2019-10-30 international perspective on fintech regulation

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Matthew Saal October 30, 2019

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Page 1: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Matthew SaalOctober 30, 2019

Page 2: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Best available technology has always been used for money: to validate and record balances…

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Page 3: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

…provide safekeeping,…

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Page 4: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

…and facilitate transfers

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Page 5: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Technology is transforming every industry

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Always available

Where you want it

Tailored product

On‐demand delivery

Asset‐light business

Contextualization

Buy only what you want

Banking has lagged

Page 6: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Drivers of digital transformation in financial services

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Digital FinanceLow cost / 

Highly portable computing

Ubiquitous connectivity

Mass data storage and analytics

Regulatory change

Consumer expectations

Page 7: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

The pace of technology adoption in financial services is accelerating

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Page 8: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

New technology and approaches across the value chain are transforming the industry

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Source: World Bank and IMF (2019). Fintech: The Experience So Far.

Page 9: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Business models are reconfiguring in ways that challenge existing regulatory approaches

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Existing Regulatory Framework

New products and services

Hybrid businesses that cut across regulators

New providers from outside the regulated sector

Disaggregated and recomposed value 

chains

P2P

Cryptocurrency

Robo‐Advisors

Big Data Credit Scoring

Marketplace Finance

E‐Commerce Lending

Mobile Remittance

E‐Wallets

Cloud‐Based Services

Micro‐insurance

Personal Financial 

Management

PayGoSolar Leasing

Carrier Billing

Page 10: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

FinTech presents benefits and risks with respect to achieving regulatory objectives

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Page 11: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

ChallengesEnsuring control of 

potential risks

• Potential Risks to financial stability, integrity, privacy & consumer protection

• Internationalisational of actors in the financial sector w/o requisite regulatory coordination

• Competitive dynamics leading to market concentration / monopolistic behaviors

Financial Inclusion

(new better and more affordable 

Financial Services)

• Shift towards dynamic efficiency in the financial sector• Improved variety, customization, and convenience of offerings• Enhanced economies of scale that lower the marginal cost of 

serving the bottom of the pyramid• Support digital “real sector” economy to accelerate inclusion: 

new business models and channel, new data sources and techniques expand overall demand for formal sector finance.

Regulators must balance the risks and benefits of financial innovation

Leveraging the digital opportunity does not come without challenges

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Page 12: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Choices depend on market conditions…

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Argentina

Australia

Bangladesh

Brazil

China

East Asia & Pacific

France Germany

India

KenyaLatin America & Caribbean

Mexico

Middle East & North Africa

Nigeria

Pakistan

Poland

Singapore

South Africa

South Asia

Sub‐Saharan Africa

Turkey

Baltics

Western Europe

Central Asia

Europe and Central Asia (‐CA)

Peru

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

‐2 3 8 13 18 23

2014

 Formal Ban

king

 Pen

etratio

n (%

)

2015 Venture Capital Investment per US$ 10,000 of GDP(Bubble Size = Unbanked Population)

Average: 4.88

I II

IIIIV

I. Bank DominanceII. PartneringIII. Tech DominanceIV. Race to the Finish

Page 13: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

…and existing regulatory frameworks

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Civil Law

Entity Based

Common Law

Activity Based

Single Regulator

Multiple RegulatorsPrinciples

Rules

Page 14: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Regulatory tools & frameworks to enable innovation

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Page 15: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Framework for Choosing Regulatory Tools

Regu

lator P

artic

ipation 

Maturity & Experimentation of Market

Extensive

Limited

Limited Broad

Updated Law and Regulation (legislative)

Incremental change by licensed entities Wait and See 

(liberal)

Test and Learn 

(bespoke)

Balance risk vs. enabling 

environment for innovationRegulatory

Sandbox

Wait‐and‐See: Monitoring a Trend to understand it better before any interventionTest‐and‐learn: Custom framework to test a new idea in a live environmentRegulatory Sandbox: live, time‐bound testing of innovations under a regulator’s oversight.Regulatory Reform: Reform Existing policy and regulation to allow for new licensing of innovations

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Page 16: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Comprehensive FinTech law – Mexico

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Page 17: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Product‐Specific Laws and Regulations – Thailand

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Decree on Digital Assets Business 2018

Equity Crowdfunding

2015

Debt Crowdfunding (Companies)

2019

P2P Lending (Individuals)

2019

Selected laws, regulations, and notifications 2016‐2019

Regulatory Sandboxes2016, 2017

Insurance Electronic Channels2017

Payment Systems Act

2017

Page 18: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Wait and see approach – China

Source: Aveni and Jenik 2017

P2P lending in China – Policy interventions

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Page 19: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

SupTech

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Source: Dirk Broeders and Jeremy Prenio, Innovative technology in financial supervision (suptech) – the experience of early users. Financial Stability Institute, July, 2018

Areas of financial supervision in which SupTech is being used

Page 20: 2019-10-30 International perspective on fintech regulation

Challenges• New entrants providing financial services but don’t 

fit an entity‐based regulatory structure• New products don’t clearly map to rules/regulators• Regulated institutions seeking to adopt new 

technologies that regulations don’t cover or supervisors are not equipped to assess and monitor

Goals• Ensure financial stability and integrity• Encourage and accommodate 

innovation (for efficiency, inclusion)• Protect Consumers• Foster competition

1. No one size fits all; depends on existing framework, market conditions, resources2. Apply existing regulations where relevant: not everything that looks new is fundamentally new3. Principles based approach, applied at the granular activity level4. Activity based, entity neutral: level playing field for incumbents and entrants to adopt innovations5. Tech neutral: As long as it meets standards for security, privacy, robustness, we shouldn’t care 

what specific technology is used underneath 6. Controlled experimentation in regulation alongside new technology/new business models7. Upgrade supervisory capacity, including through use of technology8. Enhance coordination and cooperation across regulators domestically and internationally

Emerging Regulatory Principles

Developing a regulatory strategy 

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