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Reference Package Study Guide

This study guide is a summarization of the information in the LEED Green Building Rating System Reference Package. It includes information pertaining to all credits and their intents, environmental and economical concerns and advantages, requirements, calculations, technologies and strategies, and responsible integrated design team members. The study guide should be reviewed in conjunction with the LEED Green Building Rating System document, Reference Package, LEED Letter Templates, and the Canadian Green Building Council website (http://www.cagbc.org).

This guide does not include exact formulas and examples of credit calculations, websites for reference, specific information on reference standards (i.e. ASHRAE), definitions, or case studies. This information can be found in the Reference Package.

This study guide is meant as a study tool used to prepare for the LEED Accredited Professional Exam (http://www.cagbc.org for more information). In preparation for the exam, make sure to study which referenced standards (ASHRAE, the State of California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) rules, Green Seal’s Standards, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), etc.) apply to which credits. Study the differences in percentages, requirements, and strategies between similar credits (i.e. Building Reuse vs. Resource Reuse). Also, review the LEED process including the application and review process, Credit Interpretation Requests (CIRs), LEED letter templates, and the roles of different integrated design team members.

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LEED Green Building Rating SystemReference package

Introduction (11-32)

“Green building design strives to balance environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, occupant comfort and wellbeing, community development and the economics of building construction and operation”

The LEED standard ensures that the building has met a rigorous and carefully defined level of environmental performance (tailored for Canadian climates, construction practices, and regulations). A LEED green building:

-makes use of an integrated design process (including members of design, construction, and maintenance teams)-minimizes the environmental stress on the site-has a thermally efficient envelope that reduces energy use-makes optimal use of the building’s form, orientation, materials and mass-has smaller and more efficient HVAC and lighting systems-uses water efficiently-has adaptable and sustainable interiors-uses interior finishes and installation practices with lower toxic emissions-makes use of landscaping that minimizes water and chemicals use, stormwater runoff and restores groundwater supplies-supports efficient travel options for users

These practices result in lower operating costs, more adaptability and increased occupant comfort.

The LEED rating system is used to assess the performance of commercial and institutional buildings. It can also be applied to retail, mid and high-rise residential buildings, and public assembly buildings (in the future there will be adaptation guides for more specific building types). LEED applies to buildings regulated by Model National Energy Code for Buildings (MNECB) and Natural Resources Canada’s Commercial Buildings Incentives Program (CBIP), buildings greater than 3 storeys, buildings 3 storeys or less with buildings areas greater than 600 sq m, buildings 3 storeys or less that contain occupancies other than dwelling units, and multi-unit residential buildings that conform to the above and have a common entrance. Additions count as a stand alone project. LEED does not apply to buildings under part 9 of the OBC (single family homes or townhouses). Townhouses that are part of mixed use projects will be considered; however, it is excluded from CBIP incentives.

The LEED rating system pertains to 6 categories:Sustainable SitesWater EfficiencyEnergy and AtmosphereMaterials and ResourcesIndoor Environmental QualityInnovation and Design Process

The rating system is comprised of prerequisites (the minimum performance in a category, these do not contribute to the final point score) and credits (points rewarded by

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meeting intent of the credit and documenting equivalent or better performance). The number of points achieved by the project determines its final rating:

Certified (26-32 points)Silver (33-38 points)Gold (39-51 points)Platinum (52+ points out of 70 possible points)

When the Reference guide does not sufficiently address a specific issue or an alternative strategy for achieving a credit is proposed, a credit interpretation can be requested. Previously logged CIRs can be viewed at www.cagbc.org. CIRs are to be included in the initial certification submittal.

The Process:

1. Register the project with CaGBC early in development process. Once registered, access to important information, software tools (LEED letter template – tracking and documentation tool that provides feedback and summarizes progress), communications, and credit interpretation requests is granted.

2. As the process unfolds, collect and prepare all necessary documentation (do not include any extra documentation).

3. Submit the application with required documentation and overall project narrative (summarizes features and generates interest).

4. The application is reviewed by the LEED Program manager for suitability and completeness.

5. A review team performs a draft preliminary review to determine if the intent and requirements are met (may request more information or deny your submittal, will select 6 prerequisites and credits for audit).

6. A quality assurance check of the draft preliminary review is performed.7. The preliminary LEED review is forwarded to the applicant, who replies with the

supplemental documentation and audited prerequisites and credits.8. The supplemental documentation is reviewed and the Draft Final LEED Review is

developed (the supplemental documentation is either achieved or denied).9. A quality assurance check of the draft final review is performed.10. If any audited credits were denied the project has failed the audit and a second audit is

performed (this continues until the project completes an audit or all prerequisites and credits have been audited).

11. A final LEED review is forwarded to the project applicant. The applicant can appeal denied prerequisites and credits by providing additional documentary evidence.

12. The official rating is awarded.

“LEED standards will continue to evolve as green design and construction matures until there is a mainstream practice that creates truly sustainable shelter”

For details about application, the process, schedule, fees and other information:www.cagbc.org

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Sustainable Sites Overview (33-35)

Building and construction can be destructive to local ecology, encroach on productive farmland and open space, and encourage runoff (which diminishes local water quality, recreation opportunities, and aquatic life). Sustainable sites aim to reduce the impacts on previously undeveloped land and/or improve previously contaminated sites. Proper site selection includes choosing an appropriate location (to reduce sprawl and automobile use) or using a brownfield (taking advantage of existing infrastructure and services). Before selecting a site, the site geology, hydrology, vegetation, wildlife, and site history should be evaluated. After construction, the building should be beneficial to its new environment by reducing the heat island effect and light pollution.

Issues that are important to developing sustainable sites but are not included in LEED standards include stream-side protection, proximity to amenities and services (within walking distance), and impact on adjacent properties beyond the specific site (increased wind, decreased sunlight to surrounding buildings and public spaces, snowdrifts).

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Sustainable SitesPrerequisite 1 (36-41)Erosion & Sedimentation Control

Design a sediment and erosion control plan (may also cover stormwater management) that prevents the erosion and sedimentation of the site during construction and occupation. A variance for this prerequisite can be obtained where measures to avoid erosion are not required (due to soil make-up, topography etc.).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:The clearing, earth moving, destruction of vegetation, and reconfiguration of

grading of the site during construction can lead to significant erosion and sedimentation problems if adequate environmental protection strategies are not employed. Stormwater and high winds will erode any unprotected and uncontained soil from the site degrading the property, causing sedimentation of storm sewers and receiving streams, polluting the air with dust, disrupting stream habitats, and contaminating waters.

Erosion control can also reduce stormwater management measures. The use of special plantings to retain soil can reduce water and maintenance of landscaping. The geotechnical report required to document soil conditions can also be used for foundation design.

Requirements:To achieve this Prerequisite:

Identify the soil composition on the project siteUncover potential site problemsDevelop mitigation strategies

The documentation should include a statement of the objectives, a comparison of the stormwater runoff pre and post development, a description of temporary and permanent erosion control measures, and a description of the required maintenance of the employed erosion control methods.

Technologies and Strategies:Construction drawings and specifications should outline the methods for

protecting erosion-prone areas and stabilizing susceptible areas during construction. Stabilization measures include seeding and mulching exposed soil. Structural control measures include earth dikes that divert stormwater into sediment traps or basins that allow for the settling of sediment, and silt fences that filter sediment from stormwater.

Team member: Soil Engineer, Landscape Architect, Contractor

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Sustainable SitesCredit 1 (42-47)Site Selection

Avoid developing on inappropriate sites (agricultural or forest land reserves, ecologically sensitive lands, endangered habitats, near flood plains or wetlands, and public parks) and reduce the environmental impact of the location of the building and paving on site. This credit does not allow mitigation as a substitute for avoiding development (of buildings or wastewater treatment systems) on inappropriate sites. Although not considered for this credit, stream-side protection should also be considered during site selection.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Inappropriate site selection results in habitat encroachment and the destruction of

ecosystems. Avoiding development near flood plains eliminates the need for levees, which cause floods to be conveyed downstream, increase the velocity of rivers, and eliminate wetlands. Building on previously developed sites reduces the impact on the immediate environment, preserves undeveloped land, and reduces parking needs and travel times.

Avoiding inappropriate sites can increase public support, lessen the mitigation costs of developing in a sensitive area, lessen the costs of property damage caused by natural disasters, and evade loss of property due to endangered species litigation.

Requirements:Documentation should include a LEED letter template declaring that the project is

not developed on an inappropriate site based on the restricted criteria.

Technologies and Strategies:When selecting the site:

Avoid all sites listed in the restricted criteriaSet a preference for previously developed sites that complement the useConsult relevant Provincial Ministries to obtain information related to

ecologically sensitive areas within the proposed project vicinityInventory all important environmental characteristics on the site surveyIncrease the density and decrease the footprint of the proposed buildingIncorporate existing natural features in the design

Team members: Landscape Architects, Ecologists, Environmental Engineers

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Sustainable SitesCredit 2 (48-54)Development Density

Development should be channelled to urban areas with a current density of 13800m² per hectare (2 storey downtown developments) and existing infrastructure in order to protect greenfields and preserve habitat and natural resources. Credit equivalence can be achieved in:

An area where the target density will be achieved by project completionA dense urban core with a low density residential district in the vicinityA master plan infill/previously developed/contaminated site project

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Development separated from the urban core and other developments has a lower

initial cost; however, they create a dependence on automobiles for commuting (which contributes to air and water pollution), destroy agricultural land, and neglect urban sites that may fall into disuse and decay. Development of greenfield sites requires new infrastructure, which has a great impact on the local environment.

Urban redevelopment curbs suburban sprawl, makes use of existing infrastructure and public transit, and requires less parking capacity. There are municipal incentives to help deal with site constraints, contaminated soils and other issues related to urban development.

Requirements:Documentation should include the density for the project and surrounding area

and an area plan. The project density is calculated by dividing the area of the building by the area of the project site (which must also be greater than 13800m²/ha). The site area is used to determine the density radius (the amount of surrounding area included in the average density calculation). Add the areas of all buildings within the density radius and divide by the area to determine the development density. Park space is excluded from development density calculation.

Documentation must prove that:The project is located in a central business district/dense urban growth

area with existing development and infrastructure The project is resulting in increased development density that meets the

goals of the urban development plan

Technologies and Strategies:When selecting the site:

Give preference to sites in an existing urban fabricMeet or exceed density goals of local urban development planChose sites based on existing infrastructure, transportation, and quality-of-

life

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Sustainable SitesCredit 3 (55-61)Redevelopment of Contaminated Sites

Develop damaged sites that are complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination and provide remediation as required.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Redevelopment and remediation of locations abandoned due to perceived

contamination from previous uses removes hazardous materials from soil and groundwater. This reduces the exposure of humans and wildlife to health risks resulting from environmental pollution, preserves greenfield sites, and makes use of existing infrastructure.

Contaminated sites may be situated in attractive locations and cost less than uncontaminated real estate. Rehabilitating old sites can revitalize old neighbourhoods and act as an incentive for other buildings in the area. The property value should be weighed against the cost of cleanup to see if redevelopment is an economically viable option.

Requirements:Documentation should prove the contamination of the site (that substances above

normally occurring levels are present and are likely to pose a hazard to humans and/or the environment). A risk assessment will determine the type and level of contamination present and will assign a permanent classification to the site. The documentation should describe the damage to the site and the remediation performed to clean up and/or stabilize the contaminants.

Technologies and Strategies:After the risk assessment is complete, the owner’s and future occupants’

perception of the building should be evaluated to see whether or not rehabilitation is a realistic option.

Develop a master plan for site remediation. Several remediation strategies should be investigated in order to identify the most beneficial and least expensive. The contaminants can either be stabilized and isolated from human exposure or remediated. Only established remediation technologies that impose minimal site disruption and do not have any adverse environmental implications should be used. After rehabilitation, continue to monitor the site for the identified contaminants.

Remediation technologies include:Pump-and-treat (chemicals treated with a physical or chemical process)Bioreactors on siteContaminant disposalSolar/biological detoxification (new technologies intended to lower the

cost of remediation in the future)

Team members: Remediation experts, Contractor

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Sustainable SitesCredit 4 (62-77)Alternative Transportation

4.1 Public Transportation AccessLocate the building close to frequent (every 20-30 min in urban spaces and 30-45

min in suburbs) public transportation including buses (within 400m of 2 different bus lines not including school buses), commuter rail, light rail, and subway stations (within 800m) to reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. Park and ride locations for buses are not the same as commuter rail stations as buses consume 70% more energy/passenger than commuter rails. Credit equivalence can be achieved by establishing a permanent private shuttle service to connect the buildings to public transportation (including a description of the schedule, frequency, capacity of the shuttle, which must provide commuter as well as periodical service)

4.2 Bicycle Storage & Changing RoomsFor commercial or institutional buildings, provide secure bicycle storage (can be

uncovered) with convenient shower facilities for 5% of regular building occupants (full time staff or equivalents) to reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. For residential buildings, provide covered bicycle storage for 15% of building occupants. This could be accomplished by providing covered outdoor bike storage or by hanging fixtures in each apartment.

4.3 Alternative Fuel VehiclesProvide either:

High efficiency hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles for 3% of occupants and preferred parking for these vehicles or,

Alternative-fuel refuelling stations (electric, propane, hydrogen fuel cells) within 500m of the site for 3% of the vehicle parking capacity of the site

to reduce pollution caused by automobile use. Where electrical refuelling stations are being provided, there must be electric vehicle station hardware manufactured for this purpose; electrical outlets do not constitute vehicle charging stations. At the stations, educational materials must be provided that refer occupants to resources for research and purchase. The use of auto cooperatives (Zipcars) will be recognized where there is a contract for 2 years that serves 3% of occupants.

