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BIOMASS PRODUCTION USING SHORT ROTATION COPPICE TECHNIQUES ON TWO COAL SPOIL TIPS IN SOUTH WALES

PATRICK STEER

A submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Glamorgan/Prifysgol Morgannwg for the degree of Master of Philosophy

This research programme was carried out in collaboration with the Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust

CONTENTS.

Acknowledgements Abstract

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY.

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. General Observations and Establishment Year

CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Analysis of Variance.

CHAPTER 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Analysis of Yield.

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS.

References.Supplementary Bibliography.Appendices.

A - Trial Numbering - Species and fertilisationtreatments.B - ADAS Soil AnalysisC - Wet : Dry Weight Ratio CalculationsD - Original DataE - Overall Analysis of Variance - Means of MainEffectsF - One Way Factor Analysis of Variance -Speciesand Fertilisation TreatmentsG - 2 Way Factor Analysis of Variance -Fertilisation Treatment and BlocksH - 3 Way Factor Analysis of Variance - Species andFertilisation Treatment and BlocksI - Yield - Averages of Average Block WeightsJ - Consultation Process

Acknowledgements.

I would like to thank all those who have helped with this research

The Welsh Development Agency and the Cynon Valley Borough Council fortheir financial support.The Groundwork Foundation for the original training bursary.Bob Baker for his time, support and patience over the years.Ed Morgan for helping to organise and count all the numbers.Wendy, Jessica and Christopher, my family, for their endurance and ability tocope with me at times!

I would especially like to thank Sue Price of the Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust, who initially supported the idea and enabled the whole thing to start.

ABSTRACT.

Short rotation biomass trials were undertaken on two reclaimed coal tips (Bryn Pica and Fforchwen) in the Cynon Valley of South Wales. Three species - Popuhis niteramericana 'Beaupre', A Inns glutinosa and Salix cmerea - were grown with five experimental treatments, these being control, NPK, broom intercrop, sewage cake and sewage slurry Each treatment/species was repeated three times in blocks, on each site using six metre square plots with trees planted at metre centres, giving a total of 36 trees per plot Edge trees were discounted at the end of the trials, the yield calculations therefore being based upon 16 trees. Site preparation and management (based upon best practice at the time) included weed control, soil ripping to 500mm and stock proof fencing After an initial one year establishment period a 'maiden cut1 was undertaken to initiate coppicing. The stools were allowed to grow a further two seasons before harvesting All interior trees were cut down and their wet weight measured. Samples of each species from both sites were oven dried and a wetdry weight ratio was determined. Analysis of variance undertaken on the raw data showed that there were significant differences between species and treatments, and within blocks of the same species, on the Bryn Pica site However on the Fforchwen site there were indications of site homogeneity There was also more inter tree variability on Bryn Pica Significant improvement in growth performance had been achieved by some of the experimental treatments Survival rates of all three species were very high. Poplar with the right conditions, namely no compaction and nutrient availability, performed very well, alder performed consistently well regardless of treatment; and willow least well. On one of the sites the poplar grown on sewage cake achieved yields calculated in dry tonnes per hectare per annum almost comparable to poplar grown on lowland agricultural sites (10-12 dry tonnes per hectare at Long Ashton) Results indicated a clear potential, given the expanding knowledge of the subject and the demand for sustainable, renewable energy sources for this type of short rotation biomass production to be used as an economic end use for reclaimed or derelict land in the UK Secondary social and environmental benefits may also result from this type of biomass planting, not least the ability to produce a fuel where there is virtually no carbon dioxide gain to the atmosphere from the combustion of an energy fuel.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Purpose

1.1.1 The purpose of this study is to assess the potential for growing a short term rotation biomass crop on two reclaimed coal spoil tips within the Cynon Valley of South Wales It is intended that this information will be indicative of the potential for this type of end use for other derelict land in the UK It is in the context of an increasing interest in wood biomass as a source of sustainable and renewable energy fuel, particularly using combined heat and power boilers (Dawson, 1993), which also has distinct long and short term environmental and social benefits (Department of Energy, 1991b) The theoretical scale and potential for this type of end use for derelict land is substantial with about 14,000 hectares of land derelict in Wales (Welsh Development Agency, 1987), and some 40,500 hectares classified derelict in England (Department of Environment, 1989) Not all of this derelict land would be suitable or available for reclamation in general or biomass specifically However the implications are that a considerable area of derelict land could be available If the trials indicated a positive potential this land could be used to grow a productive, renewable and sustainable energy crop for the country, whilst bringing local economic, social and environmental benefits

1.2 Study Origins

1.2.1 The evolution of this study came about from the work of the St Helens Groundwork Trust (Operation Groundwork, 1988) and their studies on new uses for vacant industrial land, of which the growing of short rotation biomass coppice was a key element

'Short term cropping of fast growing woody material on a 3-5 year cycle is proposed This involves dense planting of sticks of willow wood This woody growth can be harvested on a renewable basis and may be used to supply a wide variety of markets Biomass cropping is part of a new emerging wood technology and some of the markets are as yet underdeveloped There is potential for very localised use of the product, and the skills level for production is fairly low The very short cycle allows temporary and intermediate use of the land to be considered without prejudicing potential industrial uses in the longer term' (Operation Groundwork, 1988, page 81)

1.2.2 The research undertaken by the Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust into a 'Green Plan for Mountain Ash' (Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust, 1990) also highlighted a number of restored coal spoil tips within the plan area which could be developed for short rotation biomass plantings as part of an

urban forestry project The Cwm Cynon site was particularly highlighted where part of the site would not be developed for at least ten years because of a potential road scheme

The concept of urban forestry is developed here to ensure the productive end use of the land until it is required for commercial development It allows a cash crop to be harvested on a rotational basis whilst providing a stand of mature structure planting forming an attractive back drop to future development' (Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust, 1990, page 21)

Although the Cwm Cynon site did not go ahead, it provided the motivation to undertake this research to determine the actual potential for wood biomass production on reclaimed coal spoil tips, using very short rotations of two to three years.

1.3 Literature Review.

1.3.1 In reviewing the literature on this subject a wealth of information is available on the growth of short rotation coppice on agricultural land (Department of Energy, 1991a-n; Clay, 1991, Porter & Parfitt, 1993, Potter, 1990) but very little where it relates specifically to reclaimed coal spoil tips The field methodology used was developed after extensive consultation (Appendix J) and with reference to sources on conventional forestry techniques on coal spoil tips (Broad, 1979, the Forestry Commission, 1991, Haigh, 1992, Jobling & Stevens, 1980) and to the emerging knowledge on arable energy forestry (Dept of Energy 1991a-n), much of which is being supported by the Department of Energy's, Energy Technical Support Unit (ETSU) Specific references to field techniques are made in Chapter 3

1.4 Fuel Wood Potential

1.4.1 The potential for fuel wood from arable energy forestry is considerable

The amount of fuel wood available from conventional forestry is constrained by the size of the forestry resource In order to increase the amount of wood available, adoption of traditional coppicing methods for modem production is possible In this way, coppiced willow or poplar can be grown at close spacing (around 10,000 trees/hectare) on short rotation (3-5 years). Such plantations are best established on agricultural land and is a good option for utilising land currently in food overproduction' (Man/an, 1991, page 21)

1 4.2 The trials undertaken by ETSU to date have given average yields of 12 dry tonnes/hectare/year on agricultural land (Maryan, 1991) The principal aim of these trials is to compare the potential yields of short rotation coppice grown on reclaimed coal spoil tips, with those yields obtained from agricultural land,

using as similar techniques as possible so that this comparison is objective. Within the trials a number of treatments are undertaken with the specific objective of determining whether or not statistically significant differences can be achieved in yield through the intervention of different management practices If the results indicate a favourable comparison then short rotation coppice energy forestry can be considered as another productive end use in the reclamation of coal spoil tips, producing a marketable energy product

1.5 Benefits.

1.5.1 The main benefit of this type of end use is the production of a renewable, sustainable energy product, in the form of wood chip for boilers to produce space heating and electricity

The potential offered by biomass and solid wastes for solving some of the world's energy problems is widely recognised The energy in biomass may be realised either by direct combustion, or by upgrading into a more valuable and useable fuel such as fuel gas or fuel oil or higher value products for the chemical industry This upgrading may be physical, biological, chemical or thermal methods to give a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel.' (Bridgwater, 1991, page 73.)

1.5.2 As well as the above energy benefits there could also be other, secondary economic, social and environmental gains The economic and social benefits lie in the potential to create small scale employment opportunities and in the amenity value of an enhanced landscape The environmental benefits could be considerable There are local benefits in terms of the ability to use sewage and other organic wastes as a fertiliser

'Both sludge and slurry are nutrient rich organic resources Their use in agriculture and forestry has been widely recognised for a number of years' (Foster, 1991, page 33.)

1 5.3 The ecological diversity of the area could be improved particularly for invertebrates, but also for game and flora by the creation of substantial lengths of woodland edge, well known for being beneficial to wildlife

The less common wild flowers of a wood are often found on the boundary between two contrasting habitats: between pond water and dry land for instance, or between a grassy ride and the trees beyond' (Marren, 1990, page 87)

'We have been able to widen rides and improve woodland edge This has led to improved habitat creation for both game birds and also other wildlife flora' (Lockhart, 1993.)

1.5.4 There are also national and global environmental benefits in terms of forestry and short rotation energy crops contributing to the reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from our energy production, and the negative impact this will have on global warming

The most obvious use of wood, and the simplest case to consider, is to burn it as a direct substitute for fossil fuels Were it not for human intervention, the vast reservoirs of coal and oil in the earth's crust would remain there indefinitely, thus the burning of fossil fuel adds to the total pool of carbon in the atmosphere Provided fuel wood plantations are always replanted on harvesting, carbon is merely cycled between the atmosphere and the growing plantations with only a small net emission ' (Matthews, 1991, page 43 )

1.5.5 The potential of short rotation energy crops grown on reclaimed coal spoil tips, and other derelict land can therefore be summarised as the production of an energy crop with clear economic, social and environmental benefits, as detailed above

CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.

2.1 The Cynon Valley.

2.1.1 The River Cynon is one of the major tributaries of the Taff catchment. Its source is on the Millstone Grit above Penderyn (Williams, 1984) and it flows for fifteen miles in a south easterly direction before it enters the Taff at Abercynon. The two sites for this research, Bryn Pica and Fforchwen, are both located within the Cynon catchment area. Bryn Pica (grid reference SO 010 038) is situated on the eastern side of the valley, above the town of Aberdare, at 190 metres above sea level Fforchwen (grid reference SS 990 996) is situated at the head of the Aman river, a tributary of the Cynon, above the village of Cwmaman at 230 metres above sea level The Aman flows into the River Cynon at Aberaman. The two sites are approximately 4 miles apart

2.1.2 The Taff catchment rises on the Old Red Sandstone escarpment and is itself small at 490 square kilometres (Williams, 1984) with rainfall varying considerable from 1200mm near the coast to 2400mm at the head of the Rhondda Valley (Mayhead et al, 1974). This level of rainfall over the short catchment distances give average gradients of 11 m./km and gives the system the reputation of being liable to flood.

"The mountainous catchment and steep river channel cause rapid run-off and the Taff is a very 'flashy river,.. , rising quickly in response to rainfall followed by rapid recessions" (Williams, 1984, page 2.)

This is certainly the case in the Cynon Valley where additional flood prevention work has recently been completed at Mountain Ash (Brereton, Cynon Valley Borough Council, pers. comm )

2.1 3 "The woodland in this plan area is a dramatic ingredient to the valley landscape. Mountain Ash is largely a town set amongst the trees. Not only are the woods important in landscape terms but they are rich in nature conservation interest and valuable for informal recreation" (Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust, 1990, page 33.).

The Cynon Valley is a typical valley of the dissected plateau of South Wales It encompasses only a limited amount of moderately fertile low lying land within a large area of upland The amount of low lying land has restricted human development, in the recent past, to this part of the valley The upland is wet, exposed, relatively infertile and agriculture that remains is entirely pastoral, particularly sheep hill grazing Formation of the Forestry Commission after the end of the First World War led to considerable acreage being planted with conifers. Prior to this, and the industrial revolution two hundred years ago, this whole area including the Cynon Valley would have contained considerable

8

stretches of deciduous broad leafed woodland (Simmons, 1993) The Cynon Valley was also known as the "Jewel in the Crown of the Valleys" (oral story from a local resident) because of its open nature between Aberdare and Hirwaun, and because of its extensive woodland There are still some semi- natural deciduous woodlands to be found, for example Dyffryn Woods near Mountain Ash, or Dumfries Park near Aberdare

2.1.4 The Nineteenth century saw an explosion in the population of the area, with Merthyr Tydfil becoming the largest town in Wales and the Iron Capital of the world. Aberdare too saw a huge increase in population for the same reasons, with iron works developing, for example, in Gadlys and Hirwaun By the end of the second half of the Nineteenth Century the iron industry was in decline but the export market, especially for steam coal, was on the increase It was this that enabled the development of the South Wales coal field, and with it the two reclaimed tips that form the basis of this research With the exception of Tower Colliery at Hirwaun, deep mining in the South Wales coalfield has virtually ceased The economic base to the valley has been removed over a very short time with severe consequences on the population with very high unemployment levels and other indicators of social deprivation Over the last few years the local authorities of Cynon Valley Borough Council and Mid Glamorgan County Council along with the Welsh Development Agency, have undertaken a Joint Venture for Regeneration Considerable environmental improvements, land reclamation and commercial improvements have taken place to try and address these problems.

2.2 Geology.

2.2.1 Geologically the South Wales coalfield is like a great basin: to the north lie the east-west outcrops of Carboniferous limestone and Millstone Grit, roughly parallel with the A465 "Heads of the Valleys" road; to the south the complementary outcrops of limestone and Millstone grit, as seen at Taffs Well and Machen, to the east the limestone and Millstone grit form a narrow outer rim to the coal field basin, near Pontypool Within these curved bounding rims of Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit lie the coal measures - 2133m of shales, sandstone's, coal seams and fireclays (Owen, 1973)

222 The Cynon Valley Lower and Middle coal measures are predominantly shaley successions with many workable, steam grade, coals developed to fuel the steam railways. These measures are mostly non-marine being deposited as part of a fluvio-deltaic complex fed with sediments from the Former St George's Land to the North They consist of rhythmic or cyclical alternations of mudstones, siltstones, and sandstone's interbedded with ironstones, coals, and seat earths. (Barclay, 1988) The Upper coal measures are formed of mainly resistant Pennant Sandstones, alternating with thin shales and some coals It is the tough sandstones which give rise to the high plateau of the coal field interior, over 600 metres at Craig-y-Llyn a few miles to the north west of Aberdare

2.2.3 At the northern end of the Cynon Valley the coal seams are exposed on the surface and the coal is worked by "levels", "drifts" or increasingly by opencast. Down the Valley the coals are laid below the surface and coal was worked through vertical shafts, concentrated along the valley floor to gain depth. Coal mines dominated the valley floor as flat land was at a premium and this led to the very typical Valleys scene of terraced housing being built on both valley sides rather than the flat valley bottom. For the same reasons the wastes from the mines could not be deposited on the valley floor, or on the immediate valley side, and were therefore carried above the housing to the steep valley sides where they formed the spoil heaps that have also become such a familiar landmark of the valleys today. It was this process that led to the disaster at Aberfan in the 1960's when such a tip slid into the local school killing over 100 children. The major programme of land reclamation in Wales starts from this disaster and both the Bryn Pica and Fforchwen sites have already been reclaimed as-part of this ongoing programme. (WDA, 1987).

2.2.4 Colliery spoil heaps in South Wales have derived from two basic mining techniques.

- Level or drift mining used extensively early on to exploit seams which outcropped onto hill sides, and which resulted in relatively small spoil tips.

- Deep mining, which involved the sinking of vertical colliery shafts to exploit the seams of the Lower Coal Series and the Pennant Series and resulted in large shale tips on the valley floor, valley sides and on the mountain plateaux between the valleys.

2.2.5 Spoil heap soils may be divided into three main types.- Clays and clay loams. The most common types.- Sandy loams, occasionally found in the Western coal field.- Loams with a high proportion of coal. These are found on old spoil

heaps throughout the coal field. (Broad, 1979)

2.2.6 The topography of the spoil heap depends to a large extent on the type of machinery used for tipping. Three shapes are easy to recognise

- Terrace, with small mounds on the hill sides, derived from drift mining.- Aerial flight, generally large, long mounds with numerous peaks,

derived from deep mining activities.- Conical, generally large mounds derived from deep mining operations.

However many tips have now been recontoured to relate more closely to the local terrain, and to make them more stable

2.2.7 Bryn Pica and Fforchwen tips are predominantly shales and sandstone spoil materials brought to the surface from the Lower and Middle Coal series and deposited on the valley sides above the housing. Bryn Pica, which was reclaimed about 1989, (Morgan, British Coal Opencast, pers. comm.) also contains considerable Pennant Sandstone, and some sub soil, due to the deep mine spoil being mixed with overburden from a later opencast site as part of an

10

poor cover (Simmons, 1993). An example of this is at Mountain Ash, where the recent flood prevention scheme has removed the vegetation cover and with it the habitat of amongst other things the kingfishers (Alcedo atthis), which used to perch there.

2.3.3 The disturbance of the land along the river and along other transport routes has helped the colonisation of the invasive species Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica).

"In Britain, Japanese Knotweed reproduces asexually spreading by rigorous rhizome growth into previously 'un-colonised' areas Small pieces of rhizome moved in soil transport or by water can regenerate into new plants In Britain it is a primary coloniser of unmanaged derelict or disturbed land and has been particularly effective at colonising the banks of downstream reaches of urban rivers." (Palmer, 1990, page 97.)

Huge colonies of this species can be seen as monospecific stands along the river and along the railways and road systems. This is another example of the impact of man as this species was introduced in 1825 as an ornamental garden plant and as a fodder plant (WDA, 1991) It is incredibly difficult to eradicate, needing multiple applications of herbicide which may be only partially successful. Although there is some evidence that Japanese Knotweed gives cover for some mammals and wildfowl it is generally regarded as having negative benefits for wildlife.

