HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE FORMULA

P = 20 x k x s x t / D (bar)

P = internal unites pressure (bar)S = minimum yield strength (MPa)D = outside diameter of pipe (mm)t = wall thickness of pipe (mm)k = the percentage of yield strength included in the calculation k values acc. to API 5L For Grade A and B k=0,60For Grade X42-X80Outside diameter <5 9/16 inch k=0,60Outside diameter 6 5/8 -8 5/8 inch k=0,75Outside diameter 10 3/4 -18 inch k=0,85Outside diameter >20 inch k=0,90

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESIGN PRESSURE AND WALL THICKNESS

Pdesign = 2 x S x t x F x L x J x T / D (CSA Z662-03)Pdesign = 2 x S x t x F x J x T / D (ASME B31.8)Pdesign = 2 x S x t x F x J / D (ASME B31.4)

Pdesign = pipeline design pressure (psi)S = minimum yield strength (psi)D = pipeline outside diameter of pipe (inches)t = wall thickness of pipe (inches)F = design factorL = location factorJ = longitudinal joint factorT = temperature derating factorCSA = The Canadian Standards AssociationASME = American National Standard Institute

• The design factor (F) – Gas

Application CSA Z662-03 ASME B31.8-B31.4F x L F

Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4 Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4General 0,80 0,72 0,56 0,44 0,80 0,60 0,50 0,40Roads 0,60 0,50 0,50 0,40 0,60 0,50 0,50 0,40Railways, 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,40 0,60 0,50 0,50 0,40Station 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,40 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,40

• The location factor (L)

1

Class Area General CSA ASMEClass 1 Terkedilmiş L=1,00 L=0,80 L=0,72Class 2 dizayn faktörü L=0,90 L=0,72 L=0,60Class 3 Şehir L=0,70 L=0,56 L=0,50Class 4 Şehir (yoğun nüfuslu) L=0,55 L=0,44 L=0,40

• The longitudinal joint factor (J)

Pipe Type CSA Z662-03 ASME B31.8ASME B31.4

Seamless 1,00 1,00Electric Welded 1,00 1,00Submerged arc Welded 1,00 1,00Spiral Welded 1,00 0,80Butt Welded 0,60 0,60

• Temperature derating factor (T)

Temperature (ºC)

CSA Z662-03 ASME B31.8

ASME B31.4

>120 1,00150 0,97180 0,93200 0,91130 0,87>30 1,00<120 1,00

WEIGHT CALCULATION OF PIPE

W = 0,02466 x (D-t) x t (kg/m)

W = unit weight of pipe kg/mD = outside diameter of pipe (mm) t = wall thickness of pipe (mm)

UNIT SURFACE AREA OF PIPE

A = D x π x 10-3 (m2/m)2

A = unit surface area of pipe m²/mD = outside diameter of pipe (mm)

HELIX ANGLE OF PIPE PRODUCTION

Cos θ = B / D x π (degree)

B = width of coil kg/mD = outside diameter of pipe (mm)

PRODUCTION TIME FOR 1 M. PIPET = 1 / Cos θ x V

T : production time (min) θ : helix angle of production V: Welding speed (m/min) (m/dak)

API 5L PSL 2 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT AND PRODUCT ANALYSES BY PERCENTAGE OF WEIGHT,

GradeCarbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Titanium

Other Maximuma Maximuma Maximum Maximum Maximum

B 0.22 1.20 0.025 0.015 0.04 d,eX42 0.22 1.30 0.025 0.015 0.04 c,d

X46,X52,X56 0.22 1.40 0.025 0.015 0.04 c,dX60f 0.22 1.40 0.025 0.015 0.04 c,dX65f 0.22 1.45 0.025 0.015 0.06 c,dX70f 0.22 1.65 0.025 0.015 0.06 c,dX80f 0.22 1.85 0.025 0.015 0.06 c,d

a For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum carbon content, an increase of 0.05% above the specified max-imum manganese content is permissible, up to a maximum of 1.50% for Grades X42 through X52, up to a maximum of 1.65% for grades higher than X52 but less than X70, and up to 2.00% for Grades X70 and higher.

c Columbium [niobium], vanadium, titanium, or combinations thereof may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer.

d The sum of the columbium [niobium], vanadium, and titanium contents shall not exceed 0.15%.

e The sum of the columbium [niobium], vanadium and titanium contents shall not exceed 0.06% except that, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, an alternative maximum may be established.

f Other chemical compositions may be furnished by agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, providing that the limits of Footnote d, and the tabular limits for phosphorus

and sulfur are met.