4.4 Parking CapacityProvide designated parking for carpools, vanpools or car co-ops (under 2 year

contract) equal to 10% of non-visitor parking spaces and either:Size parking capacity to meet (not exceed) zoning requirements or,Add no new parking for rehabilitation projects (unless there is a change in use).

Bus and shuttle bus spaces do not count as carpool or automobile parking. The project should demonstrate the steps it is taking to encourage carpooling, such as signage and education efforts.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Reducing private automobile use saves energy and reduces automobile associated

environmental problems. Automobile infrastructure (roads and parking) dissects open expanses relied on by wildlife for migration and foraging, contributes to erosion and stormwater runoff resulting in the pollution of receiving waters, and contributes to the urban heat island effect. A reduction in automobile infrastructure would allow for more public green space and natural areas or permit greater development density. Automobile exhaust releases air and water pollutants which contribute to acid rain and are harmful to humans. There are also many negative environmental impacts associated with the extracting, refining, and transportation of crude oil for gasoline production.

Alternative methods of transportation will be adopted if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use. However, alternative fuel vehicles still cause pollution at the tailpipe or power plant and are not environmentally benign.

Providing smaller parking areas will result in lower initial costs and lower stormwater charges (where applicable). Proximity to transit is beneficial to the value and marketability of the building (although the land may be more expensive).

Requirements:Documentation should include letter templates and site drawings highlighting the

location and quantity of facilities. The Full Time Equivalent (FTE –calculation for the number of full-time occupants during the most occupied shift based on total worker hours divided by 8) is used to determine the number of bike storage spaces required (5% FTE) and shower stalls (1 stall for every 8 storage spaces). Bike storage must be free of charge and can include racks, lockers and/or storage rooms. Showers can be either unit or group facilities. Alternative fuelling stations should service 3% of the total parking spaces. Carpool spaces should be provided for 10% of the FTE divided by 2 occupants per vehicle.

Technologies and Strategies:Encourage the use of public transit by tapping into existing transit lines,

landscaping transit stops and stations, providing transit passes for occupants, and allowing for telecommuting and working from home. Encourage biking by providing adequate storage, locating the showering facilities nearby, and providing landscaping. Encourage carpooling/sharing of facilities by providing preferred parking areas and eliminating subsidies for non-carpool vehicles. Encourage the use of alternative fuel vehicles with 240V receptacles for electric vehicles and refuelling stations for natural gas vehicles complete with compressors and dispensers. Also, investigate the possibility of sharing facilities with nearby buildings and between occupants.

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Sustainable SitesCredit 5 (78-86)Reduced Site Disturbance

5.1 Protect or Restore Open SpaceConserve existing natural areas and restore damaged areas to provide habitat and

promote biodiversity. Either:Limit site disturbance (earthwork, clearing of vegetation) to 12m beyond the

building perimeter, 1.5m beyond site infrastructure, and 7.5m beyond impermeable surfaces or,

Restore a minimum of 50% of the site area (excluding building footprint) by replacing impervious surfaces with native or adaptive vegetation on previously developed sites

Adaptive species are those which do not require irrigation or fertilizers to flourish. Monocultures of a single species (i.e. turf grass) do not meet the intent of the credit as they do not promote biodiversity. Existing turf grass areas, agricultural areas (which have not reverted back to a stable natural ecosystem), or high maintenance ornamental landscaping (that does not meet the intent of being native or adaptive) can be considered previously developed and replaced with a more diverse habitat area.

The building footprint does not include shade structures or canopies; however, it does include building overhangs (recessing the first floor walls does not reduce the site area impacted by the building). If the building is part of a master plan, restore a minimum of 50% of the total site area (excluding building footprints) and include the phases and timeline of the plan with the documentation.

5.2 Development FootprintReduce the development footprint (building footprint, access roads, and parking)

to exceed the local zoning’s space requirement for the site by 25%. Where there is no zoning requirement (i.e. university campuses), designate open space area adjacent to the building, equal to the building footprint. On campuses, buildings can also be clustered together with the open space adjacent to the cluster (this creates a more contiguous habitat, which is superior to small isolated natural spaces). Set aside a minimum of 25% of the site as open space where there is a 0 lot line buildable area. If the project is part of a master plan, designate a minimum of 50% of the total site area (excluding building footprints) as open space.

Open space refers to the property area minus the development footprint. It must be vegetated and pervious, thus providing habitat and other ecological services. Artificial turf on top of a parking structure is not considered open space for this credit.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Development of greenfields disturbs and destroys wildlife and plant habitats and

wildlife corridors that allow for migration. This pushes the animals from their original habitats until they become crowded and overpopulated. They may invade developments in search of a new habitat or perish. Minimizing site disturbance reduces habitat destruction and the threats imposed on individual species and biodiversity. Strict boundaries are required to limit development and the extent of construction activities.

The preservation of topsoil, plants, and trees can reduce landscaping and maintenance costs and increase property value. Trees and plants can either be preserved in their original locations or saved to be replanted after construction. Reducing the building footprint will force the design to be more compact. A more compact building is more efficient and has reduced material, energy, operation, and maintenance costs. Reduced earthwork, shorter utility lines, and reduced paving area will also result in lower initial costs.

Requirements:Documentation should demonstrate the construction boundaries or percentages of

open space with references to local zoning requirements.

Technologies and Strategies:Design a master plan for project area based on a survey of the existing

ecosystems, soil conditions, water elements, wildlife corridors, vegetation, and all potential natural hazards. Propose strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of the project on natural and built systems. Choose a development footprint and location that will minimize disturbance (in consideration with other sustainable building issues related to site selection). Tighten the program requirements and stack the floor plans to create a smaller footprint. During construction establish clearly marked boundaries and note site protection requirements in construction documents:

Delineate lay down, recycling, and disposal areasUse paved areas for staging activitiesErect construction fencing around the drip line of existing trees to protect from

damage and soil compactionEstablish penalties for any destruction outside of the boundariesCoordinate construction traffic to minimize disruption of the site

Work with existing topography and restore the native landscape of the site to re-establish predevelopment conditions.

Team members: Landscape Architect, Ecologist

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Sustainable SitesCredit 6 (87-99)Stormwater Management

6.1 Rate and QuantityStormwater runoff must be managed in order to limit the disruption and pollution

of natural water flows. If existing imperviousness is less than or equal to 50%, make sure that the post-development discharge rate does not exceed pre-development. If existing imperviousness is greater than 50%, implement a stormwater management plan that results in a 25% decrease in the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff (which is directly related to the area of impervious surfaces). Infiltration basins should infiltrate all entering water within 72 hours. A common stormwater treatment system that is integral to several projects can be counted for this credit for each building. Stormwater cisterns may be used to achieve this credit as long as they meet the required percentages of rate and quantity of runoff.

6.2 TreatmentLimit the disruption of natural water flows by eliminating stormwater runoff,

increasing on-site infiltration, and eliminating contaminants. Construct a stormwater treatment system that removes 80% of post-development total suspended solids (TSS) and 40% of the post-development total phosphorous (TP) by implementing Best Management Practices. Performance of devices such as “stormceptors” must be documented. The percentages are flexible depending on which contaminant is a greater local problem. Contaminants can also be removed before they enter the water (safe plans for cleaning agents and fertilizers must be included in the documentation). A project can also achieve this credit by demonstrating that 100% of the first 25mm of rainfall is fully infiltrated or collected in cisterns.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:The volume of stormwater generated from a site depends on the impervious

surface area. In an urban development there are less pervious surfaces and more stormwater that must be transported with urban infrastructure (significant amount of maintenance, great impact on ecological development footprint) to receiving waters. Stormwater runoff contains oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, materials from tire wear, de-icing salts, sediment, fertilizers, etc. that have negative effects on water quality. Reducing the generation of stormwater would encourage the natural aquifer recharge cycle of evaporation and infiltration, require less municipal infrastructure, and have less impact on receiving waters, navigation, and recreation.

If drainage systems are designed at the onset of site planning, they can be easily and economically integrated. The price of collection and infiltration equipment is offset by allowing the use of much smaller stormwater sewer systems. Certain stormwater management features (bio-swales, infiltration ponds, constructed wetlands) can increase amenity value of adjacent properties.

Requirements:Documentation should demonstrate the level of imperviousness and rate and

quantity of runoff pre and post development. It should describe the treatment practices implemented and prove that the minimum treatment has been exceeded. The impervious area of each surface material is calculated by multiplying its area by its runoff coefficient. These areas are added up to determine total impervious area. Divide the impervious area by the site area to get the site imperviousness. No calculations are required to determine the treatment percentages when using the BMPs for Credit 6.2.

Technologies and Strategies:Reduce the impervious area by designing a smaller footprint (clustering buildings

and roads) and utilizing green roofs, pervious paving, and underground parkingCapture stormwater from impervious areas to reuse within the building (sewage

conveyance, fire suppression, industrial applications)Remove contaminants and pollutant load with biologically based and innovative

stormwater management features:Constructed wetlands - mimic natural wetland treatment propertiesVegetated filter strips and grassed swales - filter sediment and pollutantsFiltration basin - removes sediment and pollutantsDetention ponds - capture runoff and allow pollutants to drop out before release

to water bodyControl the release of runoff to local water bodies

Infiltration basins and trenches - temporary surface storagePorous paving - allows runoff to infiltrate (often need vacuuming to unclog)Bioswales - require less maintenance than pipes and constructed infrastructure

Make sure not to disturb existing wetlands and buffers when constructing stormwater management features.

Team members: Stormwater Management Expert, Landscape Architect

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Sustainable SitesCredit 7 (100-112)Heat Island Effect

7.1 Non-RoofProvide shade, use reflective materials, and/or open grid pavement on at least

30% of the non-roof impervious surfaces (parking, walkways, plazas) to reduce the urban heat island effect. Otherwise, provide 50% underground or covered parking, or use an open grid paving system for 50% of the parking lot area, or use a combination of methods. Less reflective materials can be used over a greater area, as long as the average still exceeds the requirement.

7.2 RoofUse Energy Star compliant high emissivity roofing (emissivity of at least 0.9) for

at least 75% of the roof surface to reduce the absorption of solar energy and heat and reduce air-conditioning requirements. Or, install a green roof for at least 50% of the roof area (includes balconies but not skylights, parapets or equipment). A combination of the two methods that results in at least 75% coverage can also be used. Vegetated planters and shade provided by planted trees may also be used in the calculation of green roofing percentage. This credit provides the most benefit where cooling energy costs exceed heating costs.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:As the building environment expands and replaces natural settings it loses its

ecological services (i.e. the shade and cooling provided by vegetation). Dark, non-reflective parking, roofing, and landscaping contribute to the urban heat island by absorbing sunlight and radiating heat. This increases ambient temperatures by about 5.5ºc compared to undeveloped areas resulting in an increase in HVAC requirements, cooling loads, energy requirements, and infrastructure. The increased temperature also creates a local microclimate, which is detrimental to site habitat, wildlife and migration corridors as some animal populations are very sensitive to temperature change. Shading and reflective materials can reduce the urban heat island effect.

The addition of trees and shading devices may add extra initial cost, but the payback incurred from lower cooling cost and HVAC requirements is substantial.

These techniques may not result in any energy benefits for cold climates.

Requirements:Documentation should include letter templates and a site plan demonstrating areas

of paving, landscaping and building footprint and percentages of roof coverage. The reflectance and emittance of all materials should be included. 30% of the non-roof impervious requirements must come from shade. “Parking lot area” only refers to spaces exposed to direct sunlight. When calculating the effective roof coverage of reflective/low emissive roofing used in conjunction with green roofing, green roof area accounts for 1.5 time the reflective roof area (1.5 x green roof area + reflective roof area = 75% roof area).

Technologies and Strategies:Shade constructed surfaces with landscaping and minimize development footprint.

Replace constructed surfaces with vegetated, permeable, or high-albedo (reflectance) materials to reduce heat absorption.

Non-roof technologies:Paving materials – generally low reflectance over lifetime (white-cement

concrete’s reflectance is lower after weathering)Coatings and integral colorants – improve reflectanceOpen grid paving – uses evaporation to decrease ambient temperaturesVegetation and architectural shades – block direct sunlight radiance (deciduous

trees, shrubs, non-invasive vines allow for heat gain in the winter)Roof technologies:Asphalt shingle roofing – effective in steep slope applicationsCoatings – reflective, protect materials from UV damage, should be cleanedGarden roofs – cool by capturing and evaporating water, may require

maintenance, extend the lifetime of the membraneMembrane roof – cooling membranes can be made of: EPDM, CSPE, PVC, TPO Metal roofing – highly reflective bare or coated

Team members: Roofing Specialists, Landscape Architect

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Sustainable SitesCredit 8 (113-124)Light Pollution Reduction

Lighting should be carefully designed to improve quality and uniformity of lighting while eliminating light trespass, improving night sky access, and reducing the impact of sky glow on nocturnal environments. Lighting design should abide by the IESNA requirements for lighting uniformity, shielding, interior lighting, and lighting trespass. Properly designed lighting will diminish glare, improve safety, be unobtrusive to neighbours, and minimize the quantity of “wasted light”. However, even with the best design and technology, some light will be reflected into the atmosphere.

This credit does allow some uplighting (for lighting flags, etc.) as long as all credit requirements are met. If trees are being uplit, the level of luminance should be studied with and without leaves and attention should be paid to how the the tree’s dormancy cycles are affected. Where an awning is uplit, it must catch all of the light.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Light pollution is caused by stray light that illuminates particles in the atmosphere

limiting access to the night sky, compromising astronomical research, affecting nocturnal environments, and needlessly consuming energy. When properly designed and maintained lighting can provide safety and convenience, extend night time access, and add to the sense of place as well as address environmental issues. Careful design can reduce the infrastructure, energy use, and maintenance associated with lighting.