2.3 4 The habitats which have developed on the older reclaimed tip sites can be interesting but are often thin and patchy with some having bare ground even after twenty years. The vegetation cover on these is very vulnerable and intensive grazing or the passage of a tractor can cause gulleying and lead to extensive erosion of this thin cover The vegetation cover is typically dominated by tuft grass (Nardus stricta), ericaceous species (such as Calluna vulgaris), lichen on drier sites, Juncus spp., reeds and moss on wetter sites and where there is bare ground this tends to be covered by an algal soil crust (Haigh, 1992). There would appear to be two critical lessons to be learned from nature if vegetation cover is to develop successfully

Firstly is the concentration of soil nitrogen

"A positive correlation was found between the degree of vegetation cover and the concentration of soil nitrogen Many studies of vegetation succession elsewhere have shown this correlation, and clearly an accumulation of nitrogen accompanies the development of plant communities" (WDA, 1987, page 6)

The second, interrelated, and perhaps more important from the point of long term sustainabality, is the process of soil formation, and development of soil structure. In natural soils a large part of the clay fraction is held within water stable soil aggregates These aggregates are held together by organic

12

compounds, mainly the polysaccharide secretions of soil organisms, bacteria and earthworms for example, and their effect is to preserve the soil in a relatively loose and open structure This process tends not to happen in mine spoils where for three main reasons spoils become relatively impermeable and compacted. These are:-

- The smearing of clayey components in the reclamation process itself- The natural processes of rock weathering working in mine spoils,

particularly shales which rapidly disintegrate upon wetting and drying releasing large amounts of their constituent clays

- The lack of biological activity in the spoils themselves which could help create soil structure (Haigh, 1992)

2.3.5 Clays therefore, are a large part of the material lost with surface run off What is not lost is washed into, or forms in, the spoil where it accumulates clogging pores and increasing the bulk density of the soil layers where it is trapped.

"This soil compaction has the effect of reducing the proportion of large pores, and increasing the proportion of small pores As a result the rate of water and gas movement into and through the profile is reduced and root growth is impaired and rooting depth reduced Water stored in the soil is held more tightly because of the high capillary forces in the narrower pores, and less is thus available to the plants which are only able to exert a finite suction before wilting." (Wilson, 1985, page 7 )

The trend at present would appear to suggest that on many spoils, soil forming processes are heading in the wrong direction, with soil structure worsening and the conditions for plant growth becoming more hostile

"Preliminary laboratory tests on Blaenavon spoils of various ages indicate a progressive decline in microbial activity and soil aggregate stability over time combined with an increase in bulk density" (Haigh, 1992, page 176 )

236 The above may explain why many restored mine sites have resisted vegetative colonisation Fforchwen may be typical of this with the existing vegetation cover being dominated by a thin covering of grass, moss, lichen, some heather and a few Japanese larch seedlings from a nearby plantation Bryn Pica is atypical because of its recent reclamation and seeding with a grass mix with a high concentration of white clover (Trifolium repens) Gorse (11lex eitropaeus) is also beginning to invade

13

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY.

3.1 Design Concept.

3.1.1 In planning and designing this piece of work a number of key ecological concepts were referred to and then related back to the nature of reclaimed coal spoil tips and to the principal objective, i.e. that of producing a crop of biomass from fast growing tree species on a short term coppice rotation. The key concept is that of a reclaimed coal spoil tip as an ecosystem which has the potential to develop through biomass accumulation over a period of time The final habitat type would be limited by a number of human or environmental factors, such as sheep grazing, vandalism, toxicity, nutrient deficiency and soil compaction

"Thus, organisms are controlled in nature by (1) the quantity and variability of materials for which there is a minimum requirement and physical factors which are critical and (2) the limits of tolerance of the organisms themselves to these and other components of the environment" (Odum, 1971, page 110)

A belief is held that through specific assistance in the reconstruction of ecosystems on coal spoil tips that a self sustaining woodland can develop over time (Bradshaw, 1983), from which a biomass harvest can be taken. A specific example was used as a model to illustrate the potential, that of a traditional coppice woodland, where every seven to twenty years, depending upon the particular species, the growth is cut to the ground The stumps or stools send forth a fresh crop of shoots and the process continues almost indefinitely The land upon which these traditional coppices were established were not the best agricultural land rather the poorer manorial waste or common lands. However if one investigates the soil under these coppices it is now rich and deep

"The soil in a coppice is commonly a far richer and deeper mull than that of the tilled fields, or even that of the woods, around it This has led to the belief that coppices were deliberately formed on the best ground available. This may be true, at least locally, but another interpretation is that five hundred years or so of almost continuous forest cover and root action, have built up a rich store of fertility in originally unpromising material." (Edlin, 1956, page 101.)

3.1.2 The purpose of this research is therefore to test whether or not it is possible in a short period of time to help this process of ecosystem reconstruction and development. In the past, coppices provided an important cash source for the rural estate. Given the recent development of the potential

14

to use biomass wood chip as a source of renewable energy, the potential is there to use reclaimed coal spoil tips as an ecologically sustainable means of producing energy. There are other environmental and recreational benefits as well. In developing the specific practical design of this work a considerable literature review had to be undertaken There is a huge body of knowledge on coal spoil tip restoration, a growing body of knowledge of short rotation coppicing for biomass energy production, but limited documented information of the two together The literature review was therefore supplemented by site visits, meetings and telephone conversations with a host of people who all gave their time and advice freely (see Appendix J )

3.1.3 The design of this research is based upon a number of things: the above concept, the materials that are available both practically and financially, the technologies and techniques that have or can be developed, and the strategies for implementation. In designing the reconstruction of an ecosystem it is critical to note that the parts are interrelated and often interdependent and that the parts work in relation to each other

"Any design is composed of concepts, materials, techniques, and strategies, as our bodies are composed of brain, bone, blood, muscles and organs, and when completed functions as a whole assembly, with a unified purpose As in the body, the parts function in relation to each other" (Mollison, 1990, page 36.)

It is no good looking at tree growth in isolation from water and nutrient availability, which cannot be looked at in isolation from soil formation or compaction The potential ecosystem of a reclaimed coal spoil tip operates as a whole and therefore the design of this research aims to take these relationships into account, in the selection of species, treatments and site preparations

3.2 Statistical Methodology.

3.2.1 The most important factor to be determined was deemed to be that of potential biomass as dry matter in tonnes per hectare per annum, a measure of biomass yield This was determined by a simple calculation based on the wet: dry wood ratios, to give an indication of potential yields

322 The experimental design of the two sites, three blocks within each site, with the five treatments and three species randomised within them (see Tables 31, 3.2 and 33), had the aim of giving a full factorial design (Morgan, 1991) This took into account therefore, the fertilizer/treatment, the species, and the blocks across the two sites The experimental design is essentially 'split plot' because of the spatial arrangements of the blocks The main effects of the fertilizer/treatment therefore were assessed as:

a) means for main effects,

15

b) analysis of variance of main effects with one, two and three way factor interactions.The trials were designed, therefore, so as to allow all combinations of fertilizer/treatment, and species to be examined. This, therefore, allowed recommendations to be made about the use of species and fertilizer/treatments based both on observations and statistical analysis.

Table 3.1 - Species/treatment trial numbering.

p'Beaupre1

Aglutinosa

S. cinerea

Control

1

6

11

NPK

2

7

12

Intercrop

3

8

13

Sewage Cake

4

9

14

Sewage Sludge

5

10

15

16

Table 3.2 - L

ayout for the Bryn Pica site.

115212

3241

54614

7687

98109

1151213

13111410

153•••

161

173185

1912207

2110224

23152411

256262

2713289

2914308

31103212

338344

3563614

37133811

395402

419423

437441

4515

Site A - B

ryn Pica. Site Layout.

Each cell represents a six metre square plot, planted w

ith 36 trees at 1

metre centres.

The top num

ber refers to the sequential plot num

bering, the lower num

ber refers to the species/ treatment trials (see above).

Three blocks have been created across the

site. W

ithin blocks the trials have been randomised.

Table 3.3 - Layout for the Fforchw

en site.

11323315

4457614

71181091

109115128

1312142156

16111712188

19120142113

2215236249

255264272

2872933010

3123283314

3463593615

37123813394

4074111421

4354410453

Site B

- Fforchwen.

Site Layout.

Each cell as above.

Within blocks the trials have been random

ised.

3.3 Field Methodology. - Species and Sites

3.3.1 The choice of two sites was determined by tip availability within the Cynon Valley A number of organisations were approached concerning this, namely Cynon Valley Borough Council, Welsh Development Agency, British Coal and British Coal Opencast Executive. Five sites were identified:- Cwm Cynon, Mountain Ash, Cefhpennar, Mountain Ash, Bryn Pica, Abernant; Rhigos Opencast; and Fforchwen, Cwmaman After site visits with representatives of the various bodies: Cwm Cynon was rejected because Cynon Valley Borough Council and the Welsh Development Agency had brought forward development plans, (it is now a Business Park), Cefhpennar was rejected primarily because of acute vandalism (existing tree blocks were being destroyed by people riding motor cycles) and partly because of 'hot spots' with a p H of 3, and Rhigos was rejected because a deep mine spoil site was required. An agreement was made with Cynon Valley Borough Council (Fforchwen) and British Coal Opencast (Bryn Pica) to undertake the experimental trials on these two remaining sites of importance

332 A number of key factors of importance to the establishment of trees on coal spoil tips were identified through discussion with representatives of appropriate agencies and through a review of literature These were weed control, soil compaction, stock proof fencing, particularly against sheep, stable slopes, nutrient deficiency, and water availability.

a) Weed Control"Experience over the past fifteen years, both on experimental plots at Long Ashton Research Station and larger scale experiments on farms, has all shown that uncontrolled weed growth in spring and early summer leads to death of plants or poor growth. This has occurred in dry and wet seasons and on a range of locations and soil types Death of 60% of the plants and overall shoot reduction of 60 to 70% by the end of the first year is common." (Clay, 1993, page 1);

b) Soil Compaction"Overburden, subsoil, topsoil etc., are usually replaced on worked sites using heavy earth-moving equipment. This causes compaction which prevents water percolation and root penetration To break up this compaction sufficiently to allow root penetration, and also to permit the storage of a reserve of water to sustain the growing trees during the summer period of water deficit, the site must be ripped to 0.5 metres..." (Wilson, 1985, page 21.)

c) Stock Proof Fencing" Free-roaming sheep are a problem in virtually all parts of Wales " (WDA 1987, page 21.)

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d) Stable Slopes."The slopes must be stable after reshaping and grading - normally to a maximum gradient of 1 in 3." (Broad, 1979, page 9.)

e) Nutrient Availability"The concentrations of the major nutrients nitrogen and phosphate in substrates which occur on wasteland are usually far below those required for normal plant growth In contrast, some of the minor nutrients tend to be present in excessive concentrations, iron, manganese, copper, boron and zinc being at toxic levels in some wastes." (Gemmell, 1977, page 13.)

f) Water AvailabilityWater availability is not usually a problem in this part of South Wales With abundant rainfall, it was therefore decided on cost grounds not to contemplate watering on this scale in the case of a drought In a real sense it is very unlikely that watering could be considered on a large scale commercially.

333 Nutrient availability is believed to be the most important parameter in these trials and is discussed below as part of the experimental treatments For the other three key factors, action was taken to ensure that within and between the two sites there was a consistency of preparation which would help all the trees to establish enabling the experimental treatments to have the maximum effect on growth Both sites were sprayed from a tractor power take off, in the Autumn, with the herbicide glyphosate which initially gave a nearly 100% kill. Later knapsack spraying during spring and summer, particularly on the Bryn Pica site, was less effective especially against white clover Trifolium repens, and grass on the sewage plots For the later spraying a plastic tube was placed around each growing tree to reduce spray drift damage Single tine ripping to 500mm depth was undertaken at one metre intervals across both sites On the Bryn Pica site this process uncovered a number of large rocks which was the first indication that the material on this site was not just deep mine spoil but a mixture which included opencast overburden and some subsoil The sites were also fenced against both sheep and rabbits, and because of the threat of theft the fencing was also painted with an anti-vandal non-setting bituminous paint, which acted as a deterrent No sheep gained access to the sites and only two attempts were made at theft, one successful for a short section Each of the 6 metre by 6 metre plots was then measured and numbered with an indelible spray two metres apart, prior to experimental preparation and planting After planting each plot was 'labelled' with a numbered stake

3.3.4 Those plots which were to receive sewage cake prior to planting as their experimental treatment (Trials 4, 9 and 14 - see Tables 3.1 3.2 and 3.3), had the first metre of spoil material removed to one side by a JCB excavator before approximately 300mm of raw sewage cake was added to the bottom of the hole. Then the JCB excavator infilled and 'blinded off (covered and levelled) using the removed spoil The aim of this operation was to create

19

ideal conditions for the newly planted trees, in that sewage was below the rooting zone and as trees developed they would grow into the nutrient rich sewage Nutrient and heavy metal analysis was requested and promised by Welsh Water pic. Although they kindly provided the sewage and transport free of charge, analysis never became available in writing A verbal communication stated that the heavy metal level was "within guidelines" (Jones, Welsh Water, pers comm.) As the sewage was raw and steaming the plots had to be left three months before trees could be planted to allow the sewage to compost and cool down Planting was undertaken at the end of winter, February - March 1992, each plot being planted at 1 metre centres meaning a total of 36 trees per plot Following site visits and discussion, three species were chosen, viz: Salix cinerea; Populus interamericana 'Beaupre', and Alnm glutinosa.

3.3.5 Salix cinerea was chosen after a visit to Long Ashton Research Station willow collection and biomass trials The determining factor was its ability to grow in very poor, even anaerobic conditions, and to the fact that it already grew on many coal tips in the valley. It is a native species and therefore could also have other ecological benefits Unrooted cuttings were planted for ease of planting and cost

"Willows (and alders) have proved the most successful of the trees planted The sallows (S. caprea , S. cinerea and S. viminalis) are suitable for the worst sites.......... Examination of industrial spoil tips inLancashire points to the value of S. cinerea as a pioneer and its use to reclaim these sites" (Stott, 1992, pages 176-177 )

With hindsight another willow could perhaps have also been tried such as one of the very quick growing varieties, for example Salix viminalis "Bowles Hybrid'.

3 3.6 Populus interamericana 'Beaupre' (Populus trichocarpa * deltoides) was chosen after discussion with Tilhill Forestry and the Forestry Commission as a very fast growing poplar (5m per annum) suitable to the wet and fairly exposed conditions of a South Wales valley The reputation of these Belgian clones had become well known amongst colleagues within the Groundwork Trust, and is borne out by experience elsewhere.

"In 1987 the Forestry Commission obtained eleven new clones of poplar from Geraardsbergen in Belgium which had been bred by V. Steenackers and subjected to very thorough testing Subsequently small parties from Britain have visited Belgium to see the current progress of poplar breeding there We have been astonished by the quite remarkable rates of growth achieved by many of these new clones of poplar" (Beaton, 1993)

The poplar was also planted as unrooted cuttings Both the willow and the poplar were planted, by using a crow bar to make a hole, to a depth of approximately 30cm with at least one node clearly above the surface, before

20

being back filled, ensuring maximum contact between plant material and substrate. (Beaton, Tilhill Forestry, pers comm )

3.3.7 Almis glutinosa was chosen because of its nitrogen fixing abilities on land where nitrogen deficiency is one of the key limiting factors On different parts of both Bryn Pica and Fforchwen it grows vigorously, as it does on other coal tips in the valley Alder is recognised as one of the easiest trees to establish on coal tips

"Common alder (Alnus glutinosa) - the most widely planted and, overall, the easiest to establish species. It is often the most vigorous tree on the site and where it predominates in the crop the visual impact is early and striking " (Jobling and Stevens, 1980, page 33.)

The alders were purchased from a supplier who inoculates the seed bed with the nitrogen fixing actinomycete, Frankia alni, so that on arrival at the sites the transplants had well established root nodules already The trees apparently are ".far more self sufficient when they are planted out, especially on hostile sites" (Horticulture Week, October 26 1990 )

The rooted alder transplants were pit planted.

338 The other species that were considered were: silver birch, Betula pendula; Eucalyptus gunii; and Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi. They were considered after observing them grow successfully on a number of sites Larch was observed to be self seeding on the Fforchwen site from the adjacent Forestry Commission plantation, however it does not coppice, and multiple stems in this instance were felt to be the best option for maximising biomass production over a short rotation Birch readily regenerates from adjacent woodland as seen at both Cefhpennar and Cwm Cynon sites, however it can be difficult to transplant as bare rooted stock and sometimes does not coppice well Eucalyptus was seen to be growing very well on the Rhigos site and would have been included if another species were affordable, the budget from the funding bodies being restricted For the above reasons these species were rejected.

3.4 Field Methodology - Care of Crop.

3.4.1 After planting the first full year was considered an establishment year where weed control took place during the summer, and restocking and the "maiden cut" took place between November and January The "maiden cut" approximately 4 centimetres above the ground establishes the coppice stool (Porter and Parfitt, 1993) for subsequent years growth Before the "maiden cut" records were taken of year one height growth and survival rates All cut material was left on site

21

3.4.2 The five experimental treatments were: control; NPK inorganic fertilizer, nitrogen fixing intercrop; sewage cake; and sewage slurry Each had their own method of implementation, as described below, and were blocked with all tree species, three times on each site (see Tables 3.1, 32 and 33)

a) Control Plots.With the control plots the trees were planted direct into the spoil with no additions

b) NPK PlotsWith the NPK plots, ADAS (Agriculture Advisory and Development Service) undertook a soil analysis of the two sites, which is a reflection of the actual NPK in the soils On the basis of this, 9 kg of triple super phosphate and 1 44 kg of 20:10:10 NPK were added during the spring of the second growing season, as a top dressing applied by hand (See appendix B )

c) Nitrogen Fixing Intercrop Plots.With the nitrogen fixing intercrop plots Sarothamnus scoparious, the common broom, was used as the nitrogen fixing intercrop planted as 2 litre pots between the trees. This species was used because it is a nitrogen fixing shrub, which could also act as a nurse to the trees. Two other species were considered, Lupinus arboreus and the common gorse, Ulex europaeus. Both the broom and the gorse grow freely on spoil sites in the valley, but broom was chosen purely on the basis of ease of handling, having no thorns

d) Sewage Cake PlotsSewage cake (25% solid matter) was applied under the rooting zone to provide a rich source of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, (Moffat, 1988) from an organic source which could greatly aid soil formation, one of the key limiting factors to ecosystem development on coal spoil tips (Haigh, 1992)

" . cake sludge can be applied, either by agricultural muck spreader, or by a bulldozer. A rate of 150 tonnes per hectare will supply 100 kg per hectare total phosphorus and over 1000 kg per hectare total nitrogen" (MofFat, 1988, page 3.)