CALCULATION OF CARBON EQUIVALENT,

3

For PSL 2 pipe, carbon equivalent (CE) calculations shall be based on the product analyses and shall be calculated as follows. All carbon equivalent results shall be reported: a. When the carbon content is less than or equal to 0.12%, the carbon equivalent shall be calculated using the following formula for CE(Pcm):

If the heat analysis indicates a boron content less than0.001%, then the product analysis need not include boron, and the boron content can be considered as zero for the CE(Pcm) calculation.

b. When the carbon content is greater than 0.12%, the carbon equivalent shall be calculated using the following formula for CE(IIW)

MAXIMUM CARBON EQUIVALENT,The carbon equivalent shall not exceed the following:a.For Grade X80 pipe, for all grades of seamless pipe having a specified wall thickness greater than 0.800 in. (20.3 mm) and for pipe designated by

the purchaser as high carbon equivalent pipe, the value agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer.b.For pipe not covered in Item a above, a CE(Pcm) of 0.25%or a CE(IIW) of 0.43%, whichever is applicable.

Note 1: The CE(Pcm) formula for low carbon steel is commonlyc alled the Ito-Bessyo formula. CE (Pcm) is in fact the chemical portion of the full formula. Reference: Y. Ito & K. Bessyo, “Weldability Formula of High Strength Steels Related to Heat Affected Zone Cracking, Journal of Japanese Welding Society, 1968, 37, (9), 938.

Note 2: The CE(IIW) formula is commonly called the IIW [International Institute of Welding] formula. Reference: Technical Report,1967, IIW doc. IX-535-67.

TENSILE REQUIREMENTS FOR API 5L PSL 2

GradeYield Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength

minimum maksimum minimum maksimumpsi Mpa psi Mpa psi Mpa psi Mpa

B 35,000 (241) 65,000d (448) 60,000 (414) 110,000 (758)

X42 42,000 (290) 72,000 (496) 60,000 (414) 110,000 (758)

X46 46,000 (317) 76,000 (524) 63,000 (434) 110,000 (758)

X52 52,000 (359) 77,000 (531) 66,000 (455) 110,000 (758)

X56 56,000 (386) 79,000 (544) 71,000 (490) 110,000 (758)

X60 60,000 (414) 82,000 (565) 75,000 (517) 110,000 (758)

X65 65,000 (448) 87,000 (600) 77,000 (531) 110,000 (758)

X70 70,000 (483) 90,000 (621) 82,000 (565) 110,000 (758)

X80 80,000 (552) 100,000 (690) 90,000 (621) 120,000 (827)

TOLERANCES FOR DIAMETER OF PIPE BODY FOR API 5L

4

Size Tolerancea (with respect to specified outside diameter)

< 2 3/8 + 0.016 in. - 0.031 in. (+ 0.41mm, - 0.79 mm)

≥2 3/8 and, ve ≤4 ½ , continuous welded ± %1.00

> 2 3/8 and <20 ± % 0.75

> 20, seamless ± % 1.00

> 20 ve < 36, welded + %0.75, - % 0.25

> 36, welded + ¼ in. - 1/8 in. (+ 6.35 mm, - 3.20 mm)

a In the case of pipe hydrostatically tested to pressures in excess of standard test pressures, other tolerances may be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser

TOLERANCE FOR DIAMETER AT PIPE ENDS FOR API 5L

Size Minus Tolerance Plus Tolerance End-to-End Tolerance

Out-of-RoundnessDiameter, Axis Tolerance (Percent of Specified OD)a

Maximum Differential Between Minimum and Maximum Diameters (Applies Only to Pipe With D/t ≤ 75)

<10 ¾ 1/64(0.40 mm) 1/16 (1.59 mm) - - -

>10¾ ve <20 1/32 (0.79 mm) 3/32 (2.38 mm) - - -

>20 ve <42 1/32 (0.79 mm) 3/32 (2.38 mm) b ± 1 % < 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)

> 42 1/32 (0.79 mm) 3/32 (2.38 mm) b ± 1 % < 0.625 in. (15.9 mm)

a Out-of-roundness tolerances apply to maximum and minimum diameters as measured with a bar gage, caliper, or device measuring actual maximum and minimum diameters. b The average diameter (as measured with a diameter tape) of one end of pipe shall not differ by more than 3/32 in. (2.38 mm) from that of the other end.

TOLERANCES FOR WALL THICKNESS FOR API 5L

Size Type of Pipe Tolerancea (Percent of Specified Wall Thickness)

Grade B or Lower Grade X42 or Higher

< 2 7/8 All + 20.0, - 12.5 + 15.0, - 12.5

> 2 7/8 ve <20 All + 15.0, - 12.5 + 15.0, - 12.5

>20 Welded + 17.5, - 12.5 + 19.5, - 8.0

> 20 Seamless + 15.0, - 12.5 + 17.5, - 10.0

a Where negative tolerances smaller than those listed are specified by the purchaser, the positive tolerance shall be increased to the applicable total tolerance range in percent less the wall thickness negative tolerance.

