2019 annual status report - .net framework

Colchester Borough Council

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR) In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management Date (June, 2019)


LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Local Authority Officer

Belinda Silkstone

Department Communities

Address

33 Sheepen Road Colchester Essex CO3 3WG

Telephone 01206 282745

E-mail [email protected]

Report Reference number

COL/ASR2019

Date 28th June 2019

Written by Tim Savage

Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services Chelmsford City Council Duke Street Chelmsford Essex CM1 1JE

mailto:[email protected]


i LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

The 2019 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to

local air quality in Colchester, to fulfil Colchester Borough Council’s statutory duty to review

and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether the air quality objectives are

likely to be achieved.

In 2018, Colchester Borough Council measured exceedances of the Air Quality Objectives at

relevant exposure. All of these exceedances occurred within Air Quality Management Areas

1, 2 and 4.

No changes are required to the Air Quality Management Areas or to the Air Quality Action

Plan.

The priority in the forthcoming year is to commence with the Community Engagement project

that is described in this report.


ii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Air Quality in Colchester

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a

contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution

particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with

heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues,

because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is

estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Colchester is located in Mid Essex, fifty miles from London and the population is estimated to

stand at 190,000. The Borough comprises several suburban areas around these main urban

areas and many villages, within a rural setting.

The main source of air pollution in the Borough is road traffic emissions from major roads,

notably the A12, A133, A134, A1232, Brook Street and Mersea Road.

As the oldest Roman town in Britain, Colchester has many narrow roads within the town centre

and surrounding areas buildings flank to form a canyon like environment. Street canyons act

to reduce dispersal of pollutants which can result in poor air quality. Also, significant traffic

congestion can occur during peak times within Colchester directly affecting local air quality.

Colchester Borough Council has three Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) which are

detailed in Table 2.1. These are due to emissions from road traffic causing exceedances of

Nitrogen Dioxide concentrations at relevant exposure.

The Air Quality Objectives and examples of where they apply are described in Appendix E.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013


iii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Community Engagement Project

Colchester Borough Council have been awarded funding for a two-year project which

will commence with a five-month period of research and engagement with the local

community. This will establish awareness of air pollution and its health impacts, what

their concerns are, what personal action they feel they could take, what the barriers to

change are, and feelings and pre-conceptions around the issue of No Idling.

The project seeks to improve through travel behaviour change, to reduce congestion

and where car use is essential to encourage no vehicle idling.

A pre-evaluation film will be made which will include interviews with local residents

living in the AQMA area, doctors etc which can be used both to evaluate our starting

point for the project and then be used throughout the project in our engagement with

the community to provoke thought, raise awareness and start discussion.

The outcome of this engagement will then shape a creative, striking and resonating

year-long marketing campaign initially to raise awareness, then to promote personal

action through No Idling and travel behaviour change. An eye catching No Idling brand

will be developed that will aim to get recognised throughout Colchester as a trigger to

switch off your engine.

Two parallel projects working with 4 key schools close to the AQMA area will promote

Travel Behaviour Change and No Idling, plus identify a resident community who make

short journeys through the AQMA area but do have reasonable infrastructure to use

alternative means of transport, to focus another behaviour change project on. This

would include community engagement and then the development of suitable

interventions such as Bikeability, walking buses, mapping, route planning, bike

buddying, Clear Air Heroes schools challenge and 3PR

The project will result in the production of a range of materials, toolkits, branding and

messaging that can then be a resource for the community to use to continue to raise

awareness and change behaviour to reduce air pollution once the project and funding

has ended

To evaluate the project’s success we will include a post project evaluation film and

repeat the initial engagement exercise to gain feedback.


iv LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

St Botolph’s Circus Improvements

St Botolph’s Circus is situated to the south of Colchester Town Centre on the A134

Southway at its junction with St Botolph’s Street, Mersea Road and Magdalen Street,

all areas of poor air quality.

The junction is partially signalised and has a complex arrangement, particularly on the

north side, where vehicles have to cross the roundabout approach lanes on St

Botolph’s Street to gain access to the Britannia Way car park.

Essex County Council have opened public engagement about proposed plans to:

• Infill the roundabout and subways, ensuring the public artwork is preserved and

moved to a suitable location

• Alter the shape and size of the island in the middle of the roundabout to increase

carriageway capacity

• Provide an additional lane on the eastern and southern sides to maintain three

lanes around the roundabout

• Install additional signals and a toucan crossing on the A134 Magdalen Street

• Improve the junction at the entrance to Colchester Magistrates’ Court and

Colchester Town railway station

• Improve the surrounding streetscape by removing unnecessary street furniture

and signage, upgrading footway surfacing, adding tree planting and feature

lighting, and creating a series of pocket parks

Aims of the Proposed Plans for St Botolph’s Circus

• Provide the transport improvements needed to support and facilitate housing

and employment growth

• Provide an overall improvement to traffic flow and capacity whilst protecting the

reliability of the public transport network

• Remove the potential opportunities for sheltering to reduce the likelihood of anti-

social behaviour

• Support the Core Principles and Specific Measures set out in the Colchester

Borough Council Air Quality Action Plan, where applicable

• Improve the safety of all users

https://www.essexhighways.org/highway-schemes-and-developments/highway-schemes/st-botolphs-circus.aspx


v LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Figure i.1 - St Botolph’s Circus Roundabout Proposed Scheme

Anti-Idling & Emissions Policies

To mark National Clean Air Day 2018, Colchester Borough Council introduced a No

Motor Vehicle Idling Policy to reduce the impact of its operations and services on the

local environment and air quality.

CBC staff driving fleet vehicles or using their own vehicles for business travel will be

switching off their engines when stationary while out conducting CBC business.

Switching off when stationary is a simple action everyone can take that can make a big

difference. A recent study showed in areas of high air pollution due to traffic congestion,

switching off engines can reduce peak concentrations in air pollution by as much as

20-30%.

https://www.cleanairday.org.uk/Default.aspx


vi LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

In 2018, Colchester Borough Council adopted a new Hackney Carriage and Private

Hire licensing policy.

All newly registered or re-registered vehicles must run on unleaded fuel, diesel or an

alternative environmentally friendly fuel such as LPG, (Liquid Petroleum Gas) or be

hybrid or fully electric. Where petrol or diesel vehicles are used they must comply with

the following compliance dates and standards for emissions:

• Euro 5 for diesel vehicles/Euro 4 for petrol from 2018

• Euro 6 for diesel vehicles / Euro 4 for petrol from 2020

• From 2025 all new registrations to meet an LPG, low emission or electric hybrid

standard

The Council further requires that drivers of licensed vehicles turn off their engines when

waiting in the Borough’s Air Quality Management Areas.

Bus Bid & Retrofitting

In 2018 the Clean Bus Technology Fund was extended. Essex County Council working

with Colchester Borough Council, Essex Air, Rochford District Council and Southend

Borough Council submitted a bid and was awarded £387,064. This will mean a further

12 buses operating along routes that enter Colchester AQMAs will be retrofitted to

enable operation at the same emissions standard as new Euro VI buses.

This additional funding brings the total number of buses operating in the borough that

have been or are to be retrofitted up to 40.


vii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Colchester Borough Council is a member of the Essex Air Quality consortium. The

purpose of the Essex Air is to promote improvements in air quality related issues. The

Essex Air web site provides a daily forecast of air pollution based on UK-AIR data. In

addition, the @airTEXT_COLC twitter feed and the @EssexAir twitter feed provides

localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to Defra recommended actions and health advice are provided when air pollution

is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions,

or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity

or exposure.

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Default.aspx

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/latest/currentlevels?period=current&region=7

https://twitter.com/airtext_colc

https://twitter.com/EssexAir

https://twitter.com/EssexAir/status/823444781741260800


viii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Clean Air Colchester

Clean Air Colchester are a community group made up of local people who are deeply

committed to making the air in Colchester safe to breathe.

Their website identifies the following ways that residents of Colchester can reduce

pollution and would like interested residents to get in touch.

#1 REDUCE

Walk your kids to school

The school run increases traffic - and therefore, pollution - dramatically. Set a good

example to your kids by walking to school with them if you can. Not only is this good

exercise, it's a great chance to bump into friends along way, have a chat about their

day, and you won't be exposing them to the emissions of the car in front of you as you

sit in traffic.

