of motor running cost

Motor rating (KW) 7.5 7.5 37 37

Efficiency 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.93

Power I/P (KW) 8.72 8.52 40.22 39.78

Running Hours 6000 6000 6000 6000

Energy I/P (Kwh) 52,320 2,04,480 9,65,280 9,54,720

Running cost (Rs.) per

annum (@ Rs.,4.00/Kwh)

20,92,800 20,44,800 96,52,800 95,47,200

First Cost (Rs.) 20,000 20,000 1,00,000 1,00,000

First Cost as % of running

cost for 10 Years

0.95 0.97 1.03 1.04

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

37/73

Importance of motor running cost

Even a small motor of 7.5 KW consumes at full load, electricity worthRs.20 lakhs in 10 years similarly, a 37 KW motor consumers about Rs.1Crore worth of electricity in 10 Years.

The first cost is only around 1% to 2% of the running cost for 10 Years;hence running costs are predominant in life cycle costing.

Even a small difference in efficiency can make a significant difference inrunning cost.

When economically justified, motors may be replaced, even if these have

been recently installed.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

38/73

INCREASED COSTS DUE TO OVERSIZED MOTOR

F.L.F.L. 60%60% 40%40%

MotorMotor loadload requirementrequirement (KW)(KW)

requirementrequirement (KW)(KW)

1515 1515 1515

MotorMotor ratingrating (KW)(KW) 1515 3030 5555

MotorMotor efficiencyefficiency ((%%)) 8989 8989 8484

InputInput PowerPower (KW)(KW) 16.8516.85 16.8516.85 17.8517.85

InputInput energyenergy (KWH)(KWH) (For (For

60006000 hourshours // annum)annum)

101100101100 101100101100 107100107100

MotorMotor PowerPower FactorFactor 0.890.89 0.750.75 0.500.50

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

39/73

INCREASED COSTS DUE TO OVERSIZED MOTOR

F.L.F.L. 60%60% 40%40%

InputInput KVAKVA 18.9318.93 22.4422.44 33.7033.70EnergyEnergy DifferenceDifference (Kwh)(Kwh) -- ---- 60006000

InvestmentInvestment (Rs(Rs..)) 40,00040,000 80,00080,000 1,50,0001,50,000

IncreaseIncrease inin investmentinvestment (Rs(Rs..)) ------ 40,00040,000 110,000110,000

IncreaseIncrease inin runningrunning costcost (Rs(Rs..)) ------ ------ 24,00024,000

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

40/73

COMPRESSED AIR

Compressed Air is obtained from Compressor which is rated inCFM Compressed air used for pneumatic tools,instrumentation, power hammers, spray painting.

Energy conservations is required since it is round the clockservice. Hence switch off the compressor when not required.

Reduce misuse of air for personal cleaning and cooling. Identify invisible leakages by carefully observing on a holiday

when other sounds are not there.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

41/73

Change worn out seals and gaskets.

Use higher efficiency compressors andmotors.

Eliminate 'V' belts.

Use steam turbines in place of motors

wherever applicable. Use direct drive if feasible.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

42/73

While selecting higher efficiency compressor, check life cyclecost, part load efficiency, oil consumption and maintenancecost.

Use multistage compressors instead of single stage.

Use large inter coolers to improve system efficiency.

Reduce distribution loss by adopting short length of pipes,minimum bends, minimum charges in sections, corrosionfree piping & ducting.

Maximum velocity of air 6 meters/sec.

Locate the compressors near load centres

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

43/73

Generally reduce the pressure of air.

Consider carefully real pressure needs of each equipment.

Avoid misuse of high pressure air for low pressure highvolume jobs. Install blowers in such cases.

Stop misuse of personal cooling and if necessary install fans. Stop the compressor during recess hours like lunch time or

shift change etc.

Use electronic soft starter cum energy saver for low load

operation.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

44/73

Compressors

RetrofitsRetrofits Approx. SavingsApprox. Savings

Use of flat belts instead of V beltsUse of flat belts instead of V belts 3%3%--11%11%

Measuring and minimizing the leakagesMeasuring and minimizing the leakages

by better seals, valves andby better seals, valves and

housekeepinghousekeeping

10%10% -- 50%50%

Stopping of compressors during recessStopping of compressors during recess

hours.hours.

6.25%6.25%

Use of no load energy saverUse of no load energy saver 33--11%11%

Use of direct driveUse of direct drive Up to 15%Up to 15%

Reduction in compressors outletReduction in compressors outlet

pressure by 10%pressure by 10%

4%4%

Use of blower instead of compressor forUse of blower instead of compressor for

high volume low pressure flows.high volume low pressure flows.

90%90%

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

45/73

Air Compressors

Check :

Inter cooler

Cool intake

Minimizing no load electrical consumption Leakages

Optimum pressures

Distribution losses

Substitution of compressed air.

Recovery of waste heat

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

46/73

Furnaces

Check up flue gases, analyze them.