Requirements:Documentation should include the lighting zone designation (determines the

recommended maximum illuminance levels); a site plan showing the luminaire schedule and shielding; a computer model showing lighting levels, uniformities, and loss factors; light trespass calculations; and diagrams indicating the extent of interior lighting.

Technologies and Strategies:Employ a lighting professional to assess the project’s lighting needs, recommend

lighting options for sustainable design, determine the lighting zone, identify possible light trespass areas, and create a computer model to simulate lighting performance. Use minimum lighting equipment and limit the use of nonessential (landscape, signage, and architectural) lighting. Eliminate all unshielded fixtures and provide full cut-offs for lights over 3500 lumens and semi cut-offs for 1000 lumens (may require even more shading depending on the situation). Control lighting with motion sensors, photocells, stepped dimming, automatic switching, and time clocks and turn off lighting after hours. Limit exterior uplighting (above 90 degrees) and contain light within the desired area. Ensure that lighting does not extend beyond the property. Use low-reflectance ground covers and surfaces to reduce glare. Commission lighting once it is installed (confirming that lighting was installed as specified) and maintain on a regular basis.

Team members: Lighting designer, Electrical Engineer

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Water Efficiency Overview (125)

25% of the Earth’s freshwater is in Canada with 122 billion Litres extracted each day to support residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and recreation activities. The rate of water withdrawal increased 90% between 1972 and 1996. Canadians consume 340L per day which is twice the daily consumption of Europeans. Only 3% of all potable water distributed is for human consumption.

Reducing water usage and using non-potable water for landscape irrigation, toilet flushing, and custodial purposes will reduce the municipal infrastructure required for the supply of potable water and the removal of sanitary waste. Most conservation strategies either require no additional cost and/or produce rapid paybacks. Water use can easily be reduced by 30%. 4 million Litres of water a year can be saved just by installing low-flow fixtures, sensors, and automatic controls in a commercial building, resulting in thousands of dollars in savings per year. These savings are incurred by a decrease in maintenance, capacity, lifecycle costs, municipal supply, and treatment.

Rainwater collection and use and “grey-water” treatment and reuse are not well defined by Canada’s building and health codes. The appropriate authorities should be consulted early in the design process.

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Water EfficiencyCredit 1 (126-137)Water Efficient Landscaping

1.1 Reduce by 50%Limit the use of potable water for landscape irrigation (to 50% conventional

means) by using high-efficiency irrigation technology, captured rain water, or recycled site water. The systems (composed of technical equipment, drought tolerant or native plants, captured rain systems, and/or recycled water systems) must have a capacity that supplies enough irrigation water for the demand of the month of July. Temporary irrigation may be supplied for the first 2 years while plants are being established. “Temporary” pop-up irrigation cannot be used as it requires a lot of piping and would be too easy to use on a regular basis after the 2 years. The 50% reduction goal cannot be achieved by limiting the quantity of area irrigated (by conventional means). This credit does allow for the installation of an external hose used for cleaning and building maintenance.

1.2 No Potable Water Use or No IrrigationEliminate the use of potable water for landscape irrigation by using only captured

rain or recycled water or by not installing permanent landscape irrigation systems. Temporary irrigation may be supplied for the first 2 years while plants are being established. If irrigation is still necessary after 2 years, use either high-efficiency irrigation technology or non-potable water. Water coming directly from receiving waters or from industrial water cannot be used (even though it not suitable for drinking) as it has the potential to be potable water. Harvested rainwater (cisterns or collection ponds), recycled grey water (lavatory and/or shower water), and recycled water (cooling tower discharge) can be used. Water recycled from a fountain or water feature on site cannot be used as it does not reduce the demand for irrigation water.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Landscape irrigation consumes large quantities of potable water (up to 15% of

total water consumption); although non-potable water is equally effective. Native landscapes (Xeriscapes or “dry landscaping”) have lower irrigation requirements, require fewer fertilizers and pesticides (which impact water quality), attract native wildlife, and create a building site that is integrated with its natural surroundings.

Using less potable water will save on utility costs, which are expected to escalate due to over-consumption. Although micro-irrigation systems have a greater design cost than conventional systems, the payback is significant due to lower water use and maintenance costs. Landscaping costs are reduced by retaining existing plants and growing indigenous species that require less maintenance and watering.

Requirements:The documentation should compare the irrigation volume of potable water for the

designed system vs. a base-line conventional system. To calculate the amount of total potable water applied to a given landscaping area calculate the Landscape Coefficient for each landscaping area (the amount of water lost from evapotranspiration - depends on species, number of plants and leaf area, and environmental conditions). Calculate the Evapotranspiration Rate of the specific landscape (landscape coefficient multiplied by amount of water needed to grow plants in the specific region). Calculate the Total Potable Water applied to the given area for July (the landscaped area multiplied by the evapotranspiration rate, divided by the irrigation efficiency of the irrigation systems. Subtract the volume of non-potable water that will be used for irrigation).

Less potable water will be used if there is a smaller landscaped area, a lower evapotranspiration rate, and higher efficiency irrigation systems used. Repeat the calculations for a base-line case using conventional plant species and irrigation systems.

Technologies and Strategies:Perform a soil and climate analysis to determine most adaptable and suitable

plants that will not require permanent irrigation. Detail a seasonal maintenance schedule to optimize landscape health (including integrated pest management, mulching, alternative mowing, and composting). Develop a water use base-line with which to compare the efficiency of the design. Plan the irrigation systems to include:

Roof-water or groundwater collection systems – use metal, clay, and concrete roofing materials as asphalt and lead containing materials contaminate water and use filter systems to ensure water quality

Grey water recycling – water from building systems that don’t involve human waste/food processing, check to see if back-flow prevention devices required

Municipally recycled water supply systemsHigh-efficiency irrigation systems - deliver 95% of the water supplied

(conventional systems - 60%), includes micro-irrigation, moisture sensors, clock timers, and weather database controllers

Team members: Landscape Consultants

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Water EfficiencyCredit 2 (138-147)Innovative Wastewater Technologies

Reduce the use of municipally provided potable water for building sewage conveyance and/or treat site wastewater and increase the local aquifer recharge. Reserve potable water for specific applications only. The optimization of process water (water from cooling towers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) is not covered by this credit and could be eligible for an Innovation in Design credit.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Conventional wastewater systems require significant volumes of potable water to

convey waste to treatment facilities. The use of wastewater controlling technologies can reduce sewage volume generation (black-water) and result in considerable savings. Using recycled water from the site will reduce runoff and the requirement for utility provided water. On-site treatment technologies are more efficient and reduce wastewater infrastructure, energy consumption, and chemical use. Waste can be converted for potable and non-potable use and be used to improve soil conditions.

Wastewater technologies add to initial cost and may require a separate tank, filters, dual plumbing lines, and more maintenance. They are most cost-effective when used where there is no municipal water supply (rural areas), wells are unreliable, water requires treatment, or to avoid the aquifer contamination problems of current septic system technology. Wetlands used to treat wastewater can add value to the site while providing flood protection and stabilizing the soil.

Requirements:The documentation should use wastewater calculations (based on the annual

generation of black-water volumes from plumbing fixtures – depends on fixtures, frequency, occupants, and workdays) to compare the design case with a baseline case. For the design case, subtract the annual volume of rainwater (depends on collection area, efficiency, and average rainfall) or grey-water collected from the wastewater volume to determine the volume of potable water used for sewage. The baseline case uses conventional fixture flow rates and does not include water recycled from the site.

Technologies and Strategies:Develop a wastewater inventory and determine the demand, availability, and

potential uses for recycled water. Plan to install dual plumbing lines if it is likely that grey-water will be used in the future. Grey-water systems require an overflow device, potable water makeup (when water supply is insufficient), filters, and pumps. Use low-flow, automatically controlled, or dry plumbing fixtures (composting toilets or waterless urinals). Determine the quantity of wastewater and select a treatment strategy (constructed wetlands, sand filters, aerobic biological treatment reactors, modular wastewater treatment systems) that will treat water to tertiary (highest treatment) standards. Discuss the recycling and treatment systems with the health department to ensure adherence to codes, permit laws, and maintenance requirements.

Team members: Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, Contractor

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Water EfficiencyCredit 3 (148-158)Water Use Reduction

3.1 20% Reduction3.2 30% Reduction

Use water reduction strategies that are more efficient than baseline fixtures and reduce the potable water consumption by 20% or 30% to reduce the burden on municipal (or well) water supply and wastewater systems. The project must make use of proactive wastewater technologies; water use cannot simply be reduced. To achieve this credit, on site adjustment strategies can be used as long as they are permanent (cannot be tampered with), measured and verified, and continue to provide acceptable performance. Optimization of process water (water from cooling towers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) is not included in the calculations.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:There are many ways to exceed current standards, achieve greater water savings,

and reduce potable water use in building plumbing fixtures. Toilet flushing uses the most water in residential and commercial buildings. Reducing water use decreases the amount of water withdrawn from fresh water bodies, energy and chemicals used at municipal treatment facilities, infrastructure required, and sewage generated. It protects the natural water cycle and saves water resources for the future.

Water-conserving fixtures may have a greater initial cost and require more maintenance and equipment; however, they result in significant operational savings. They reduce operating costs and stabilize municipal taxes and water rates.

Requirements:The documentation should use potable water use calculations (based on the annual

potable water volumes used by plumbing fixtures – depends on fixtures, frequency and duration, occupants, and workdays) to compare the design case with a baseline case. The design case uses all fixtures actually installed (new and remaining) and takes into account the annual volume of rainwater (depends on collection area, efficiency, and average rainfall) or grey-water collected to determine the volume of potable water used for sewage. The baseline case uses fixtures that meet the requirements of Table 1 (p. 148) and does not include recycled water.

Technologies and Strategies:Develop a water use inventory of all fixtures, equipment, and seasonal conditions.

Identify significant potable water demands and determine methods to minimize or eliminate them. Specify water-conserving plumbing fixtures that exceed fixture requirements and consider control technologies: aerators (that do not alter the feel of the water flow), sensor faucets (reduce duration by 20%), pressure-assisted and dual flush toilets, waterless urinals, and composting toilets. Discuss the water reducing technologies with the health department to ensure adherence to codes.

Team members: Mechanical Engineer

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Energy & Atmosphere Overview (159-163)

Energy used for the heating, lighting, and cooling of buildings accounts for a large percentage (approximately 85%) of their environmental impacts, which are caused on site and from primary energy production.

Negative impacts from fossil fuel power generation occur during extraction, transportation, refining, power generation, and distribution. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that contributes to global climate change (coastal floods, severe droughts, heat waves, and disease migration). Coal-fired utilities emit nitrogen oxide (smog) and sulphur dioxide (contributes to acid rain). Coal extraction disrupts habitat, devastates landscape, causes acidic water runoff, produces sludge (can affect community potable water supplies), and emits fine particulate matter (cannot be cleared from the lungs, causing cancer and respiratory illnesses).

Natural gas is a major source of nitrogen oxides and greenhouse gasses. Nuclear power has an increased potential for catastrophic accidents and raises significant waste transportation and disposal issues. Hydroelectric power generation disrupts natural water flows, disturbs habitats, and depletes fish populations.

Use an integrated design process and performance targets to develop green, energy efficient facilities. Energy efficient buildings reduce the depletion of non-renewable energy resources, reduce the environmental impacts associated with primary energy production, encourage the use of renewable energy sources with low environmental impacts, and increase occupant comfort. There are many economical and readily achievable energy reducing practices that produce excellent return rates.

Issues that affect the impacts on energy and atmosphere but are not included in LEED Canada-NC include embodied energy (energy required to produce building materials and construction), green house gas production, production of gases leading to acidification emissions (reducing energy on site may or may not indicate a direct reduction of gases), and adaptability to future changes in energy supply.

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Energy & AtmospherePrerequisite 1 (164-175)Fundamental Buildings Systems Commissioning

Verify that all fundamental building elements and systems are designed, installed and calibrated to operate as intended following fundamental best practice commissioning procedures. Elements and systems include HVAC, ducts and piping, building envelope, energy sources, lighting, potable water use technologies, water recycling systems, water treatment systems, and all other advanced performance technologies. Commissioning includes practices from the traditional TAB (testing, adjusting, and balancing) report.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Commissioning maintains project focus on high performance building principles

that maximize energy efficiency, air quality, and occupant comfort and minimize negative environmental impacts associated with energy production and consumption. It increases operational cost savings and occupant productivity. It decreases employee illness, tenant turnover, liability related to indoor air quality, and premature equipment replacement. It improves the project design and construction by improving construction documents, providing ongoing site reviews, and minimizing contractor call-backs.

RequirementsDocumentation should include team members, design intent, basis of design,

commissioning plan, operation and maintenance manuals, and commissioning report.

Technologies and Strategies:At project commencement, create a commissioning team (owner, occupants, staff,

design professionals, and contractors) and designate a commissioning authority (someone from the owner’s staff who will represent and report directly to him/her, a third party, or someone not responsible for design, management or construction). Assemble the project intent including all of the measurable, documentable, and verifiable owner’s objectives. The design should demonstrate how each requirement is met throughout all design phases. The commissioning plan should cover all building systems (including tenant fit-up and improvements), will evolve with the process, and will be included in construction and bid documents. Complete installation verification, start-up and check out, sampling (verification that all tests have been successfully completed on an ongoing basis – to catch problems before the complete system checkout), and functional testing (include test procedures and results) for all elements and systems. Systems should be tested at all modes including start-up, normal, shutdown, unoccupied, manual, alarms, backup, and seasonal changeover. Verify that training was conducted to ensure optimal use, maintenance, and replacement of elements over the project’s life. Create operation and maintenance manuals for all equipment at all modes. Present the owner with a commissioning report highlighting the systems’ level of compliance with original requirements and all outstanding commissioning issues. Commissioning concludes after one year of occupancy with a warranty review and lessons-learned meeting.