Use your feet, take to the street

Walk, cycle, bus, tube, tram, boat, unicycle... However you like to travel, leave your car

at home and take to the streets. As well as cutting down the amount of pollution you

make, you can get some exercise, take in what's around you and see the place your

journey takes you through from a different perspective.

Switch your engine off when stationary

By turning off your car engine whenever you’re not moving, you’ll help to make the air

cleaner for you, other drivers and pedestrians. Sign up to the #noidling campaign for

more info!

Drive into the future

Cars may not fly or run on trash yet but we have been back to the future and the future

is definitely clean. More than 80,000 people bought low polluting cars in 2016. When

you upgrade your car, explore an electric, hybrid or LPG model (to save on your road

tax too - just until we don’t need roads). But if you have to use petrol or diesel, ask your

car dealer for the least polluting model as they vary enormously. Check out the links

below to see what incentives the government is offering and Which? suggestions when

looking at electric or hybrid options.

https://www.cleanaircolchester.org/

https://www.cleanaircolchester.org/get-in-touch

https://www.comingupforair.org/#noidling

http://www.which.co.uk/reviews/new-and-used-cars/article/car-buying-tips/how-to-buy-the-best-electric-car


ix LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

#2 AVOID

Get out of your car

Car drivers can be exposed to twice as much air pollution as pedestrians and nine

times more than a cyclist. So avoid sitting in your car in heavy traffic where pollution

can build up and walk or cycle instead.

Avoid strenuous activity when pollution is high

There are about 10 to 20 high pollution days a year when it’s better to avoid working

out too hard if you have a heart or lung condition. You can check the pollution in your

area for free here. But on balance, for most people, most of the time, it is healthier to

exercise than sit it out.

Shut out pollution

Blocking out air pollution helps, so close the windows during rush hour if you live or

work on a busy street. But always make sure that your room is well ventilated.

#3 TALK

Email or tweet local council and MP

Find the contact details of your local council here and your local MP here and write to

them to let them know that you care about the air you breathe. Ask them how they are

taking action to improve the situation locally. And then don’t stop asking until you get

answers and see change! We suggest you write to your council and at the same time,

send a message to your MP to ask them to follow up with the council. Both your council

and your MP have a duty to take into account any questions asked by residents and

constituents - and the Government has a duty to protect its citizens.

Share the school run

Chat to other parents at the school gates about setting up a car-share or a walking bus

to make the air cleaner for every child at school. Find out how you can cut traffic by

30% with the WOW Challenge from Living Streets.

Urge companies to find a pollution solution

Good companies solve problems. Use email, Facebook, Twitter or Instagram to ask

them to come up with low pollution ideas. Great Ormond Street Hospital asked its taxi

firms to go electric and now only recommends electric taxis to patients and visitors.

https://www.gov.uk/find-local-council

https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/

https://www.livingstreets.org.uk/what-we-do/projects/wow


x LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

The Colchester Travel Plan Club was formed in 2004 by several local organisations

who needed to manage their demand for car parking and who were concerned about

the impact of local traffic congestion on their business, the community and the

environment.

The organisation works with a range of businesses and organisations which include

University of Essex, Colchester Hospital University Foundation Trust, Colchester

Borough Council, Defence Support Group and Click4Quote.

The Colchester Travel Plan Cub is working on a number of projects:

LOVEURCAR Colchester is a fun and

innovative Defra funding project led by

Colchester Travel Plan Club in

partnership with Colchester Borough

Council’s Air Quality Team. The project

encourages greener driving in

Colchester for those journeys that have to be made by car through regular promotions

and competitions. Visit www.loveurcarcolchester.co.uk to find out more!

Cycle Colchester aims to get more

people cycling, safely. The Travel Plan

Club leads on Events and Training in

partnership with the local voluntary

cycling community and with support from

Essex County Council and Colchester Borough Council. For more information and to

sign up to the monthly e-newsletter visit www.cyclecolchester.org.uk

North Colchester Business Park is

situated on the outskirts of Colchester.

Across the park there is high demand for

car parking, traffic congestion at peak times and a wide variety of varying sized

businesses. The Travel Plan Club want to work with as many businesses as possible

on the park to collectively help ease the pressure on parking, identify and lobby for

infrastructure improvements and promote sustainable travel options as part of an

ambition to develop an Area Travel Plan.

http://www.colchestertravelplanclub.co.uk/

http://www.loveurcarcolchester.co.uk/

http://www.cyclecolchester.org.uk/


xi LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area .......................................................... i

Air Quality in Colchester .......................................................................................... ii

Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................................... iii

Local Engagement and How to get Involved .................................................................... vii

1 Local Air Quality Management ........................................................................ 1

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................ 2

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas .............................................................................. 2

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Colchester ................. 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or

Concentrations.................................................................................................................13

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality

Objectives and National Compliance .................................................................... 15

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken .....................................................................15

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites .......................................................................................... 15

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites................................................................................... 15

3.2 Individual Pollutants .............................................................................................15

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ................................................................................................ 15

Appendix A: Monitoring Results ........................................................................... 17

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018 ................................ 28

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring

Data QA/QC ............................................................................................................. 32

Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ................................... 34

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England .............................. 43

Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................. 45

References .............................................................................................................. 46


xii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

List of Tables

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas .................................................. 3

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality .......................................... 4

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ..................................................... 17

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ............................................. 18

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results .................................................... 22

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results .................................................... 27

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2018 ......................................... 28

Table C.1 – AIR PT Results....................................................................................... 33

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ........................................................... 43

Table E.2 – Examples of Where the Air Quality Objectives Should Apply ................. 43

List of Figures

Figure i.1 - St Botolph’s Circus Roundabout Proposed Scheme ................................. v

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ................................................ vii

Figure 2.1 – Predicted Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations (2018) in Colchester . 13

Figure 2.2 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult

mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution ................. 14

Figure A.1 – Hourly Concentrations at the Brook Street Monitoring Station .............. 26

Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations ........................................ 26

Figure D.1 - Town Centre Area (Part of AQMA1) ...................................................... 34

Figure D.2 - Mersea Road Area (Part of AQMA1) ..................................................... 35

Figure D.3 - Brook Street (Part of AQMA1) ............................................................... 36

Figure D.4 - AQMA 2 ................................................................................................. 37

Figure D.5 - AQMA 4 ................................................................................................. 38

Figure D.6 - North Colchester .................................................................................... 39

Figure D.7 - West Colchester .................................................................................... 40

Figure D.8 - East Colchester ..................................................................................... 41

Figure D.9 - Marks Tey .............................................................................................. 42


1 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Colchester during 2018. It fulfils the

requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the

Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and

assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality

objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the

local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an

Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in

pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement

showing the strategies employed by Colchester Borough Council to improve air quality

and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in

Error! Reference source not found. in Appendix E.



2 Actions to Improve Air Quality

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance

or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must

prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures

it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

In 2018, Colchester Borough Council made the following changes to the AQMAs:

• Extended AQMA 1 Central Corridors on High Street from Queen Street to Lewis

Gardens

• Revoked AQMA 3 Harwich Road / St Andrew’s Junction

A summary of AQMAs declared by Colchester Borough Council can be found in

Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps

of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-

authorities?la_id=64

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs.

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=64

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=64



Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

AQMA Name

Date of Declarat

ion

Pollutants and

Air Quality Objecti

ves

City / Town

One Line Description

Is air quality in the AQMA influenced by roads

controlled by

Highways England?