Reduce furnace heat losses through refractory

and through door openings.

Find out possibility of waste heat recovery.

C

Whether furnace is loaded optimally?

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

47/73

Lighting

Lighting measurements Lux, Kwh

Use of natural day lighting

Task lighting

Reduction of lighting feeder voltage

Low loss electromagnetic chokes and tubes

Use of electronic ballast

Use of timer & Occupancy sensor

Use of FRP Sheets

Manual Controls individual or group switches

Use of high efficiency luminaries.

Clean the luminaries periodically.

R f i i d

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

48/73

Refrigeration and

Air Conditioning

Reduce need for refrigeration

Increase temperature setting

Reduce heat ingress

Better heat exchanger designs & Maintenance

Better monitoring and control techniques

Energy storage (Peak, off peak, TOD)

Inter fuel substitution (VAS) Dry transmission Electric Motors

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

49/73

Air conditioner

Remove all the obstacles in front ofit.

Remove the deposited dust on thegrill.

Check the thermostat, clean it.

Switch off the A.C. half an hourbefore leaving the room.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

50/73

Air conditioner

If direct sun light comes on the heatexchanger of a.c., it will consume 10-

15% more electricity. Insulate the ceiling, walls with the

help of wood, fiber, etc.

Li h i

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

51/73

Lighting

Lighting measurements Lux, kwh Use of natural day lighting

Task lighting

Reduction of lighting feeder voltage

Low loss electromagnetic chokes and tubes Use of electronic ballast

Use of timer & Occupancy sensor

Use of FRP sheets

Manual controls- individual or group switches Use of high efficiency luminaries

Clean the luminaries periodically

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

52/73

PUMPS AND FANS

Normally centrifugal pumps are used to lift liquid or water fromone place to other.

Radial fans are used to move air/gas continuously against

moderate pressures. Impellers of both pumps and fans are driven by AC Induction

motors, with speed to give constant flow.

Variable flow may also be required in specific applications.

Variation of impeller speed gives variable flow

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

53/73

Flow is proportional to speed. Fan pressure is proportional to square of speed. Fan power is proportional to cube of speed.

If speed is reduced by 5% flow reduces by 5% and pressure isreduced by 25%.

Scope for energy saving in pipes is substantial since normallyduring project design, pumps are over sized.

By the speed control of pumps/fan motors, Energy saving ispossible and also has other advantages like:

During start up acceleration time of motor is controlled, hence Peak load (Max.Demand) can be reduced. Life of pump increases. Reduction of fan speed reduces noise level.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

54/73

When parallel pumps work into a common pipe system each pump

can be switched on or off depending on flow requires.

To improve the efficiency in pumping system, following steps have

to be taken.

a Use of pump with high efficiency.

b Use of pipes, valves and other hardware with

minimum frictional loss.

c Proper matching of system characteristics.

d Use of variable speed drive.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

55/73

The usual pump equation is as follows: H.P. = Gallon/minute x head(ft) x specific gravity

--------------------------------------------------

(3960 x efficiency)

H.P. = Pressure in inches of water x flow (Cusecft./minute)/6356 x efficiency)

Hydraulic pressure is generally measured by a pressure gaugeconsisting of essentially of a bourdon tube and a suitablemeans for converting the deflection of bourdon tube intomotion a pointer along a scale.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

56/73

Advantages of variable speed drives for pumps and fans.

(a) Improved pump seal and bearing life.

(b) Increased motor life.

(c) Increased life of rotating components like

couplings, gear etc. (d) Reduced Noise and Vibration level.

(e) Extended operating range before surge line.

(f) Reduced maintenance costs.

Stop leakage from pipes, valves taps and storage tanksimmediately.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

57/73

Stop over flow and spillage of water from storage tanksby providing suitable float valves.

Recycle treated water as far as possible.

Avoid unnecessary water cooling and ensure that the

most effective heat transfer takes place. Reduce water pumping cost, create the maximum heat at

the pump suction and eliminate pressure restrictions.

Remove redundant pipes.

Check on system characteristics & impeller size.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

58/73

Consider replacement of undersized lines &valves

Consider whether recycles can be reduced

Switch off pumps when not required Minimize unnecessary flow of cooling water.

Check a scope for cascade cooling system.

Check on cooling water flow rate.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

59/73

Air movement for comfort of personnel or cooling of machinery (asman coolers for eg.)

Ventilation of stale/toxic air (as in mines)

Combustion of fuels

De-areation

Transporting gases and mixing them etc.

The requirement of fans to move/ventilate air is determined by thevolume of space (in cubic feet or cubic meters) to be ventilated.

The fan capacity in cubic feet per minute (cfm) is then determined. Apoint to note here is that when a manufacturer rates the capacity of afan at a certain cfm, the actual delivery of the fan will only be around65 to 75% of the rated capacity.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

60/73

In industry, fans are generally used for one or more of the followingpurpose :

The horse-power of a fan changes directly as the cube of the speed (RPM),Pressure changes directly as the square of the speed while volume of airdelivered changes in direct proportion to the speed of the fan.