Team members: Commissioning Agent, Contractor

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Energy & AtmospherePrerequisite 2 (176-187)Minimum Energy Performance

Establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the base building and systems according to either MNECB or ASHREA/IESNA 90.1-1999 standards and procedures. Both paths are similar and have mandatory requirements and prescriptive and performance approaches. The efficiency required and allowed approach depends on whether the project is new or a major renovation. For projects which combine additions and renovations the requirements depend on an area-weighted average of energy saving targets. Heritage buildings may be exempt from envelope and lighting requirements.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:For the last 50 years buildings have depended on off-site generation, transmission

and delivery of cheap energy and ignored the associated energy inefficiencies and environmental impacts (i.e. gases which cause global warming and smog). Energy consumption constitutes 85% of a building’s environmental unloading; therefore, the most important step towards creating a greener building is reducing energy consumption and shifting to less polluting, renewable sources. LEED relies on site energy calculation as an index of the environmental impacts of primary or off-site energy. This is imprecise and cannot account for all energy lost due to inefficiencies in primary energy generation (which cannot be measured due to regional pooling of energy).

To encourage energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Canadian government introduced CBIP, which can offset the initial costs of green building by providing up to $60,000 to commercial projects that improve efficiency by 25%. Operating costs can also be lowered by reducing total energy consumption, having smaller HVAC systems, and participating in utility rebate programs.

Requirements:Documentation should include LEED letter templates and/or computer simulation

files. The MNECB path is based on reducing energy consumption as compared to a baseline building. ASHRAE is based on reducing energy costs (a 25% reduction in consumption is equivalent to an 18% reduction in energy cost).

Technologies and Strategies:Incorporate more energy efficient measures in the design of building envelope by

using components with higher U-values (accounts for insulation and thermal bridging) and windows with low-e coatings, inert gas fills, warm-edge spacers, and insulated frames. The window to wall ratio should be below 50%. Specify the minimum performance of HVAC systems: control during unoccupied hours, heat recovery systems, and systems with lower fan power. Specify efficient water heating, tank and pipe insulation, and solar heaters. Use low-flow fixtures. Use efficient lighting, controls, and optimize daylight. Use efficient motors and energy star appliances. Use computer simulation to optimize performance and reduce capital cost.

Team members: Mechanical/Electrical Engineer

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Energy & AtmospherePrerequisite 3 (188-193)CFC Reduction in HVAC & R Equipment and Elimination of Halons

Reduce ozone depletion by eliminating the use of CFC-based refrigerants in new HVAC & R systems (and all other cooling equipment) and halons in fire suppression equipment. Equipment that does not provide over 15% of the building cooling capacity and emergency back-up equipment are exempt. Cooling systems for ice rinks and grocery stores are not exempt. There are some exemptions for existing equipment: major renovations must phase-out CFC use within one year of project completion and campus projects (where CFC equipment accounts for less than 5% of overall central plant load) can have a 5-7 year phase-out period. A project with no mechanical refrigeration or fire suppression equipment is eligible for this credit.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Older refrigeration equipment use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are a major

contributor to the depletion of ozone and increase of related environmental and health problems. CFCs convert ozone into oxygen, reducing the atmosphere’s ultraviolet protection. This causes skin cancer, cataracts, weakened immune systems, reductions in crop yield, and disruptions in the marine food chain. They also absorb infrared radiation and function as potent greenhouse gases. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is phasing out the production and use of all ozone-depleting substances (ODTs). CFC production in North America ended in 1995. HCFCs (which deplete ozone less than CFCs) will also be phased out.

New, non-CFC building equipment is cost competitive with old CFC equipment. There are initial costs associated with the replacement or conversion of CFC equipment; however the new equipment can be more efficient and result in energy savings.

Requirements:All refrigeration equipment and fire suppression equipment should be

documented, outlining refrigerant charges and fire retardants used.

Technologies and Strategies:Specify non-CFC-based refrigerants in all HVAC & R systems and fire

suppression systems. Check existing systems before beginning design work on a major renovation. Consider the characteristics of the various CFC substitutes including applications, lifetimes, ozone-depleting potentials (ODP values) and global-warming potentials (GWP values). Specify refrigerants that have a small environmental lifetime, low ODP and GWP values, and high energy efficiency (see Table 1 p. 90). There are no “ideal” alternatives for CFCs as all have some environmental impacts.

Team members: Mechanical engineer

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 1 (194-217)Optimize Energy Performance

Achieve levels of energy performance above the prerequisite standard according to the MNECB or ASHRAE/IESNA (more stringent) standards used for Prerequisite 2. Points are awarded according to percentage reductions in design energy relative to the standard (Table 1 & 2 p. 194-195). Both paths have mandatory requirements and prescriptive and performance approaches. Energy performance is shown using 8760-hour energy computer simulations using typical meteorological year data. The efficiency required depends on whether the project is new or a major renovation. For projects which combine additions and renovations, the requirements depend on an area-weighted average of energy saving targets. Heritage buildings may be exempt from envelope and lighting requirements.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Energy efficiency reduces the devastating environmental effects of energy

production and use. Energy efficient systems can result in more comfortable indoor environments: increasing productivity while decreasing operating and first costs. With more sophisticated integrated design, some systems can be eliminated entirely.

Requirements:Documentation should include LEED letter templates and/or computer simulation

files. Process loads (i.e. computer servers, cooking and refrigeration equipment) should be modeled to predict efficiency; however they aren’t included in the percentage calculation. Process energy efficiency may be eligible for an innovation in design credit. Energy savings percentage is determined by dividing the difference between the annual designed energy cost and the referenced cost (the savings) taking into account renewable energy and process energy savings (credits) by the annual referenced energy cost.

Technologies and Strategies:Computer simulation (EE4) compares the relative performance of different energy

efficiency strategies including radiant conditioning, thermal storage, ground-source heat pumps, and natural and mixed ventilation systems. Three fundamental strategies can increase energy performance: reduce demand, harvest free energy, and increase efficiency. Reduce demands of internal heating and lighting by decreasing building size and footprint, optimizing envelope (decrease thermal bridging), defining a wider range of acceptable indoor temperatures, using automatic sensors, and designing lighting for specific needs. Use free energy sources on the site for as much of the energy load as possible. Use passive solar heating (thermal mass and proper window placement), natural ventilation (prevailing winds and aperture optimization) and daylighting (clerestories and light shelves), and geothermal heating and cooling to satisfy lighting and conditioning needs during all seasons. The efficiency of building HVAC and lighting should be maximized by integrating new technologies and direct digital control systems. Distributed generation (energy generated near the site) and cogeneration (simultaneous production of electricity and heat) increase the efficiency of energy production.

Team members: Mechanical/Electrical Engineer, Commissioning Agent

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 2 (218-231)Renewable Energy

2.1 Renewable Energy 5%2.2 Renewable Energy 10%2.3 Renewable Energy 20%

Increase the level of on-site renewable energy self-supply in order to reduce the environmental impacts and waste associated with conventional primary energy generation. Supply at least 5% (2.51-7.5%), 10% (7.51-15%) or 20% (>15%) of the building’s total energy use (expressed as a fraction of energy cost) through on-site renewable energy. Biomass heating, passive solar, solar water heating, and optimizing daylighting do not qualify for this credit because they do not generate electricity. Green energy produced on site is not eligible for the Green Power Credit 6.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:On-site renewable energy reduces the cost, infrastructure, inefficiencies, and

impacts (natural resource destruction, air and water pollution) associated with energy transportation. It can result in improved power reliability, reduced reliance on grid power, and diversion of biomass from landfill. However, biomass that is not processed properly can cause air pollution due to incomplete combustion. Renewable energy sources can impact the site and require commissioning, measurement, and verification.

The initial cost of on-site renewable energy can be offset by energy cost savings, utility rebates, and net metering (selling the energy back to the utility). Initial costs are decreasing as the technology evolves and reliability and lifetime is improving. Renewable energy can also provide new sources of income for farmers.

Requirements:Documentation should include LEED letter templates and a computer simulation

(RETScreen) demonstrating the amount and type of renewable energy supplied and the related cost savings. The cost of renewable energy (grid energy cost divided by use, multiplied by renewable energy generated) is calculated against the designed energy cost (from Credit 1) to determine the percentage of savings.

Technologies and Strategies:Design and specify on-site, non-polluting renewable energy from:

Sun: photovoltaic (PV) panels or building integrated PVs (integrated in the roof, cladding, or window systems) and inverters that convert the DC generated to AC

Wind: inexpensive and reliable wind turbinesBiomass: organic matter (sustainably harvested trees, grasses, and crops or waste from

industry, agriculture, and construction) converted into thermal energy by a boiler or gasifier and then converted into electricity by a generator

The production and manufacture of renewable energy technologies has grown tremendously in recent decades and continues to develop. If renewable energy is not economically viable at the beginning, allow for systems to be adapted in the future.

Team members: Mechanical/Electrical Engineer, Commissioning Agent

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 3 (232-236)Best Practice Commissioning

An independent third party (may be owner’s employee but cannot have any conflict of interest with design or construction team) will perform additional commissioning tasks to verify and ensure that the entire building is designed, constructed and calibrated to operate as intended. The requirements enhance those of Pre-requisite 1 with Best Practice Commissioning by identifying potential problems and areas of improvement and optimizing systems over the long term. Best practices requirements provide further assurance that the building will continue to meet the owner’s needs and provide a healthy, productive environment for occupants.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Best Practice Commissioning increases the building’s efficiency and reduces the

environmental effects of energy production and use (natural resource depletion and air and water pollution). It requires limited additional investment over regular commissioning practices.

Requirements:Additional commissioning tasks (including additions to the manual) must be

executed or under contract.

Technologies and Strategies:The Independent Commissioning Authority will review the schematic design to

ensure that all of the owner’s requirements are met (including functionality, energy performance, water performance, maintainability, sustainability, system cost, indoor environmental quality, and local environmental impacts). He/she will review construction documents and contractor submittals to ensure that commissioning practices are adequately specified. The Operations and Management manual will be enhanced with information including system design (flowcharts), operation schedules, benchmarks, and re-commissioning requirements. A plan will be developed to deal with occupant concerns and a contract made for the commissioner to review building operation within one year after construction. The Commissioning Authority will return 10 months into the 12-month warrantee to interview staff and identify problems, address issues, resolve deficiencies, suggest improvements, and develop strategies to handle further potential problems.

Team members: Commissioning Agent, Contractor

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 4 (237-241)Ozone Protection

Specify all base building HVAC and refrigeration equipment to not contain HCFCs in order to reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal Protocol. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are low ozone depleting refrigerants, often substituted for CFCs, which will be phased out by 2030 due to their Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). This requirement also applies to central plants or district cooling systems serving the building and refrigeration systems for ice rinks and grocery stores. Small dedicated HVAC units used to cool equipment (computers, phones, data rooms, water coolers, appliances) are not considered part of the “base building” and are not subject to the requirements as long as they represent less that 15% of HVAC capacity. All building equipment must be free of HCFCs before occupancy (no phase-our period).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Elimination of HCFCs reduces ozone depletion, which depletes the Earth’s

natural shield for ultraviolet radiation and causes human illness, mortality, and ecosystem damage. HCFCs also contribute to global climate change.

There are cost effective HCFC alternatives currently available including hydroflyorocarbons (HFCs). It is cost effective to switch systems now as HCFCs are already scheduled to be phased out. HFC equipment not as energy efficient and has a higher global-warming potential; however the technology is still developing.

Requirements:All HVAC and refrigeration equipment should be documented, outlining all

refrigerants, cooling capacities, and the total base building cooling capacity.

Technologies and Strategies:Research and specify all HVAC & R equipment with non-ozone-depleting

equipment. Study different substitutes (i.e. R410a) and choose the most appropriate in terms of worker safety, ozone depletion, energy efficiency, and climate change (alternatives are published in the EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy - SNAP).

Team members: Mechanical Engineer, Commissioning Agent

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 5 (242-249)Measurement and Verification

Provide metering equipment for all electrical and mechanical systems to account for and optimize building energy and water consumption. Develop a Measurement and Verification (M&V) plan to demonstrate how the results of monitoring will be used to verify that the building meets its design intent and is functioning properly throughout occupancy. The plan must be consistent with option B, C, or D from the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Substantial benefits are gained from optimizing performance through continuous

monitoring including minimizing lifetime cost, reducing environmental impacts, improving occupant health, identifying systems that are not functioning as expected, and predicting performance improvements achieved by incorporating new energy efficiency measures.

M&V costs 1-10% the project cost; however, it is repaid within a few months of operation through energy and water utility savings and reduced operations and maintenance costs.

Requirements:Documentation should indicate all metering equipment installed and include a

copy of the M&V plan.

Technologies and Strategies:All systems to be monitored and verified will be included in the M&V plan as

individual systems or as a holistic building system. All data sources (utility bills, system points, portable metering, or trending periods), methods of data collection, and responsible personnel will be identified. A baseline condition (the same baseline used for energy and water efficiency calculations) will be accurately catalogued that can be compared to existing conditions. The M&V approach selected depends on the level of integration of the systems and whether the building will be evaluated at a system or “whole building” level. The M&V plan should be coordinated with commissioning procedures.

The installation and operation of all new systems will be verified and the energy and water savings (as compared to the baseline) will be determined. The savings will be compared to the initial predictions from the engineering calculations in order to track any substantial deviations and modify future projections. Any problems will be identified and managed to achieve improved system performance. A contract will be put in place to re-evaluate the project at appropriate intervals.