Level of Exceedance (maximum monitored/modelled concentration at

a location of relevant exposure) Action Plan

At Declaration Now Name Date of

Publication Link

Area 1 - Central

Corridors

Declared May 2001, Amended February

2013

NO2 Annual Mean

Colchester

High Street, Head

Street, North Hill,

Queen Street, St Botolph’s Street, St Botolph’s Circus,

Osborne Street,

Magdalen Street, Military Road,

Mersea Road, Brook Street, East

Street and St Johns

Street

NO 65.9 µg/m3 52.5 µg/m3

Healthier Air For Colchester

- Air Quality Action Plan 2016-2021

April 2016

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Colchester_AQ_Action_Plan.p

df

Area 2 - East

Street and the

adjoining lower end of Ipswich

Road

Declared January 2012, Amended February 2013

NO2 Annual Mean

Colchester

East Street and

Ipswich Road

NO 45.2 µg/m3 41.2 µg/m3

Area 4 - Lucy Lane

North, Stanway

Declared January 2012, Amended February 2013

NO2 Annual Mean

Stanway,

Colchester

Lucy Lane North,

Stanway YES 55.3 µg/m3 47.6 µg/m3

☒ Colchester Borough Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date



2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Colchester

Colchester Borough Councils air quality measures can be found in the Healthier Air for Colchester 2016-2021 air quality action plan.

Updates for measures contained within the air quality action plan can be found in Table 2.2 below:

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Measure No.

Measure EU

Category EU

Classification

Organisations involved and

Funding Source

Planning Phase

Implementation Phase

Key Performance

Indicator

Reduction in Pollutant / Emission

from Measure

Progress to Date

Estimated / Actual

Completion Date

Comments / Barriers to implementation

1

Consideration of a Clean Air

Zone

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Low Emission Zone (LEZ)

Colchester Borough Council / Essex County

Council

2017 Unknown Implementation Minimum Standards for Taxis have been

implemented 2020

2

Consider Air Quality

during updates to strategic transport documents, such as the Essex

LTP

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Other policy Essex County

Council

Inclusion of Air Quality related

policy Not quantified No progress to date Ongoing

3

Consider Air Quality as part of

Local Highways

Panel schemes.

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control


Council

The effect of Air Quality

being considered within traffic

schemes

Reduced vehicle

emissions / exposure

Some traffic schemes have been developed with air quality being quantified from the

outset.

4

Identify traffic

‘bottlenecks’

Traffic Managem

ent Other


Reduced vehicle

emissions Not quantified No progress to date



5

Traffic Flow and Congestio

n management and

monitoring through

highways infrastruct

ure improvements and the use of

active technolog

y, both autonomously and through

the Essex Traffic Control Centre

Traffic Managem

ent

UTC, Congestion

management, traffic

reduction

Essex County Council

Reduced vehicle

emissions as a consequence of improved traffic flow

Not quantified No progress to date

6

Traffic Flow and Parking Surveys

Traffic Managem

ent

UTC, Congestion

management, traffic

reduction


Council

Reduced vehicle

emissions as a consequence of improved traffic flow

Not quantified No progress to date

7

Health Impact

Assessment

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Other policy


Council

2016 N/A N/A Data collection /

Research

Difficulties developing a suitable methodology

8

Joint Strategic Needs

Assessment

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control


Council N/A No progress to date

Reliance upon another authority

9 Policy

influence

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Other policy Colchester

Borough Council N/A

Successful inclusion of air quality policy

within the Local Plan



10

Provision of an air quality

forecasting service and alert system to provide

information to

residents, healthcare providers and local business.

Public Informatio

n

Via the Internet


2015 2016 Number of subscribers

N/A Complete 2016

11 Knowledge sharing

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Regional Groups Co-ordinating

programmes to develop Area wide

Strategies to reduce

emissions and improve air

quality


See comments

See comments N/A N/A In progress See comments Ongoing process

12

Implemenation of

Low Emission Strategy

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Low Emissions Strategy


2016 2016-2021 Reduced emissions

Not quantified

A number of measures that the

LES identified are in progress.

2021 Officer

Time/Resources

13

Implementation of

Air Quality &

Emissions Technical Planning Guidance

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Air Quality Planning and

Policy Guidance


2016 See comments N/A Not Quantified See comments See Comments

Guidance written but not yet adopted.

Planning policy & Local Plan will take up

principles of assessment and

mitigation

14

Ensure the

integration of Air

Quality as a core

component of the

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control


Borough Council 2016 2017

Inclusion of Air Quality related

policy Not Quantified

A number of key AQ policies have been included within the

emerging Local Plan

Complete



new Local Plan 2017-2032

15

Inclusion of a

sustainable award criteria into the

procurement

strategy relating to the tender evaluation of goods

and services

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Sustainable Procurement

Guidance


2016 2016

Number of contracts

awarded based on

sustainability evaluation

Not Quantified Complete Complete

16

Public Service Vehicle

Procurement

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Public Vehicle Procurement -

Prioritising uptake of low

emission vehicles


See Comments

See Comments Number of LEV

Vehicles Not Quantified See Comments See Comments

The Council is currently in a lease

contract for its vehicles but is actively

investigating the purchase of LEV vehicles in future

contracts

17

Examine whether

the licensing standard can be

based on vehicle age or

emissions (linked to

Euro Standards

)

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Taxi Licensing conditions


2017 2018 Reduced emissions

Not quantified Policy has been

through consultation but not yet approved

Complete

18

Require taxis to turn off engines

when idling in

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Taxi Licensing conditions



within AQMAs Not quantified

Policy has been through consultation but not yet approved

Complete



the AQMAs

19

Explore whether

the creation of exclusive LEV/ULEV ‘green’ taxi bays would be feasible

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Taxi emission incentives




Proposed policy to be presented to

Licensing Committee Estimated 2019

New Taxi Licensing Policy with a

requirement for new Taxis to be ULEV after

2026 yet to be approved. Once

approved this will all this work to go ahead

20

Explore whether

the creation of

rapid charging facilities for ULEV

taxis

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Taxi emission incentives




Proposed policy to be presented to

Licensing Committee Estimated 2019

New Taxi Licensing Policy with a

requirement for new Taxis to be ULEV after

2026 yet to be approved. Once

approved this will all this work to go ahead

21 Encourage Park & Ride use

Alternatives to

private vehicle

use

Bus based Park & Ride


Council

2016 2017 Number of

Users Not quantified Complete

Ongoing Process

Park & Ride service to be relaunched and

marketed with a new stop at the hospital

22

Investment in

walking and

cycling infrastruct

ure

Transport Planning

and Infrastruct

ure

Cycle network


Council

See Comments

See Comments Reduced Car

Use Not quantified See Comments See Comments Ongoing Process

23

Encourage walking

and cycling over car

use

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Promotion of walking


See Comments

See Comments Reduced Car

Use Not quantified See Comments See Comments Ongoing Process

24

Promotion of Park &

Walk scheme to encourage the uptake

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Promotion of walking


N/A N/A Reduced Car

Use Not quantified

No Progress to Date however a private scheme is being

operated where some companies in North

Colchester rent



of small satellite

car parks

spaces from the Rugby Club and Stadium then car

share or walk to their businesses.

25

Attract New

Companies to the

Colchester Club Travel Plan

scheme / Love Ur

Car Colcheste

r

Alternatives to

private vehicle

use

Car Clubs Colchester

Borough Council 2016 See Comments

Reduced Car Use

Not quantified

New Paying members: St Helena Hospice, Colchester

Arts Centre and Lookers. New

Associate members: Birkett Long, Firstsite, Fenwick, Lion Walk,

Culver Square, Provide, Ace. Regular promotion via social

media.

See Comments Ongoing Process

26

Reduction of Town

Centre Off Street

Parking Spaces

Alternatives to

private vehicle

use

Other Colchester

Borough Council 2016 See Comments

Reduced emissions for

passenger cars Not quantified

Removal of one town centre car park &

reduction in space of another

See Comments Ongoing Process

27

Further promotion

of the Essex Car

Share scheme

Alternatives to

private vehicle

use

Car Clubs


Council

2016 See Comments Reduced Car

Use Not quantified See Comments Ongoing Process

28

Promotion of reduced pollution walking routes

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Personalised Travel

Planning


2016 Improved

Public Health Not quantified Evaluation of options No date set Funding

29

Provide Exposure Reduction

Tips

Public Informatio

n Other


2016 2017 Reduced

exposure to air pollution

Not quantified Complete 2017 Information leaflet

drafted

30

Work with local bus operators

to upgrade the bus

operating fleet

Vehicle Fleet

Efficiency Other


2017 No date set. See

comments

Improved monitored air

quality

Up to 5ug/m3 at worst case

locations

Discussions with operators

No date set

Mandated Clean Air Zones may cause bus migration elsewhere / Lack of Grant funding

opportunities



31

Work with local bus operators to retrofit old buses

Vehicle Fleet

Efficiency

Vehicle Retrofitting

programmes


2017 No date set. See

comments

Improved monitored air

quality

Up to 5ug/m3 at worst case

locations

Joint CBTF Bid in 2017 for upgrading

18 buses (including 6 P&R buses) with

ECC was successful. Funding for a further

12 buses was achieved in 2018.