Controls : Fans are controlled by

a. Varying the speed of the drive unit (turbine, motor fluid drive,variable pitch sheaves etc.)

MINIMIZE HEAT LOSSES

(1) Refractory lining-undertake proper repair and replacement.

(2) Furnace openings (lids, slagging doors etc.) - keep open for minimumtime, and ensure satisfactory scaling whom shut.

(3) Metal - transfer system use well-designed and insulatedladles/launders, and design system for minimum transfer time.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

61/73

(4) Metal temperature-maintain minimum temperature

consistent with production of sound castings.

Note : Keep the heat in the furnace, and maintain

transfer losses as low as possible.

IMPROVE FURNACE UTILIZATION

All melting furnaces-increase in holding-periods or reductionin power levels results in decreased utilization and increasedenergy consumption.

1 Batch melting - minimize tapping time and frequency.

2 Charge materials-select suitable size, density andcondition.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

62/73

3 Charge and molten - metal handling system - design andoperate efficiently.

4 Slagging practice - minimize production of slag, anddeslagging time and frequency.

5 Holding periods - reduce to minimum, facilitated by high

throughput and multi- shift operation.

FURNACE LOADING CONCEPT

Specific energy consumption figures

Depends on loading

Fixed energy consumption (30 to 50 %)

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

63/73

furnace wall heating

wall heat losses

support structure heating

sec = unit consumed = f.e. + v.e.

production production

Do not accept maximum capacity at face value

verification required

space availability support structure

heater/burner capacity

other items

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

64/73

CHECK LIST - INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING

Are internal lights left on unnecessarily? This can be a largeopportunity for financial saving with modern control systems, alsoare staff property motivated to "Switch Off"?

Are the most efficient types of lamp/tube being used? Many recentadvances towards more efficient lamps have been made; do notautomatically buy the same replacements. The tungsten filamentbulb must now be ruled out for any relatively continuous use. Fitslimline tubes as replacements in order switch-start fluorescentfittings.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

65/73

Consider using high frequency control gear and ballaststo operate standard fluorescent tubes to obtain higherefficiencies of light output against electrical out put. Thisshould particularly be considered when fittings needreplacing or a new building is being equipped.

Consider replacing MBF /U mercury lamps, by moreefficient low/high pressure sodium lamps usingconversion controls now available to convert presentlamp holders.

Are external car park and security lights left onunnecessarily? Use time-of-year clocks or photocellcontrols.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

66/73

Are the light fittings themselves giving the best output? Dust

and dirt fouling can seriously reduce output, so clean

regularly. The fitting may give the wrong distribution of light

for the particular room or type of work.

Are the illumination levels the most suitable? Too high a level

wastes energy, too low a level may increase mistakes, slow

down work speeds or even cause accidents.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

67/73

Are correct colours used on walls, ceilings, furnishings andmachines, to give a reasonable reflection of light but avoidglare, to give reasonable contrast with material beingprocessed?

Are the lighting switches properly positioned? How far doessomeone have to walk to turn the lights over theirworkstation on or off? Too far and they will be left on even ifdaylight gives sufficient illumination.

Are the number of lights per switch excessive? If some people

are absent, can the lights over their work stations be turnedoff? Often this cannot be done as the switch also controls thelights over other stations where staff need light.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

68/73

Have you investigated possible installation of any of theautomatic control systems? These can give very large savingsin suitable cases. They can be activated by light sensors orpersonnel sensors.

When high lighting levels are genuinely required, have youchosen good fittings which emit a high proportion of lampoutput, but do not cause excessive glare which can createeyestrain or complaints?

Do you have a regular cleaning programme for lamps,

reflector and glass panels in lighting systems to minimize lossof illumination? Frequency depends on quality ofatmosphere.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

69/73

Have you borrowed (or purchased) a simple light meter(Similar to what photographers/film cameramen use) tocheck for correct illumination level at work stations sothat, where necessary, lighting can be re-arranged locally

reinforced. Such a meter will also help decide onintervals between cleaning since it will indicate gradualloss of outputs due to dust etc.

Have you considered reducing lighting levels in little usedareas, corridors, stores, etc? (One can remove chokes ortubes as an immediate measure.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

70/73

Electricity saving tips

Electricity consumption details

Electricity using equipments list

Monitoring of Electricity consumption

Monthly expenses of electricity.

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

71/73

Electricity saving tips

Analysis of electricity expenses

Wastage of electricity

Steps to save electricity

Saving calculation Use common sense of saving

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

72/73

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Finite planet cannot support infiniteproduction of goods and services

To protect environment, the message for the

21st century is :

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

7/27/2019 20B.PDF

73/73

Thank You

20b.pdf

Documents