5

EN 10025:2004 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR FLAT AND LONG PRODUCTS

Designation,

Deoxidation

Old Standard Subgroup Minimum Yield Strength ReH in N/mm² Tensile Strength Rm in N/mm²

EN 10027-1EN

10027-2EN 10025

(1993)DIN 17006

Nominal Thickness mm Nominal Thickness mm

and ≤16 >16 >40 >63 >80 >100 >150 >200 <3 ≥3 >100 >150

ECISS 10 ≤40 ≤63 ≤80 ≤100 ≤150 ≤200 ≤250 ≤100 ≤150 ≤250

S235JR 1.0038 FN S235JRG2 St 37-2 BS 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 360-510 360-510 350-500 340-490

S235JO 1.0114 FN S235JO St 37-3 QS 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 360-510 360-510 350-500 340-490

S235J2 1.0117 FF S235J2G3/G4 QS 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 360-510 360-510 350-500 340-490

S275JR 1.0044 FN S275JRG2 St 44-2 BS 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 430-580 410-580 400-540 380-540

S275JO 1.0143 FN S275JO St 44-3 QS 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 430-580 410-580 400-540 380-540

S275J2 1.0145 FF S275J2 G3/G4 QS 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 430-580 410-580 400-540 380-540

S355JR 1.0045 FN S355JR BS 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 510-680 470-630 450-600 450-600

S355JO 1.0553 FN S355JO St 52-3 QS 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 510-680 470-630 450-600 450-600

S355J2 1.0577 FF S355J2G3/G4 QS 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 510-680 470-630 450-600 450-600

S355K2 1.0596 FF S355K2G3/G4 QS 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 510-680 470-630 450-600 450-600

S450JO 1.0590 QS QS BS 295 285 275 265 255 255 245 225 490-660 550-720 450-600 450-600

Impact Energy, Test Temperature,

27J 40 J 60 J ºC

JR KR LR + 20

JO KO LO 0

J2 K2 L2 - 20

6

EN 10025 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCT ANALYSIS FOR FLAT AND LONG PRODUCTS,

Designation,

Deoxidation Subgroup

C in % max. for nominal thickness in

mm Si % max

Mn % max

P % max

S % max

N % max

Cu % max

EN 10027-1EN 10027-2

and ≤16 >16 >40

ECISS 10 ≤40

S235JR 1.0038 FN BS 0.19 0.19 0.23 1.50 0.045 0.045 0.014 0.60

S235JO 1.0114 FN QS 0.19 0.19 0.19 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.014 0.60

S235J2 1.0117 FF QS 0.19 0.19 0.19 1.50 0.035 0.035 - -

S275 JR 1.0044 FN BS 0.24 0.24 0.25 1.60 0.045 0.045 0.014 0.60

S275 JO 1.0143 FN QS 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.60 0.040 0.040 0.014 0.60

S275 J2 1.0145 FF QS 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.60 0.035 0.035 - 0.60

S355JR 1.0045 FN BS 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.60 1.70 0.045 0.045 0.014 0.60

S355JO 1.0553 FN QS 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.60 1.70 0.040 0.040 0.014 0.60

S355J2 1.0577 FF QS 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.60 1.70 0.035 0.035 0.60

S355K2 1.0596 FF QS 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.60 1.70 0.035 0.035 -

S450JO 1.0590 FF QS 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.60 1.60 0.040 0.040 0.027 0.60

EN 10217-1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR STEEL PIPES

Designation

EN 10027-2

Max. Yield Strength ReH in MPa Tensile Strength Rm in MPaElongation Impact Strength,

Nominal Thickness, Nominal Thickness,

≤16 >16 <3 Amin % KV J

≤40Longitudinal

boyunaTransverse

enine0 -10 0

P195TR1 1.0107 195 185 320-440 27 25

P195TR2 1.0108 195 185 320-440 27 25 40 28 27

P235TR1 1.0254 235 225 360-500 25 23

P235TR2 1.0255 235 225 360-500 25 23 40 28 27

P265TR1 1.0258 265 255 410-570 21 19

P265TR2 1.0259 265 255 410-570 21 19 40 28 27

EN 10217-1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCT ANALYSIS

Designation, EN

10027-2C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Cu Nb Ti V Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni

7

Kısa Gösteriliş

P195TR1 1.0107 0.13 0.35 0.70 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

P195TR2 1.0108 0.13 0.35 0.70 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.02 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