Ongoing Process

Grant funding opportunities

32 Promotion

of PLUSBUS

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Other Colchester


Reduced car use

Not quantified Regular social media

communication See comments Ongoing Process

33

Consider the use of

electric buses for

the Colchester Park &

Ride

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Public Vehicle Procurement -

Prioritising uptake of low

emission vehicles

Essex County Council

2016 See Comments N/A Not quantified Grant funding

application submitted but unsuccessful

N/A

Essex County Council were unsuccessful in

an application for funding to trial Electric Buses for Park & Ride

34

Encourage the

reporting of

excessively smoky

vehicles to the Driver

and Vehicle

Standards Agency (DVSA).

Vehicle Fleet

Efficiency Other


2016 2016 N/A Not quantified

Regular social media communication to

encourage the reporting of smoky

vehicles

See Comments Ongoing process

35

Examine local HGV Routing

Strategies

Freight and

Delivery Managem

ent

Route Management

Plans/ Strategic routing

strategy for HGV's


Not yet started

Not quantified Officer Time /

Resources / Funding

36 Fleet

Recognition Scheme

Vehicle Fleet

Efficiency

Fleet efficiency and

recognition schemes


Not yet started

Not quantified Officer Time /

Resources / Funding



37

Electric Vehicle

Charging Infrastruct

ure

Promoting Low

Emission Transport

Other Colchester


Number of charging units

installed Not quantified

Proposed developments are having planning

conditions requiring electric vehicle

charging points. The Council is to look at

installing electric vehicle charging

points in Council car parks.

Ongoing Process

Policy DM22 in the preferred options of emerging Local Plan 2017-2033 identifies

that facilities for electric vehicle charging and

other ultra-low emission vehicles should be required where appropriate, including parking courts and at non-

residential locations

38

Air Quality Mitigation through Planning

Developments

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control

Air Quality Planning and

Policy Guidance


2016 See comments N/A Not quantified See comments See comments

Guidance written but not yet adopted. Mitigation will be

required as part of planning policy

39

Encourage

emission neutral

developments

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control


Borough Council N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Growth and development of

Garden Cities are a long-term plan

40

Prevent new

developments from creating street

canyons

Other Other Colchester

Borough Council 2016 2016 N/A

Reduced exposure to air

pollution / development not affecting dispersion of

pollution

To date, one development within an AQMA has been required to be set

back from the road. The developer

undertook a redesign of the development to

accommodate this requirement.

Ongoing Process

41

Campaign to Central Government for the

creation of a low

emission, diesel free economy

Other Other Colchester

Borough Council N/A N/A Not quantified

Response made to National Air Quality Plan Consultation & Clean Air Strategy

Consultation

Ongoing Process



42

Require Best

Practice Guidance

to be followed

for demolition

/ construction sites

Policy Guidance

and Developm

ent Control


Borough Council Not yet started

N/A Not quantified

43 No Idling

Policy

Traffic Managem

ent

Anti-idling enforcement


& Colchester Borough Homes

2017 2018 N/A 0.1ug/m3 Policy Implemented Complete

Drivers of CBC and CBH vehicles (except

for recycling and rubbish collection

vehicles when collecting refuse and

street cleaning vehicles) and all staff

using their own vehicles for business travel, will be required to adopt the 'No Idling' policy and switch off their vehicle engines when stationary. This

also applies to vehicles on Council office

premises. Also, a no idling requirement for

AQMAs has been introduced into the Taxi

Licensing policy.

44 Behavioural Change

Project

Promoting Travel

Alternatives

Other Colchester

Borough Council 2018 2019 N/A Not quantified

Successful funding bid. Officer has been

employed 2021

45

St Botolph’s

Circus Roundabo

ut

Transport Planning

and Infrastruct

ure

Other Essex County

Council 2018 2020

Reduced Congestion

Not quantified Public Consultation

Underway 2021



2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected

to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter

with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5

has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic

reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Colchester Borough Council does not monitor PM2.5 however a baseline emissions

modelling study identified that the average across the urban area was between 16-

18µg/m3 and that Colchester does not breach the National Air Quality Objectives for

PM2.5

Figure 2.1 – Predicted Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations (2018) in Colchester



The Council notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01 – Fraction of

mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2017 gave a value of

5.5%. This value is broadly similar to other authorities within the region.

Figure 2.2 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult

mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

Colchester Borough Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

• Regular inspections of industrial processes permitted by Colchester Borough

Council where combustion and non-combustion processes could lead to

anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5

• Air Quality Action Plan measures are primarily aimed at reducing the exposure

of residents within the AQMA to NO2, however the measures and initiatives are

likely to have a positive effect on the reduction of Particulate Matter PM2.5



3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with

objectives.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Colchester Borough Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at 1 site

during 2017.

Table A.4 in Appendix A provides detail of the site.

Details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the automatic monitor is

included in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Colchester Borough Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at

62 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A provides details for the sites.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes,

including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation”

and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant,

adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on

adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2

annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of

40µg/m3.



For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in

Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly

mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3,

not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year. There have been no exceedances.

In 2018 Colchester Borough Council monitored exceedances of the NO2 annual mean

objective at 12 sites. All of these exceedances were within the existing AQMA 1, 2& 4.

The measured concentration of NO2 at CBC122 Lucy Lane North of 60.34µg/m3 is

above 60µg/m3 which is an indication that an exceedance of the 1-hr mean objective

may occur.The monitoring site is not at relevant exposure and sited road side of a large

fence meaning that it is not in an area which the public could access.

No changes are required to the Air Quality Management Areas.



Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID

Site Name

Site Type

X OS Grid Ref

Y OS Grid Ref

Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Monitoring Technique

Distance to Relevant Exposure

(m) (1)

Distance to kerb of nearest

road (m) (2)

Inlet Height (m)

CBC Auto1

Brook Street

Roadside 600571 225141 NO2 Y Chemiluminescent 0 3 1.5

Notes:

(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Site ID Site Name Site Type X OS Grid

Ref Y OS Grid

Ref Pollutants Monitored

In AQMA?

Distance to

Relevant Exposure

(m) (1)

Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)

(2)

Tube collocated

with a Continuous Analyser?

Height (m)

CBC2 Fairfax Road,

21 Roadside 599981 224633 NO2 NO 2 1.1 NO 2.5

CBC3 Mersea

Road, 21 Roadside 599914 224643 NO2 YES 0.5 1.9 NO 2.5

CBC8 Shrub End

Road, 105/107

Roadside 597640 223661 NO2 NO 17 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC17 Hills Crescent Suburban 597187 224260 NO2 NO 8 0.4 NO 2.5

CBC20 Papillon Road Urban

Background 599063 225097 NO2 NO 4 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC21 Head Street Roadside 599413 225056 NO2 YES 2 0.6 NO 2.5

CBC22

Trinity Street-Christian Science Society

Urban centre

599612 225072 NO2 NO 4 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC43 Magdalen

Street Roadside 600356 224763 NO2 NO 9 0.4 NO 2.5

CBC45 Brook Street,

28/30 Roadside 600560 225181 NO2 YES 0 1 NO 2.5

CBC46 Worcester Road, 44

Urban background

600376 225674 NO2 NO 15 1.6 NO 2.5

CBC48 33 St

Botolphs Street

Roadside 599908 224942 NO2 YES 0 1.5 NO 2.5

CBC49 High Street - Brighthouse

Kerbside 599720 225217 NO2 YES 0 0.5 NO 2.5

CBC54 Mersea

Road, 10 Roadside 599922 224728 NO2 YES 1.6 1.8 NO 2.5

CBC58 Lucy Lane

South Monitor Suburban 595094 225099 NO2 NO 23 5 NO 2.5

CBC59 Lucy Lane

North, Terala Suburban 595031 225196 NO2 YES 0 42 NO 2.5



CBC62 Mersea Road, 9


CBC62A Mersea Road, 9


CBC62B Mersea Road, 9


CBC63 Mersea

Road, 12 Roadside 599921 224711 NO2 YES 0 1.8 NO 2.5

CBC65 Maldon Road,

99 Roadside 598797 224489 NO2 NO 8 0.4 NO 2.5

CBC66 Brook Street

RAB Roadside 600622 224881 NO2 YES 16 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC68 Brook Street

60 Roadside 600594 225103 NO2 YES 1 8.7 NO 2.5

CBC69A Brook Street


CBC69B Brook Street


CBC69 Brook Street


CBC71 Osborne Street, 6


CBC72

Ipswich Road. Old

Coach House.