Team members: Contractor, Mechanical/Electrical Engineer

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Energy & AtmosphereCredit 6 (250-254)Green Power

Engage in a minimum 2 year contract with a renewable energy provider for at least 50% of the buildings regulated electricity to encourage the development and use of grid-source renewable energy technologies. Power suppliers must meet EcoLogo or Green-e standards or provide documentation demonstrating that they comply with these standards. Renewable energy is derived from solar, wind, small-scale hydro, geothermal, biomass from waste and/or biogas from landfill sources. Minor variations in the percentage and length of the contract are acceptable as long as the amount of green energy required is maintained. Where the local utility does not offer renewable energy, compliant Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (i.e. Bullfrog) from another utility can be used.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Green power is not environmentally benign but greatly lessens the impacts of

conventional energy production (air pollution resulting in acid rain, smog, global warming, and endangered human respiratory health). It also avoids reliance on nuclear and large-scale hydroelectric power. The use of bio-fuel diverts waste from landfill and creates local employment.

Current green power costs are greater than conventional energy; however the prices are more stable and will become less expensive as technology develops. Green power is less expensive than conventional power when environmental and health costs are factored into the equation.

Requirements:The required percentage of renewable energy is based on annual energy

simulation and is 50% of the design electricity after renewable onsite power generation has been subtracted. The amount of energy required from the green supplier depends on the fraction of green energy in their product (50% would be required from a 100% renewable-derived power product vs. 100% of a 50% renewable energy product)

Technologies and Strategies:Research non-polluting renewable power providers and tradable renewable energy

certificates and factor in the fraction of its delivered power that comes from green energy.

Team members: EcoLogo or Green-e Energy Provider

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Materials & Resources Overview (255-258)

The extraction, processing, transportation, and disposal of building materials contributes to air and water pollution, the destruction of habitats, and the depletion of natural resources. Construction activities consume 40% of the global material flow and generate 33% of North American solid waste (which should instead be viewed as a resource and a commodity).

The most effective strategy to minimize the environmental impacts associated with materials and resources is the reuse and rehabilitation of existing buildings. This reduces the impacts (i.e. habitat disturbance) of material production and delivery and minimizes infrastructure required. Using salvaged and recycled materials instead of new diverts “waste” from landfill and encourages waste management companies to recycle and reuse. Using local resources supports the local economy and decreases transportation and infrastructural need. Rapidly renewable materials reduce the impacts of resource consumption. Durable buildings with longer life spans require less maintenance, repair, and replacement and reduce the demand on raw materials. The life span of the envelope is dependent on the durability of the components, assemblies, and connections against climatic and environmental stresses. Adaptable buildings or those designed for deconstruction keep materials in the use cycle as long as possible (before they need to be reprocessed).

Portable fixtures, furniture, and equipment and reconfigurable and re-locatable architectural building elements can either be included or excluded in the LEED application as long as they are included in all material and resource calculations (except 1.1, 1.2, and 3) and installed immediately upon building completion.

The following strategies are not included in the LEED application and may be incorporated in design and innovation credits:

Adaptability: the capacity of a building to accommodate substantial future change at a low cost is critical in avoiding premature obsolescence and improving life-cycle environmental performance and includes:

Flexibility: allows for changes in space planningConvertibility: allows for substantial changes to useExpandability: ability to make additions and alterations

Designing for disassembly: eases the recovery of materials, components, and systems

Life-cycle assessment (LCA)Proactive Strategies: easily reconfigurable architectural elements that allow for

the adaptation and reconfiguration of components on-site (instead of having to ship them back to the manufacturer)

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Materials & ResourcesPrerequisite 1 (259-263)Storage & Collection of Recyclables

Facilitate the reduction of landfill waste generated by building occupants by providing an easily accessible area (may be outdoors) that is dedicated to the separation, collection, and storage of recyclable materials. Recycling has already become an integral part of Canadian culture and most people are inclined to recycle as long as the process in not too inconvenient or costly.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Many if not all waste products generated by occupants can be recycled instead of

sent to landfill. Recycling reduces the extraction of natural resources, which destroys habitats. Recycling 1 tonne of paper prevents the processing of 17 trees and saves 2.3 m³ of landfill space. Recycling aluminium requires only 5% of the energy required to produce virgin aluminium.

The cost of collecting and processing recyclables can be offset by significant savings in landfill disposal costs. Increasing recycling will also stabilize the recycled materials market. Recycling storage does however require a large area of floor space and may increase the building footprint.

Requirements:The provided recycling area guidelines are recommended not required. The

recycling area depends on the volume and type of materials generated by occupants and occupant recycling rates vary by building type.

Technologies and Strategies:Promote recycling by creating convenient opportunities for recycling with

adequate space for collecting and storing recyclables. Designate a well-marked location for the collection and storage of recyclables (paper, cardboard, glass, metals, plastics) that is sized to accommodate the estimated recyclable waste volume. Isolate recycling activities that create odours, noise, and air contaminants from occupants to maintain indoor environmental quality. Locate the central location in the basement or on the ground floor with easy access for collection vehicles and rolling bins. Research local recycling markets to find the best recycling methods. Provide instruction to occupants and employees on recycling procedures. Encourage activities to reduce and reuse materials before recycling to reduce the amount of recyclable volume. Larger buildings may require cardboard balers and aluminium can crushers to reduce recycling storage space. Recycling chutes facilitate recycling efforts.

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 1 (264-272)Building Reuse1.1 Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors, and Roof1.2 Maintain 95% of Existing Walls, Floors, and Roof1.3 Maintain 50% of Interior Non-Structural Elements

Maintain over 75% or 90% of existing building structure and shell (exterior cladding and framing, excluding window assemblies and non-structural roofing materials) and/or over 50% of non-shell elements (interior walls, doors, floor coverings and ceiling systems) to extend the life cycle of existing building stock, conserve resources, retain cultural resources, reduce waste, and reduce environmental impacts of manufacturing and transporting new building materials. Rooftop platforms that are not integral to the roof are not considered “structure and shell”.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Reusing building components on-site reduces the amount of construction waste

leaving the site and reduces the environmental impacts of raw and recycled material extraction, manufacture and transportation. It minimizes the impacts of developing on a greenfield site including habitat disturbance caused by new infrastructure and roads.

Building reuse can reduce the first costs of building and allows the owner to take advantage of building on a prime location with existing desirable building characteristics.

Requirements:Highlight reused elements on the plans and elevations and calculate the

percentage of building elements reused. To qualify for building reuse the existing building must undergo substantial renovation. If an addition is proposed that is greater than 50% of the existing building’s floor area it is a new building and is ineligible for the building reuse credit (reused building materials can still count toward Credit 2). If an item cannot be reused for its original function it can be reprocessed and installed for a different use (i.e. wood beams re-milled or concrete crushed for structural fill) and will count toward Credit 3.

The percentage of reused structure (footings, slabs on grade, stem walls, columns, and beams) is calculated in terms of volume (vs. total volume of structural elements). The percentage or reused shell (brick cladding, roofing, and siding) is calculated in terms of area. Add these percentages and divide by 2 to determine the total percentage of building reused. The percentage of reused interior elements is calculated in terms of area.

Technologies and Strategies:Research the potential reuse of an existing building by evaluating its structural

integrity and skin, functional suitability, code compliance, historic significance, adaptability, environmental attributes (solar exposure, transportation access, air quality levels, and stormwater control) and determine advantages and drawbacks of reuse versus demolition. Try to preserve the existing façade. Identify contaminants (asbestos, lead-based paint) and apply required or appropriate removal/isolation measures. Upgrade outdated components (HVAC, plumbing, insulation, and windows) with new components that enhance energy efficiency, water efficiency, and indoor environmental air quality.

Team Members: Structural Engineer, Building Envelope Specialists

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 2 (273-281)Construction Waste Management

2.1 Divert 50% from Landfill2.2 Divert 75% from Landfill

Recycle and reuse recovered resources in order to divert 50% or 75% of construction, demolition and land clearing debris from landfill disposal. Incineration cannot be used as an alternative method for diverting waste from landfill. Reprocessed rock and excavated materials cannot be counted in calculations since it is standard practice to reuse bedrock on site as fill (however, it can count toward Credit 5). Hazardous materials (i.e. asbestos and lead) can be excluded from calculations, but should be noted in the narrative to explain how they cannot be recycled or salvaged. Bentonite that is used to stabilize trench walls may be considered a construction material if specified for a specific function and brought on site for that purpose. Materials included in Credit 3 – Credit 7 calculations cannot be applied to this credit.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Construction and demolition (C&D) activities generate enormous quantities of

solid waste. Recycling opportunities for various materials are expanding and some opportunities have long been available. Opportunities depend on location and the level of contamination of the material. Recycling of C&D debris reduces material demand and the environmental impacts associated with resource extraction, processing, and transportation (i.e. contamination of groundwater, loss of green space). Recycling and reuse of materials can extend the lifetime of existing landfills to avoid landfill expansion.

Waste management plans require time and money to draft and implement but they can guide a project to achieve substantial savings by lowering landfill tipping fees (when fees exceed $50 per tonne recycling becomes cost-effective), collecting revenue from recyclable materials, and minimizing the initial cost of materials (ie. grinding demolished concrete for structural fill).

Requirements:Calculations can be done by weight or volume (but must be consistent). Calculate

the percentage by comparing the amount of all recycled materials to the total waste (conversions are provided to convert material amounts from volume to weight).

Technologies and Strategies:Minimize the factors that contribute to waste (over-packaging, improper storage,

poor planning, breakage, mishandling and contamination). Identify institute reuse, salvage and recycle opportunities and look at potential markets for salvaged materials. Develop and institute a construction waste management plan that identifies salvage, reprocessing, reuse, and recycling opportunities; includes cost estimates; and addresses source reduction of material use. Designate a well identified area that is protected from the elements (to avoid contaminating stormwater runoff) specifically for C&D waste recycling. Train site workers on proper recycling protocol. Institute monthly reporting and feedback on the waste management plan to assess progress and address problems.

Team members: Recycling Consultants, Contractor

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 3 (282-289)Resources Reuse

3.1 5%3.2 10%

Reuse off-site salvaged or refurbished materials, products and furnishings for at least 5% or 10% of the total cost of building materials to reduce the demand for virgin materials, the amount of waste produced, and the impacts of new material extraction and processing. On-site materials that are removed and reprocessed, no longer serve their original function, and are installed for a different use may also apply to Credit 3 (otherwise on-site materials left in-place are considered under Credit 1 – Building Reuse). These include any materials from a building on site that was demolished or deconstructed. Formwork that is not permanently installed is considered “equipment” for all credits (except Credit 4 and 7) and is not included in the project’s material costs.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Reusing resources (structure, flooring, paneling, doors and frames, cabinetry,

furniture, brick and masonry, decorative items, and fixtures) extends material lifetimes and can reduce overall first costs of construction materials. Salvaged materials can also add character and be used as architectural details. Reuse diverts material from the construction waste stream, reduces landfill requirements and associated water and air contamination issues, and eliminates the environmental impacts of producing new materials. Salvaged materials may be more costly than new due to the labour required to recover and refurbish but often have higher quality and durability.

Requirements:Determine the percentage value of the total material cost that is accounted for by

salvaged materials. Only add mechanical/plumbing/electrical material costs if some of these components are part of the salvaged materials. If the cost of salvaged material is below market value: use replacement cost to estimate material value. The total material cost can be derived by calculating of 45% of the total construction cost or by tallying all of the material costs.

Technologies and Strategies:Develop a reuse strategy early in the design to incorporate reused building

materials and set reuse goals (i.e. minimum 50% of floors will be salvaged). Identify local sources of reused building products (and local buildings being demolished) and research their products’ durability, performance, code compliance, contaminants, and environmental considerations (some older construction elements are less water/energy efficient than new ones).

Team members: Demolition and Recycling Contractors

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 4 (290-300)Recycled Content

4.1 7.5% (post consumer + ½ post-industrial)4.2 15% (post consumer + ½ post-industrial)

Use materials with recycled content (that would have entered the solid waste stream) to increase their demand and reduce the impacts of producing new materials. Mechanical and electrical components and salvaged and refurbished items are not considered for Credit 4. If plumbing equipment is included it must be included in all material cost calculations for all credits and the default material cost value (45% of construction costs) cannot be used (material costs must be tallied). If other items are included in the base materials costs (elevators, appliances, furniture, built-ins) they should be included in all cost calculations for all credits. Recycled content materials are not counted in MR Credits 1-3, or 6 and 7.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Products that contain recycled content reduce the impacts of virgin material use

and landfill waste generation. Many materials (metal, concrete, masonry, acoustic tile, carpet, ceramic tile, insulation) already contain recycled materials and have the same performance as new materials. Recycled materials can cost more than new but as the market continues to grow prices will become more competitive (this Credit aims to encourage the post-consumer recycling market). The environmental benefits of recycled materials are less than reused and therefore reuse is preferred over recycling if possible.

Requirements:The sum of post-consumer recycled content plus ½ of the post-industrial content

must constitutes at least 7.5% or 15% of the total project material cost. The portion of post-consumer and/or post-industrial recycled content of a material is determined by dividing recycled content weight by total weight and multiplying by the material or assembly cost. Basing recycled content on weight is not fair to light-weight recycled assemblies; therefore there is a different calculation methodology where the components are itemized to determine individual costs as well as the percentage of recycled content. Unless other documentation is provided, 25% of steel content is assumed to be recycled. The recycled content of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs: fly ash, slag, silica fume from industrial processes) is calculated based on the reduction of Portland cement mass as compared to the base mix multiplied by 2. Use of recycled aggregates is calculated separately. The material cost of formwork for cast-in-place concrete is included in the calculation of total material cost.

Technologies and Strategies:Incorporate materials with recycled content in the design and identify recycled

material goals. Identify types of materials for which of-site recycled alternatives exist and evaluate their durability, maintenance, performance, environmental considerations, emissions (especially with synthetic materials), and transportation requirements. Record the recycled content percentage by weight for all materials (with literature, brochures, or official statements). Incorporate recyclable materials in building components.