After taking advice from Welsh Water pic, twelve to eighteen inches of sewage cake were added under the rooting zone before being blinded off (covered) with soil. The uncomposted sewage cake arrived in thirty tonne lorries and was very "rich", and therefore it was essential that the roots did not come into contact with the sewage as this could have checked growth or been fatal (primarily due to heat) even though three months were left before the stock was planted The sewage was covered by soil immediately to limit any smell nuisance. A JCB was used to undertake this operation

22

e) Sewage Slurry Plots.Sewage slurry (4-5% solid matter) was applied after the first years growth as a liquid top dressing, similarly to provide key nutrients but also with an eye to the future when after harvesting there would be a need to replace nutrients taken away as the biomass crop. A liquid slurry could be added to large areas by machine once the height of the trees had been removed and before any new regrowth.

"An application rate of 200 metre cubed per hectare is recommended, and will supply about 130 kg per hectare total phosphorus and about 400 kg per hectare total nitrogen Until trees are approximately five years old, liquid sludge can still be added uniformly over a site using a retractible reel irrigation system" (Moffat, 1988 page 3 )

Again after taking advice from Welsh Water pic, a proportional percentage of 200 metre cubed per hectare was to be applied to each of the appropriate six metre squared plots This translated into approximately 900 litres of 5% slurry per plot The slurry was applied by a 26cm pipe taken from a bulk tank of a tractor power take-off, ensuring that no sewage sludge or slurry came within ten metres of any water course in case there could be an accidental pollution incident Application was delayed by seven weeks to the late spring because of wet weather and the risk of run off into the watercourse.

3 4.3 The trees were allowed to grow for a further two seasons after the "maiden cut" which established the coppice stool. After leaf fall, between November and December, all the inner sixteen trees were measured for height and then cut down, weighed wet and recorded (see appendix D). Any edge effect upon growth could thus be discounted. Calibrated spring balances were used to do this weighing every live tree The total potential number of trees harvested and measured therefore was 1440 (45 plots * 16 trees * 2 sites). For each variable the total potential number of trees harvested and measured is therefore 96 (16 trees * 3 blocks * 2 sites). A range of samples, from different parts of the woody material, was then taken for each species from both sites, weighed to gain the wet weight, then oven dried at 105 degrees centigrade for 6 weeks, and then reweighed to gain the dry weight On this basis a wetdry weight ratio could be determined (See appendix C) A calculation of dry weight biomass per hectare, per annum could then be determined from this ratio (see Results and Discussion)

23

CHAPTER 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

General Observations and Establishment Year.

4.1 Introduction.

The primary objective of this research was to determine yields of above ground tree biomass using short rotation coppice techniques on reclaimed coal spoil tips over a three year period Year one was an establishment year and the yield, measured in tonnes per hectare per annum, reflects the two following years' growth. A number of general observations, particularly related to the potential negative impact of weeds, a dry summer and the showing of some pests, were also made The establishment year one is also discussed Analysis of variance was undertaken looking at different species, methods of fertilisation and blocks on both sites before the calculations of yields were undertaken Finally, a recommendation is noted on the potential development of this area of work and its practical application in the South Wales coalfield as a viable end use for new or existing reclaimed land

4.2 General Observations.

A number of general observations can be made about the trials which may have had an unmeasured but significant impact upon yield. These are discussed briefly here.

4.2 1 The weather of South Wales is usually wet (1400 - 2000mm+, see 2.1.2), but the growing season of 1993 was mainly dry. No records of rainfall were kept but this could have depressed the yield potential, particularly of the poplar

"In general, they (poplar) require deep, freely rootable soils with ample and continuous supplies of water " (Tabbush, 1993, page 1)

4.2.2 Although willow rust, Melampsora spp. was not seen on either willows or poplars, the potential is there for it to become a problem particularly if sizeable stands of single species are grown over a number of years Where a population of rust does develop, typical orange/yellow pustules first appear and, depending upon species susceptibility and prevailing weather conditions, usually only the leaves become infected as this occurs they can become chlorotic, necrotic and fall prematurely In the worst scenarios cankers can form which girdle and kill stems (Royle, 1991) The potential is a very real one in that the worst form of rust to affect biomass willow, Melampsora epitea, has a life cycle which involves the European larch Both experimental sites have larch plantations close by and the Fforchwen site is immediately adjacent to a plantation which includes European larch

24

"Of the three species of Melampsora which cause rust disease on biomass willow clones in the UK, M.epitea is by far the most widespread and causes the worst attacks Like many other rusts of agricultural crops and trees the life cycle of M epitea is complex, involving two host plants, willow and the European larch " (Royle, 1991, page 286)

There would appear to be a number of options for rust management, such as fungicides, biological control, cultural control and breeding for resistance However the most immediate and practical option is to ensure genetic diversity in any new plantings by not planting large monocultural blocks of single species or even single clones, so that the risk from the rust spreading rapidly is minimised In these trials a clone, P. mteramericana 'Beaupre', is used however a variety of species and clones would give ecological diversity

423 The benefits of genetic diversity lie not only on the impact on the control of willow rust through restricting the spread of its spores, but also in the positive benefits on the environment through the creation of an ecologically diverse habitat, which could also be blended into the landscape more sympathetically at the planning stage by observing and using existing ecological and topographical features The purpose of short rotation coppice is to produce an energy wood chip and therefore this ecological diversity is not likely to affect the end product or the marketing of it substantially It could even become part of the selling technique of marketing this sustainable product - an energy fuel which has no net increase on carbon dioxide production, which enhances the landscape and which is good for wildlife through the creation of a diverse habitat! Obviously additional research would need to be undertaken to determine whether or not these statements are true. However, one of the most spectacular wildlife benefit could be the Golden Oriole, Oriolus onohis, which breeds in poplar woodland in the Fenlands (Prater, 1993), extending its range to plantations in South Wales

4.2.4 Compaction is a recognised problem on some coal spoil tip sites, and to reduce the impact of this both trial sites were ripped to a depth of 500mm as part of the site preparation A concern in terms of continued use of the sites is the recompaction of spoil material and the impact this could have on yield if the sites were harvested over a number of years

"Despite intensive cultivation after regrading to relieve compaction, to incorporate fertilizers and limestones, and to provide a spoil surface suitable for sowing grass seed mixtures, difficult physical conditions usually prevail at the time of tree planting These are largely due to the recompaction of the upper spoil horizon, which becomes very hard and relatively impenetrable again,..." (Jobling and Stevens, 1980, page 28)

No penetrometer investigations of recompaction were undertaken However observations of ponding after rain on the Fforchwen site indicate perhaps that this was taking place with a potential deleterious effect on growth due to the

25

inability of roots to penetrate the surface soil horizon Investigations of compaction and of root penetration could be undertaken as subsequent studies.

4.2.5 Weed control is a major factor in the potential for growing a biomass crop.

"Uncontrolled weeds in new short term rotation coppice arable energy plantations dramatically reduce both survival and yield" (Clay and Parfitt, 1991, page 1)

The initial weed control on both of the trial sites was very good, through the application of a glyphosate herbicide, resulting in a virtually 100% surface vegetation kill During the latter periods of year 1 this became more difficult due to persistent wet weather White clover on the Bryn Pica site had established well as part of the original reclamation and proved impossible to eradicate Subsequent post planting sprayings in year two with glyphosate were seasonally late in terms of the application This was initially due to the apparent inexperience of the contractors and caused some die back particularly Bryn Pica Plots Al A2 and A3, the first sprayed There was an apparent 'learning process' taking place with the contractor's staff which had the consequence of these three plots having a growth check An important lesson was learnt in terms of choice of contractor, and in communication with and supervision of any works at this critical stage of tree establishment The impact of the late sprayings in the season was more problematical and will have had a negative impact on yield on certain plots, as weed competition would have been at its greatest during the first flush of growth in spring and early summer Application of sewage slurry to the surface of some plots as one of the trial treatments, led to an expected lush growth of grass in direct competition with the tree species The problem lay not so much from competition for nutrients, which would become abundant with the application of the sewage slurry, but with competition for water, as illustrated with reference to poplar

"Poplars need continuous access to water for optimum growth, and after ensuring that the soil is well prepared and the set properly planted, the competition must be eliminated To establish short rotation coppice, complete weed control is essential" (Tabbush, 1993, page 3)

Thus complete weed control in the establishment period, particularly on the sewage slurry plots, was not achieved and therefore the yields will have been depressed somewhat from their maximum potential In the later stages of a plantation's life, weed control on the more successful plots is not likely to be a problem. At the end of the trial period the canopy had totally closed on successful poplar plots with virtually weed free conditions at ground level Additionally on certain alder plots, coppicing had created stocky, multiple stem trees, where the canopy had virtually closed, leaving very few weeds

26

4.2 6 There was one infestation of the Poplar Hawk Moth, Laolhoe populi, on the Fforchwen site which only affected four trees on one plot. The damage was significant if temporary in nature All four trees were defoliated by moth caterpillars but once they had pupated the trees quickly recovered Although there was a small loss in yield on these affected trees the potential for pest populations to have an impact on yield is demonstrated It is perhaps another example of why genetic diversity should be advocated at the design stage of any future plantings, in that this would limit the yield impact of any pest population. It also illustrates an ecological benefit, in this instance of planting poplars, in that the Poplar Hawk Moth is an impressive creature in its size Invertebrates would benefit from the planting of poplar woods

"Moths form the most significant group of invertebrates in poplar woods that are presently known" (Prater, 1993 )

4.3 The Establishment Year.

4.3.1 The growing season of 1992 represented an establishment year at the end of which a 'maiden cut' was undertaken to create the coppice stool from which multiple stems grew in the subsequent two years. The yield was measured on these two later years However, this first year illustrated some interesting points and potentials, and these are discussed below

4.3.2 There was a very high survival rate at the end of year one as shown in the tables below

Table 4 1 Site A, Bryn Pica - Survival Rates at the End of Year One

Species

A. glutinosaP. "Beaupre"S. cinereaC scoparius

Total No Trees

540540540225

Total No. DeadTrees

25148989

Survival Rate% alive trees

95.4%97.4%83.5%60.4%

Table 4.2 Site B, Fforchwen - Survival Rates at the End of Year One

Species

A. glutinosaP. 'Beaupre"S. cinereaC. scoparius

Total No Trees

540540540225

Total No DeadTrees

17387191

Survival Rate% alive trees

968%994%839%15.1%

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433 There are two exceptions to the above statement The broom, C. scoparhis, failed to establish, particularly on the Fforchwen site. Results of the intercrop trial on this site have to be analysed with caution The choice of broom was made after observing which nitrogen fixing shrubs grew naturally on these sites. Both broom and gorse grow readily, but broom was chosen because of its ease in handling during the planting stage. Willow death on sewage cake plots distorted the survival rate of this species as shown by the following adjusted table, where the survival rate is dramatically reduced.

Table 4.3 Survival of willow on sewage cake plots

Site

Fforchwen Bryn Pica

Total No of willow on sewage cake

108 108

Total No of dead willow on sewage cake

63 63

Survival Rate % alive

41.7% 41.7%

434 These adjusted survival rates of S. cinerea on sewage cake plots have also been affected by site conditions. Observation of the plots showed that trees that survive are on the edge of the plots and therefore likely to be least affected by the below ground sewage cake There is an obvious strong indication of an edge effect in that this particular willow is not able to establish where there is an abundance of nutrients, or where it is in contact with relatively "fresh" sewage (the cake had been in the ground for three months prior to planting) S.cinerea's ability to survive in very nutrient poor, even anaerobic conditions, may play a part in this analysis (Stott, Long Ashton Research Station, pers comm ) Adjusted survival rates for .S'. cinerea, excluding sewage cake plots are:-

Bryn Pica site - 94%Fforchwen - 94.4%

435 The only obvious observable site differences at this stage was the performance of the poplar which showed exceptionally vigorous growth on sewage cake plots on the Bryn Pica site The maximum height was 2.74 metres in one year from an unrooted 25 centimetre cutting, with a 15 centimetre girth, 15 centimetres above ground level! The maximum achieved at Fforchwen was 1.22 metres Soil material at the two sites was considerably different Particle size on Bryn Pica was very variable whereas on Fforchwen there is a high proportion of fine material This could indicate that on Bryn Pica, the soil structure allowed for quick root penetration into the sewage, whereas on Fforchwen the fine material recompacted inhibiting root penetration The fine material also became very fluid in heavy rain and this situation became exacerbated on sewage plots Should the same preparation be undertaken on a large scale there would obviously be cause for concern. There was little nutrient leaching from sewage plots on both sites, none reaching a water course The alder also established well on both sites and clearly all three species are able to establish on these two harsh sites

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CHAPTER 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

Analysis of Variance.

5.1 Introduction.

Four statistical analyses of variance were undertaken on the original data, (see Appendix D). The purpose was to determine whether or not the disparity in performance of the species, in terms of weight, was significantly different and therefore a consequence of the treatments, or whether it could be attributed to residual factors associated with the site Each site was analysed in these terms:-

- Overall Analysis of Variance, Means of Main Effects (Appendix E),- One Way Factor Analysis of Variance - Species and Fertilisation

treatment with multiple comparison tests (Appendix F),- Two way Factor Analysis of Variance - Fertilisation Treatments and

blocks with no multiple comparison tests (Appendix G)- Three Way Factor Analysis of Variance - Species, Fertilisation

Treatment and blocks with multiple comparison tests (Appendix H)

5.2 Overall analysis of mean values and analysis of variance, (Appendix E).

5.2.1 This range of analyses looked at averages for fertilization treatment and species for the whole site, and then looked at averages by blocks for species/treatments combination within each site The analysis of variance indicates whether or not there is statistically significant variation within the site as a whole but not where the variation is (this is analysed later) The Null Hypothesis is that there is no difference by main effects (the 45 trial plots), with the alternative hypothesis being that differences caused by the main effects do exist. What follows is a short and selected discussion of this analysis. Refer to Appendix E

5.2.2 Averages for the total populations for the two sites are

Bryn Pica 808 46 grammes average tree weight (619 live trees) Total possible number of live trees (720)

86% overall survival rate, whilst noting that this is slightly distorted by the willows' failure on sewage sludge

Fforchwen 340.51 grammes average tree weight(637 live trees) Total possible number of live trees (720)

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88% overall survival rate, whilst noting that this is slightly distorted by the willows' failure on sewage sludge

These figures indicate that the two sites were different in their overall performance, with Bryn Pica performing better, but with no indication as to where the variation lies or whether it is significantly different

5 2.3 Averages for the fertilisation treatments for the whole site with no species or block differentiation are:

Table 5.1 - Bryn Pica

PERT

Weight gins

Population

1/C

639.01

(135)

2/NPK

757.03

(128)

3/IC

477.44

(135)

4/SC

1458.95

(105)

5/SS

858.84

(116)- Total possible number of live trees (144)

Key --Fertilisation (PERT) - 1/C = Control

- 2/NPK = NPK- 3/IC = Intercrop- 4/SC = Sewage Cake- 5/SS = Sewage slurry

- Species - I/Pi = Poplar- 2/Ag = Aider- 3/Sc - Willow

) Bracketed Figure = No live trees

Table 5.2 - Fforchwen

PERT

Weight gins

Population

1/C

335.77

(137)

2/NPK

467.25

(131)

3/IC

266.43

(129)

4/SC

361.99

(104)

5/SS

277.04

(136)- Total possible population (144)

Overall averages for fertilisation treatment again clearly indicate variation between the two sites, with Bryn Pica having higher averages across all treatments, and begin to show where some of that variation may be coming from The sewage cake treatment on Bryn Pica with an average of 1458 95 grammes is substantially higher then any of the other treatments, whereas on Fforchwen this is not the case. The highest average here is with the NPK treatment of 467.25 grammes, with the sewage cake 361 99 grammes,

30

markedly different from Bryn Pica However, these absolute values are only useful in that they begin to show trends by fertilisation but with no species differentiation.

5.2.4 Averages for species across the whole site with no treatment or block differentiation are:

Table 5.3 - Bryn Pica

Species

Weight gins

Population

I/Pi

1270.30

(220)

2/Ag

801.03

(204)

3/Sc

295.18

(195)

Total possible number of live trees (240)

Table 5.4 - Fforchwen

Species

Weight gins

Population

I/Pi

229.62

(211)

2/AG

682.92

(228)

3/Sc

64.40

(198)

Total possible number of live trees (240)

Analysis of the overall averages by species again shows differences between the two sites On both sites alder as a nitrogen fixing species is doing relatively well, and this is to be expected as current practice and wisdom advocates the use of alder on reclaimed land. (Hashimoto et al, 1973, Broad, 1979; Jobling and Stevens, 1980). On both sites the willow performed the least well In overall terms the poplar performed well on Bryn Pica but not on Fforchwen However, this information again only showed a limited picture, and indicated relative emergent trends, such as alders' consistency, poplar growth on Bryn Pica and willow failure

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5.2.5 Averages by fertilisation treatment and species across the whole site with no block differentiation are:

Table 5.5 - Bryn Pica. Weight in grammes and (_) number of live trees.

FERT.

1/C

2/NPK

3/IC

4/SC

5/SS

Species I/Pi

505.04 (46)

1258.49 (43)

723.62 (47)

2635.37 (41)

1396.74 (43)

2/Ag

1132.38 (42)

599.13 (40)

617.74 (42)

853.00 (45)

787.29 (35)

3/Sc

329.26 (47)

418.22 (45)

97.83 (46)

355.53 (19)

316.05 (38)Total possible number of live trees (48).