CBC76 Harwich Road, 53

Roadside 601162 225471 NO2 YES 2 2 NO 2.5

CBC78 London Road Marks Tey,

Damerosehay Roadside 591255 223366 NO2 NO 10 0.1 NO 2.5

CBC82 Dale Close Suburban 594822 225232 NO2 NO 1.4 2.4 NO 2.5

CBC85 St Johns Green

Urban Background

599684 224817 NO2 NO 0 0.3 NO 2.5

CBC86 Hawthorn Av

Gardenia Walk

Urban Background

602280 225391 NO2 NO 0 50 NO 2.5

CBC88 Brook Street

48 (Auto Monitor)

Roadside 600571 225151 NO2 NO 0 2.6 YES 1.5



CBC88A Brook Street

48 (Auto Monitor)


CBC88B Brook Street

48 (Auto Monitor)


CBC89 London Rd 220 Marks

Tey Roadside 591036 223163 NO2 NO 17 6 NO 2.5

CBC90 London Rd 170 Marks

Tey Roadside 591312 223431 NO2 NO 12 2 NO 2.5

CBC91 Blackberry

Rd 2 Roadside 595239 223936 NO2 NO 3 2 NO 2.5

CBC93 Butt Road

129 Roadside 599031 224427 NO2 NO 5 1.5 NO 2.5

CBC94 Elmstead Rd

6 Roadside 601925 224652 NO2 NO 11 2.5 NO 2.5

CBC96 Mill Rd 239 Roadside 599909 228288 NO2 NO 7 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC97 Mill Rd 87 Roadside 599452 227884 NO2 NO 6 1.2 NO 2.5

CBC98 Cowdray Av

154 Roadside 600086 226157 NO2 NO 4 1 NO 2.5

CBC99 Ipswich Rd

130 Roadside 600891.32 225956.98 NO2 NO 0 15.5 NO 2.5

CBC100 Harwich

Road 175 Roadside 601252 225627 NO2 NO 12 1.5 NO 2.5

CBC101 Ipswich Rd

50 Roadside 600868 225452 NO2 NO 2 1.3 NO 2.5

CBC102 East St 72 Roadside 600752 225313 NO2 YES 0 1 NO 2.5

CBC103 Brook St 74 Roadside 600607 225049 NO2 YES 6 2 NO 2.5

CBC104 Military Rd 37 Roadside 600193 224653 NO2 YES 0 4.5 NO 2.5

CBC105 East Hill 4A Roadside 600224 225255 NO2 NO 1 1 NO 2.5

CBC106 Mersea Rd

30 Roadside 599911 224558 NO2 YES 1.5 0.1 NO 2.5

CBC107 North Hill 49 Roadside 599389 225373 NO2 YES 2.3 0.1 NO 2.5

CBC108 North Station

Rd 39 Roadside 599354 225802 NO2 YES 2.5 0.1 NO 2.5



CBC109 North Hill,

Strada Roadside 599398 225432 NO2 YES 0 1.5 NO 2.5

CBC110 1A St

Botolphs Street


CBC111 St John’s

Street, Lemon Tree

Urban Centre

599473 224982 NO2 NO 0 1.5 NO 2.5

CBC112 High St

George Hotel Urban Centre

599730 225232 NO2 NO 0 2.5 NO 2.5

CBC113 Orchard Gardens

Roadside 600845 225671 NO2 NO 15 3 NO 2.5

CBC115 Harwich Road 18

Roadside 601083 225387 NO2 NO 0 7 NO 2.5

CBC116 Harwich Road 19

Roadside 601115 225355 NO2 NO 0 12 NO 2.5

CBC117 High Street

71 Roadside 599984 225238 NO2 NO 0 2 NO 2.5

CBC118 North Station

Road 120 Roadside 599269 226122 NO2 NO 0 2 NO 2.5

CBC119 Claremont

Heights Roadside 599230 226272 NO2 NO 0 2 NO 2.5

CBC121 Priory Street

59 Kerbside 600229 225208 NO2 NO 0 0.1 NO 2.5

CBC122 Lucy Lane North, A12


CBC123 131 Bergholt

Road Roadside 598938 226707 NO2 NO 0 3.82 NO 2.5

CBC124 58 East Hill Roadside 600516 225277 NO2 YES 0 2 NO 2.5

CBC125 6 Bergholt

Road Roadside 599225 226508 NO2 NO 0 1.5 NO 2.5

DT2 Name2 Select 332395 433175 NO2 YES/NO 3 1 YES/NO 2.0

Notes:

(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.



Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring

Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%)

(1)

Valid Data Capture 2018 (%)

(2)

NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

CBC Auto 1 Roadside Automatic 95.79 95.79 27.97 28.57 27.37 29.13 25.84

CBC2 Urban Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 31.12 29.24 30.86 31.19 28.03

CBC3 Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 63.90 52.64 59.96 48.23 54.51


Tube 100.0 100.0 24.01 22.28 24.74 23.53 22.50

CBC17 Suburban Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 17.84 16.60 18.96 17.98 16.92

CBC20 Urban

Background Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 19.40 18.18 20.16 20.64 21.70


Tube 83.3 83.3 47.75 46.82 51.11 44.95 48.70

CBC22 Urban Centre Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 21.19 19.68 21.17 20.87 20.91


Tube 91.7 91.7 36.98 33.26 33.59 31.94 32.77


Tube 100.0 100.0 50.96 43.74 43.46 45.70 50.51

CBC46 Urban


Tube 100.0 100.0 17.89 16.65 18.25 18.26 16.98


Tube 91.7 91.7 44.55 34.24 40.72 35.35 42.50

CBC49 Kerbside Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 37.66 35.97 39.17 40.52 38.81


Tube 100.0 100.0 31.12 42.99 46.95 42.19 47.14


Tube 100.0 100.0 29.12 28.63 32.17 27.34 29.88


Tube 100.0 100.0 33.34 29.66 32.97 32.94 32.29

CBC62/CBC62A/CBC62B (Triplicate)

Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 45.50 38.78 42.61 39.22 42.93




Tube 100.0 100.0 48.94 43.17 47.40 43.92 48.63


Tube 100.0 100.0 26.63 25.19 26.22 25.29 24.28


Tube 100.0 100.0 28.49 25.83 24.99 26.54 25.73


Tube 91.7 91.7 24.67 23.55 22.20 22.15 23.20

CBC69/CBC69A/CBC69B (Triplicate)

