Contents

1 Welcome 2

2 About IMSPO 22.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Organizing Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Financial Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Venue 2

4 Registration 2

5 Travel 35.1 By car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 By air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6 Transportation 3

7 Accommodations 3

8 Weather in San Diego 3

9 Presentation Information 3

10 Refreshments andSocial Events 4

11 Acknowledgements 4

12 Schedule 5

13 Plenary Lectures 8

14 Student Talks 9

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1 Welcome

Welcome to the Scripps Institution ofOceanography.

For over a century, Scripps has been oneof the world’s largest, most important cen-ters for marine and earth science research,education and public service. Its preemi-nence is reflective of its excellent programs,distinguished faculty and research scientists,and outstanding facilities. Scripps’ distinc-tion in scientific research is accompanied byits leadership in education, with one of thelargest graduate programs in earth and ma-rine science in the country.

The Oceans and Atmosphere Section atScripps is made up of approximately 70 aca-demics and their staff from four divisions:the Center for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS),the Climate Research Division (CRD), Ma-rine Physical Laboratory (MPL), and thePhysical Oceanography Research Division(PORD). Research topics involve many as-pects of the atmosphere-land-ocean system,from climate timescales down to daily fore-casts and analysis, and from global scales tosmall-scale turbulence. In addition to thephysics of the earth system, the section in-cludes researchers studying acoustic commu-nication, marine mammals, ecosystem dy-namics, geochemistry, and geology.

2 About IMSPO

2.1 History

The first IMSPO was held at CICESE(Centro de Investigacion Cientifica yde Educacion Superior de Ensenada)in Ensenada, Mexico June 27-29, 2007(http://oceanografia.cicese.mx/personal/cesar/PaginaIMSPO/). Mas-ters and Ph.D students from 7 schools inMexico and the US attended as well as

faculty from CICESE and SIO. IMSPOdeveloped from the CICESE-SIO Mexican-American Physical Oceanography SummerStudent Seminar Series of 2005.

2.2 Organizing Committee

The IMSPO 2008 organizing committee con-sists of:

• Gabriela Chavez

• Sylvia Cole

• Kyla Drushka

• Aurelien Ponte

• Leonel Romero

• Robert Todd

• Marissa Yates

2.3 Financial Support

Financial support for IMSPO 2008 was gen-erously provided by the International Com-munity Foundation’s Sea of Cortez Fund,the Oceans and Atmospheres Section of SIO,and the SIO Graduate Department.

3 Venue

All talks will be held in Hubbs Hall 4500(Building 8752, map inside back cover).Breakfast and lunch each day will be at theMartin Johnson House (Building 8840), anddinner will be at various locations. Wirelessinternet access is available in many locationsthroughout SIO and UCSD. We will provideyou with a temporary account to access thenetwork.

4 Registration

A registration table will be set up each morn-ing during breakfast. You may pick up aname tag and program book there. You will

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also be asked to pay the conference registra-tion fee of $5 at that time. Parking permitswill be available for those bringing cars.

5 Travel

Please plan to arrive in time for the begin-ning of the conference at 0845 on 22 Octo-ber and stay through TG in the evening of 24October. We are currently unable to providetravel funds.

5.1 By car

US Interstate 5 provides easy access to SIOfrom the north and south (including BajaCalifornia, Mexico). US Interstate 8 inter-sects Interstate 5 just south of La Jolla.

From Interstate 5 (A on map on insidefront cover), take the La Jolla Village Dr.exit (westbound). Turn left on ExpeditionWay, then right on Downwind Way, andright on Shellback Way (B on map on insidefront cover). Shellback Way will dead endinto lot P014 where you may park (see SIOmap on inside back cover). Parking permitswill be provided at registration. We stronglyencourage you to carpool.

5.2 By air

San Diego International Airport (SAN) ismost convenient to SIO. Los Angeles Inter-national (LAX) has many more internationalarrivals and departures. Flying into the Ti-juana International Airport in Mexico is alsoa possibility. See Section 6 for informationabout getting to SIO from San Diego Inter-national Airport.

6 Transportation

San Diego has a public transportation net-work, but the transit times can be very long.

Bus 30 (schedules are at www.sdcommute.

com) provides access to SIO, but we will beat SIO for the majority of the meeting andwill organize carpools when needed. If youare flying into San Diego Airport, we sug-gest www.supershuttle.com for an individ-ual (∼$54 round trip) or a taxi for a group(∼$35 each way - http://www.driveu.com/yellow_cab.asp is one example).

7 Accommodations

Those who have requested to will be stayingwith SIO students. Participants not request-ing housing with students are responsiblefor arranging their own accommodations. Ifyou have any questions about housing pleaseemail us (imspo2008@gmail.com).

8 Weather in San Diego

The average high in late October is21◦C/71◦F, and the average low is12◦C/54◦F. Rain is unlikely, but it canbe cool and foggy in the evening, so a jacketis recommended. Sunset is at 1800. Surftemperature should be around 18◦C/64◦F.

9 Presentation

Information

Student presenters will be alloted 20 minuteseach. We will enforce a 15 minute time limiton talks to provide ample time for questionsand discussion after each talk. Please planyour presentation accordingly.