P235TR1 1.0254 0.16 0.35 1.20 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

P235TR2 1.0255 0.16 0.35 1.20 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.02 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

P265TR1 1.0258 1.20 0.40 1.40 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

P265TR2 1.0259 0.20 0.40 1.40 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.02 0.30 0.010 0.04 0.02 0.70

TOLERANCE OF DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS FOR EN 10217-1

Size Outside Diameter Wall thickness, Et kalınlığı *

T≤5 5<T≤40

D≤219.1±% 1 or, veya ±0.5 Which one greater,

hangisi büyükse ±% 10 or, veya ± 0.3 Which one greater,

hangisi büyükse

±% 8 or, veya ± 2 Which one smaller,

hangisi küçükseD>219.1

±% 0.75 or, veya ±6Which one smaller,

hangisi küçükse* Not included weld area for plus tolerance.

WELDING WIRES, Kaynak telleri Asfil EN 756 (TS 5387) AWS A5.17 AWS A5.23S1 S1 (S 38 2 AB S1 – flux 860) EL 12 --S2 S2 (S 35 2 AB S2 – flux 860) EM 12 --S2 Si S2 Si (S 46 2 MS S2Si – flux 761) EM 12K --S2 Mo S2 Mo (S 46 4 AB S2Mo – flux 223) -- EA 2

EN 756 S 46 4 AB S2Mo (S2Mo)

8

Charpy Impact Energy,-40ºC, 47J

Chemical analysis of wire electrode

Tensile strength

SAW wire-flux combination

Flux Typei (Aluminate Basic)

Standard name and number,

Flux,Toz

Sembol, Symbol

Manganese-Silica MSCalcium- Silica CSZircon-Silica ZSRutile -Silica RS

Aluminate-Rutile ARAluminate-Basic ABAluminate-Silica AS

Aluminate-Fluoride-Basic

AF

Fluoride-Basic FBOther-Types, Diğer

TiplerZ

WELDING FLUX, Kaynak tozu

EN 760 A AB 1 67 AC H5 (P223)

Surface Preparation Standards

There are several National and International Standards which define the visual assessment of surface cleanliness of steel before application of paint and related products.

The equivalence of the Standards is summarized in the following table:

9

Charpy Impact Energy,-40ºC, 47J

Tensile strength

SAW wire-flux combination

Standard name and number,

Metallurgical values (Si-6, Mn-7)

Hydrogen for 100 gr welding metal

Class

Flux type (Aluminate-Basic)

Current type (alternating current)

Flux production type (F,A,M)

Standard name and number

ISO 8501-1 (1988) BS 7079:A1 (1988)

Swedish Standard SIS055900 (1967)

SSPC (1982)

NACE

White MetalSa 3 Sa 3 SP5 1

Near White MetalSa 2.5 Sa 2.5 SP10 2

Commercial BlastSa 2 Sa 2 SP6 3

Brush-Off BlastSa 1 Sa 1 SP7 4

SURFACE PROFILE AND ABRASIVE SELECTION

Reference Comparator G and S to ISO 8503-1 are available for the visual assessment of grit&shot blasted surfaces.

Grit blasted SurfacesComparator G

Shot blasted SurfacesComparator S

Segment Surface Profile µ

Toleranceµ

Segment Surface Profile µ

Tolerance µ

1 25 3 1 25 32 60 10 2 40 53 100 15 3 70 104 150 20 4 150 15

RANGES OF PROFILE GRADINGS

Comparator G Comparator S RemarksFine(G) Fine (S) 1≥ Segment > 2

Medium (G) Medium (S) 2 ≥ Segment > 3Coarse (G) Coarse (S) 3 ≥ Segment > 4

Further detailed information relating to surface preparation may be obtained from the relevant specifications listed as follows:1. International Standard ISO 8501-1:1988 “Specification for rust grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall

removal of previous coating” (BS 7079:Part A1:1994).2. International Standard ISO 8503-2:1988 “Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel. Comparator Procedure”

(BS 7079:Part C2:1989).3. Swedish Standard SIS O5 59 00 (1967) - “Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel Surfaces”

10

4. Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) Volume 2 Systems & Specifications.