Roadside Diffusion

Tube 100.0 100.0 47.32 45.63 44.33 48.55 46.88


Tube 91.7 91.7 52.55 50.17 50.92 43.25 51.55


Tube 83.3 83.3 33.57 31.90 34.64 32.14 34.73


Tube 100.0 100.0 34.27 30.68 33.40 31.09 31.35


Tube 100.0 100.0 29.36 24.16 26.86 23.73 25.23


Tube 100.0 100.0 27.70 24.63 27.05 26.38 25.62

CBC85 Urban


Tube 100.0 100.0 22.22 20.00 23.04 22.18 21.62

CBC86 Urban


Tube 100.0 100.0 17.79 17.85 17.61 18.62 17.56

CBC88/CBC88A/CBC88B Roadside Diffusion

Tube 88.9 88.9 30.03 27.55 26.78 27.90 27.73


Tube 100.0 100.0 28.29 25.87 28.26 26.16 25.67


Tube 100.0 100.0 29.11 25.25 27.98 26.58 27.07


Tube 100.0 100.0 23.63 20.45 22.65 22.36 21.71


Tube 100.0 100.0 20.87 19.48 20.99 20.74 20.41


Tube 100.0 100.0 25.16 27.25 29.47 27.49 25.75


Tube 83.3 83.3 21.23 18.71 20.45 20.81 18.38


Tube 91.7 91.7 26.96 25.37 28.39 25.79 25.96




Tube 91.7 91.7 22.86 20.72 22.44 22.09 21.75


Tube 100.0 100.0 23.47 22.11 24.58 24.29 22.37


Tube 100.0 100.0 32.19 31.39 30.36 29.25 28.43


Tube 100.0 100.0 37.72 35.78 35.95 36.51 34.91


Tube 100.0 100.0 41.70 41.38 42.93 38.43 41.24


Tube 100.0 100.0 29.76 26.12 24.90 26.80 27.80


Tube 100.0 100.0 29.56 26.42 28.91 27.88 29.01


Tube 100.0 100.0 35.37 35.50 36.21 33.10 34.09


Tube 100.0 100.0 39.19 33.16 38.72 35.60 36.44


Tube 100.0 100.0 31.00 28.83 30.95 30.47 30.92


Tube 91.7 91.7 32.18 29.57 30.90 29.61 32.36


Tube 100.0 100.0 32.57 31.13 33.00 31.16 33.30


Tube 100.0 100.0 35.93 31.57 31.21 31.50 32.15


Tube 100.0 100.0 40.95 40.88 42.31 42.83 42.33


Tube 91.7 91.7 30.25 30.71 31.80 32.54 32.34


Tube 100.0 100.0 31.27 26.01 26.78 27.41 27.93


Tube 91.7 91.7 27.74 27.47 29.66 28.02 27.16


Tube 100.0 100.0 22.96 20.45 22.42 20.37 21.51


Tube 91.7 91.7 43.81 39.44 44.37 41.08 39.77


Tube 100.0 100.0 31.52 31.21 30.79 29.57 28.49




Tube 100.0 100.0 22.64 21.50 20.74 20.93 21.92


Tube 100.0 100.0 N/A N/A 23.14 21.69 21.27


Tube 100.0 100.0 N/A N/A 64.64 59.46 60.34


Tube 100.0 100.0 N/A N/A N/A 21.04 24.67


Tube 100.0 100.0 N/A N/A N/A 39.76 39.82


Tube 100.0 83.3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 30.15

CM2 Select Select 100 50 27 28.2 31.5 27.8 25.84

DT1 Select Select 75 75 61 48.1 44.1 43.2 28.03

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected

Annualisation has not been required

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.

NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.

(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.

(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.



Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations



Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Site ID Site Type Monitoring

Type

Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%) (1)

Valid Data Capture

2018 (%) (2)

NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

CBC Auto 1 Roadside Automatic 95.79 95.79 0 0 0

(106.05) 0 0

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold.

(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.

(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

(3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.



Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

Site ID

NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Annual Mean

Raw Data

Bias Adjusted (0.93) and

Annualised (1)

Distance Corrected

to Nearest

Exposure (2)

CBC2 35.8 32.4 33.9 30.8 24.9 20.1 28.2 29.5 30.4 36.1 30.3 33.3 30.5 28.0 25.5

CBC3 43.9 49.2 59.6 61.0 70.9 51.9 73.2 58.9 59.2 62.6 65.9 54.9 59.3 54.5 52.4

CBC8 30.37 26.2 28.25 23.74 19.57 17 21.06 21.67 23.33 26.94 29.12 26.22 24.5 22.5 16.9

CBC17 26.66 22.67 20.58 17.05 11.99 9.97 13.75 14.94 16.82 20.67 24.45 21.17 18.4 16.9 14.3

CBC20 28.55 31.7 25.25 20.52 15.34 11.9 17.51 16.88 40.52 24.37 26.69 23.75 23.6 21.7 19.4

CBC21 43.58 48.58 56.25 58.33 61.08 Missing Missing 47.04 40.33 57.22 64.86 52.09 52.9 48.7 39.5

CBC22 27.75 22.85 25.28 21.16 18.87 14.17 20.44 22.43 21.63 24.9 27.74 25.51 22.7 20.9 19.5

CBC43 36.67 34.28 41.26 37.71 Missing 24.67 33.27 34.14 36.05 38.82 36.39 38.56 35.6 32.8 23.9

CBC45 48.12 49.57 60.88 57.17 63.35 53.02 70.77 53.4 46.02 48.49 60.74 47.25 54.9 50.5 50.5

CBC46 25.1 20.85 25.55 17.05 13.98 10.51 12.78 16.06 19.01 22.39 17.62 20.64 18.5 17.0 18.5

CBC48 47.67 34.62 58.72 41.81 38.11 34.92 38.83 41.89 Missing 56.25 60.93 54.41 46.2 42.5 42.5

CBC49 50.64 34.63 43.82 40.18 36.75 29.17 42.23 44.92 44.03 42.42 49.88 47.61 42.2 38.8 38.8

CBC54 54.15 42.34 60.72 49.11 53.47 45.05 59.61 50.02 47.14 53.99 55.9 43.32 51.2 47.1 42.7

CBC58 37.13 34.99 37.38 28.62 30.44 26.34 26.5 30.46 33.57 40.39 28.89 34.98 32.5 29.9 21.9

CBC59 42.48 33.25 40.33 39.62 25.28 21.3 36.51 38.25 33.45 34.47 39.94 36.31 35.1 32.3 47.4

CBC62 41.31 41.41 46.48 44.8 51.97 41.92 63.24 48.58 38.76 46.84 51.28 40.04 46.4 42.7 42.7

CBC62A 39.97 43.59 48 46.52 52.35 44.32 62.97 50.13 41.46 49.42 52.03 41.47 47.7 43.9 43.9



CBC62B 38.1 42.39 46.69 44.67 53.02 41.33 60.04 47.92 41.72 46.72 47.8 40.42 45.9 42.2 42.2

CBC63 49.88 44.27 56.9 53.51 61.7 52.62 61.02 51.25 43.55 54.97 59.68 44.93 52.9 48.6 48.6

CBC65 25.39 30.12 32.94 24.63 25.25 19.42 24.44 23.4 25.39 32.35 27.32 26.01 26.4 24.3 18.0

CBC66 36.1 29.46 30.06 26.16 21.78 19.78 25.93 25.83 27.72 29.58 32.35 30.88 28.0 25.7 19.9

CBC68 29.22 27.01 29.3 24.56 24.73 21.91 23.83 24.18 21.45 27.49 23.77 Missing 25.2 23.2 22.9

CBC69A 51.95 46.66 52.8 56.04 51.78 42.73 57.32 50.26 51.22 48.82 46.4 44.91 50.1 46.1 46.1

CBC69B 65.73 47.24 55.96 52.85 54.62 45.16 54.07 52.16 56.79 52.47 42.21 52.74 52.7 48.5 48.5

CBC69 54.03 52.7 53.32 50.18 45.74 39.52 50.34 53.7 50.75 48.14 48.24 54.81 50.1 46.1 46.1

CBC71 70.2 48.88 63.43 54.96 59.27 49.88 61.18 Missing 45.05 58.56 54.93 50.01 56.0 51.5 51.5

CBC72 38 37.08 43.09 41.25 38.42 32.88 42.83 32.98 Missing Missing 33.72 37.29 37.8 34.7 26.8

CBC76 35.57 31.25 39.15 34.52 32.53 24.79 30.26 29.96 35.26 45.44 32.55 37.62 34.1 31.3 28.7

CBC78 26.3 29.84 30.07 30.9 24.16 22.33 31.46 26.37 22.75 26.1 34.55 24.26 27.4 25.2 18.8

CBC82 31.72 28.4 31.29 31.83 18.8 16.18 25.08 28.5 25.81 29.93 33.11 33.51 27.8 25.6 24.3

CBC85 29.04 24.76 29.28 22.1 21.41 17.71 19.17 19.63 20.42 26.55 25.54 26.45 23.5 21.6 21.6

CBC86 24.85 21.48 28.59 18.54 13.04 10.47 15.08 15.77 17.98 19.75 24.86 18.58 19.1 17.6 17.6

CBC88 31.39 30.49 37.46 28.96 28.13 21.66 32.12 29.43 26.02 30.78 32.97 35.08 30.4 27.9 27.9

CBC88A 32.87 27.39 34.87 30.9 Missing 22.62 31.58 30.96 29 30.68 31.39 Missing 30.2 27.8 27.8