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 5 (301-308)Regional Materials

5.1 10% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally5.2 20% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally

Use building materials and products that were extracted and manufactured locally to increase demand and public awareness of local products, support indigenous resources, and reduce the impacts of transportation. This credit is in contrast to the Provincial obligations under the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:The use of regional materials supports the local economy, lowers transportation

costs and the environmental impacts associated with transportation (depletion of fossil fuels and air pollution). Regional material availability depends on project location and availability of local resources. These materials can also help integrate the project into the local building aesthetic and take advantage of materials that perform well in the local environment.

Requirements:Use 10% or 20% of materials for which at least 80% of the mass is extracted,

processed, and manufactured within either: 800km of project site, 2400km of project site and shipped by rail or water, or a combination of the two. Both manufacture and extraction must take place within the allowed distance; however the distance between the two is not considered for this credit.

The percentage of regional materials is based on the cost of regional materials divided by the total material cost for the project. The total cost can be determined by taking 45% of the subcontractor costs of Construction Specifications Institute MasterFormat Divisions: Division 2-10. Division 11-14 materials can be added to this cost one by one. Division 15-16 materials are not included in this cost calculation. Otherwise, the material costs for each item can be added to determine the total material costs.

Technologies and Strategies:Consider incorporating local materials in the project during the design phase.

Research regional materials to compare their durability, performance, and environmental considerations. Specify regional materials in the contract documents and record their cost, distance, and transportation needs using product literature, cut sheets, or letters.

Team members: Regional building materials manufacturers

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 6 (309-312)Rapidly Renewable Materials

Use rapidly renewable materials (made from plants that are harvested within a ten-year cycle or shorter) for 5% of the total project material cost to reduce the depletion of finite raw materials and long-cycle renewable materials.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Rapidly renewable resources substantially replenish themselves faster than

conventional materials and include bamboo flooring, cotton batt insulation, linoleum flooring, sunflower see board, wheatgrass cabinetry, wool carpet, etc. They generally require less land (higher density, shorter growing cycles), natural resources, capital and time and are more environmentally friendly than most conventional building materials. They may provide opportunities to displace raw materials that have more environmental impacts (i.e. the habitat destruction, soil erosion, and stream sedimentation caused by irresponsible forestry practices). Bio-based plastics (from corn starch) are beginning to provide alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. As demand for rapidly renewable materials grows, they will become more cost-competitive.

Requirements:Sum all rapidly renewable material costs and divide by the total material cost to

obtain the percentage of rapidly renewable materials. For assemblies, calculate the percentage of rapidly renewable materials by weight. Total cost may be derived from a default calculation of 45% total construction cost or a tally of actual material costs.

Technologies and Strategies:Research rapidly renewable materials for flooring, cabinetry, wood products, etc

and evaluate their possible emissions and performance characteristics (performance and stability of these materials continues to improve as more research is done into the area of rapidly renewable materials). Specify these materials in contract documents.

Team members: Rapidly renewable materials manufacturers, Interior Designer

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 7 (313-320)Certified Wood

Specify a minimum of 50% of all wood-based materials (structure, framing, flooring, finishes, furnishings, bracing, formwork, etc.) as certified in accordance with the Forest Stewardship Council’s Principles and Criteria to encourage environmentally responsible forest management. Reclaimed wood, refurbished wood, and post-consumer recycled wood are excluded from the certified wood calculation entirely and do not contribute to total wood-based materials cost (so as not to penalize the use of non-virgin wood).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Responsible forestry practices aim to minimize the ecosystem destruction usually

linked to wood harvesting and maximize the benefits of a resource that is renewable, reusable, biodegradable, non-toxic, energy efficient, and recyclable. It aims to meet material needs and produce perpetual yield while maintaining the biodiversity of forests. Over time, FSC-certified wood prices will become more cost competitive.

Requirements:Identify all FSC wood material costs and divide by the total wood-based materials

costs to determine the certified wood percentage. All formwork must be included in the calculations for this credit. For assemblies: calculate the cost percentage of FSC wood vs. the total cost and multiply by the cost to determine the value of certified wood. For FSC certified trusses (that allow for as little as 70% FSC-certified wood by volume) and other FSC certified assemblies the entire values of the assemblies can be counted toward this credit.

Technologies and Strategies:Plan for at least 50% of the cost of wood-based materials to be FSC certified.

Identify all major areas of wood usage in the project and determine products required. Research the products required to see if they are available from FSC-certified sources. For structural elements specify the lowest quality grade that will meet the project’s performance requirements and for finishes specify “character” grades that highlight the wood’s character. Consider pre-purchasing wood products as the availability of certified wood products may vary throughout the project. Specify wood products as FSC certified (based on available products rather than a blanket approach). Provide each material manufacturer’s FSC chain-of-custody certificate number.

Team members: FSC certified wood vendors, Structural Engineer, Interior Designer

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Materials & ResourcesCredit 8 (321-327)Durable Building

Develop a Building Durability Plan to minimize material use and construction waste resulting from premature failure of the building and its components.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Maximizing durability (the ability of a building and its components to perform

over time without unforeseen maintenance and repair) increases energy efficiency and reduces material waste, new resource extraction, and pollution. Durability pertains mostly to the exterior envelope that is exposed to moisture and the elements. Regionally appropriate components that respond to local climate increase durability. Durable systems may have a higher initial cost, but they require less maintenance and replacement and incur less cost in the long term. Remediation required due to envelope failure can cost more than initial construction

Requirements:The durability plan must be done in accordance with principles of CSA S478-95

(R2001) – Guideline on Durability in Buildings for the project’s construction and pre-occupancy phases:

Ensure that the predicted building service life exceeds the design service lifeConstruct components to a specific service life standard and to be easily replacedDocument the predicted service life of components by documenting demonstrated

effectiveness, modeling the deterioration process, and/or performing testsDevelop and document a quality management program that ensures specified quality

assurance activities are carried out to ensure service life is achieved

Technologies and Strategies:Incorporate durability issues from the outset of project design. Carefully detail

assemblies that protect from the elements to minimize envelope deterioration (i.e. rain-screens, air and vapour barriers, overhangs, and sun shading). Determine the design service life of each component (look at exposure conditions, maintenance costs, consequences of failure, availability of repair components, technical obsolescence, etc.). Ensure that systems will be assembled properly by specifying a realistic level of workmanship, testing new methods before implementing them, and providing efficient project management. Allow for ease of access for repairs, replacements, and alterations throughout construction and the service life of the building. A rational plan for maintenance will assist in defining durability objectives.

Design for deconstruction and adaptability by specifying mechanical connections and flexible systems as some components are likely to be removed prematurely as a result of changing styles. Allow for future additions and renovations. To ensure that the building does not fall into premature obsolescence, it must be able to stay current and relevant.

Team members: Building Envelope Professionals, Structural/Mechanical Engineers, Contractor

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Indoor Environmental Quality Overview (329-332)

Canadians spend about 90% of their time indoors where the level of pollutants is 2-5 (and can be up to 100 times) higher than outdoors. Improving indoor air quality (IAQ) can reduce liability for designers, owners, and managers while increasing the value of the building and the productivity of the occupants. This can result in workforce productivity gains of 7.1% with lighting controls, 1.8% with ventilation controls, 1.2% with thermal controls, and up to 40% with daylighting.

Strategies to ensure indoor environmental quality include: supplying filtered outside air, improving ventilation effectiveness, managing moisture, controlling air contaminants, selecting materials that release fewer contaminants, protecting air handling systems during construction, flushing the building with outdoor air before occupancy, installing sensors and controls to adjust indoor environment, optimizing lighting quality, daylighting, increasing thermal comfort, improving acoustics, allowing access to views, and providing occupant control of building systems. It is easier to prevent contamination than clean up after construction; therefore, construction should be sequenced so that materials are kept dry and those that absorb contaminants are installed after other materials have off-gassed their contaminants. Sensors should be installed to alert building operators of potential IAQ problems. Good interior design can increase indoor environmental quality significantly. Interior designers should be included in the integrated design process from the beginning.

Other indoor environmental quality factors that are not covered by LEED include:Moisture, sprays, and standing water:

Eliminate the potential for uncontrolled moisture, which can lead to premature building systems failure and encourage microbial contamination (which affects occupant health and degrades the building through discoloration and odours).

Mineral Fibres:Eliminate the potential for hazardous fibre release from un-contained mineral fibre materials such as mineral fibre liners used for insulation in ducts (which also trap dust that supports microbial growth if moisture is present) and loose mineral fibres from structural fire retardants and exposed insulation in suspended ceilings.

External and internal noise sources:Minimize unwanted noise by improving sound isolation in the building envelope, floors, and walls. Design equipment rooms to appropriate noise reduction standards.

Performance maintenance:Maintain the technical systems so that intended performance is preserved and provide access for maintenance, cleaning, and adjustments.

Electro-Magnetic Pollution:Reduce occupant exposure to electro-magnetic pollution as much as possible.

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Indoor Environmental QualityPrerequisite 1 (333-338)Minimum IAQ Performance

Meet the requirements of ASHRAE 62-2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality to establish the minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) performance and improve the comfort and well-being of occupants. The ventilation system must be designed to prevent contaminant uptake, minimize micro-organism growth, and filter particulates.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Optimal IAQ performance will result in improved occupant comfort, well-being,

and productivity. Improved IAQ can be achieved by using high quality outdoor air, providing adequate ventilation rates, and avoiding the introduction of contaminants.

Increased ventilation rates can result in higher energy use. However, this can be reduced by using exhaust heat recovery and through proper building commissioning. Improved IAQ lowers the occurrence of occupant illnesses and liability costs, and increases building value, which offset the added energy costs since personnel costs are greater than energy costs. Furthermore, ASHRAE standard 62-2001 has become standard ventilation design practice and typically does not require additional design effort or cost.

Requirements:Information regarding outdoor air flows, occupancy types, floor area, supply air

flow rate, ventilation effectiveness, and HVAC system type must be included to demonstrate that the minimum ventilation rate procedure has been met. Outdoor air flows can be reduced by treating re-circulated air with contaminant removal equipment and using air volume to dilute contaminants.

For natural ventilation systems include the area of all free unobstructed openings, floor areas, the percentage of openings to floor area (operable openings must total at least 4% of the floor area for perimeter areas and 8% for interior areas), distances to nearest openings, and free open areas between perimeter spaces and interior spaces. Natural ventilation system must provide the required outdoor air flows during peak conditions. Computer simulation can be used to calculate the design of natural ventilation systems.

Technologies and Strategies:Evaluate the site to avoid choosing a site with potential IAQ problems (caused by

heavy traffic areas, nearby industrial sites). Obtain air quality data and local wind patterns to identify sources of pollution. Identify on-site activities that may affect IAQ (construction activities, building materials, chemical handling activities during occupancy). Establish the IAQ standard early in the design process. Specify fresh air intakes away from sources of contamination (7.5m or 12m away from loading areas, exhaust fans, cooling towers, street traffic, idling cars, standing water, parking garages, sanitary vents, dumpsters, and smoking areas). Ensure that the outside air capacity for ventilation system can meet the requirements. During construction protect building materials from moisture and specify materials that do not release harmful chemicals (i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from paints and solvents). Include minimum IAQ standards in the building commissioning report and operations and maintenance plan.

Team members: Mechanical Engineer

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Indoor Environmental QualityPrerequisite 2 (339-345)Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control

Prohibit smoking inside the building, establish negative pressure in indoor smoking areas, or reduce air leakage between smoking rooms and common areas in residential buildings in order to prevent or minimize the exposure of building occupants and indoor surfaces and systems to ETS.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:The relationship between ETS and health risks (lung disease, cancer, heart

disease) has been well documented. The most effective way to avoid heath problems associated with ETS is to prohibit smoking in indoor areas. If this is not possible interior smoking areas should be isolated and have separate ventilation systems. The increased cost of providing proper interior smoking areas (increasing building area, material use, and ventilation energy) is offset by encouraging more comfortable, productive occupants with lower absenteeism and illness. Controlling ETS can also increase the life of interior fixtures and furnishings.

Requirements:Exterior smoking areas must be located at least 7.5m away from entries, outdoor

air intakes, and operable windows. Interior smoking areas must be operated at a negative pressure compared with surrounding spaces at an average of 5Pa and a minimum of 1Pa when the doors are closed (verified with a 15 minute measurement during worst case conditions). Sealed penetrations and weather stripping of doors in residential buildings will be verified with the ANSI/ASTM-779-99 Blower Door Test for 10% of the first 100 units and 5% of additional units to ensure that there is less than 0.875 cm² of leakage per square metre of enclosure area.

Technologies and Strategies:Prohibit smoking in the building and locate signs and provide waste receptacles to

designate outdoor smoking areas. Post information on the non-smoking policy throughout the building.

Install dedicated smoking rooms with perimeter assemblies and ventilation systems that ensure that smoke is contained, captured and removed from the building. Smoking rooms require more than twice the ventilation volumes of non-smoking rooms. Ensure that all walls, ceilings, and floors are carefully sealed to eliminate smoke transfer. Exhaust smoking rooms to the outdoors and ensure that there is no recirculation of the air to non-smoking areas. Install specialized smoke-removal equipment (i.e. electrostatic filters) where large numbers of smokers are expected. Commission, measure and verify the ventilation systems of all indoor smoking areas.

Prohibit smoking in the common areas of residential buildings. Minimize the uncontrolled pathways for ETS transfer between units by sealing penetrations in walls, ceilings, and floors. Weather-strip doors leading to common hallways and treat all dwelling units as smoking rooms. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for proper selection and spacing of diffusers for under-floor air distribution systems.