Table 5.6 - Fforchwen. Weight in grammes and ( ) number of live trees.

FERT.

1/C

2/NPK

3/IC

4/SC

5/SS

Species I/Pi

75.68 (44)

396.00 (45)

189.93 (45)

279.00 (35)

213.98 (42)

2/Ag

850.31 (48)

900.25 (40)

532.23 (47)

581.49 (47)

576.85 (46)

3/Sc

41.24 (45)

160.43 (46)

21.81 (37)

25.09 (22)

44.92 (48)

Total possible number of live trees (48).

Tables 5.5 and 5.6 are the first figures which start to emphasise where the growth variation occurs, as discussed below. They show very good survival rates for all species with the exception of willow planted on sewage cake on the Bryn Pica site where only 19 out of the possible 48 trees survived, and on the Fforchwen site where only 22 trees survived.

5.2.6 Looking at the figures for poplar the two sites are very different in terms of total average yields, but there does seem to be an underlying trend - where nutrients are available the trees are able to respond with good growth. This is especially so with the sewage cake on Bryn Pica where the average biomass yield was 2635.37g. This is also borne out by the height gained on the Bryn Pica site where the maximum in the two year trial period was 4 28 metres (over 14 feet!) and where many of the trees exceeded 3 metres (refer to Appendix D for all the height measurements). Trees on NPK and sewage slurry plots gave approximately 50% of the biomass yield obtained with the

32

sewage cake. On Bryn Pica the biomass on the cake plots was five times the weight of the control. On Fforchwen the level of growth bore no comparison to that of Bryn Pica. However, nutrient availability would appear to be a factor determining success or failure. The NPK plots had the highest average with 396g, again a fivefold increase on the control figure Neither sewage plots did as well This could be because, although many nutrients were applied to the plots, they were not available either because the roots could not penetrate to where sewage was deposited, or because the surface applications were quickly taken up by rampant grass growth Without further research these are just hypotheses. On the evidence given here it is probable that a case can be made that, given nutrient availability, ground preparation and good crop husbandry, these rapidly growing poplars can perform exceptionally well on reclaimed coal spoil tips This is borne out by work elsewhere

'Hybrid Populus cuttings were easily handled First year establishment was the critical stage, with few later losses When closely planted, early canopy closure shaded out field weeds and deep rooting formed continuous channels with organic residues in the soil. Their vigorous growth was enhanced rather than reduced on compacted poorly-drained soils The ability of appropriate hybrids to grow well on such sites, highly limiting for most species, makes Populus a valuable tree for reclamation of mined lands, landfills, and other disturbed sites' (Clark-Ashby, 1995, page 71.)

5.2.7 Looking at the figures for alder, on both of the sites, regardless of treatment, the trees appeared to perform consistently well if not spectacularly - the highest average biomass being 1132.38g, the lowest 532 23g It is the only species of the three where on both sites there is a similarity in averages, which may indicate its ability to grow well in many conditions and may also highlight the needs of the other species for more favourable, or specific conditions

528 The willow consistently performed badly on both sites but particularly Fforchwen, where the lowest average was 21 81g on the intercrop plots The highest average was 418 22g on Bryn Pica on the NPK plots, but even this was far lower then any other trial for the other species The obvious conclusion is that Salix cinerea was probably a wrong choice of willow for these sites and for this type of rapid growth expectation With hindsight it would probably have been better to try one of the quick growing willow clones such as Salix vimmalis 'Bowles Hybrid'; Salix vimmalis 'Gigantea' or; Salix * dasyclados. (Stott et al 1981, and Stott & Clay 1993)

33

5.2.9 Averages by fertilisation treatment, species and blocks across each site are: (Refer to Appendix E for actual figures.)

Table 5.7 - Bryn Pica.

PERT.

IIC - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

2/NPK - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

3/IC - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

4/SC - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

5/SS - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

Species I/Pi

242.80 1089.69 143.67

480.91 2893.75 157.80

870.63 1174.67 153.75

2295.00 3604.00 1821.67

1796.43 1756.15 755.00

2/Ag

1126.00 1361.33 854.17

338.93 1085.71 335.00

756.92 221.07 867.33

581.88 1352.50 571.92

1451.00 473.75 566.15

3/Sc' "**

281.67 658.75 44.38

264.67 649.38 318.57

105.31 98.57 89.69

227.22 720.00 443.33

124.38 506.25 208.21

Averages by block across Bryn Pica indicate some variability in conditions across the site. Averages for all species in block two are substantially higher then the other two blocks. In block three the conditions appear to be poorer with averages depressed across all species. This is borne out by site observations where many large boulders were seen on the site surface. The problem with willow and sewage cake is also shown in block two where the average of 720g represents only one surviving tree.

34

Table 5.8 - Fforchwen

FERT.

1/C - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

2/NPK - block 1- block 2 - block 3

3/IC - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

4/SC - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

5/SS - block 1 - block 2 - block 3

Species I/Pi

96.33 53.9375.33

544.00 282.00 362.00

332.00 178.75 50.50

500.00 159.38 186.88

166.47 330.00 143.85

2/Ag

1200.00 384.06 966.88

357.50 681.25 1390.63

713.75 405.00 470.00

423.00 770.63 540.94

211.07 928.75 545.00

3/Sc

57.47 48.94 15.07

231.56 191.33 53.67

29.54 25.20 12.21

18.50 3.5042.00

85.0022.25 27.50

There were no obvious signs of variability across blocks from the averages given in Table 5.8. This may indicate a greater level of homogeneity of site conditions on Fforchwen. This is certainly borne out by site observations where no obvious differences could be picked out both in terms of spoil and existing vegetation.

5.2.10 The experimental sums of squares, analysis of variance for both Fforchwen and for Bryn Pica indicate that the Null Hypothesis is incorrect. Statistically significant differences exist: -- for the main effects of fertilisation treatment, species and blocks;- for the two way interactions, fertilisation * species, fertilisation * block, and for species * block ,- and for the three way interactions fertilisation * species * blocks. For the Bryn Pica site the 44 degrees of freedom i.e. the 45 treatments (15 trials * 3 blocks), account for nearly 60% of the sum of squares, whereas the residual 574 degrees of freedom only account for 40% of the sum of squares. For the Fforchwen site the 44 degrees of freedom for the treatments, account over 60% of the sum of squares, whereas the residual 592 degrees of freedom account for less then 40 % of the sum of squares. However on Fforchwen the F ratio between the three way interactions and the residual overall would appear to indicate that the treatments are not the cause of the variability and that the site is fairly homogenous (Appendix E). There is variance on both

35

sites, on Bryn Pica caused by the main effects, but this analysis does not show where that variance lies.

5.3 One way factor analysis of variance for- species and fertilisation - the main effects. (Appendix F).

5.3.1 Significant differences were determined in the analysis of variance. Discounting replicates, three different multiple comparison tests - LSD Test, Modified LSD (Bonferroni) Test, and Scheffe Test - each with a probability level of 0.05, were undertaken for each species and for each site to determine where the significant variation was occurring for each species and fertilisation treatment. For the purposes of discussion the more sensitive Scheffe's Test only is used (Morgan, 1991); reference to the other tests can be made in Appendix F. These tests use the variable - 'weight in grammes' - to compare with the variable - 'fertilisation treatment1 - to indicate significant differences in performance of a particular species, with a particular fertilisation treatment, compared to all the other fertilisation treatments.

5.3.2 Scheffe's Test on poplar trials gave the following results.

Table 5.9 - Bryn Pica.(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

505.0435

723.6170

1258.4884

1396.7442

2635.3659

FERT.

1

3

2

5

4

FERT.

1

*

*

3

*

2

*

5

*

4

Fertilisation treatment 5, sewage slurry, has a significantly higher yield than treatment 1, the control. Fertilisation treatment 4, sewage cake, has a significantly higher yield from all other treatments for poplar on Bryn Pica. It should be noted that using the other tests both the NPK and the sewage slurry treatments, indicate significantly higher differences in yield over the control and the intercrop.

36

Table 5.10 - Fforchwen(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

75.6818

189.9333

213.9762

279.0000

396.0000

FERT.

1

3

5

4

2

FERT.

1

*

*

3

*

5

*

4 2

For poplar on Fforchwen, fertilisation treatment 4, sewage cake, has a significantly higher yield than treatment 1, the control. Treatment 2, NPK, has a significantly higher yield than all other treatments, except sewage cake.

These figures would appear to bear out the hypothesis that the poplars are able to perform well on these coal spoil tips if nutrients are available. On Bryn Pica these nutrients were supplied from both the sewage and the NPK with the sewage providing the best results. On Fforchwen, the NPK treatment provided the best results, indicating that the sewage nutrients were not available, as mentioned previously, possibly because of the competition from grass or from the inability of the roots to penetrate recompacted soil material.

5.3.3 Scheffe's Test on the alder plots gave the following results:

Table 5.11 - Bryn Pica(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

599.1250

617.7381

787.2857

853.0000

1132.3810

FERT.

2

3

5

4

1

FERT.

2

*

3

*

5 4 1

37

For alder on Bryn Pica, fertilisation treatment 1, the control, has a significantly higher yield than treatment 2, NPK, and treatment 3, the intercrop, but not significantly higher than either of the sewage treatments.

Table 5.12 - Fforchwen(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

532.2340

576.8478

581.4894

850.3125

900.2500

FERT.

3

5

4

1

2

FERT.

3

*

5 4 1 2

For alder on Fforchwen, fertilisation treatment 2, NPK, has a significantly higher yield than treatment 3, the intercrop, but not from any other treatments.

These results are perhaps inconclusive or reflects alder's ability, other things being equal, to perform consistently well on these types of sites regardless of the fertilisation treatment. If the other tests are looked at the NPK treatment is significantly different from the intercrop, sewage cake and sewage slurry. The results may even indicate that alder prefer to have no organic matter additions because of their nitrogen fixing ability, and the additions of substantial amounts of organic matter actually may have depressed this ability. This is speculative and would need further research to determine whether or not there was any validity in it.

38

5.3.4 Scheffe's Test on the willow plots gave the following results:

Table 5.13 - Bryn Pica(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

97.8261

316.0526

329.2553

355.5263

418.2222

PERT.

3

5

1

4

2

PERT.

3

*

*

*

*

5 1 4 2

For the willow on Bryn Pica, all treatments performed better than treatment 3, the intercrop. However these results probably reflect Salix cinerea's ability to grow on poor soil regardless of the fertilisation treatment, even if this growth is not exceptional (refer to averages). The main indication therefore is that there is only a slight difference between treatments.

Table 5.14 - Fforchwen.(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

21.8108

25.0909

41.2444

44.9167

160.4348

PERT.

3

4

1

5

2

PERT.

3

*

4

*

1

*

5

*

2

For the willow on Fforchwen fertilisation treatment 2, NPK, significantly performed better than all other treatments. These results contradict the Bryn Pica conclusions and clearly indicate that this willow responds to an inorganic surface fertiliser dressing, at least on Fforchwen.

The overall results for willow are inconclusive since, while Salix cinerea survives well on these sites, the overall averages are very poor Therefore the

39

only conclusion which can be drawn from these figures is to confirm that this particular willow is inappropriate for biomass growth on coal spoil tips.

5.4 Two-way factor analysis of variance - fertilisation treatment and blocks. (Appendix G).

Two-way analysis of variance was undertaken with no multiple comparison test for each species, on both sites, for variability between blocks by method of fertilisation. For all species on both sites the results of these analyses (Appendix G) indicate significant differences between blocks of individual species, and significant differences between methods of fertilisation.

5.5 Three way factor analysis of variance - species, fertilisation treatment and blocks. (Appendix H).

5.5.1 Significant differences were determined by a three way analysis of variance. A multiple comparison test (Scheffe's Test only with probability level of 0.5) for each species, block and site by fertilisation treatment was undertaken to indicate variation of performance within each site. The variable, weight in grammes, was compared with the variable, fertilisation treatment What follows is a brief discussion of the results. The detail figures can be referred to in Appendix H.

5.5.2 Scheffe's Test for poplar on Bryn Pica gave the following results:

Table 5.15 - block 1(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

242.8000

480.9091

870.6250

1796.4286

2295.0000

FERT.

1

2

3

5

4

FERT.

1

*

*

2

*

*

3

*

5 4

40

Table 5.16 - block 2(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

1089.6875

1174.6667

1756.1538

2893.7500

3604.0000

PERT.

1

3

5

2

4

PERT.

1

*

*

3

*

*

5

*

2 4

Table 5.17 - block 3(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean

143.6667

153.7500

157.8125

755.0000

1821.6667

PERT.

1

3

2

5

4

PERT.

1

*

*

3

*

*

2

*

*

5

*

4

Block 1. The sewage slurry plot gave a significantly higher yield than thecontrol and NPK treatments. The sewage cake plot gave a significantly higheryield than the control, NPK and intercrop treatments.Block 2. The NPK plot gave a significantly higher yield than the control andintercrop treatments. The sewage cake plot gave a significantly higher yieldthan the control, intercrop and sewage slurry treatments.Block 3. The sewage slurry plot gave a significantly higher yield than thecontrol, intercrop and NPK treatments The sewage cake plot gave asignificantly higher yield than all other treatments.

There is a consistency across the site in that poplar and sewage cake, and poplar and sewage slurry perform significantly better than any of the other poplar trials, regardless of their position on the site. The improvement in the performance of sewage on block 3 may indicate poor soil conditions, the addition of organic matter, perhaps, aiding the situation.

41

5.5.3 Scheffe's Test for alder on Bryn Pica gave the following results:

Table 5.18 - block 1(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

3389286

581.8750

756.9231

1126.0000

1451.0000

FERT.

2

4

3

1

5

FERT.

2

*

*

4

*

*

3

*

1 5

Table 5.19 - block 2(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

221.0714

473.7500

1085.7143

1352.5000

1361.3333

FERT.

3

5

2

4

1

FERT.

3

*

*

*

5

*

*

2 4 1

Table 5.20 - block 3(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

335.0000

566.1538

571.9231

854.1667

867.3333

FERT.

2

5

4

1

3

FERT.

2

*

*

5 4 1 3

42

Block 1. The control plot had a significantly higher yield than the NPK andsewage cake treatments. The sewage slurry plot had a significantly higheryield than the NPK, sewage cake and intercrop treatmentsBlock 2. The NPK plot had a significantly higher yield than the intercrop.The sewage cake and control plots had significantly higher yields than theintercrop and the sewage slurry treatments.Block 3. The control and intercrop plots had significantly higher yields thanthe NPK treatments.

From the above it is difficult to determine whether there are any factors playing their part across this site. The clearest indication is that there is significant difference in the performance of the alders, but that it is not necessarily dependent either on the site in general, or the experimental treatments, but rather localised conditions in the site, the management or both. Variance could be due, for example, to poor weed control on one plot compared to another, or as another example, toxic conditions in a very small area, such as pyrites causing a low pH.

5.5.4 Scheffe's Test for willow on Bryn Pica gave the following results:

Block 1. No two groups of willow/ fertilisation treatment were significantly different in replicate 1, at the Bryn Pica site.

Table 5.21 - block 2.(*) Indicates significant higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle.

Mean Wt(g)

98.5714

506.2500

649.3750

658.7500

720.0000

FERT.

3

5

2

1

4

FERT.

3

*

*

*

5 2 1 4

NB. No (*) for the 700g as this represents only one live tree

43

Table 5.22 - block 3.(*) Indicates significant higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

44.3750

89.6875

208.2143

318.5714

443.3333

PERT.

1

3

5

2

4

PERT.

1

*

*

*

3

*

*

5

*

2 4

Block 1 The analysis of variance was not significant. No two plots weresignificantly different.Block 2. The sewage slurry, NPK and control plots had significantly higheryields than the intercrop treatment.Block 3. The sewage slurry plot had a significantly higher yield than thecontrol treatment. The NPK plot had a significantly higher yield than thecontrol and intercrop treatments. The sewage cake plot had a significantlyhigher yield than the control, intercrop and sewage slurry treatments.

These results were difficult to interpret because they appeared to indicate that willow and sewage cake produced the greatest biomass out of the willow trials on Bryn Pica. However, these results are misleading as they are based upon averages of live trees of which there were few on the sewage cake plots. From observation those trees which survived at the edge of the plots appear to have done reasonably well. If the sewage cake plots are discounted there would appear to be a level of consistency across the site with both the sewage slurry and the NPK showing significantly higher yields compared with the control and intercrop. Results from block 3 may indicate poor spoil conditions as the three nutrient treatments perform the best.

44

5.5.5 Scheffe's Test for poplar on Fforchwen gave the following results:

Table 5.23 - block 1(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

secX;

Mean Wt(g)

96.3333

166.4667

332.0000

500.0000

544.0000

FERT.

1

5

3

4

2

FERT.

1

*

*

5

*

*

3 4 2

Block 2. - No two groups are significantly different at the .050 level.

Table 5.24 - block 3.(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

50.5000

75.3333

143.8462

186.8750

362.0000

FERT.

3

1

5

4

2

FERT.

3

*

1

*

5

*

4

*

2

Block 1. The sewage cake and NPK plots gave significantly higher yieldsthan the control and sewage slurry treatments.Block 2. Analysis of variance was not significant. No statistical differencesexisted.Block 3. The NPK plot gave significantly higher yields than all othertreatments.

There would appear to be a level of site homogeneity in terms of poplar's performance at Fforchwen, with the addition of an inorganic fertilizer bringing about the best growth response. This may help confirm an earlier finding (see 5.5.2) that poplar do respond to nutrient additions to the site but that for

45

some reason with the sewage trials, they were not becoming available to the roots As stated earlier, competition from grass on the sewage slurry plots and compaction making the cake nutrients unavailable to the root systems, are two possible reasons The second reason is borne out a little by observations of one poplar root system which was dug up where there was no apparent tap root but considerable lateral root growth

556 Scheffe's Test for alder on Fforchwen gave the following results

Table 5.25 - block 1(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

211.0714

357.5000

423.0000

713.7500

1200.0000

PERT.

5

2

4

3

1

PERT.

5

*

*

2

*

4

*

3

*

1

Table 5.26 - block 2.(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

384.0625

405.0000

681.2500

770.6250

928.7500

PERT.