CBC88B 32.83 27.62 33.26 32.17 Missing 21.09 31.99 30.33 30.31 28.56 30.08 Missing 29.8 27.4 27.4

CBC89 29.07 28.45 31.94 31.27 17.93 21.51 30.34 27.94 27.7 29.2 34.36 25.12 27.9 25.7 21.2

CBC90 31.02 31.52 33.26 31.63 24.76 24.84 34.15 26.29 26.09 29.2 34.08 26.28 29.4 27.1 21.6

CBC91 27.68 25.93 29.23 23.15 22.06 13.69 17.76 22 22.05 27.13 25.58 26.87 23.6 21.7 19.4

CBC93 30.32 24.94 29.57 20.12 17.02 13.37 17.92 18.76 21.1 25.67 23.56 23.91 22.2 20.4 17.7

CBC94 36.27 30.7 31.84 20.15 26.89 23.1 23.07 27.74 32.16 30.53 25.93 27.55 28.0 25.8 21.6

CBC96

Erroneous Data Point

Removed

24.3 Missing 21.84 16.55 14.29 16.18 17.33 20.76 22.29 24.05 22.24 20.0 18.4 17.4

CBC97 34.55 29.78 35.62 26.56 28.39 20.17 23.36 26.1 27.52 Missing 27.41 30.95 28.2 26.0 21.5



CBC98 29.63 24.04 Missing 26.74 16.77 15.22 23.14 24.61 25.12 23.6 25.66 25.48 23.6 21.7 18.4

CBC99 29.26 28.1 25.01 22.99 20.57 18.13 22.23 24.12 23.18 24.06 25.45 28.64 24.3 22.4 22.4

CBC100 38.38 31.87 43.71 26.63 24.68 23.2 23.35 26.09 29.23 23.78 43.37 36.51 30.9 28.4 22.4

CBC101 41.41 38.6 43.26 45.2 40.44 30.48 42.54 36.83 41.3 24.13 30.48 40.64 37.9 34.9 31.1

CBC102 43.5 42.79 51.68 42.91 51.31 46.77 45.45 38.4 40.42 48.48 39.48 46.78 44.8 41.2 41.2

CBC103 32.25 31.18 33.87 29.76 29.01 22.87 31.14 28.53 28.12 30.66 33.58 31.67 30.2 27.8 23.7

CBC104 34.93 30.27 36.04 30.27 25.97 21.63 29.3 31.47 33.27 35.64 37.5 32.14 31.5 29.0 29.0

CBC105 26.56 35.01 43.45 40.25 33.18 31.77 39.94 33.41 34.43 35.1 50.63 40.94 37.1 34.1 31.6

CBC106 34.02 31.8 42.76 37.62 42.97 32.46 50.36 43.34 41.99 39.71 42.03 36.18 39.6 36.4 28.8

CBC107 34.67 38.62 35.11 37.94 27.22 21.61 28.81 31.09 34.73 38.5 40.48 34.48 33.6 30.9 24.5

CBC108 34.51 25.41 42.33 38.7 35.89 27.95 35.6 Missing 30.36 40.07 44.27 31.78 35.2 32.4 24.2

CBC109 32.81 39.48 38.16 29.09 36.61 28.25 35.65 34.22 33.18 42.67 50.39 33.84 36.2 33.3 33.3

CBC110 36.31 32.08 34.46 30.14 30.69 24.29 33.14 36.59 35.69 41.97 45.37 38.57 34.9 32.1 32.1

CBC111 44.3 36.66 50.42 46.53 48.05 36.76 42.99 44.9 47.61 55.54 47.97 50.45 46.0 42.3 42.3

CBC112 38.7 35.94 39.27 30.87 31.06 27.97 30.67 Missing 30.79 41.62 39.53 40.26 35.2 32.3 32.3

CBC113 29.7 29.42 40.84 39.28 24.38 22.44 35.3 29.77 22.46 29.21 30.7 30.77 30.4 27.9 22.6

CBC115 34.65 31.84 29.42 29.38 29.7 23.59 24.37 Missing 21.98 42.34 28.97 28.54 29.5 27.2 27.2

CBC116 24.69 25.14 28.13 22.61 20.74 15.5 18.24 19.4 21.47 29.74 29.35 25.5 23.4 21.5 21.5

CBC117 51.05 39.54 54.9 39.76 36.8 35.99 Missing 43.46 39.82 40.98 51.82 41.43 43.2 39.8 39.8

CBC118 33.65 30.9 31.86 28.98 28.33 22.37 30.54 27.63 32.51 36.54 35.16 33.08 31.0 28.5 28.5

CBC119 26.15 22.7 26.06 22.43 21.02 17.79 23.81 22.33 22.01 27.82 29.71 24.14 23.8 21.9 21.9

CBC121 41.5 25.33 27.07 22.98 18.29 13.83 18.44 10.73 22.91 25.19 24.65 26.47 23.1 21.3 21.3

CBC122 77.16 57.56 55.94 60.69 59.4 61.81 81.76 68.29 75.07 69.49 54.03 65.82 65.6 60.3 47.6

CBC123 31.13 39.51 43.1 22.22 23.67 19.13 23.57 19.06 21.41 26.35 27.66 24.95 26.8 24.7 24.6

CBC124 43.29 41.88 49.94 43.38 49.39 41.42 48.28 38.39 37.77 45.73 38.43 41.5 43.3 39.8 39.8

CBC125 N/A N/A 28.41 36.62 35.42 33 40.2 38.27 38.21 37.08 2.61 37.93 32.8 30.2 30.2

☒ National bias adjustment factor used



Annualisation has not been required

☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes:

Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.

NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.

(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation.

(2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.



Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Colchester Borough Council operates one automatic monitoring site which contains an

API 200a analyser that measures NO2. Data from this site is collected by a contractor

and forwarded to the Councils server.

Daily data validation checks are made to ensure the analysers are working correctly

and to identify any abnormal readings that may occur.

The automatic monitoring station equipment is serviced every six months by a

contractor who also carries out maintenance callouts when faults are identified.

The analyser is calibrated fortnightly with a certified reference gas by Council officers.

The site also has triplicate NO2 diffusion tubes to provide co-location data.

Data ratification for the analyser contains following the processes;

• Applying the scaling factors derived from calibrations, maintenance visits and

servicing.

• Checking for equipment drift with adjustments made where detected

• Comparison of data with other pollutants and other appropriate Essex Air

monitoring sites

• Checking for and deletion of erroneous data that can be linked to analyser

failure or unrepresentative periods of operation

Diffusion Tubes QA/QC

Colchester Borough Council undertook monitoring with 68 NO2 diffusion tubes at 62

sites in 2018.

The diffusion tubes were supplied by Gradko (UKAS Testing Laboratory number 2187)

with a preparation method of 20% triethanolamine (TEA) in Water.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the

following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2018.



Table C.1 – AIR PT Results

AIR PT

Round

AIR PT

AR024

AIR PT

AR025

AIR PT

AR027

AIR PT

AR028

Round

conducted in

the period

January –

February 2018

April – May

2018

July – August 2018 September –

October 2018

Gradko 100% 100% 100% 100%

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

Colchester Borough Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating

diffusion tube results.

The Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 06/19 identifies that for

Gradko 20% TEA in water diffusion tubes in 2018, a bias adjustment factor of 0.92

should be used. This was derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 37 studies.

Point Sources

No significant new point source of emissions has been identified.

NO2 Fall Off Estimation

Diffusion tube monitoring shown in Table B.1 in Appendix B has been adjusted for NO2

falloff between the monitoring location and the point of relevant exposure.