ISO 11124-3 SIZE GRADING FOR STEEL GRIT

Product Size (mm)

% : min & max cumulative percentages allowed on corresponding sieves

G12 0%

80%min

90%min

1.7 -2.4

G14 0%

80%min

90%min

1.4 -2.0

G16 0%

75%min

85%min

1.2 -1.7

G18 0%

75%min

85%min

1.0 -1.4

G25 0%

70%min

80%min

0.71 -1.2

11

G40 0%

70%min

80%min

0.42 -1.0

G50 0%

65%min

75%min

0.3 -0.71

G80 0%

65%min

75%min0.18 -0.42

SAE Sieve No

7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 80 120

Aperture

2.8

0

2.3

6

2.0

0

1.7

0

1.4

0

1.1

8

1.0

0

0.8

5

0.7

1

0.6

0

0.5

0

0.4

25

0.3

55

0.3

0

0.1

8

0.1

25

ISO 11124-3 SIZE GRADING FOR STEEL SHOT

Product Size (mm)

% : min & max cumulative percentages allowed on corresponding sieves

S7802.0 -2.8

0% 85%min

97%min

S6601.7 -2.4

0% 85% min

97% min

S5501.4 -2.0

0% 85% min

97% min

S4601.2 -1.7

0% 5% max

85% min

96% min

S3901.0 -1.4

0% 5% max

85% min

96% min

S3300.85 -1.2

0% 5% max

85% min

96% min

12

S2800.71 -1.0

0% 5% max

85% min

96% min

S2300.6 0 0.85

0% 10% max

85% min

97% min

S1700.42 -0.71

0% 10% max

85% min

97% min

S1100.3 -0.5

0% 10% max

80% min

90% min

S700.18 -0.35

0% 10% max

80% min

90% min

SAE Sieve No

7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 80 120

Aperture

2.8

0

2.3

6

2.0

0

1.7

0

1.4

0

1.1

8

1.0

0

0.8

5

0.7

1

0.6

0

0.5

0

0.4

25

0.3

55

0.3

0

0.1

8

0.1

25

SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS

Parameters Defined in ASME B46.1 Corresponding Parameters in ISO 4287, Ra Arithmetic Average Deviation of the Assessed Profile RaRq Root Mean Square Deviation of the Assessed Profile RqRp Maximum Profile Peak Height RpRz Average Maximum Height of the Profile RyRmax Maximum Roughness Depth ---

13

LENGTH EQUIVALENTS

Convert, Meters Inches Feet Millimeters Miles Square Kilometers

Meters 1 39,37 3,208 1.000 0,0006214 0,001Inches 0,0254 1 0,0833 25,4 0,00001578 0,0000254Feet 0,3048 12 1 304,8 0,0001894 0,0003048

Millimeters 0,001 0,03937 0,0032808 1 0,0000006214 0,000001Miles 1.609,35 63,360 5,280 1.609.350 1 1,60935

Kilometers 1.000 39,370 3280,83 1.000.000 0,62137 11 Meter = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 0,001 km = 1.000.000 micrometers

14

AREA EQUIVALENTS

Convert,Çevrim

Square Meters

Square Inches

Square Feet Square Miles Square Kilometers

Square Meters 1 1549.99 10.7639 3.861 x 10-7 1 x 10-6

Square Inches 0,0006452 1 6.944 x 10-3 2.491 x -6 6,452 x 10-10

Square Feet 0,0929 144 1 3.587 x -6 9,29 x 10-8

Square Miles 2 589 999 27.878,400 1 2,59Square Kilometers 1 000 000 10.763,867 0.3861 1

1 Square Meters = 10 000 Square Centimeters1 Square Millimeter = 0,01 Square Centimeter=0.00155 Square Inches

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

U.S. METRIC Pounds (Avoirdupois) x 0.45359 = KilogramsTons (2000 pounds) x 0.90718 = Metric TonsTons (2240 pounds) x 1.01605 = Metric TonsInches x 2.54001 = CentimetersInches x 25.4001 = MillimetersFeet x 0.304801 = MetersSquare Inches x 6.45163 = Square CentimetersSquare Feet x 0.0929 = Square MetersCubic Inches x 16.38716 = Cubic CentimetersCubic Feet x 0.02832 = Cubic MetersPounds per Foot x 1.48816 = Kilos per MeterOunces per Square Foot x 0.030515 = Grams per Square CentimeterOunces per Square Foot x 305.15 = Grams per Square MeterPounds per Square Inch x 0.07031 = Kilograms per Square CentimeterPounds per Square Inch x 0.0007031 = Kilograms per Square MillimeterPounds per Square Foot x 4.88241 = Kilograms per Square MeterPounds per Cubic Foot x 16.01837 = Kilograms per Cubic Meter

METRIC U.S.Kilograms x 2.20462 = Pounds (Avoirdupois)Metric Tons x 1.10231 = Tons (2000 pounds)Metric Tons x 0.98421 = Tons (2240 pounds)Centimeters x 0.3937 = InchesMillimeters x 0.03937 = InchesMeters x 3.280833 = FeetSquare Centimeters x 0.155 = Square InchesSquare Meters x 10.76387 = Square FeetCubic Centimeters x 0.06102 = Cubic Inches

