2.04 - ocean zones & factors of life
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Biological Oceanography:
Factors AffectingLife and
Ocean Zones
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Factors Affecting Life:
Light
Dissolved Nutrients
Temperature Salinity
Dissolved Gases
pH Pressure
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Light
Needed for
photosynthesis. Must
occur in the first few
100 m of ocean.
Also trigger breeding
some species.
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Classification by Light:
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Dissolved Nutrients
Nutrients are substances that provide
nourishment and growth.
Required for production of organic (carbon
based) matter.
Problems: Phosphorous Loading detergents
Nutrient Loading in Halifax Harbour
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Dissolved Nutrients
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Temperature
The mixed layer is near the surfacewhere the temperature is roughlythat of surface water.
In the thermocline, the temperaturedecreases rapidly from the mixedlayer temperature to the muchcolder deep water temperature.
The mixed layer and the deepwater layer are relatively uniform intemperature, while the thermoclinerepresents the transition zone
between the two.
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Temperature
Cold Blooded:
Changes in temperature will directly affect
metabolic rate.
Warm Blooded:
Have blubber that acts as insulation.
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Salinity
Salt content in ocean directly effectsbuoyancy of organism.
Species have adapted physical features tocombat this problem.
Eg. Fish Swim Bladder
Interior salinity of most marine life is equal
to oceans salinity.
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Dissolved Gases
CO2 and O2 are needed to stay alive in the
ocean.
O2
does not dissolve easily in ocean.
100 X more gaseous oxygen in air than
ocean.
CO2 dissolves more easily in ocean.
60 X more carbon dioxide in ocean than air.
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Pressure
Pure Water =
7
Seawater = 8
Increases drastically with depth.
-Sea Level: 14.7 psi
-Under 33 feet: 30 psi
-Under one mile: 2 333 psi
pH
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Ocean Zones by Light
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1. Photic Zone 0-200m
sunlit layer at the oceans surface
upper part of photic zone is where photosynthesisoccur
2. Disphotic Zone 200 1000m
where animals can see but not enough light forphotosynthesis
3. Aphotic Zone 1000m and below
largest region, no light
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Ocean Zones by
Surface Location
1. Neritic zone
spans from the low-tide line to the edge
of the continental shelf in oceans
near coast
2.Oceanic zone
is the part of the open sea or ocean thatis not near the coast
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Ocean Zones by Depth
1. Pelagic = Belonging to the upper layers
of the open sea.
2. Benthic = relating to the ocean bottom,
living in or on the bottom of a body ofwater
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Pelagic zone
1. Photic zone receives
enough sunlight to support
photosynthesis.2. Disphotic zone, where only
small amounts of light
penetrate
3.Aphotic zone into which no
light penetrates.
Is subdivided into
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Sub-divisions of the Bottom Benthic Zone
1)Littoral Zone The shallow water area between high
and low tides.
2) Sublittoral Zone - Ocean bottom near shore and out
to edge of continental shelf3) Bathyal Zone- seabed on the slopes
4) Hadal Zone or Abyssal Zone - deepest sea bed,
trenches and floors
Marine Zonation
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Marine Zonation
Neritic Zone Oceanic ZoneLittoral Zone
Photic
Zone
Aphotic
Zone
Benthic Zone
Benthic Zone
The Benthic Zone includes the seafloor
and immediate substratum.
The Pelagic Zone is all the other open
waters of the ocean.
disphoticZone
Hadal Zone or Abyssal Zone