1

3

2

4

5

PERT.

1

*

3

*

2 4 5

46

Table 5.27 - block 3.(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

470.0000

540.9375

545.0000

966.8750

1390.6250

FERT.

3

4

5

1

2

FERT.

3

*

4

*

5

*

1 2

Within block three homogeneous subsets (highest and lowest means are not significantly different) exist as follows:

Table 5 28 - Subset 1

PERT

Mean

3

470.0000

4

540.9375

5

545.0000

1

966.8750

Table 5.29 - Subset 2

FERT

Mean

1

966.8750

2

1390.6250

Block 1. The intercrop plot gave significantly higher yields than the sewageslurry treatment. The control plot gave significantly higher yields than allother treatments. The trees where there is a lack of nutrients appeared to dothe best on block 1!Block 2. The sewage slurry plot gave significantly higher yields than thecontrol and intercrop treatments. Trees receiving organic nutrient additionappeared to help on block 2 in contradiction to block 1!Block 3. The NPK plot gave significantly higher yields than the intercrop,sewage cake and sewage slurry treatments. Those receiving inorganic nutrientaddition did the best, in contradiction to the above! However for this block,two homogenous subsets exist as in Tables 5.28 and 5 29 above.

Results for alder are again inconclusive. Alder appears to respond to other localised factors (such as compaction, water availability, toxicity or management) in the first instance rather than fertilisation treatment. A particular treatment may help, but the treatment could be different for different plots on the same site. This trait may be a problem if one desires a species

47

Table 5.32 - block 3(*) Indicates significantly higher differences in yield which are shown in thelower triangle

Mean Wt(g)

12.2143

15.0714

27.5000

42.0000

53.6667

FERT.

3

1

5

4

2

FERT.

3

*

*

1

*

5

*

4 2

Block 1. The NPK plot gave significantly higher yields than all othertreatmentsBlock 2. The NPK plot gave significantly higher yields than all othertreatments, as per replicate 1.Block 3. The sewage cake plot gave a significantly higher yield than theintercrop. The NPK plot gave significantly higher yields than the intercrop,control and sewage slurry treatments.

Clearly these blocks indicate a level of homogeneity across the Fforchwen site for willow. They also clearly indicate that the willow is responding significantly better to the NPK treatment than to any other treatment. The sewage cake result on block 3 is probably caused by a distortion in the averages as a consequence of low survival rate of the willow grown on this treatment.

5.6 Summary of analysis of variance.

Key points from these analyses are listed below.- The overall survival rates are 86% on Bryn Pica, and 88% on

Fforchwen. These are slightly depressed by the willow's failure on the sewagecake plots

- There are significant variations between the two sites with Bryn Pica having higher averages across all treatments and greater inter tree variability. Significance level of 0.05.

- The overall averages for sewage cake on Bryn Pica are substantially higher than any other treatment.

- The highest overall averages on the Fforchwen site are from the NPK treatments.

- Poplar on Bryn Pica grew well.- Alder on both sites grew well, perhaps regardless of treatment.

49

- Willow did not grow well. There may be some response to NPK treatment. Salix cinerea may have been an inappropriate willow species for biomass production on reclaimed coal spoil tips.

- The willow appears to have been killed by sewage cake- Poplar seemed to respond to nutrient availability It responded

exceptionally well on the sewage cake plots on Bryn Pica, with a statistically significant difference compared to all other species and treatment. Significance level 0.05.

- Compaction on Fforchwen may be a limiting factor, particularly to poplar.

- Weed growth may also be a limiting factor- The broom intercrop failed on both sites- On the Bryn Pica site there appears to be some variability in soil

conditions- Differences existed between blocks for all species on both sites- Differences existed within methods of treatment on both sites- Fforchwen appears to be a fairly homogenous site- Statistical differences exist which are caused by the experimental

treatments on Bryn Pica but may not on Fforchwen due perhaps to site homogeneity.

50

CHAPTER 6.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

Analysis of Yield.

6.1 Introduction.

6.1.1 Yield was calculated simply as tonnes of dry matter per hectare per year There are two simple calculations where the wet weight of an individual tree, or the average wet weight of an individual tree, is multiplied by 10,000, which gives the wet weight per hectare, which is then halved to give the wet weight per annum, (the trees have been growing two years), which is then divided by 1,000,000 the number of grammes in one tonne, which is then multiplied by the wet:dry ratio (Appendix C) to give the weight in dry tonnes per annum An example is given below is of a poplar tree weighing 484 grammes wet.

484 * 10,000 = 4,840,000 wet grammes per hectare potential/ 2 years

4,840,000 / 2 = 2,420,000 wet grammes per annum

2,420,000 / 1,000,000 = 2.42 wet tonnes per annum

2.42 * 0.494 = 1 195 dry tonnes per hectare per year

6.1.2 Research elsewhere has determined that it is possible to grow over ten tonnes of dry matter per annum, per hectare using short rotation coppice methods on lowland soils For example:

"Yields of over 10 tonnes (dt/ha/yr) are attainable on lowland sites in Britain using poplar or willow clones at 1*1 metre spacing" (Dept. of Energy, 1991e, page 1.)

"Overall yields ranged from 2.0-19.4 dry tonnes/hectare/year with considerable variation between years, sites, species and treatments The highest recorded yield was for Salix burjicata Korso' (194 dt/ha/yr) but this was only at one site where disease had not yet affected the crop Consistently high yields were obtained from Populus 'RAP' with an overall mean yield for both assessments of 10.7 dt/ha/yr " (Potter, 1990, Summary )

"Yields from biomass plantations have been reported as high as 30+ oven dry tonnes per hectare per year, without fertiliser or irrigation Often these yields have been calculated from small research plots rather then field plantations, but it is realistic to expect yields of 10 - 20 dt/ha/yr depending on the choice of clone, the site, and the intensity of the management regime" (Ford- Robertson, 1992, page 269.)

51

6.1.3 These references give an indication as to the potential yields of biomass from short rotation coppice on lowland agricultural land The calculations which follow give an indication of the range of potential yields on the two upland coal spoil tip sites of Bryn Pica and Fforchwen. A straight comparison can then be made to indicate the potential for growing this type of crop as an economical end-use for reclaimed coal spoil tips For each trial a range of yields has been calculated. The averages have been calculated by block, including dead trees, and excluding dead trees The average of these averages have also been used to calculate yield As a hypothetical maximum the heaviest individual tree has also been used to calculate yield, although it is recognised that these could represent rogue individual trees which have performed exceptionally well Yield is expressed in dry tonnes per hectare per year Refer to Appendix D for original data and Appendix H for averages

6.2 Yield Calculations.

6.2.1 Trial 1, poplar control, yield calculations WetDry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 47.8%; Fforchwen, 45 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.1

Bryn Pica 1

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

134.69

0.32

Av of Av

484.0

1.16

Av ex (0) dead trees

492.01

1.18

Block - highest av.

1089.69

2.6

Heaviest ind. tree.

2900

6.93

Key: - Block - lowest av. The lowest average from any block on this site for trial 1, used to calculate yield..

- Av. of Av Average calculated from all the block averages of this trial on this site, used to calculate yield

- Av ex (0) dead trees. Average calculated from all the blocks excluding the dead trees (referred to as 0 in the original data), used to calculate yield

- Block - highest av Average calculated using the highest block average, used to calculate yield

- Heaviest ind tree Actual weight of heaviest tree used to calculate yield

- Wt. in grammes Weight in grammes- Yield dt/ha/yr Yield in dry tonnes per hectare per year

52

Table 6.2

Fforchwen1

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

47.19

0.11

Av ofAv.

6938

0.16

Av. ex (0) dead trees

75.2

0.17

Block - highest av

96.33

0.22

Heaviest ind tree

320

0.73

NB - the two sites are very different Fforchwen would appear to be fairly homogenous across the site, Bryn Pica would appear to be variable and where nutrients are available good poplar growth occurs

622 Trial 2, poplar and NPK, yield calculations WetDry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 47.8%; Fforchwen, 45 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.3

Bryn Pica2

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

157.81

0.38

Av ofAv.

1127.4

2.69

Av. ex (0) dead trees

1177.49

281

Block - highest av

2893.75

6.92

Heaviest ind. tree.

4900

11.71

Table 6.4

Fforchwen2

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr

Block -lowest av.

33938

0.77

Av ofAv.

371.25

084

Av. ex (0) dead trees

396

09

Block - highest av.

544

1.23

Heaviest ind. tree.

1300

2.95

NB - the two sites are very different, with both responding to the addition of NPK The heaviest tree yield is comparable to yields from elsewhere (Dept of Energy, 1991e)

53

6.2.3 Trial 3, poplar and broom intercrop, yield calculations WetDry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 47.8%, Fforchwen, 45.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.5

Bryn Pica 3

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

153.75

038

Av ofAv.

708.54

1.69

Av. ex (0) dead trees

73302

1.75

Block - highest av

1174.67

281

Heaviest ind. tree

2650

6.33

Table 6.6

Fforchwen 3

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

44.19

0.1

Av of Av

178.06

0.4

Av ex (0) dead trees

187.08

042

Block - highest av

332

0.75

Heaviest ind tree

760

1.73

NB - the two sites are different, but both are comparable to the control plots. Many broom plants died, and positive benefits, if any, are likely to come in subsequent years when the plantation has become established and nitrogen has started to accumulate in the soil Broom may not have been the best plant to use, but given that nutrient availability is a key success factor, the use of intercrops should not be ruled out of subsequent plantings

6.2.4 Trial 4, poplar and sewage cake, yield calculation Wet:Dry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 47.8%; Fforchwen, 45.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.7

Bryn Pica 4

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

1366.25

3.27

Av. ofAv.

2251.04

5.4

Av ex (0) dead trees

2573.56

6.15

Block - highest av

3604

861

Heaviest ind. tree

8100

1936

54

Table 6.8

Fforchwen 4

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

79.69

0.18

Av ofAv.

203.44

0.46

Av. ex (0) dead trees

282.09

064

Block - highest av

500

1.14

Heaviest ind tree

1200

2.72

NB - both sites are very different On both sites the addition of the nutrients has had positive results, and could aid long term soil formation The best results on Bryn Pica are spectacular and indicate a potential which is comparable if not better than sites elsewhere The averages are also very good with 8.61 dry tonnes/hectare/year being somewhat less than the average for other sites The trees on Fforchwen did not respond nearly as well, the assumption being that the nutrients were not available for some reason

625 Trial 5, poplar and sewage slurry, yield calculations WetDry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 47 8%; Fforchwen, 45 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.9

Bryn Pica5

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

755

1.8

Av of Av.

1251.25

299

Av ex (0) dead trees

1435.86

343

Block -highest av

1796.43

4.29

Heaviest ind. tree

4100

9.8

Table 6 10

Fforchwen5

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr

Block - lowest av.

11688

0.27

Av ofAv.

18723

043

Av ex (0) dead trees

21344

0.49

Block - highest av

330

0.75

Heaviest ind. tree

1050

238

NB - the two sites are different The heaviest tree yield indicated a good potential from this treatment on Bryn Pica, again with potential long term benefits to soil formation Yields from this treatment could improve with each harvest, as subsequent applications of slurry could easily be added before the stools sprout again This combination could potentially be useful for water companies looking for regular users of sewage slurry as a resource rather

55

then a waste material. This is increasingly so as disposal at sea will become more unacceptable and illegal. (Dept. of Environment, 1990)

626 Trial 6, alder control, yield calculations Wetdry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 52.6%, Fforchwen, 52.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.11

Bryn Pica 6

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

640.63

1.68

Av ofAv.

990.84

2.61

Av ex (0) dead trees

1113.83

293

Block - highest av

1361.83

3 58

Heaviest ind tree

2400

6.31

Table 612

Fforchwen 6

Wt. ingrammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

384.06

1.01

Av of Av.

85031

2.22

Av ex (0) dead trees

85031

2.22

Block - highest av.

966.88

2.53

Heaviest ind. tree.

2200

5.76

NB - Alder grew well on both sites, with no additional treatments.

6.2.7 Trial 7, alder and NPK, yield calculations Wetdry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 52.6%, Fforchwen, 52.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 613

Bryn Pica7

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

251.15

066

Av. ofAv

49924

1.31

Av. ex (0) dead trees

58655

1.54

Block - highest av

1085.71

286

Heaviest ind tree

3100

8.15

56

Table 6.14

Fforchwen7

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

178.75

0.47

Av. ofAv.

750.21

1.97

Av ex (0) dead trees

80979

2.12

Block - highest av

1390.63

3.64

Heaviest ind tree

2550

668

NB - It is difficult to see if there is any difference between the two sites or compared to the control The heaviest tree yield is almost comparable to other sites, and illustrates a clear potential

628 Trial 8, alder and broom intercrop, yield calculations Wet dry ratios are Bryn Pica, 52.6%; Fforchwen, 52 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.15

Bryn Pica 8

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

193.44

0.51

Av. of Av.

540.52

1.42

Av. ex (0) dead trees

615.11

1.62

Block - highest av

867.33

2.28

Heaviest ind. tree

1700

447

Table 6.16

Fforchwen 8

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

379.69

099

Av. ofAv.

521.15

1.37

Av. ex (0) dead trees

52958

1.39

Block - highest av.

713.75

1.87

Heaviest ind tree

1950

5.11

NB - similar values for both sites The broom largely failed and these figures should be similar to those of the control, in comparison they are actually slightly lower

57

6.2.9 Trial 9, alder and sewage cake, yield calculations Wetdry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 52.6%, Fforchwen, 52.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.17

Bryn Pica 9

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

464.69

1.22

Av ofAv.

799.69

2.1

Av. ex (0) dead trees

835.43

2.2

Block - highest av

1352.5

3.56

Heaviest ind tree

2550

6.71

Table 6 18

Fforchwen 9

Wt. ingrammes

Yield dt/ha/yr

Block - lowest av.

396.56

1.04

Av ofAv.

56938

1.49

Av. ex (0) dead trees

578.19

1.51

Block - highest av.

770.63

2.02

Heaviest ind tree

1750

459

NB - Bryn Pica appears slightly higher, possibly a reflection of nutrient availability on this site. Good growth, but clearly alder are not so responsive to sewage cake as poplar Potential long term benefits to the soil

6.2.10 Trial 10, alder and sewage slurry, yield calculation Wetdry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 52.6%; Fforchwen, 52.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.19

Bryn Pica 10

Wt. in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block -lowest av.

355.31

093

Av of Av

57406

1.51

Av. ex (0) dead trees

830.3

2.18

Block - highest av.

1451

3 82

Heaviest ind. tree

2500

658

58

Table 6.20

Fforchwen 10

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

18469

0.48

Av ofAv.

552.81

1.45

Av. ex (0) dead trees

561.61

1.47

Block - highest av

928.75

2.43

Heaviest ind tree

2050

537

NB - Alder does well again on both sites Soil benefits

6.2.11 Trial 11, willow control, yield calculations Wet: dry ratios are Bryn Pica, 49.4%; Fforchwen 47 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.21

Bryn Pica 11

Wt. ingrammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

44.38

Oil

Av of Av

323.02

0.8

Av. ex (0) dead trees

32827

0.81

Block - highest av

658.75

1.63

Heaviest ind tree

1550

3.83

Table 6.22

Fforchwen 11

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

13.19

003

Av ofAv.

3867

0.09

Av. ex (0) dead trees

40.49

0.1

Block - highest av

57.47

0.14

Heaviest ind. tree.

200

047

NB - marked differences between the two sites. This species grew poorly on both sites.

59

6.2 12 Trial 12, willow and NPK, yield calculations Wet:dry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 49.4%, Fforchwen 47.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.23

Bryn Pica 12

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

248.13

0.61

Av of Av

392.09

0.97

Av ex (0) dead trees

410.87

1.01

Block - highest av

649.38

1.6

Heaviest ind tree

1150

284

Table 6.24

Fforchwen 12

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

50.31

0.12

Av ofAv.

153.75

036

Av. ex (0) dead trees

158.85

0.38

Block - highest av

231.56

0.55

Heaviest ind tree

560

1.33

NB - Differences between the two sites, but both show some response to the application of inorganic fertilizer

6.2.13 Trial 13, willow and broom intercrop, yield calculations Wet: dry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 49.4%; Fforchwen 47.4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.25

Bryn Pica 13

Wt ingrammes

Yield dt/ha/yr

Block - lowest av

8625

021

Av ofAv.

93.75

0.23

Av. ex (0) dead trees

97.86

0.24

Block - highest av

105.31

026

Heaviest ind. tree.

320

079

60

Table 6.26

Fforchwen 13

Wt in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

10.69

0.03

Av ofAv.

16.81

0.04

Av. ex (0) dead trees

22.32

0.05

Block - highest av

29.54

0.07

Heaviest ind tree

60

0.14

NB - the lowest yield represents virtually no growth over the two year period even though the trees survived This was borne out by observation where the smallest trees were little more then the original cuttings

6.2.14 Trial 14, willow and sewage cake, yield calculations Note the effect of sewage cake on willow, which produced a high mortality rate Wetdry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 49 4%, Fforchwen 47 4% (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.27

Bryn Pica 14

Wt in grammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

45

on

Av of Av

140.73

0.35

Av. ex (0) dead trees

463.52

1.15

Block -highest av.

720

1.78

Heaviest ind. tree.

790

1.95

Table 6.28

Fforchwen 14

Wt ingrammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av

1.31

0.003

Av ofAv.

11.5

0.03

Av. ex (0) dead trees

21.33

005

Block - highest av

42

0.1

Heaviest ind. tree.

90

021

NB - the two sites are different The lowest yield reflects no growth The figures are also distorted upwards by the high mortality rate

61

6.2.15 Trial 15, willow and sewage slurry, yield calculation. Wet:dry ratios are: Bryn Pica, 49.4%; Fforchwen 47 4%. (Refer to Appendix C)

Table 6.29

Bryn Pica 15

Wt. in grammes

Yield dt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

62.19

0.15

Av. ofAv.

250.21

0.62

Av. ex (0) dead trees

279.61

0.69

Block - highest av

506.25

1.25

Heaviest ind. tree.