Using the equation from the Air Quality Consultants ‘NO2 Concentrations and Distance

from Roads (2008)’ report a custom Excel spreadsheet has been developed to derive

the NO2 concentrations at relevant exposure from the measured annual mean

concentrations and using 2017 NO2 background maps.

Estimated Annual Mean at Relevant Exposure:

Cz = ((Cy-Cb) / (-0.5476 x Ln(Dy) + 2.7171)) x (-0.5476*Ln(Dz)+2.7171) + Cb Where:

• Cz is the total predicted concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dz;

• Cy is the total measured concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dy;

• Cb is the background concentration (μg/m3);

• Dy is the distance from the kerb at which concentrations were measured;

• Dz is the distance from the kerb (m) at which concentrations are to be

predicted; and

• Ln(D) is the natural log of the number D



Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs Figure D.1 - Town Centre Area (Part of AQMA1)



Figure D.2 - Mersea Road Area (Part of AQMA1)



Figure D.3 - Brook Street (Part of AQMA1)



Figure D.4 - AQMA 2



Figure D.5 - AQMA 4



Figure D.6 - North Colchester



Figure D.7 - West Colchester



Figure D.8 - East Colchester



Figure D.9 - Marks Tey



Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.2 – Air Quality Objectives in England

Pollutant Air Quality Objective4

Concentration Measured as

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year

1-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Particulate Matter (PM10)

50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year

24-hour mean

40 µg/m3 Annual mean

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)


1-hour mean


24-hour mean


15-minute mean

Table E.2 – Examples of Where the Air Quality Objectives Should Apply

Averaging Period Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Air Quality Objective5

Objectives should apply at: Objectives should not

generally apply at:

Annual Mean (40 µg/m3)

All locations where members of the public might be regularly exposed. Building façades of residential properties, schools, hospitals, care homes etc.

Building façades of offices or other places of work where members of the public do not have regular access. Hotels, unless people live there as their permanent residence. Gardens of residential properties. Kerbside sites (as opposed to locations at the building façade), or any other location where public exposure is expected to be short term.

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3). 5 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).



Averaging Period Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Air Quality Objective5

Objectives should apply at: Objectives should not

generally apply at:

1-hour Mean (200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year) It can be considered that exceedances of the NO2 1-hour objective may occur at roadside sites if the annual mean is above 60µg/m3

All locations where the annual mean and: 24 and 8-hour mean objectives apply. Kerbside sites (for example, pavements of busy shopping streets). Those parts of car parks, bus stations and railway stations etc. which are not fully enclosed, where members of the public might reasonably be expected to spend one hour or more. Any outdoor locations where members of the public might reasonably expected to spend one hour or longer.

Kerbside sites where the public would not be expected to have regular access.



Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

airTEXT airTEXT is a free service for the public providing air quality alerts by SMS text message, email and voicemail and 3-day forecasts of air quality, pollen, UV and temperature

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQIA Air Quality Impact Assessment – Reports provided in support of planning applications.

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air Quality Annual Status Report

CAZ Clean Air Zone - Defined geographic areas used as a focus for action to improve air quality

CVTF Clean Vehicle Technology Fund – A DfT fund that provides grants for upgrading vehicles to reduce emissions in areas of poor air quality

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DfT Department for Transport

EU European Union

Euro Standard Euro standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU and EEA member states.

HIA Health Impact Assessment – A means of assessing the health impacts of policies, plans and projects in diverse economic sectors using quantitative, qualitative and participatory techniques.

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

LEZ Low Emission Zone - A defined area where access by certain polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred with the aim of improving the air quality.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PEMS Portable Emissions Measurement System – a method of monitoring vehicle emissions during operation

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SCRT Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology – Retrofitted equipment to reduce bus emissions

SELEP South East Local Enterprise Partnership

Street Canyon Road which is flanked by buildings resembling a canyon

TEA Triethanolamine – substance used in diffusion tubes for absorbing nitrogen dioxide

UK-AIR An information resource providing in-depth information on air quality and air pollution in the UK. A range of information is available, from the latest pollution levels, pollution forecast information, a data archive, and details of the various monitoring networks.

UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/latest

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/latest

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/forecasting

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks



References airTEXT website available at; http://www.airtext.info/colchester

airTEXT Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/airtext_colc

Air Quality Consultants (AQC) NO2 Concentrations and Distance from Roads (2008) available at;

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/FallOffWithDistanceReptJuly08.pdf

Air Quality funding award: £3 million boost for innovative local air quality improvements available at;

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/3-million-boost-for-innovative-local-air-quality-improvements--4

Clean Air Colchester available at; https://www.cleanaircolchester.org/

Colchester Borough Council Annual Status Report 2018 available at;

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/ColchesterBC2018ASR.pdf

Colchester Borough Council Hackney Carriage & Private Hire licensing policy available at;

https://cbccrmdata.blob.core.windows.net/noteattachment/Taxi%20Policy%202019.pdf

Colchester Borough Council No Motor Vehicle Idling Policy available at;

https://cbccrmdata.blob.core.windows.net/noteattachment/No%20Motor%20Vehicle%20Idling%20Poli

cy.pdf

Colchester Low Emission Strategy available at;

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Colchester_Low_Emission_Strategy.pdf

Colchester Park & Ride website available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-

Roads/Getting-Around/Bus/Park-and-Ride/Colchester-Park-and-Ride.aspx

Colchester Travel Plan Club web pages available at: http://www.colchestertravelplanclub.co.uk/

Defra Air Quality web pages available at: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk.

Defra Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet available at;

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at;

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

Defra PG.16 Air Quality Policy Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-

PG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra TG.16 Air Quality Technical Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-

TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Fall-Off with Distance Calculator (v4.1) available at;

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

Healthier Air for Colchester 2016-2021 – Air Quality Action Plan available at;

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Healthier_Air_for_Colchester-Air_Quality_Action_Plan_2016-

2021.pdf

Essex Air Quality Consortium available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/

Essex Air Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/essexair

EssexCarShare.com available at; https://liftshare.com/uk/community/essex

Essex County Council Major Schemes website available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-

and-Roads/Highway-Schemes-and-Developments/Major-Schemes.aspx

Essex Highways St Botolph’s Circus Survey available at; https://www.essexhighways.org/highway-

schemes-and-developments/highway-schemes/st-botolphs-circus.aspx

http://www.airtext.info/colchester

https://twitter.com/airtext_colc

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/FallOffWithDistanceReptJuly08.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/3-million-boost-for-innovative-local-air-quality-improvements--4

https://www.cleanaircolchester.org/

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/ColchesterBC2018ASR.pdf

https://cbccrmdata.blob.core.windows.net/noteattachment/Taxi%20Policy%202019.pdf

https://cbccrmdata.blob.core.windows.net/noteattachment/No%20Motor%20Vehicle%20Idling%20Policy.pdf

https://cbccrmdata.blob.core.windows.net/noteattachment/No%20Motor%20Vehicle%20Idling%20Policy.pdf

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Colchester_Low_Emission_Strategy.pdf

http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Getting-Around/Bus/Park-and-Ride/Colchester-Park-and-Ride.aspx

http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Getting-Around/Bus/Park-and-Ride/Colchester-Park-and-Ride.aspx

http://www.colchestertravelplanclub.co.uk/

http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-PG16-April-16-v1.pdf

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-PG16-April-16-v1.pdf

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Healthier_Air_for_Colchester-Air_Quality_Action_Plan_2016-2021.pdf

http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Healthier_Air_for_Colchester-Air_Quality_Action_Plan_2016-2021.pdf

http://www.essexair.org.uk/

https://twitter.com/essexair

https://liftshare.com/uk/community/essex

http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Highway-Schemes-and-Developments/Major-Schemes.aspx

http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Highway-Schemes-and-Developments/Major-Schemes.aspx





Government funds bus industry to improve air quality available at;

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-funds-bus-industry-to-improve-air-quality

National Air Quality Objectives and European Directive Limit and target values for the protection of

human health available at; https://uk-

air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/Air_Quality_Objectives_Update.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-funds-bus-industry-to-improve-air-quality

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/Air_Quality_Objectives_Update.pdf

https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/Air_Quality_Objectives_Update.pdf

2019 annual status report - .net framework

Documents