Team Members: Mechanical Engineer

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 1 (346-351)Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring

Install a permanent CO2 monitoring system that provides feedback on ventilation performance, allows for operational adjustments, and responds to indoor CO2 levels and the differential between indoor and outdoor levels (as determined by ASHRAE 62-2001). CO2 monitoring provides the capacity to monitor IAQ and sustain long-term occupant comfort and well-being.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:High CO2 levels indicate poor IAQ with high levels of human bio-effluents,

odours, and other pollutants. Conventional standards require minimum fixed outdoor supply rates to flush contaminants and replenish fresh air on a regular basis. However, a fixed supply cannot respond to varying occupancies. Digitally controlled HVAC systems and reliable CO2 sensors can adjust outdoor air dampers and supply air volumes to quickly respond to changes in IAQ (caused by the number of occupants) to save energy, increase occupant productivity, decrease occupant absenteeism, and extend the lifetime of the HVAC system. These advantages offset the first costs of the equipment and installation, which ranges from $1000-$5000 per sampling point. The system must still provide a minimum air supply to deal with pollutants that are not generated by building occupants (i.e. VOCs).

Requirements:Indoor CO2 levels must be compared to outdoor levels to determine the

differential point at which ventilation rates should be adjusted. The differential level is based on the activity level and metabolic rate of occupants as well as the use and is defined in ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Table 4 Appendix A and C. A level of 700ppm of CO2 relative to outdoor air normally satisfies comfort criteria. For a mixed-use building calculate the CO2 concentration and differential for each use.

Technologies and Strategies:Locate CO2 sampling locations to provide representative readings of average

CO2 concentrations in occupied spaces. Locate sensors in the areas that present the greatest present and future challenges for adequate ventilation (i.e. highly variable occupant areas: conference rooms, auditoriums, and training rooms). Sensors should be measured 6-10 feet from the nearest occupant and away from open windows and supply air vents. They can be located in return air ducts at junctions where the return air is combined from multiple small spaces to obtain an average concentration of all rooms. Return air ducts must be effectively sealed to ensure representative readings.

Manual ventilation controls may be used for spaces with static occupant densities; however, the most responsive comfort control is still provided by automated systems.

CO2 control systems and sensors must be calibrated and tested by the contractor and verified as part of commissioning process. Periodical checks and maintenance must continue during occupation. HVAC systems that service spaces with high CO2 levels should be designed so that other spaces are not over-ventilated.

Team members: Mechanical Engineer, Commissioning Agent

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 2 (352-364)Ventilation Effectiveness

Provide for the effective delivery and mixing of supply air to support the safety, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. This credit enhances the IAQ requirements of Prerequisite 1 by ensuring that superior ventilation is delivered directly to building occupants (the supply air circulates through the occupied zone).

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Inadequate ventilation reduces occupant comfort, well-being, and productivity.

Over-ventilation consumes significant amounts of energy without benefit. Good system design balances ventilation rates and energy efficiency and does not cost more than conventional design. Natural ventilation can be less expensive to construct and operate than mechanical ventilation, but it requires appropriate climate, building form, and an envelope that adapts to winds and solar angles. It requires a more comprehensive design analysis with network airflow or fluid dynamics computer modeling.

Requirements:Mechanically ventilated systems must have an air change effectiveness (Eac)

greater than or equal to 0.9 under worst-case conditions (largest number of occupants on a heating day) as determined by ASHRAE Standard 129-1997 or according to the recommended design approaches in ASHRAE 2001 Fundamentals Chapter 32, Space Air Diffusion for each regularly-occupied room type. Use tracer gas tests after project construction to test Eac. Naturally ventilated systems must demonstrate a laminar flow pattern that involves at least 90% of the room in the direction of air flow for at least 95% of hours of occupancy. Test natural ventilation using network airflow simulation or computational fluid dynamics modeling to show airflow patterns for occupied rooms.

Technologies and Strategies:Mechanical ventilation uses fans, ducts, and diffusers. It is more reliable and

controllable but requires greater capital costs and energy use. Natural ventilation uses the building form to take advantage of wind patterns and stack effects and uses operable windows, vents, and roof openings. It provides occupants with individual control and connections to the outdoors. Computer modeling is used to design naturally ventilated buildings to ensure effective airflow under all operating conditions. Mixed-mode ventilation combines natural and mechanical ventilation to ensure effective ventilation regardless of outdoor conditions. Smaller mechanical systems are used to guarantee ventilation when outdoor airflow is less effective or increases the cooling/heating loads.

Evaluate the building location, climate, outdoor air quality, security concerns, and noise sources to determine the appropriate ventilation approach. Employ strategies such as displacement ventilation (low velocity ventilation with air supply at the bottom and return vents at the top), under-floor ventilation (prevents short-circuiting of airflow and uses an under-floor plenum where supply air travels up to ceiling return grills), and operable windows (in combination with atria or narrow floor plates; use computer models used to determine their location). Ventilation systems require commissioning.

Team members: Mechanical Engineer, Commissioning Agent, Contractor

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 3 (365-374)Construction IAQ Management Plan

3.1 During ConstructionDevelop and implement an IAQ Management Plan for the construction and pre-

occupancy phases of the building to prevent future IAQ problems. If construction is ongoing where other areas are occupied ensure that their IAQ is not affected. Meet/exceed design approaches of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditional National Contractors Association (SMACNA) IAQ Guideline for Occupied Buildings under Construction, 1995, Chapter 3. Protect absorptive materials (fabrics, ceiling tiles, gypsum, and carpets) from moisture and install after VOC emitting materials have off-gassed their contaminants. Use air filters with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grill as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. If filters are not used, ensure that the ductwork and air handlers were not used during construction, the HVAC components were sealed, and all construction dust was removed prior to occupancy. Inspect the building and HVAC systems and correct any deficiencies that could affect the IAQ (moisture, water damaged walls, construction debris in ceiling, materials near air intakes).

3.2 Testing Before OccupancyDevelop and implement an IAQ Management Plan for the pre-occupancy phases

of the building to prevent future IAQ problems. EitherInstall new filtration media (after interior finishes installed) and flush out the

building with 4300m³ of outdoor air per m² of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of 16ºC and relative humidity less than 60%.

Install new filtration media (after interior finishes installed) and flush out the building with 0.045m³/m² of outdoor air to all occupied spaces for at least 3 hours prior to occupancy. During occupancy flush with the greater of 0.045m³/m² or the minimum outside air supply until a total air volume of 4300m³/m² has been provided. Or,

Conduct IAQ testing prior to occupancy to demonstrate that the maximum concentration of contaminants has not been exceeded. Take remedial actions and repeat the procedure until requirements are met.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Building construction processes invariably contaminate the building during

construction and often continue to impair air quality long after occupancy. HVAC systems are especially prone to contamination from VOCs in dust and foster moulds and micro-organisms that can remain in the system for years. Construction management strategies (i.e. protection of HVAC systems, building flush-out, and IAQ testing) minimize the potential for building contamination and remediate inadvertent contamination. Flush-out requires additional energy use, cost, and coordination; however the health benefits are significant. Construction management can also extend the lifetime of the ventilation system.

Requirements:Follow Sheet Metal and Air Conditional National Contractors Association

(SMACNA) IAQ Guideline for Occupied Buildings under Construction, 1995, Chapter 3 and ASHRAE 52.2-1999 guidelines and requirements.

Technologies and Strategies:The design team may draft the IAQ Management plan, but the general contractor

is ultimately responsible for its implementation. The plan should address protecting the system during construction and cleaning up when construction is complete. Ensure that all construction participants and subcontractors are trained in IAQ procedures. IAQ management control measures include:

HVAC Protection: Shut down the return side of the HVAC system during heavy construction or demolition and seal openings. Repair leaks in ducts and air handlers promptly. If the ventilation system must be operated during construction it should be fitted with temporary filters.

Source Control: Specify finish materials (i.e. paints, carpet, composite wood, and adhesives) with low VOC levels. Specify control measures for materials that are noxious.

Pathway Interruption: Isolate work areas using pressure differentials and ventilate using 100% outside air during the installation of VOC emitting materials.

Housekeeping: Institute cleaning activities (especially for HVAC) to remove contaminants from the building prior to occupancy. Protect materials from weather and store in a clean area prior to installation. Clean all filters and fans before testing.

Scheduling: Complete the application of wet, odorous, and VOC emitting materials before installing absorbent “sink” materials. Replace materials that were directly exposed to moisture.

Flush-out: Conduct a minimum two-week flush-out prior to occupancy.IAQ Testing: A LEED accredited IAQ testing contractor must test the IAQ of at

least 6 sampling locations (with at least one outdoor location near an air intake) over the period of one operating day. Pollutants to be testing include carbon dioxide, air temperature and humidity, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter, formaldehyde, and total VOCs. Where maximum concentration limits are exceeded, mitigate pollutant sources and conduct a partial building flush-out.

Team members: Contractor, Mechanical Engineer, Interior Designer

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 4 (375-391)Low Emitting Materials

Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating, or harmful to material installers and occupants. This credit applies to materials and adhesives used within the weatherproofing layer of the building envelope including duct sealers. Prefabricated components manufactured off-site are not subject to VOC requirements; however affixed casework or finishes may not contain urea-formaldehyde resins. Requiring that shop applied paints, coatings, and adhesives also meet these requirements could be eligible for an Innovation & Design credit.

4.1 Adhesives and SealantsSelect adhesives, sealants, and sealant primers with a VOC content (measured in

grams per litre) lower than the State of California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule #1168, October 2003 requirements. List all adhesives and sealants and clearly identify their product emissions rates.

4.2 Paints and CoatingsVOC emissions from paints must not exceed the component limits of Green

Seal’s Standard GS-11, January 1997 requirements. VOC content of anti-corrosive coatings used must be less than the content limits of Green Seal’s Standard GS-03, May 1996 requirements. The VOC content of all other primers, under-coatings, sealers, and clear wood finishes must be less than the content limits of the SCAQMD Rule #1113, November 1996 requirements. If a project is forced to use small quantities of non-complying paint, the overall average VOC of all paint products must be below the allowed limit. List all interior paints and coatings and clearly identify their VOC contents.

4.3 CarpetCarpet systems must meet or exceed the requirements of the Carpet and Rug

Institute’s Green Label Indoor Air Quality Test Program. List all carpet systems used in the building and identify their product emission factors (measured in mg/m²).

4.4 Composite Wood and Laminate AdhesivesComposite wood and agrifibre products (including core materials) must not

contain added urea-formaldehyde resins. Laminate adhesives must not contain urea-formaldehyde. List all composite wood products and laminating adhesives, state their product emission rates, and demonstrate that they do not contain urea-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde resins.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Certain building products contain compounds that negatively impact occupant

health, IAQ, and the environment. The most prominent of these compounds is volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contribute to smog (by reacting with sunlight and nitrogen to form ground-level ozone) and have adverse affects on human health after prolonged exposure (by damaging the lungs). Improving IAQ will improve occupant comfort, health, and productivity. VOCs are commonly present in adhesives, paints and coatings, carpet systems, composite wood, and agrifibre products. Some low-VOC products may be difficult to obtain or may be slightly more expensive than conventional materials; however, these challenges are receding as low-VOC products become more commonplace.

Requirements:All standards and requirements from SCAQMD, Green Seal’s Standards, and the

Carpet and Rug Institute are summarized in tables on pages 379-385. Where a project must use a small amount of paints or adhesives that contain VOCs, a “VOC budget” can be used. Define the application rates for the product and the quantity that will be required to create a base-line case. Compare the amount of VOCs of the baseline case with the sum of all VOCs specified in the design case. This credit will be awarded if the VOC limit of the design is lower than that of the baseline case.

Technologies and Strategies:Include criteria for low-VOC materials in a project outline specification, paying

special attention to materials that will be exposed to indoor air. Research and specify low-VOC products based on durability, performance, and environmental characteristics and request emissions test data from product manufacturers if not included on Material Sefety Data Sheets (MSDSs). Monitor emission levels in the building during installation, prior to occupation, and over the lifetime of the building.

Team members: Low-VOC Product Manufacturers

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 5 (392-396)Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control

Design to minimize pollutant cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas to reduce occupant exposure to hazardous particulates, biological contaminants, and chemical pollutants that adversely impact air and water quality.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Certain common building activities have negative impacts on IAQ. Occupants

entering the building may bring in contaminants on their shoes or clothing and activities such as photocopying and mixing housekeeping liquids can contribute significantly to airborne contaminants. Additional materials, energy, and cost may be required to control indoor pollutants; however, proper management of chemicals can prevent chemical spills that would otherwise harm ecosystems and wildlife and require costly cleanup.

Requirements:Exterior exhaust ventilation for segregated zones must be provided at a rate of

9.2m³/hr/m² with discharge points located away from air intakes. Negative pressure zones must be maintained at an average of 5 Pa compared to surrounding spaces and a minimum of 1 Pa when doors are closed and at an average of 7 Pa at all times where this strategy is the only one employed to obtain this credit. Exhausting more air from an open space than is supplied does not produce sufficient negative pressure.

Technologies and Strategies:Design all entrances with permanent entryway systems (i.e. grills, grates, etc.) to

capture dirt and particulates at all high volume entryways from the outdoors and exterior courtyards. Design exterior surfaces to drain away from the building and landscaping at entrances to be low maintenance with close access to water and power for cleaning.

Where hazardous gases or chemicals are present (garages, housekeeping/laundry areas, copying/printing rooms) provide segregated areas with secure storage for all equipment and products. Provide self-closing doors, deck to deck partitions (or continuous hard gypsum board ceilings), separated outside exhaust ventilation, no air-recirculation, and negative pressure to segregated areas. Typical laundry rooms in multi-unit residential buildings do not need dedicated exhausts unless they are also used to store or mix hazardous chemicals such as janitorial supplies. Use of convenience copiers and printers should be minimized.