15

Cubic Meters x 35.31445 = Cubic FeetKilograms Per Meter x 0.67197 = Pounds per FootGrams per Square Centimeter x 32.771 = Ounces per Square FtGrams per Sq Meter x 0.0032771 = Ounces per Square FtKilograms per Square Centimeter x 14.2234 = Pounds per Sq InchKilograms per Square Millimeter x 1422.34 = Pounds per Sq InchKilos per Sq Meter x 0.20482 = Pounds per Sq InchKilos per Cubic Meter x 0.06243 = Pounds per Cubic Foot

CONVERSION CONSTANTS

To Convert From To Multiply By

Gallons Pounds of water 8.33 Pounds of water Gallons 0.12004

Ounces Pounds 0.0625 Pounds Ounces 16

Inches of water Pounds per square inch 0.0361 Inches of water Inches of mercury 0.0735 Inches of water Ounces per square inch 0.578 Inches of water Pounds per square foot 5.2

Inches of mercury Inches of water 13.6 Inches of mercury Feet of water 1.1333 Inches of mercury Pounds per square inch 0.4914

Ounces per square inch Inches of mercury 0.127 Ounces per square inch Inches of water 1.733 Pounds per square inch Inches of water 27.72 Pounds per square inch Feet of water 2.310 Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury 2.04 Pounds per square inch Atmospheres 0.0681

Feet of water Pounds per square inch 0.434 Feet of water Pounds per square foot 62.5 Feet of Water Inches of mercury 0.8824 Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 14.696 Atmospheres Inches of mercury 29.92 Atmospheres Feet of water 34

Long tons Pounds 2240 Short tons Pounds 2000 Short tons Long tons 0.89285

16

FRACTIONAL INCHES TO MILLIMETERS

INCH 0 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8

11/16

3/4 13/1

6 7/8 15/16

mm 0 0,0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 7,9 9,5 11,1 12,7 14,3 15,9 17,5 19,1 20,6 22,2 23,8 1 25,4 27,0 28,6 30,2 31,8 33,3 34,9 36,5 38,1 39,7 41,3 42,9 44,5 46,0 47,6 49,2 2 50,8 52,4 54,0 55,6 57,2 58,7 60,3 61,9 63,5 65,1 66,7 68,3 69,9 71,4 73,0 74,6 3 76,2 77,8 79,4 81,0 82,6 84,1 85,7 87,3 88,9 90,5 92,1 93,7 95,3 96,8 98,4 100,0 4 101,6 103,2 104,8 106,4 108,0 109,5 111,1 112,7 114,3 115,9 117,5 119,1 120,7 122,2 123,8 125,4 5 127,0 128,6 130,2 131,8 133,4 134,9 136,5 138,1 139,7 141,3 142,9 144,5 146,1 147,6 149,2 150,8 6 152,4 154,0 155,6 157,2 158,8 160,3 161,9 163,5 165,1 166,7 168,3 169,9 171,5 173,0 174,6 176,2 7 177,8 179,4 181,0 182,6 184,2 185,7 187,3 188,9 190,5 192,1 193,7 195,3 196,9 198,4 200,0 201,6 8 203,2 204,8 206,4 208,0 209,6 211,1 212,7 214,3 215,9 217,5 219,1 220,7 222,3 223,8 225,4 227,0 9 228,6 230,2 231,8 233,4 235,0 236,5 238,1 239,7 241,3 242,9 244,5 246,1 247,7 249,2 250,8 252,4 10 254,0 255,6 257,2 258,8 260,4 261,9 263,5 265,1 266,7 268,3 269,9 271,5 273,1 274,6 276,2 277,8

1 inch = 25,4 millimetersSample : 2 1/2 inches (2 from the left column plus 1/2 from the top row) = 63,5 millimeters

METRIC PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS

Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 Exa E

1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 Peta P1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 Tera T

1000000000=109 Giga G1000000=106 Mega M

1000=103 Kilo k100=102 Hecto h10=101 Deka da

0.1=10-1 Deci d0.01=10-2 Centi c

0.001 = 10-3 Mili m0.000 001 = 10-6 Micro m

0.000 000 001 = 10-9 Nano n0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 Pico p

0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15 Femto f0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18 atto a