980

2.42

Table 6.30

Fforchwen 15

Wt. ingrammes

Yielddt/ha/yr.

Block - lowest av.

22.25

0.05

Av. of Av.

44.92

0.11

Av. ex (0) dead trees

44.92

0.11

Block - highest av.

85

0.2

Heaviest ind. tree

200

0.47

NB - Differences exist between the two sites. Willow on Bryn Pica would seem to be able to respond a little to the application of a surface dressing of slurry, indicating that the problem with sewage probably lies when the roots are trying to establish from the cutting.

62

6.3 Summary of Yield, Average of Averages

63.1 The following table summarises yield in dry tonnes per hectare per year, excluding dead trees

Table 6.31

Trial

1 - Poplar control

2 - Poplar /NPK

3 - Poplar/ broom intercrop

4 - Poplar/ sewage cake

5 - Poplar/ sewage slurry

6 - AJder control

7 - Alder/NPK

8 - Alder/ broom intercrop

9 - Alder/ sewage cake

10 - Alder/ sewage slurry

1 1 - Willow control

12 - Willow/ NPK

13 - Willow/ broom intercrop

14 - Willow/ sewage cake

15 - Willow/ sewage slurry

Brvn Pica

1 18

281

1.75

6.15

3.43

293

1.54

1.62

220

2.18

0.81

1.01

0.24

1.15

0.69

Fforchwen

0.17

0.90

0.42

0.64

0.49

2.22

2.12

1.39

1.51

1.47

0.10

038

0.05

0.05

Oil

6.3.2 The above yield results and analysis of variance clearly indicate two key points:-- Variability in yield is primarily due to the experimental inputs Yield can be increased by the right planning, design, implementation and subsequent management of sites,- The choice of species and appropriate treatment can potentially give yields comparable to other site of better soil quality The highest yields for Poplar inleramericana 'Beaupre1 are significantly better than the other species tried, the key factor being nutrient availability The ability of alder to grow on these types of sites was reconfirmed

6.3.3 A clear recommendation can be made Further work can be justified to try different species and treatments on a larger scale, building upon these

63

initial findings, with the view to the use of short rotation biomass coppice being part of the portfolio of end uses for existing reclaimed land, or for land which is to be reclaimed in the future

64

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS.

7. 1 The purpose of this study has been to assess the potential for growing a short rotation biomass crop on the Bryn Pica and Fforchwen reclaimed coal spoil sites in the Cynon Valley, South Wales The results indicate a real potential for short rotation coppice biomass production on reclaimed or derelict sites in the United Kingdom Short rotation biomass offers an economic end use for reclaimed land, with secondary social and environmental benefits.

7.2 The trials have highlighted a number of critical success factors From this research and the literature, biomass plantings on this type of derelict land would appear to be highly dependent upon these three key interrelated factors: -

- the right planning and design, especially relating the particular species or clones to the specific site conditions;

- the use of best known practice in terms of site preparation, especially relief of compaction and nutrient availability;

- the best practice in site management, especially weed control, and where sheep are present, stock proof fencing.

7.3 The results show that variability exists both within and between treatments, and within blocks of the same species Analysis of variance showed that statistical differences exist, and are caused by the experimental treatments The implication of this is that yields of some of these trials have been increased significantly by the intervention of man Perhaps the more important implication is the ability to increase yield as our understanding of site conditions, species and clone needs, and of short rotation biomass techniques, improves Some of the yields indicated in the results are quite impressive, but they are possibly not the top end of the potential range

74 All three species grew on both sites with very high survival rates The alder, regardless of treatment grew well, with some of the treatments significantly improving growth performance The willow consistently performed the least well, although again some of the treatments significantly improved yield Where the right conditions were available (primarily nutrient availability and lack of compaction) the poplar were very impressive (maximum weight for a single tree was 8100 grammes, maximum height was 4.28 metres, after 2 seasons growth) The use of sewage cake and poplar on the Bryn Pica site produced yield calculations which were nearly comparable to yields achieved on lowland agricultural land Based upon the calculation of the averages of blocks this is 6 15 dry tonnes per hectare per annum Based

65

upon the single heaviest tree this is 19 36 dry tonnes per hectare per annum. Given the potential to increase yields as indicated by the statistical analyses, the possible yield from poplar (and other species) on reclaimed land is likely to be greater then indicated by these trials, which are a first and of a fairly limited scope.

75 The secondary social, environmental and economic benefits were not objectively assessed Subjectively, at the end of the trials the tree growth was having a visual impact. Both sites were fairly featureless tips before the trials started, but at the end the trees were noticeable both close at hand and from a distance Both sites are close to the built environment and serve an amenity function already, which could be enhanced by this The growth of the trees and the addition of nutrients will change the ecological balance of the two sites. Cognisance of the existing ecological diversity of the site would need to be taken before an already reclaimed site was changed If a considerable area of land was planted as short rotation coppice then there would be benefits on the local economy through employment and contracts to local companies Growing trees does take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere Even if wood chip is burnt as a fuel there would be no addition to the air compared with the use of fossil fuels The use of sewage also turns an environmental waste product into an economic resource

56 In summary there is an increasing interest in the growing of short rotation biomass as an energy crop This interest is likely to be maintained or increased with the need to find sustainable, renewable resources This is especially the case with energy and is the reason why such projects as biomass combined heat and power boilers have been, and are being, developed There is the likelihood that the market for biomass wood chip will grow Given the external conditions of market and environmental prerequisites of our energy consumption, linked to the yield potential as indicated in these trials, a case can be made that short rotation biomass production is a potential legitimate end use for reclaimed land in the United Kingdom The cautionary proviso is that much is still not known or developed, but that further work including the extension of these trials to a larger scale with additional species and treatment could be justified

66

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Clay DV & Parfitt RI Arable Energy Wood Crops- Weed Control Research at Long Ashton Research Station Wood Fuel for Thought Conference - Bristol 1991 Additional paper attached to site visit

Clay DV Weed Control in Short Rotation Coppice 1993 Conference Proceedings - Short Rotation Coppice Growing for Profit. Royal Agricultural Society.

Dawson WM Dispersed Heat and Power Production - The Enniskillen Gasifier Project 1993 Conference Proceedings - Short Rotation Coppice, Growing for Profit Royal Agricultural Society

Dept of Energy Energy Technical Support Unit Conference Proceedings Wood Fuel for Thought Ed GE Richards Harwell Laboratories 1992

Dept. of Energy Making Fuels from Wastes and Crops. Biofuels Technology in Britain 199la

Dept of Energy An Assessment of the Environmental Effects of Energy Forestry. Project Summary 001. 1991b

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Dept of Energy Large Scale Trials of Short Rotation Coppice for Energy, Phase 1. Project Summary 004. 199Id.

Dept of Energy. Coppiced Trees as Energy Crops Project Summary 005 1991e.

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Dept of Energy Storage and Drying of Wood Fuels Project Profile 208 1991n.

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Coed Cymru. Welsh Timber - Their Uses and Properties Information Sheet 1992

Coed Cyrnru Building in Timber Conference Report 1992

Coker EG, Davies RD, Hall JE & Carlton-Smith CH Field Experiments on the Use of Consolidated Sewage Sludge for Land Reclamation: Effects on Crop Yield and Composition and Soil Conditions, 1976-1981 Water Research Centre Technical Report 183 1982

Cornwell SM Report of Visit to Two Colliery Sites in South Wales - Cefhpennar and Longtown. Provided by British Coal undated

Dawson WM Production and Utilisation of Biomass from Short Rotation Coppiced Willow in Northern Ireland 1974 - 1989 NI Horticultural and Plant Breeding Station Loughall 1989 Dept of Agriculture for Northern Ireland

Dennington VN. An Assessment of the Potential of Derelict and Industrial Waste Land for the Growth of Energy Crops Yield Assessments and Management Strategies Derelict Land Reclamation Unit, University of York 1981

Dennington VN An Assessment of the Potential of Derelict and Industrial Waste Land for the Growth of Energy Crops Management Report Derelict Land Reclamation Unit, University of York 1979

Dennington VN. An Assessment of the Potential of Derelict and Industrial Waste Land for the Growth of Energy Crops Final Report. Derelict Land Reclamation Unit, University of York 1979.

Dennington VN, Chadwick MJ & Chase DS Energy Cropping on Derelict and Waste Land Journal of Environmental Management Vol. 16 Part 3 241-260 1983

Dept of Energy. Development of a Common Costing Methodology for Renewable Energy Systems Project Profile 115 1989

Dept of Energy Cost Data for Modelling Renewable Energy Systems Project Profile 133 1990

Dept of Trade and Industry Information on the Non- Fossil Fuel Obligation for Generators of Electricity from Renewable Sources Renewable Energy Bulletin No 5 1993.

Elias CO, Morgan AL, Palmer JP, Chadwick MJ The Establishment, Maintenance and Management of Vegetation on Colliery Spoil Sites Derelict Land Reclamation Research Unit, University of York 1982

Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU) Coppiced Poplar for Biomass Experiment Plan. 1989 Forestry Commission/ETSU.

Environmental Resources Ltd. Energy Forestry in Britain: Environmental Issues - Principal Findings Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1988

Environmental Resources Ltd. Energy Forestry in Britain: Environmental Issues Technical Annexes Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1988

Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH & Holdren JP Human Ecology - Problems and Solutions WH Freeman and Co 1973

ESD Engines Stirling Engines for Small Scale, High Efficiency Generation of Electricity from Arable Wood Coppice. ESD Engines 1993

Farm 2000 Ltd Greater Energy Output from Smokeless Straw Boilers Tractor and Farm Machinery Trader Centenary Issue February 1991

FEC Consultants Ltd Forestry Waste Firing of Industrial Boilers Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1990

Forest Authority Short Rotation Coppice in the Landscape Forestry Practice Advice Note 1. 1994. Forestry Commission

Forestry Commission Marketing for Small Woodlands: County Lists of Mills, Merchants and Contractors Forestry Commission/Operation Groundwork 1991

Forestry Dept, Aberdeen University Establishment and Monitoring of Large Scale Trials of Short Rotation Forestry for Energy. Dept. of Energy (ETSU) 1989.

Forestry Dept., Aberdeen University Wood Fuel Supply Strategies Volume 1: The Report Dept. of Energy (ETSU) 1990

Forestry Dept, Aberdeen University Wood Fuel Supply Strategies Volume 2: Harvesting Trials Summaries. Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1990

Gentcheva-Kostadinova Sv & Haigh MJ. Land Reclamation and Afforestation Research on the Coal Mine Disturbed Lands of Bulgaria Land Use Policy Vol 5, 94-102. 1988.

Good JEG, Williams TG & Moss D Survival and Growth of Selected Clones of Birch and Willow on Restored Opencast Coal Sites Journal of Applied Ecology 22 995-1008 1985.

HawkesDL Research, Communicating your Results 1990 Polytechnic of Wales

Jeffries RA, Bradshaw AD & Putwain PD Growth, Nitrogen Accumulation and Nitrogen Transfer by Legume Species Established on Mine Spoils Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol.18 945-956. 1981.

Keep Wales Tidy Campaign The River Taff Basin - A Pilot Study Into Litter Abatement. Keep Wales Tidy 1992

King LD Mineralisation and Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen in Soil-Applied Liquid Sewage Sludge Journal Environmental Quality. Vol 2 356-358 1973

Lynn SF, Slater FM & Randerson PF The Ecological Impact of Sewage Sludge Application on Woodland Vegetation Aspects of Applied Biology 29, 383-388, 1992 Vegetation Management in Forestry, Amenity and Conservation Areas

Lyons GJ Short Rotation Forestry A Energy Crop for Irish Farms Farm and Food Research Vol. 13 Part 3 68-70. 1982.

McNab WH & Berry CR. Distribution of Aboveground Biomass in Three Pine Species Planted on the Devastated Site Amended with Sewage Sludge or Inorganic Fertilizer. Forest Science Vol 31 No 2, 373-382 1985

Mitchell CP Short Rotation Forestry for Energy Single Stem Plantations Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1989

Moffat AJ & Bending NAD. The Use of Sewage Sludge as a Fertilizer in the Afforestation of Opencast Coal spoil in South Wales Forestry Commission 1991

Ogle PR & Giurgevich B. Discussion of" Biomass and Forage Production from Reclaimed Stripmined Land and Adjoining Native Range in Central Wyoming" by Lang JRM 35:755. A Viewpoint. Journal of Range Management 37(3) 280-282. 1984.

Ove Arup & Partners Monitoring of a Commercial Demonstration of Harvesting and Combustion of Forestry Wastes Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1989

Oxford Forestry Institute An Evaluation of the Methodology for Managing Existing Broadleaved and Coniferous Woodlands for Timber and Energy Production. Dept of Energy (ETSU) 1987.

Phillips R Trees in Britain, Europe and North America 1978 Pan

Potter CJ, Nixon CJ & Gibbs JN The Introduction of Improved Poplar Clones from Belgium Forestry Commission Research Information Note 181 1990

Ranney JW, Wright L & Layton PA Hardwood Energy Crops: The Technology of Intensive Culture Journal of Forestry Vol 85 Part 9 17-28. 1987

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Shigo AA Journey to the Centre of a Tree American Forests. 1986

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Appendix A - TRIAL NUMBERING - SPECIES AND FERTILISATION TREATMENTS.

P. 'Beaupre'

A. glutinosa

S. cinerea

Control

1

6

11

NPK

2

7

12

Intercrop

3

8

13

Sewage Cake

4

9

14

Sewage Sludge

5

10

15

Species/treatment trial numbering.

Appendix B.Dated 17/10/91.

ADAS SOIL ANALYSIS.

Lab. sampleNo. andSpec

1161956Fforchwen

1161957Bryn Pica

PH

6.7

8.4

Lime t/haarable grass(t/acre)

00

00

Phosphorusmg/1(index)

5(0)

2(0)

Potassiummg/1(index)

192(2)

304(3)

Magnesiummg/1(index)

532(6)

552(6)

Comments.pH & lime. No lime is required as the pH values found are satisfactory.

Phosphate The soil phosphate levels were found to be very low. Where grass is to be grown we would recommend 400kg/ha triple super phosphate. In tree planting situations

(15 - 25 whips ) we would put 25 grams/metre squared of triple super phosphate on the ground before planting and work in.

Other nutrients. The levels of other nutrients were found to be good. A basal dressing of 400kg/ha 20:10:10 would be recommended for grass sowing additional to the triple super phosphate

Miscellaneous Analysis

Lab sample No. & spec.

1161956 Fforchwen

1161957 Bryn Pica

Tot Ni mg/kg

40.7

408

Tot Znmg/kg

74.2

756

Tot Cdmg/kg

less than 0.25

less than 0.25

Tot. Cumg/kg

43.4

44.7

The levels of heavy metals determined indicate that they are higher than average for soils particularly in the case of nickel If sewages are added these levels could become toxic to plants. The maximum permissible levels as laid down in the Dept of Environment Code of Good Agricultural Practice are: 75, 135, 300 mg/kg for nickel, copper and zinc respectively, and 3 mg/kg for cadmium. The above values at your sites will give a guide to how much sewage sludge can be used when you know how seveely contaminated these sludges are

Appendix C.

Bryn Pica

WET: DRY WEIGHT RATIO CALCULATION.

Sample

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

All

A12

A13

A14

A15

Species

Sc

S.c

S.c

S.c

S.c

A.g

Ag

A.g

A.g

A.g

P.i

P.i

Pi

Pi

Pi

Wet weight gms 25/1 1/94

61.78

66.93

56.93

56.86

56.79

61.03

6397

62.26

61.92

56.34

63.52

69.55

62.14

65.31

6948

Beaker weight gms

48.68

47.55

47.02

47.57

47.81

48.82

47.55

48.01

47.58

4821

46.83

46.85

47.80

47.03

4856

Dry Weight gms 12/01/95

55.53

57.88

52.03

52.04

52.23

5475

56.23

5566

55.47

52.38

55.11

58.50

54.42

55.31

5841

Ratio dryrwet %

52

53

45

48

49

Av 49.4

50

53

54

55

51

Av 52.6

50

51

46

45

47

Av 47.8

Fforchwen

Sample

Bl

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

BIO

Bll

B12

B13

B14

B15

Species

S.c

S.c

S.c

S.c

S.c

A.g

A.g

A.g

ASA.g

Pi

Pi

Pi

Pi

Pi

Wet weight gins 25/1 1/94

53.74

50.99

54.70

52.35

51 18

55.11

52.60

52.74

58.52

53.30

56.11

52.26

55.01

56.39

50.36

Beaker weight gms

47.64

47.06

4743

47.56

4693

47.64

46.52

47.42

47.07

47.97

4685

46.20

46.64

47.93

46.51

Dry Weight gins 12/01/95

5048

4896

51.02

4986

4888

51.89

4969

50.14

53.02

50.61

50.98

49.17

5028

51.71

4821

Ratio dry:wet %

46

48

49

48

46

Av 47.4

57

52

51

52

50

Av 52.4

45

49

44

45

44

Av 45.4

(Beaker + drv wood sampled - beaker = dry * 100 = dry wood as a percentage of the wet (Beaker + wet wood sample) -beaker wet

App

endi

x D

Orig

inal

Dat

aW

eigh

t =

gram

s of

wet

woo

d.0

= de

ad t

ree

Tria

l1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Spe

cies

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

Srt

eA

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A04

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A16

A44

A44

Hei

ght A

(m

's)

1.01

0.31

1.39

019

1.6

1.94

2.19

0.61

0.91

213

0.5

2.14 1.

51.

890

1.52

2.13

1.77

1.25

2.53 3.

33.

72 2.3

2.69

2.09

2.97 1.

32.

99267

2.75 3.

71.

95

1.68

084

Wei

ght

A (

gm's

) 90 25 130 2

240

420

590 10 55

550 10

840

130

460 0 90

3642 46

024

0 7513

0021

5029

0011

0011

50 460

1350 11

014

0010

00 790

2600 35

017

435

240 55

Ave

rage

22

76

3

1089

.69

Av

exc.

O

2428

1089

.69

Site

BB

9B

98

9B

989 B

9B

989 B

9B

9B

9B

9B

989 B

98

9 B19

819

819

B19

B19

B19

819

B19

hB19

B19

B19

B19

B19

B19

B19

B19

B42

[BA

2

Hei

ght

B (m

's)

1.01

01.