Provide sinks and containment drains plumbed for appropriate disposal of hazardous liquid wastes in places where water and chemical mixing occurs for maintenance/laboratory purposes. Encourage operations and maintenance training programs for chemical use and storage.

Replace all filtration media prior to occupancy with filters that have a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 13 as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999 (except in non-occupied conditioned spaces that are sealed and maintained at a lower pressure).

Team members: Mechanical Engineer

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 6 (397-407)Controllability of Systems

Provide a high level of thermal, ventilation, and lighting systems control by individual occupants or specific groups in multi-occupant spaces (class rooms, conference areas) in regularly occupied areas to promote productivity and comfort of occupants. Regularly occupied spaces include areas where occupants are expected to be found for extended periods in the course of their regular use (i.e. work spaces, meeting areas, cafeterias, etc.) and circulation zones in open room arrangements. In open floor plans divide the area into perimeter (within 4.5m) and non-perimeter zones. Non-regularly occupied spaces include hallways, lobbies, support areas (copying), equipment and storage areas, and restrooms. Lighting controls are required for all hard-wired lighting, but not plug-in task lighting unless it is provided as a part of the design and construction contracts. Individual thermostats used to control baseboard heaters must be accurate and able to provide good control. Include information regarding the location of remote thermostats, the precision of temperature control, and how temperature readings are indicated to the occupants.

6.1 Perimeter SpacesProvide at least an average of one operable window and one lighting control zone

per 18.5m² for all regularly occupied areas within 4.5m of the perimeter wall. Residential multi-family projects can attain this credit with operable windows and hard-wired lighting controls.

6.2 Non-Perimeter SpacesProvide controls for each individual for airflow, temperature, and lighting for at

least 50% of the occupants in non-perimeter, regularly occupied areas.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Conventional buildings are designed as sealed environments with no occupant

control. Individual controls (i.e. thermostats, vents, operable windows, and shading devices) allow occupants to customize their indoor environment, which increases occupant comfort and conserves energy. Individual controls can increase first costs; however, the cost is usually offset by energy savings from lower conditioned temperatures, natural ventilation, and less solar gain. Occupants must be educated on the design and function of personal controls to minimize the occurrence of control abuse resulting in increased energy costs.

Requirements:Calculate requirements for perimeter, non-perimeter, and multi-occupant areas

separately. Calculate perimeter areas by offsetting the outer wall by 4.5m and include only regularly occupied areas. If 75% or more of a room is contained within the 4.5m offset line it is considered perimeter. If less than 75% of the room is contained within the offset line then only the area within the 4.5m is perimeter space. For group multi-occupant spaces connected to the exterior where less than 75% of the area is within 4.5m of the outer wall, the space must meet the non-perimeter requirements in addition to providing one operable window per 18.5m² of perimeter floor area.

For perimeter spaces provide 1 operable window and 1 lighting control zone per 18.5m². For non-perimeter spaces provide airflow, temperature, and lighting controls for 50% of the occupants (based on the floor area and the occupancy densities in ASHRAE 62-2001). For group multi-occupant spaces meet the requirements of operable windows according to perimeter space calculations. Perimeter spaces must have operable windows and lighting controls. Non-perimeter spaces must have lighting controls, airflow, and temperature controls. Provide at least 3 lighting controls, 1 airflow control, and 1 temperature control for every 930m² of space. Occupancy sensors, daylighting controls, dimmers, and automatic off switches count as 2 separate controls. Airflow and temperature controls must be easily accessible and adjustable.

Technologies and Strategies:Space planning, lighting, and HVAC must be integrated early in the design.

Decide whether operable windows (the most desirable feature requested by occupants) are to be used for views, daylighting, cooling, and/or ventilation to determine their preferred size, orientation, aspect ratio, and operability. Mechanical systems should be equipped with sensors and controls to adjust the equipment to accommodate natural ventilation and notify occupants when windows need to be closed. Simple on-off light switches will satisfy the credit’s control requirement; however, more sophisticated occupancy and dimming controls result in increased productivity and energy conservation. Sub-switch large ambient lighting zones and provide task-lighting. When adapting a traditional VAV system either use a 1:12 controller to occupant ratio or under-floor air distribution system with controllable floor registers.

Team members: Mechanical and Electrical Engineers

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 7 (408-418)Thermal Comfort

Provide a thermally comfortable environment that supports the productivity and well-being of occupants.

7.1 Compliance with ASHRAE 55-2004Comply with ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Comfort Conditions for

Human Occupancy. The standard is based on the wide range of factors affecting comfort and provides guidance for indoor thermal comfort conditions and design on the effects of radiant temperatures, natural ventilation, elevated air speed and drafts, radiant asymmetry, vertical air temperature differences, floor surface temperatures, and time variation of air temperatures.

7.2 MonitoringProvide a permanent monitoring system to ensure building performs to comfort

criteria determined by ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy. Confirm that the temperature, airflow, and humidity controls (if required) were tested with EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:In order to provide the desired indoor climate while reducing the amount of

energy required, the building envelope must be designed to manage airflow, moisture, and heat. Optimal comfort ranges depend on temperature and humidity as well as occupant activity levels, clothing, air speed, and radiant temperatures of surrounding surfaces. Designing the envelope, building form, and mechanical systems to integrate occupant needs, desires, and activities (adjusting conditions to address seasonal clothing) can result in lower loads, smaller equipment, and reduced fuel consumption while providing greater thermal comfort.

Requirements:ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 provides ranges and expected values for the various

parameters that affect occupant comfort that in combination provide a comfortable environment.

Technologies and Strategies:Limit some parameters to a narrow range and manipulate others to create design

comfort levels. To decrease energy use and mechanical equipment required design the building envelope: to be airtight to avoid undesired airflows (carefully detail return air and supply plenums); to use shading, insulation and thermal mass to manage interior surface temperatures; and to manage the flow of water and vapour to prevent uncontrolled interior humidification and condensation. Understand and account for internal heat gains from lights, plug loads, and occupants. Plan dehumidification and humidification based on psychrometric analysis of extreme and typical operating conditions. Enhance dehumidification with split-faced staged cooling coils and desiccant systems and ensure that active humidification systems do not cause condensation problems. Install monitoring equipment that is integrated with the central system or individual stand-alone monitors. Design landscaping and shading devices to reduce temperature peaks.

Analyze and design natural ventilation systems carefully with computer simulation flows and allow for occupant control of cool breezes, warm air, and humidity levels. Incorporate operable windows, narrow floor plates for cross and single-side ventilation, interior zones with two or more exposures and wind pressure regimes, atria or wind towers designed to draw or introduce air to the building, trickle ventilators to provide minimum ventilation under extreme conditions, and building controls to ensure comfortable airflow. Natural ventilation requires collaboration between architects, modellers, and mechanical engineers. Use mixed-mode ventilation for peak operating conditions.

Team members: Mechanical Engineer

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Indoor Environmental QualityCredit 8 (419-432)Daylight and Views

Provide building occupants with a connection to the outdoors with daylighting and views for all regularly occupied areas of the building. For projects whose scope excludes areas for future tenant improvements should address the requirements for finished interior spaces and should provide guidelines for the rest of the shell to achieve similar performance. These credits only apply to hard construction in the original scope of work, and furniture brought in by occupants (including mobile partitions) is not considered when completing the graphic inspection.

8.1 Daylight 75% of SpacesAchieve a minimum Daylight Factor of 2% (excluding direct sunlight penetration)

or achieve at least 250 Lux (25 footcandles) in 75% of all regularly occupied areas with the aid of a computer simulation model. Exceptions for areas where tasks are hindered by the use of daylight will be considered.

8.2 Views for 90% of SpacesAchieve direct line of sight to vision glazing for building occupants in 90% of all

regularly occupied areas. Areas directly connected to perimeter windows must have a glazing-to-floor area ration of at least 0.07. Parts of the floor area with a horizontal view angle of less than 10º at 1.27m above the floor cannot be included in the calculations. Areas not directly connected to perimeter windows must have a view angle of at least 10º at 1.27m involving 50% or more of the floor area (if a room meets this requirement then the entire room area is considered to meet the requirement). Skylights, roof monitors, and vision glazing that is part of an atrium do not qualify for views to the outdoors unless they can be seen at an angle of 10º or more at 1.27m.

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Environmental Concerns/Advantages:Daylighting improves the indoor environment by exposing occupants to natural

light, dramatically increasing occupant productivity and reducing energy costs and its associated environmental impacts (by 50-80%). Views to the outdoors are an important factor in occupant satisfaction, productivity and health. Views ease eyestrain for computer workers (the combination of short and long-range views allows the eye to refocus), reduce depression, and aid with pain relief by connecting occupants to their natural surroundings.

Additional glazing increases initial costs, leads to heat gain, provides less thermal insulation, and requires additional maintenance; however, it can significantly reduce artificial lighting energy costs and add to the building’s value.

Requirements:Daylighting: The Daylight Factor (DF) is the ratio of exterior illumination to

interior illumination for all regularly occupied spaces. It can be determined through computer simulation or with the following calculations. Determine the floor area of each applicable room, calculate the window area, indicate the acceptable window types (Table 1 – p.427), and insert the appropriate geometry and height factors (indicates effectiveness of aperture) and actual and minimum visible transmittance (Tvis: the recommended level of transmittance) into Equation 1 – p.426 to determine the DF. For rooms with more than 1 window, sum window types to determine DF. Add the area of all rooms with a DF of 2% or higher and divide by the total area of occupied spaces. If the percentage is greater than 75% then the building qualifies for Credit 8.1. Also, record the glare control used for each window.

Views: Highlight areas on floor plans that have a direct line of sight, taking into consideration wall thickness. Identify non-view areas (where the horizontal view angle is less than 10º). If the view area is 90% of the room area the area of the entire room is applicable to the credit. Sum the area of all applicable rooms and divide by the total area of occupied spaces; if this is greater than 90% the building qualifies for Credit 8.2.

Technologies and Strategies:Daylighting design involves a careful balance of heat gain and loss and glare

control. Determine if daylighting and views are feasible and appropriate for the building program. Orient the building on the site to maximize daylighting and design the building with shallow floor plates. Achieve deep daylight penetration with courtyards, atriums, clerestory windows, skylights, interior light shelves, exterior fins, and louvers. Determine the lighting targets for different daylight zones and integrate daylighting with electrical lighting systems (with photo-responsive controls that allow continuous-dimming control to transition from natural to artificial light). Control glare with light shelves, louvers, blinds, fins, shades, reflectant interior surfaces, and proper window sizing, spacing, and glass selection. Windows above 2.3m are considered daylight glazing as they are the most effective at distributing light to the back of the space. Windows from 0.75m-2.3m are considered vision glazing (windows below 0.75m do not contribute to daylighting). Computer modeling should be used to simulate daylighting conditions of interior spaces and account for the combined effects of multiple windows.

Team members: Electrical Engineers, Lighting Designers

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Innovation & Design Process Overview (433)

Sustainable design strategies are constantly evolving and improving, new technologies are constantly being introduced, and up-to-date scientific research continues to influence building design. Innovation & Design recognizes projects with innovative building features, that greatly exceed the requirements in an existing LEED Credit, or that address sustainable building strategies not addressed by any other LEED Credits. It also rewards green building expertise, which is essential to the design and construction process.

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Innovation & Design ProcessCredit 1 (434-439)Innovation in Design

This credit awards points to projects that demonstrate exceptional performance above LEED Credits requirements and/or innovative performance in green building categories not specifically addressed by LEED (includes building design as well as operational practices). A project that actively educates the public about sustainable design is also eligible for this credit. It could educate occupants and visitors of the benefits of green buildings through signage and views to special equipment. Manuals, guidelines, or case studies could be developed to inform other designers based on the successes of the project. The project could incorporate a visitor’s centre with guided tours to demonstrate the project as an example of sustainable living.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:LEED was devised to address current sustainability issues in commercial

buildings. However, the building industry is constantly changing and designers should stay abreast of new developments, strategies, and technologies. When adopting a new strategy or technology, consider its related impacts on the environment, occupant well-being, the community, and the project budget. Also, a project that achieves exemplary performance can have substantial environmental benefits.

Requirements:Generally ID credits are awarded for doubling the requirements or achieving the

next incremental percentage threshold. No single strategy can achieve more than one point. Innovative strategies not covered by LEED must involve a major portion of the project and have significant environmental and occupant benefits to be applicable.

Technologies and Strategies:The achievement of an ID credit must be sufficiently documented using the LEED

Credit equivalence process. Frame any proposed ID CIRs and submissions as if they were a new Credit proposal. Include the intent of the proposed innovation Credit, the proposed requirement for compliance, the proposed submittals to demonstrate compliance (initial and audited), and the design approach that might be used to meet the requirements. Requirements should define performance with substantial and measurable benefits as compared to mainstream practice. Submittals can include narratives describing design features, comparisons between the design and baseline case, life-cycle analysis, and manufacturers’ information on products and technologies.

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Innovation & Design ProcessCredit 2 (440-441)LEED Accredited Professional

One principal participant of the project team must successfully complete the LEED Accredited Professional exam in order to support and encourage the design integration required by LEED projects and streamline the application and certification process. The LEED Accredited Professions should shepherd the design process and maintain focus on green building goals throughout the project.

Environmental Concerns/Advantages:LEED Accredited Professionals have the expertise required to design a building to

LEED standards and coordinate the required documentation process. He or she understands the importance of integrated design and all Prerequisites and Credits. He or she should be the champion for the project’s LEED application and should be an integral member of the project design team.

Requirements:At least one principal participant of the project team must successfully complete

the exam prior to application for certification. Only 1 point is attainable regardless of how many LEED Accredited Professionals are on the team.

Technologies and Strategies:To prepare for the exam it is helpful to attend a LEED workshop offered by the

CaGBC.

Team members: LEED Accredited Professional

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