MINUTES CONVERTED TO DECIMALS OF A DEGREE

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Min. Deg. Min. Deg. Min. Deg. Min. Deg. Min. Deg. Min. Deg.1 0.0166 11 0.1833 21 0.3500 31 0.5166 41 0.6833 51 0.85002 0.0333 12 0.2000 22 0.3666 32 0.5333 42 0.7000 52 0.86663 0.0500 13 0.2166 23 0.3833 33 0.5500 43 0.7166 53 0.88334 0.0666 14 0.2333 24 0.4000 34 0.5666 44 0.7333 54 0.90005 0.0833 15 0.2500 25 0.4166 35 0.5833 45 0.7500 55 0.91666 0.1000 1 0.2666 26 0.4333 36 0.6000 46 0.7666 56 0.93337 0.1166 17 0.2833 27 0.4500 37 0.6166 47 0.7833 57 0.95008 0.1333 18 0.3000 28 0.4666 38 0.6333 48 0.8000 58 0.96669 0.1500 19 0.3166 29 0.4833 39 0.6500 49 0.8166 59 0.983310 0.1666 20 0.3333 30 0.5000 40 0.6666 50 0.8333 60 1.000

PRESSURE EQUIVALENTS

Multiply, çarpım

Kg per square

cm

Pounds per

square Inch

Atmosphere BarInches

of Mercury

KilopascalsInches

of Water

Feet of Water

Kg per square cm

1 14.22 0.9678 0,98067 28.96 98,067 394.05 32.84

Pounds per square Inch

0,07031 1 0.06804 0,06895 2.036 6,895 27.7 2.309

Atmosphere 1,0332 14.696 1 1,01325 29.92 101,325 407.14 33.93

Bar 1,01972 14.5038 0.98692 1 29.53 100 402.156 33.513

Inches of Mercury

0,03453 0.4912 0.033420,03386

41 3,3864 13.61 1.134

Kilopascals0,010197

20.14503

80.0098696 0,01 0.2953 1 4.02156 0.33513

Inches of Water

0,002538 0.0361 0.002456 0,00249 0.07349 0,249 1 0.0833

Feet of Water 0,3045 0.4332 0.029470,02983

90.8819 2,9839 12 1

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULAS

To Convert From To Substitute in FormulaDegrees Celsius Degrees Fahrenheit (°C x 9/5) + 32Degrees Celsius Kelvin (°C + 273.16)

Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Celsius (°F -32) x 5/9Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Rankin (°F + 459.69)

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TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

Fahrenheit Centigrade

° F ° C ° F ° C ° F ° C ° F ° C ° F ° C

Zero -17.8 25 -3.9 50 10.0 75 23.9 100 37.8

1 -17.2 26 -3.3 51 10.6 76 24.4 110 43.3

2 -16.7 27 -2.8 52 11.1 77 25.0 120 48.9

3 -16.1 28 -2.2 53 11.7 78 25.6 130 54.4

4 -15.6 29 -1.7 54 12.2 79 26.1 140 60.0

5 -15.0 30 -1.1 55 12.8 80 26.7 150 65.6

6 -14.4 31 -0.6 56 13.3 81 27.2 160 71.1

7 -13.9 32 Zero 57 13.9 82 27.8 170 76.7

8 -13.3 33 0.6 58 14.4 83 28.3 180 82.2

9 -12.8 34 1.1 59 15.0 84 28.9 190 87.8

10 -12.2 35 1.7 60 15.6 85 29.4 200 93.3

11 -11.7 36 2.2 61 16.1 96 30.0 210 98.9

12 -11.1 37 2.8 62 16.7 87 30.5 220 104.4

13 -10.6 38 3.3 63 17.2 88 31.1 230 110.0

14 -10.0 39 3.9 64 17.8 89 31.7 240 115.6

15 -9.4 40 4.4 65 18.3 90 32.2 250 121.1

16 -8.9 41 5.0 66 18.9 91 32.8 300 148.8

17 -8.3 42 5.6 67 19.4 92 33.3 350 176.6

18 -7.8 43 6.1 68 20.0 93 33.9 400 204.4

19 -7.2 44 6.7 69 20.6 94 34.4 450 232.2

20 -6.7 45 7.2 70 21.1 95 35.0 500 260.0

21 -6.1 46 7.8 71 21.7 96 35.6 750 398.8

22 -5.6 47 8.3 72 22.2 97 36.1 1000 537.7

23 -5.0 48 8.9 73 22.8 98 36.7

24 -4.4 49 9.4 74 23.3 99 37.2

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Volume Equivalents

To Convert From, ..den

çevirim

Cubic Decimeters

(Liters)

Cubic inches

Cubic Feet

U.S. Quart

U.S. Gallon

Imperial Gallon

U.S. Barrel (Petroleum)

Cubic Decimeters

(Liters)1 61.0234 0.03531 1.05668

0.264178

0,220083 0.00629

Cubic Inches

0,01639 1 5.787 x 10-4 1.01732 0.00432

90,00360

60.000103

Cubic Feet 28,317 1728 1 29.9221 7.48055 6,22888 0.1781

U.S. Quart 0,94636 57.75 0.03342 1 0.25 0,2082 0.00595

U.S. Gallon 3,78543 231 0.13368 4 1 0,833 0.02381

Imperial Gallon

4,54374 277.274 0.16054 4.80128 1.20032 1 0.02877

U.S. Barrel (Petroleum)