21.

041.

55076

1.13

1.66

0.98

0.56

0.99

1.01

0.96

1.31

0.96

1.25

1.14

0.73

01.

11.

081.

181.

090.

94 1.4

1.27 0

0.5

0.43 0.4

1.17

082

0.9

0.63

Wei

ght

B (g

m's

) 35 080 95 230 40 90 270 60 20 90 55 75 95 40 170

1445 11

0 20 0 45 40 100 50 50 100

110 0 20 10 5 70 25

755 70 40

Ave

rage

9031

47.1

9

Av.

ex.

0

9633

5393

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

P. t

P. t

P.t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A44

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A03

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

00.

521.

791.

051.

31059

0.29

1.55

0.94

1.04

205

1,76

2.07

0.36

0 01.

091.

950.

930 0 0

1.88

20.

512.

29 2.2

1.91 1.

82.

1

3.3

4.2

326

3.3

3.88

3.81

3.89

4

0 1026

0 60 140 10 5

160 45 45 390

260

470 5

2155

0 011

095

0 900 0 0

440

670 10

860

670

560

430

500

5290

1300

4900

1950

2950

2900

4100

4800

7300

134.

69

330.

63

143.

67

4809

1

B42

B42

B42

B42

B42

842

B42

B42

B42

B42

B42

B42

B42

B42

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B14

B27

B27

827

B27

B27

B27

B27

827

0.4

1.25

0.93

075

1.77

1.03

068

098

1.45

082

078 0

0.97

1.08

1.83 1.

81.

852.

24 2.5

2.33

1.73

20

1263

202

1.82

2.63

243

2,13 0

203

1.82

1.16

1.05

049

1.84

1.72

1.36 2.

7

10 70 30 2032

010

0 20 75 160

65 35 0 65 5011

30 300

340

260

780

910

860

310

540

850

430

160

920

590

550 0

360

8160 26

0 65 55 20 250

140 75

1300

70.6

3

510

75.3

3

544

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 q ^ j ^ : ^ ". ^ ^ 2

P.

t

P.t

P.

t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.

t

P.t

P.t

P

t

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A26

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A40

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

A15

4.2

23

24.0

63

.75

261

3.07

3.08

3.21

1.88

22

51.

041.

241.

571.

120.

651

281.

611.

571.

131.

120.7

71.

21.

321.

76 3.3

1.87 2.7

2,9

42.1

72.

72.

682.

092.

14298

244

2.26

23

92.

99

3600 60

040

0029

0012

0016

0010

5011

5046

300

310

460 40 85 190 70 15 190

310

200

150 80 15 60 100

250

2525

2000 21

092

014

0049

095

089

044

036

013

50 780

590

590

1400

2893

.75

157.

81

289375

15

78

1

B27

B27

B27

B27

B27

B27

B27

B27

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

831

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B31

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2 B2

B2

B2

B2 B2

B2

B2 B2

22

72.

1 00.

651.

131.

84 1.3

1.91

0.69 1.

72.

572.

38 02.

261.

991.

611.

692.

112.

372.

262.

191.

781.

291.

48

0.5

22

44

1.7 0

1.89

1.95 2.

51

451.

861.

642.1

41.

561.

971.

67

840

410 0 20 55

370

110

260

4230 20 17

062

071

0 049

025

010

012

049

071

066

056

027

0 90 170

5430 80 710

260 0

330

460

760

190

350

170

320

120

300

260

264.

38

339.

38

282

362

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 ~ 0 •: ~. ". ^ f. j ^ ^ 4 i

P. t

P. t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P t

P. t

P.t

P. t

P t

P t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P. t

P.t

P. t

A15

A15

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A17

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A42

A5 A5

2.5

286

359

3.05 3.3

402

2.8

1.58

1.42

3.25

2.12 3.4

3.69

2.73

1.71 1.5

1.5 0

213

1.13

1.53

042

1.34

1.76

0.95

1.38

089

1.41

1.81

1.54

1.02 0.9

1.14

1.06 0 0

560

1000

13930

2100

1300

1600

2650

1400 130

300

1450 310

1600

2600

1050 410

330

390 0

17620

410

100

210 10 210

250 35 110 25 150

290

170 70 220 90 110

2460 0 0

87063

1101.25

153.75

8706

3

1174

.67

153.75

82 B2 B29

829

829

829

829

829

B29

829

B29

829

B29

B29

829

829

829

829

845

845

845

845

845

845

845

B45

845

845

845

845

845

845

845

845

84 84

1.99

213

1.39

1.45 1.5

1.37

1.29

1.15

1.15

2.15 2

1.31

1.15

1 42

0.95

1.47

1.91

1.82

0.95 0

0.73

0.83

0.78 0

028

026

1.56

0.83

1.12

045

1 43 0.9

0.5 1

070

320

350

4980 120

200

150

110

100 70 60 480

400

100 70 90 40 140

400

330

2860 80 0 30 20 55 0 5 2140 65 60 15 130 50 10 45 707 30 0

311.

25

178.

75

44.19

332

178.

75

505

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ i 4 <:

P.

tP

. t

P.

t

P. t

P.

t

P. t

P.

tP

. t

P

tP

.t

P.

tP

. t

P

tP

.t

P.

tP

.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.t

P.

tP

.t

P

tP

t

P.t

P.t

P.

tP

.tP

. t

P.t

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

A5

AS

A5

A5

A22

A22

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Appendix E. OVERALL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE - MEANS OF MAIN EFFECTS.

Key--Fertilisation - 1= Control

-2=NPK- 3= Intercrop- 4= Sewage Cake- 5= Sewage slurry

- Species -1= Poplar-2= Alder- 3= Willow.

- ( ) Figure = No. live trees.There is an assumption of normality for all Anova's

SITE: 1 Brynpica

* * * CELL MEANS * * *

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

Total Population808.46

( 619)

PERT1

639.01(135)

SPP1

1270.30( 220)

2

757.03(128)

2

801 03( 204)

3 4

47744 1458.95( 135) ( 105)

3

295.18( 195)

5

858.84( 116)

SPP

PERT1

2

3

4

505.04 { 46)

1258.49 ( 43)

723.62 ( 47)

2635.37 ( 41)

1132.38 ( 42)

599.13 ( 40)

617.74 ( 42)

853.00 ( 45)

329.26 ( 47)

418.22 ( 45)

97.83 ( 46)

355.53 ( 19)

1396.74 787.29 316.05 ( 43) ( 35) ( 38)

BLOCK = 1

SPP1 2 3

PERT1 242.80 1126.00 281.67

( 15) ( 15) ( 15)

2 480.91 338.93 264.67 ( 11) ( 14) ( 15)

3 870.63 756.92 105.31 ( 16) ( 13) ( 16)

4 2295.00 581.88 227.22 ( 14) ( 16) ( 9)

5 1796.43 1451.00 12438 ( 14 ) (10) ( 8)

BLOCK =2

SPP

PERT1

2

3

4

5

BLOCK

SPP

PERT1

2

3

4

5

1089.69( 16)

2893.75( 16)

1174.67( 15)

3604.00( 15)

1756.15( 13)

1

143.67( 15)

157.8( 16)

153.75( 16)

1821 67( 12)

755.00( 16)

1361.33( 15)

1085.71( 14)

221.07( 14)

1352.50( 16)

473.75( 12)

2

854.17( 12)

335.00( 12)

867.33( 15)

571.92( 13)

566.15( 13)

658.75( 16)

64938( 16)

9857( 14)

720.00( 1)

50625( 16)

3

44.38( 16)

318.57( H)

89.69( 16)

443.33( 9)

208.21( 14)

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Source ofF

Main Effects57.699

PERT28.790

SPP91.499

BLOCK66.802

SigVariationofF

.000

.000

.000

.000

2-Way Interactions15997

PERT19.175PERT

9.502SPP

19.625

.000SPP.000BLOCK.000

BLOCK.000

3 -Way Interactions2.662

PERT2.662

Explained18.730

000SPP BLO.000

3752281.000

Sum ofSquares

210167720

52434160

83320732

60830625

145669165

69842950

34611427

35741563

19391229

19391229

14 44

DF

8

4

2

2

20

8

8

4

16

16

MeanSquare

26270965.051

13108539919

41660365.761

30415312.678

7283458.238

8730368.723

4326428.398

8935390.864

1211951.809

1211951.809

8527911 685

Residual

Total

261346858 574

636574972 618

455308 114

1030056589

720 cases were processed.101 cases (14.0 pet) were missing.

Compare the 3 way interaction (ie the sub plot 16) with the overall fertilisation and species.

3 Way interactionsFERT SPP BLOCK -16/44 MEAN SQUARE = 88527911 69

RESIDUAL - 574 MEAN SQUARE = 455308 14

F Ratio -ms main/ms sub. = 2.66

Comment main plot variation greater than the sub plot variation. The treatments are creating the significant growth variation.

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

***MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

Grand Mean = 80846

Variable + Category

PERT1 Control 2NPK3 Inter-crop4 Sewage cake5 Sewage slurry

SPP1 Populus interamerica2 Alnus glutinosa3 Salix cinerea

NUnadjusted

Dev'n Eta

135128135105116

-169.45-51 43-331.02650.495038

.32

Adjusted for Independents Dev'n Beta

-159.12-40.36-305.04 592.36 48.54

.29

220204195

461 84-7.43-513.28

447.53-53.02

-449.4539 .36

BLOCK123

Multiple R Squared Multiple R

201209209

-70.37413.62-345.95

-78.13413.72-338.58

31 .31

.330

.575

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

*** CELL MEANS ***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

Total Population340.51

( 637)

PERT1

335.77 ( 137)

SPP1

229.62 ( 211)

2

467.25 ( 131)

2

682.92 ( 228)

3

266.43 ( 129)

3

64.40 ( 198)

4 5

361.99 277.04 ( 104) ( 136)

SPP1 2 3

PERT1 75.68 850.31 4124

( 44) ( 48) ( 45)

2 396,00 900.25 160.43( 45 ( 40) ( 46)

3 18993 53223 2181( 45) ( 47) ( 37)

4 27900 581.49 25.09( 35) ( 47) ( 22)

5 213.98 576.85 4492( 42) ( 46) ( 48)

BLOCK = 1

SPP1 2 3

PERT1 %.33 1200.00 5747

( 15) ( 16) ( 15)

2 544.00 ( 15)

3 332.00 ( 15)

4 500.00 ( H)

5 166.47 ( 15)

357.50 ( 8)

713.75 ( 16)

423.00 ( 15)

211.07 ( H)

231.56 ( 16)

29.54 ( 13)

18.50 ( 6)

85.00 ( 16)

BLOCK =2

SPP1 2 3

PERT1 53.93 384.06 48.94

( 14) ( 16) ( 16)

2 282.00 681.25 191.33 ( 15) ( 16) ( 15)

3 178.75 405.00 25.20 ( 16) ( 15) ( 10)

4 159.38 770.63 350 ( 8) ( 16) ( 6)

5 330.00 928.75 22.25 ( 14) ( 16) ( 16)

BLOCK = 3

SPP1 2 3

PERT1 75.33 966.88 15.07

( 15) ( 16) ( 14)

2 362.00 1390.63 53.67 ( 15) ( 16) ( 15)

3 50.50 470.00 12.21 ( 14) ( 16) ( 14)

4 186.88 540.94 42.00 ( 16) ( 16) ( 10)

5 143.85 545.00 27.50 ( 13) ( 16) ( 16)

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Source of F

Main Effects74.891FERT14.065SPP

278.351BLOCK1.695

Sig Variation ofF

.000

.000

.000

.184

2-Way Interactions 7. 169 .000

FERT SPP5.995

FERT9.309

SPP6.350

.000 BLOCK.000 BLOCK.000

3 -Way Interactions 9.531 .000 FERT SPP BLO9.531

Explained20.341

Residual

Total

000

.000

Sum of Squares

49255019

4625215

45767270

278769

11787593

3943019

6122629

2088088

12537404

12537404

73580016

48669190

122249205

DF

8

4

2

2

20

8

8

4

16

16

44

592

636

Mean Square

6156877.414

1156303.686

22883634.906

139384.563

589379.630

492877.361

765328.608

522021.932

783587.730

783587.730

1672273.082

82211.469

192215.731

720 cases were processed.83 cases (11.5 pet) were missing.

Compare the 3 way interaction (ie the sub plot 16) with the overall fertilisation and species.

3 Way interactionsPERT SPP BLOCK -16/44 MEAN SQUARE = 1672273 08

RESIDUAL - 592 MEAN SQUARE = 82211 469

F Ratio -ms rnain/ms sub. = 9.53

Comment -sub plot variation greater than the main plot variation This would appear to indicate that there is no significant improvement in growth caused by the treatments

If the F ratio is calculated from the residual mean squares of the two sites -

455308.14/82211.469 =5.54 ie highly significant.

Comment - there would appear to be more inter tree variability at Bryn pica than at Fforchwen. This would appear to indicate a level of site homogeneity at Fforchwen.

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

***MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

SPP species BLOCK

Grand Mean = 340.51

Variable + Category N

PERT1 Control 2NPK3 Inter-crop4 Sewage cake5 Sewage slurry

SPP1 Populus interamerica 2112 Alnus glutinosa 2283 Salix cinerea 198

Unadjusted Dev'n Eta

.17

-110.89 342.41

-276.11

Adjusted for Independents Dev'n Beta

137131129104136

-4.74126.74-74.0821.48

-63.47

1.77159.15-81 81-39.84-47.01

-112.38 349.67

-282.89

.19

.60 .62

BLOCK123

Multiple R Squared Multiple R

206209222

7.96 -13.56

5.39.02

23.61-27.74

4.21.05

.403635

Appendix F - ONE WAY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE - SPECIES AND FERTILISATION TREATMENT

Key--Fertilisation -1= Control

- 2= NPK- 3= Intercrop- 4= Sewage Cake- 5= Sewage slurry

- Site - 1= Bryn Pica- 2= Fforchwen

SPP = PoplarSITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 118078019.1 29519504.78 18.9689 .0000Within Groups 215 334584909.5 1556208.881Total 219 452662928.6

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 13.3492 4 215 000

SITE: 3 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 882.1023 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2.79

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

G G G G Gr r r r rP P P P P

13254 Mean PERT

505.0435 Grp 1723.6170 Grp 31258.4884 Grp 2 * *1396.7442 Grp 5 * *2635.3659 Grp 4 * * * *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 882 1023 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 401 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r P P P P P

13254 Mean PERT

505.0435 Grp 1723.6170 Grp 31258.4884 Grp 2 *1396.7442 Grp 5 *2635.3659 Grp 4 * * * *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 882.1023 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))

with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.39 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P P P P

13254Mean PERT

505.0435 Grp 1723.6170 Grp 31258.4884 Grp 21396 7442 Grp 52635.3659 Grp 4 * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DPSum of Squares

Mean Squares

Between Groups 4 2454868.584 6137171459Within Groups 206 1072026332 52040.1132Total 210 1317513191

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

F FRatio Prob

117932 0000

Statistic dfl df2 14.6384 4 206

2-tail Sig. .000

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 161.3073 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))

with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2.79

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P P P P

13542 Mean PERT

75.6818 Grp 1189.9333 Grp 3 *213.9762 Grp 5 *279.0000 Grp 4 *396.0000 Grp 2 * * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance

level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 161 3073 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))

with the following value(s) for RANGE: 401 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rP P PP P

13542 Mean PERT

75.6818 Grp 1189.9333 Grp 3213.9762 Grp 5279.0000 Grp 4 *396.0000 Grp 2 * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 161.3073 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.40 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r p p p p p

13542 Mean PERT

75.6818 Grp 1189.9333 Grp 3213.9762 Grp 5279.0000 Grp 4 *396.0000 Grp 2 * * *

SPP = AlderSITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DF

Between Groups 4Within Groups 199Total 203

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

F F Ratio Prob

7781130.282 1945282.57062063253.54 311875645969844383 82

6.2374 .0001

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. .9833 4 199 .418

SITE 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant ifMEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 394 8896 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2 79

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P P P P

23541Mean PERT

599 1250617.7381787.2857853.000011323810

Grp 2 Grp3 Grp5 Grp4 Grp 1 * * * *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 394 8896 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 401 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rP P PP P

2 3 54 1 Mean PERT

599.1250 Grp2617.7381 Grp3787.2857 Grp 5853.0000 Grp 411323810 Grp 1 * *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

..... ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 394 8896 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE 4.40 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

Mean PERT

599.1250617.7381787.2857853.00001132.3810

Grp2 Grp3 Grp5 Grp4 Grp 1

GGGGGr r r r r

P P P P P

23541

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source

Between Groups Within Groups Total

DP

4 223227

Sum of Squares

5302563499 57560521.92 62863085.42

Mean Squares

1325640.875 258118.9324

F F Ratio Prob

5.1358 0006

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 3.9966 4 223 .004

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

--..- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 359.2485 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2.79 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P PP P

35412 Mean PERT

532.2340 Grp 3576.8478 Grp 5581.4894 Grp 4850.3125 Grp 1 * * *900.2500 Grp 2 * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 359 2485 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 401 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r p p pp p

35412 Mean PERT

532.2340 Grp 3576.8478 Grp 5581.4894 Grp 4850.3125 Grp 1 *900.2500 Grp 2 * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant ifMEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 359.2485 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + l/N(J))with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.39

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P PP P

35412Mean PERT

532.2340576.8478581.4894850.3125900.2500

Grp3 Grp5 Grp 4 Grp 1 Grp 2

SPP = WillowSITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source

Between Groups Within Groups Total

DP

4 190 194

Sum of Squares

2613226.764 13142991 95 1575621872

Mean Squares

6533066909 69173 6419

F F Ratio Prob

9.4444 0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 12.9362 4 190 .000

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

..... ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 185 9753 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I)+ 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2.79 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r PP P P P

35142 Mean PERT

97.8261 Grp3316.0526 Grp 5 *329 2553 Grp 1 *355.5263 Grp 4 *418.2222 Grp 2 *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

..... ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant ifMEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 185.9753 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))with the following valuefs) for RANGE 4.02

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r p p p p p

35142 Mean PERT

97.8261 Grp 3316.0526 Grp 5 *329.2553 Grp 1 *355.5263 Grp 4 *418.2222 Grp 2 *

SITE: 1 Bryn pica

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 185.9753 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.40 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rP PP P P

35142 Mean PERT

97.8261 Grp 3316.0526 Grp5 *329 2553 Grp 1 *355.5263 Grp 4 *418.2222 Grp 2 *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 567698.7038 141924.6760 224099 .0000Within Groups 193 1222292.776 63331232Total 197 1789991.480

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl d£2 2-tail Sig. 33.7528 4 193 .000

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: LSD test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant ifMEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 56.2722 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))with the following value(s) for RANGE: 2.79

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r

P P P P P

34152 Mean PERT

21.8108 Grp325.0909 Grp441.2444 Grp 144.9167 Grp 5160.4348 Grp 2 * * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Modified LSD (Bonferroni) test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 56.2722 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))

with the following value(s) for RANGE 4 02 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rP P P P P

34152 Mean PERT

21.8108 Grp325.0909 Grp441.2444 Grp 144.9167 Grp 5160.4348 Grp 2 * * * *

SITE: 2 Fforchwen

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 56.2722 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4 40 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rP PP PP

34152 Mean PERT

21.8108 Grp 325.0909 Grp 441.2444 Grp 144.9167 Grp 5160.4348 Grp 2 * * * *

Appendix G - 2 WAY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE - FERTILISATION TREATMENT AND BLOCKS

SITE: 1 = Bryn Pica SPP: 1 =Poplar

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Mean Sig Source of Variation Squares DF Square F of F

Main Effects 206297789 6 34382964.881 32.850 .000FERT 113165273 4 28291318.277 27.030 .000BLOCK 88219770 2 44109885.076 42.143 .000

2-Way Interactions 31799154 8 3974894.240 3.798 .000 FERT BLOCK 31799154 8 3974894.240 3.798 .000

Explained 238096943 14 17006924.515 16.249 .000

Residual 214565985 205 1046663.343

Total 452662929 219 2066954.012

240 cases were processed.20 cases (8.3 pet) were missing.