158,98 9702 5.6146 168 42 34,973 1

1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters1 liter = 1000 milliliters = 1000 cubic centimeters

Vickers Hardness Test

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A : Surface aread : Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mmF : Load in kgfHV : Vickers hardness

To convert HV to MPa multiply by 9.807

Vickers hardness numbers are reported as 440HV30 :

440 : the hardness numberHV : gives the hardness scale (Vickers)30 : the load used in kgf

SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME FORMULAS

Geometric Shape Surface Area

Prism

Prism (general) SA=2B+Ph

SA=2lw + (2l + 2w)h

SA=6s²

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Pyramid

Regular Pyramid (general), SA=B+n(0,5 bs)

SA=B + n(0,5 s) bSA=b² + 4(0,5)(4) s

SA=b² + 8s

Cylinder SA=2π r²+ πdh

ConeSA=π r²+ πrs

S=slant height

Sphere SA=4π r²h

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DIN 30670 MINIMUM COATING THICKNESS

Pipe size, mm

Min. Thickness of coating in mm,

Diameter, çap < DN 100 1.8100 ≤ Diameter, çap < 250 2.0250 ≤ Diameter, çap < 500 2.2500 ≤ Diameter, çap < 800 2.5

Diameter, çap ≥ 800 3.0

Along any 1 m length of pipe, the coating thickness may be up to 10% less than the minimum required, provided the thinner area does not cover more than 5 cm²

DIN 30670 TESTS

Surface Cleanliness Comparison = Sa 2 ½ - DIN 55928 Part 3

Bond Strength = at a test temperature of (20 ±5) ºC, be at least 35 N per cm of test piece width

at a test temperature of (50 ±5) ºC, be at least 15 N per cm of test piece width for type N coatings, and 25 N per cm type S coatings

Continuity (holiday) = 25 kV

Impact Strength = 30 impact, darbe

Indentation hardness = 0.3 mm (23 ±2 ºC)

Percentage elongation at failure= 200 %

Coating Resistivity = 108 Ω m²

Heat and light ageing = the melt flow rate shall not deviate by more than 35 % of the original value

APPLICATION PROCESS FOR PE COATING OF JOINT AREA

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1 Heat the steel surface to be insulated to 40-50ºC and clean to the purification degree 2 as per GOST 9.402. Treat the polyethylene coating with emery paper to provide sufficient surface roughness.

2 Heat the insulated surface and adjacent factory insulation coating to at least 90ºC (in summer) or 110 (+10) ºC. Apply the preliminary prepared epoxy primer onto the steel surface and the adjacent factory insulation coating over the entire insulated portion.

3 Wrap the sleeve around the weld joint so that the overlap with the factory coating is at least 75 mm at each side and the overlap of the sleeve ends is at least 100 mm.

4 Heat the glue layer with a soft flame on the closure plate and install the plate in the central position onto the sleeve end overlap by hitting it with a hand or rolling with a silicon roller. The closure plate should be located on the pipe circumference near the 2 or 10 o’clock position.

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5 Heat the sleeve with a soft flame from the center to the edges beginning from the bottom part of the weld joint to remove bubbles from the sleeve surface.

APPLICATION PROCESS FOR REPAIR OF PE COATING

1 Heat the repaired polyethylene coating portion to 100 (+10ºC) and remove the damaged factory coating with a spatula or a knife. Smooth the sharp edges of the coating and make the coating more rough (with emery paper) over a 75 mm area around the removed coating portion. Remove rust from the repaired pipe surface portion with emery paper.

2 Heat the steel surface to 60ºC and polyethylene surface of the repaired portion to 100 (+10) ºC (within a 100 mm area around the damaged spot). Apply the repair filler (preliminary cut to size) onto the steel and polyethylene pipe surfaces. Heat the filler with a gas burner, fill in the damaged portion with a spatula and uniformly distribute it with the spatula over the polyethylene surface (over a 75 mm area around the damaged spot).

3 Heat the adhesive layer (preliminary cut to ensure 40-45 mm overlap with the factory coating). Heat until the adhesive layer becomes lustrous.

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4 Install the tape onto the repaired pipe area so the tape adhesive layer extend from beneath the tape to at least 20 mm. Heat the tape with a gas burner and roll down with a roller remove glue blobs and air bubbles.

5Roll the tape down with a silicon roller to remove glue blobs and bubbles.

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