SITE: l SPP: 2 = Alder

*** ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by FERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Mean Sig Source of Variation Squares DF Square F ofF

Main Effects 10241110 6 1706851.592 8.179 .000FERT 7511573 4 1877893.347 8998 .000BLOCK 2459979 2 1229989.635 5.894 .003

2-Way Interactions 20160344 8 2520042.961 12.075 .000 FERT BLOCK 20160344 8 2520042.961 12.075 ,000

Explained 30401453 14 2171532.374 10405 .000

Residual 39442931 189 208692.754

Total 69844384 203 344061.004

240 cases were processed.36 cases (15.0 pet) were missing.

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 = Willow

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Mean Sig Source of Variation Squares DF Square F ofF

Main Effects 6375119 6 1062519.751 26064 000PERT 2688633 4 672158134 16.488 000BLOCK 3761892 2 1880945.872 46.140 000

2-Way Interactions 2043159 8 255394.816 6.265 .000 FERT BLOCK 2043159 8 255394.816 6.265 000

Explained 8418277 14 601305.502 14.750 000

Residual 7337942 180 40766.343

Total 15756219 194 81217.622

240 cases were processed.45 cases (188 pet) were missing.

SITE: 2 = Fforehwen SPP: 1

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Source of Variation Squares DF

Main Effects PERT BLOCK

33880572498078933189

642

Mean Square F

564676.187 12.997624519.378 14.374466594.270 10.739

2-Way Interactions 1271384 8 158922.954 3.658 PERT BLOCK 1271384 8 158922.954 3.658

Explained

Residual

Total

4659441 14 332817.197 7.660

8515691 196 43447.404

13175132 210 62738.723

240 cases were processed.29 cases (12.1 pet) were missing.

Sig ofF

000000.000

001001

.000

SITE: 2 SPP: 2

***ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gins) by PERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Source of Variation Squares DF

Main Effects PERT BLOCK

2-Way Interactions PERT BLOCK

Explained

Residual

Total

6405476 65168247 41102913 2

MeanSquare F

1067579.397 5.7921292061.754 7.010551456.442 2.992

17198782 8 2149847.747 11.66417198782 8 2149847.747 11.664

23604258 14 1686018.455 9.148

39258827 213 184313.742

62863085 227 276929.892

240 cases were processed.12 cases (5.0 pet) were missing.

Sig ofF

.000

.000

.052

.000

.000

.000

SITE: 2 SPP: 3

*** ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE***

WEIGHT Weight (gms) by PERT method of fertilization

BLOCK

EXPERIMENTAL sums of squares Covariates entered FIRST

Sum of Mean Source of Variation Squares DF Square F

Main Effects PERT BLOCK

705453.161 6549956.890 4

137754.457 2

117575.527 24.049137489.223 28.123

68877.229 14.088

2-Way Interactions 189866.927 8 23733.366 4.855 PERT BLOCK 189866927 8 23733.366 4855

Explained

Residual

Total

895320.088 14 63951.435 13.081

894671.391 183 4888.915

1789991.480 197 9086.251

240 cases were processed.42 cases (17.5 pet) were missing.

Sig ofF

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

Appendix H - 3 WAY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE - SPECIES AND FERTILISATION TREATMENT AND BLOCKS.

Key--Fertilisation

-Site

- Blocks

- Species

- 1= Control- 2= NPK- 3= Intercrop- 4= Sewage Cake- 5= Sewage slurry

- 1= Bryn Pica- 2= Fforchwen

-1,2&3

- 1= Poplar- 2= Alder- 3= Willow

SITE: 1 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DFSum of Squares

Mean Squares

Between Groups 4Within Groups 65Total 69

42721190.60 10680297.6541730432.49 642006653784451623.09

FRatio

16.6358

F Prob

0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 14.4084 4 65 000

SITE: 1 SPP: I BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheflfe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant ifMEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 566.5716 * RANGE * SQRT(I/N(I) + 1/N(J))with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4 48

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGrr r r rPPPPP

12354 Mean PERT

242.8000 Grp 1480.9091 Grp 2870.6250 Grp 31796.4286 Grp 5 * *2295.0000 Grp 4 * * *

SITE: 1 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F Squares Squares Ratio Prob.

Between Groups 4 74715785.20 18678946.30 8.5294 .0000Within Groups 70 153296339.5 2189947.707Total 74 2280121247

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 6.2933 4 70 .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 1046 4100 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.47 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

1 3 524Mean PERT

1089.68751174.66671756.15382893.75003604.0000

Grp 1 Grp3 Grp5 Grp2 Grp4

* ** * *

SITE: 1 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 3

..... ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DFSum of Squares

Mean Squares

Between Groups 4Within Groups 70Total 74

27527451.23 6881862.8071953921344 279131.620547066664.67

F FRatio Prob

24.6545 .0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 21.7277 4 70 .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >- 373 5851 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.47 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

13254 Mean PERT

143.6667 Grp 1153.7500 Grp 3157.8125 Grp 2755.0000 Grp 5 * * *1821.6667 Grp 4 ****

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source DP Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 9581965.619 2395491.405 14.7050 .0000Within Groups 63 10262879.60 162902.8508Total 67 1984484522

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 2.4830 4 63 053

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 285.3970 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4 49 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGrr r r rPPPPP

243 1 5 Mean PERT

338.9286 Grp 2581.8750 Grp 4756.9231 Grp 311260000 Grp 1 * *1451.0000 Grp 5 ***

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 1552036722 3880091.806 125503 0000Within Groups 66 2040478137 309163.3541Total 70 3592514859

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 9.9293 4 66 .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 393 1688 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.48 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

Mean PERT

221.0714473.75001085.71431352.50001361.3333

Grp3 Grp5 Grp2 Grp4 Grpl

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

35241

** ** *

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Source

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Analysis of Variance

Sum of DF. Squares

46064

2569584.2318775269.61511344853.85

Mean Squares

642396.0577146254.4936

FRatio

4.3923

F Prob

.0035

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2.2379 4 60

2-tail Sig. .075

SITE: 1 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 270.4205 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.49 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r PPPPP

2541 3 Mean PERT

335.0000 Grp 2566.1538 Grp 5571.9231 Grp 4854.1667 Grp 1 *867.3333 Grp 3 *

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob.

Between Groups 4 357017.0685 89254.2671 3.1091 .0219Within Groups 58 1665057.535 28707.8885Total 62 2022074.603

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 6.4335 4 58 .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY -----Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 119.8079 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.50

- No two groups are significantly different at the .050 level

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 3063111.806 765777.9514 10.0866 .0000Within Groups 58 4403365.179 75920.0893Total 62 7466476.984

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 7.1648 4 58 .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 2

..... ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 194 8334 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.50 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

Mean PERT

98.5714506.2500649.3750658.7500720.0000

Grp3 Grp5 Grp2 Grp 1 Grp4

GGGGGr r rr r

PPPPP

35214

***

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DFSum of Squares

Mean Squares

Between Groups 4Within Groups 64Total 68

1311662.186 327915.54661269518.973 1983623402581181.159

F Ratio

16.5311

FProb.

.0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 11.7651 4 64

2-tail Sig. .000

SITE: 1 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 99.5897 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4 49 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

Mean PERT

44.375089.6875

208.2143318.5714443.3333

Grp 1 Grp3 Grp5 Grp2 Grp4

GGGGGr r rr r PPPPP

13524

** ** * *

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source DFSum of

SquaresMean Squares

F Ratio

F Prob

Between Groups 4Within Groups 66Total 70

2214920.708 553730.17703232905.067 48983.41015447825.775

11.3044 .0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 13.4944 4 66

2-tail Sig. .000

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 1

..... ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 156.4983 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4 48 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

Mean PERT

96.3333166.4667332.0000500.0000544.0000

Grp 1 Grp5 Grp3 Grp4 Grp2

GGGGGrr r r rPPPPP

15342

* ** *

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Source D.F. Squares

Between Groups 4 654878.8233 Within Groups 62 3718845.804 Total 66 4373724.627

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 5.3157 4 62 .001

Mean Squares

163719.7058 59981.3839

F Ratio

FProb.

2.7295 .0370

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 2

..... ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 173 1782 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.49

- No two groups are significantly different at the .050 level

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source DF Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 899661.6148 224915.4037 9.7793 0000Within Groups 68 1563940.276 22999.1217Total 72 2463601890

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 15.9520 4 68 .000

SITE: 2 SPP: 1 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 107.2360 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.48 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

31542 Mean PERT

50.5000 Grp 375.3333 Grp I143.8462 Grp 5186.8750 Grp 4362.0000 Grp 2 * * * *

SITE: 2 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Source

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Analysis of Variance

DF

46468

Sum of Squares

Mean Squares

8997526.071 2249381.51811231523.93 175492.561420229050.00

F Ratio

12.8175

FProb

.0000

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 6.8104 4 64

2-tail Sig. .000

SITE: 2 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 296.2200 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following values) for RANGE: 4.49 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

52431Mean PERT

211.0714 Grp5357.5000 Grp 2423.0000 Grp 4713.7500 Grp 31200 0000 Grp 1

** * * *

SITE: SPP: BLOCK:

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Source

Between Groups Within Groups Total

DP

474 78

Sum of Squares

3509904.173 11610954.69 15120858.86

Mean Squares

877476.0433 156904.7931

FRatio

5.5924

FProb

.0005

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl d£2 1.6580 4 74

2-tail Sig .169

SITE: 2 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level ,05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 280.0935 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE 4.47 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

1 3245Mean PERT

384.0625405.0000681.2500770.6250928.7500

Grpl Grp3 Grp2 Grp4 Grp5 * *

SITE: 2 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source DF Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 9859598.750 2464899.688 11.2612 .0000Within Groups 75 16416348.44 2188846458Total 79 2627594719

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig. 1.7474 4 75 149

SITE: 2 SPP: 2 BLOCK: 3

..... ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 330.8207 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.47 (*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r rr r PPPPP

34512 Mean PERT

470.0000 Grp 3540.9375 Grp 4545.0000 Grp 5966.8750 Grp 11390.6250 Grp 2 ***

Homogeneous Subsets (highest and lowest means are not significantly different)

Subset 1

Group Grp 3 Grp 4 Grp 5 Grp 1

Mean 470.0000 540,9375 545.0000 966.8750

Subset 2

Group Grp 1 Grp 2

Mean 966.8750 1390.6250

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 1

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob.

Between Groups 4 411591.5378 102897.8844 10,3132 .0000Within Groups 61 6086164016 9977,3181Total 65 1020207.939

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 27.8670 4 61 .000

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: I

..... ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 70.6304 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4.49

(*) Indicates significant dififerences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr rr rr PPPPP

43152 Mean PERT

18.5000 Grp429.5385 Grp357.4667 Grp 185.0000 Grp 5

231.5625 Grp 2 ****

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 2

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F Squares Squares Ratio Prob.

Between Groups 4 310749.5657 776873914 17.6774 0000Within Groups 58 254894.3708 4394.7305Total 62 565643.9365

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 9.4405 4 58 000

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 2

_.... ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level 05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J>MEAN(I) >= 46.8761 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J» with the following values) for RANGE: 4.50

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r rPPPPP

45312 Mean PERT

3.5000 Grp422.2500 Grp 525.2000 Grp 348.9375 Grp 1191.3333 Grp 2 ****

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY ----- Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms)

By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob

Between Groups 4 17482.7143 4370.6786 8.9768 .0000Within Groups 64 31160.6190 486.8847Total 68 486433333

Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variances

Statistic dfl df2 2-tail Sig 8.1184 4 64 000

SITE: 2 SPP: 3 BLOCK: 3

----- ONEWAY -----

Variable WEIGHT Weight (gms) By Variable PERT method of fertilization

Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level .05

The difference between two means is significant if MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 15.6026 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J)) with the following values) for RANGE: 4.49

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

GGGGGr r r r r PPPPP

31542 Mean PERT

12.2143 Grp315.0714 Grp 127.5000 Grp 542.0000 Grp 4 *53.6667 Grp 2 ***

Appendix I Average of average block weights(gms)

SITE A - BRYN PICA

Trial 1ex. 0

Trial 2ex 0

Trial 3ex. 0

Trial 4ex. 0

Trial 5ex 0

Trial 6ex. 0

Trial 7ex 0

Trial 8ex 0

Trial 9ex 0

Trial 10ex. 0

Trial 11ex. 0

Trial 12ex. 0

Trial 13ex 0

Trial 14ex. 0

Trial 15ex 0

Block. 1227.63

242.8330.6348091870.6387063

2008.132295

1571.88179643105563

1126296.56338.93

615756.92581 88581.8890688

1451265.94281 67248.13264.67105.3110531127.81227.22

62.1912438

Block. 21089.691089.692893.75289375

r 1101.25117467

l~~3378.75

36041426881756.151276251361 33

9501085.71

193.44221.07135251352.535531473756587565875649.38649.38

86.2598.57

45720

5062550625

Block. 3134.6914367157.8115781153.75153.75

1366251821.67

755755

6406385416251.15

33581313867.3346469571.92

460566 15

44. 38,4438

2787531857896989.69

2493844333182.1920821

Average4840033

1127397

r?08.5433

2251 043

1251.253

9908367

4992367

540.5233

799.69

574.0633

3230233

3920867

9375

14073

25021

Av ex 0

492 0533 1

117749]

7330167]

2573557]

1435.86

111383]

586 5467 1

61 5 1067]

8354333

830.3

3282667

4108733

97.85667

4635167

2796133

SITE B - FFORCHWEN

Trial1

ex. 02

ex 03

ex 04

ex. 05

ex 06

ex 07

ex 08

ex 09

ex 010

ex 011

ex. 012

ex 013

ex 014

ex 015

ex 0

Block. 190.3196.33510544

311 25332

343.75500

156.06166.4712001200

17875357571375713.7539656

42318469211.07538857.47

231.56231.56

2429.546.9418.58585

Block. 247.195393

26438282

178751787579.691593828875

3303840638406681.25681.2537969

40577063770.63928759287548.9448.9417938191.33157525.21.313.5

222522.25

Block 37063753333938

362441950.5

1868818688116881438596688966881390.631390.63

470470

5409454094

545545

1319150750.3153.67106912.212625

42275275

Average6937667

371 2533

1780633

20344

18723

8503133

75021

521 1467

5693767

5528133

3867

153.75

1681333

11 5

4491667

Av ex. 0

75 19667 1

396 1

187.0833

2820867

21344

8503133

809.7933

5295833

57819

561 6067

4049333

1588533

2231667

21 33333

4491667

Appendix J. CONSULTATION PROCESS.

Prior to the trials taking place a considerable number of people were consulted, in writing or on the telephone, over the design, implementation and management of these trials. Literature at the time was sparse and these consultations formed the basis of the trials design. They are listed here in no particular order, and my thanks are expressed to them

Bob BAKER Arnold BEATON Kirn BIDDLECOMBE Steve BOOL Tom BOURNE Anne BRERETON KimBURNHAM David ELGY Basil EVANS Martin HAIGH lanHART Rob JONES Carol LEWIS Jeremy LINDEN Andy MOFFAT Adrian MORGAN Ceri MORGAN Ed MORGAN Brian MOSS Declan OLEARY Sue PRICE Alan PROTHEROE Ken SHAW Steve SPODE Ken STOTT Allan WILLIAMS Pete WILLIAMS

University of GlamorganForestry Commission/Tilhill ForestryGroundwork Merthyr and CynonMid Glamorgan County CouncilWelsh Development AgencyCynon Valley Borough CouncilForestry CommissionForestry CommissionGwent County CouncilEarthwatch/Brookes UniversityBritish CoalWelsh WaterGroundwork Merthyr and CynonGroundwork Merthyr and CynonForestry CommissionTilhill ForestryBritish Coal OpencastUniversity of GlamorganMid Glamorgan County CouncilGroundwork Merthyr and CynonGroundwork Merthyr and CynonCynon Valley Borough CouncilGroundwork OgwrWelsh Development AgencyLong Ashton Research StationUniversity of GlamorganGroundwork Islwyn