A laptop and projector will be provided.The primary presentation computer will bea Mac laptop with the following software:Keynote 2008, PowerPoint 2004 for Mac(no support for PowerPoint 2007 format,

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.pptx), Adobe Acrobat, Preview and Quick-time. PowerPoint presentations made on aWindows computer generally transfer well toMacs, but you may want to check for changesin format. We will have a Windows laptopavailable if a particular presentation cannotbe loaded on the Mac. If you need additionalsoftware for movies or other reasons, pleasecontact the organizers as soon as possible.

Please load your presentation prior to thebeginning of the session in which your talkis to be given. You may also upload yourpresentation remotely by placing it on theIMSPO FTP server (ftp://iod.ucsd.edu/imspo2008/dropbox) with your last nameand initials as the filename.

10 Refreshments and

Social Events

All IMSPO participants are invited to break-fast, lunch, and dinner each day. We willalso provide coffee and tea breaks through-out the day. Please let us know if you haveany dietary restrictions.

Dinner on Wednesday evening will be heldat SIO following the end of the scientific pro-gram. On Thursday evening, we will have apicnic dinner by the beach at Kellogg Parkon La Jolla Shores. We will arrange carpoolsfrom SIO to the beach. On Friday evening,we invite IMSPO participants to join theentire SIO community in our weekly cele-bration of the end of the week: TG. Foodand beverages will be provided at the Mar-tin Johnson House from 1700 until they’regone.

For those who are around on Saturday, wewill arrange a tour of the Birch Aquarium atScripps in the morning.

11 Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the help and sup-port of the following individuals: Bruce Cor-nuelle, Dana Dahlbo, Denise Darling, MyrlHendershott, Anne Middleton, Art Miller,Patty Root, Dan Rudnick, and Bill Young.

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12 Schedule

Wednesday 22 October:

0830-0930 Breakfast and Registration0930-0945 Introductory Remarks0945-1045 Plenary Lecture: James C. McWilliams, Phenomena and dynamical

concepts for mesoscale and submesoscale variability in the ocean (p. 8)1045-1105 Break1105-1125 Arno C. Hammann, What should a subgridscale parameterization look like?

(p. 9)1125-1145 Stefan Riha, Methods for computing lateral eddy diffusivity, particle disper-

sion and Lagrangian eddy scales in an eddy-resolving ocean model (p. 10)1145-1205 Sylvia T. Cole, Seasonal observations of thermohaline structure and the relic

mixed layer (p. 10)1205-1400 Lunch at Martin Johnson House1400-1420 Sally Warner, Dissecting the pressure field in tidal flow past a headland:

When is form drag “real”? (p. 11)1420-1440 Efraın Mateos-Farfan, Towards the numerical simulation of the circulation

in Todos Santos Bay, Ensenada, B.C. (p. 11)1440-1500 Aurelien Ponte, Wind driven circulation in a semi-enclosed and well-mixed

bay, Bahıa Concepcion (p. 12)1500-1520 Gabriela Colorado-Ruiz, Sensibility in the numerical modeling of the Gulf

of California to different parameterization of the vertical diffusion, (p. 12)1520-1540 Break1540-1600 Robert E. Todd, Seasonal variability at the mesoscale in the southern Cali-

fornia Current System revealed by glider surveys (p. 13)1600-1620 Melissa M. Omand, Observations and simple models of an intermediate

nitrate maxima generated by nearshore mixing and horizontal advection, (p.13)

1620-1640 Eleanor E. Frajka Williams, Physical controls on the spring phytoplanktonbloom in the Labrador Sea using Seagliders (p. 14)

1640-1700 Marina Frants, Small-scale turbulent mixing in southern Drake Passage, (p.14)

1700-?? Dinner at Martin Johnson House

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Thursday 23 October:

0845-0930 Breakfast0930-1030 Plenary Lecture: Dean Roemmich, The 2004-2008 mean and annual cycle

of temperature, salinity and steric height in the global ocean from the ArgoProgram (p. 8)

1030-1050 Break1050-1110 Mark Carson, Complications with global ocean heat content trends (p. 15)1110-1130 Ana Cecilia Peralta-Ferriz, Analyzing low frequency variations of bottom

pressure in the Arctic Ocean (p. 15)1130-1150 Alison Rogers, Observations of large-scale upper ocean volume transport in

the Pacific Ocean (p. 16)1150-1210 Thomas Decloedt, On the power consumed by spatially variable diapycnal

mixing in the abyssal ocean (p. 16)1210-1400 Lunch at Martin Johnson House1400-1420 James Holte, Air-sea fluxes and Subantarctic Mode Water formation (p. 17)1420-1440 Gordon Stephenson, Mixed-layer depth variability in Drake Passage (p. 17)1440-1500 Sung Yong Kim, Preliminary results of poleward propagating features as

observed in the U.S. West coast network of HF radar (p. 17)1500-1520 Kyla Drushka, Indian Ocean Kelvin waves in the outflow passages of the

Indonesian Throughflow (p. 18)1520-1550 Break and Departmental Tea1550-1610 Pamela De Grau-Amaya, Numerical modeling of meteotsunamis (p. 18)1610-1630 Junhong Liang, Oceanic responses to Central American gap winds (p. 19)1630-1650 Hector Garcia Nava, Wind stress in moderate to strong wind opposing swell

conditions (p. 19)1650-1710 Manuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata, Modifications of wave characteristics

by submerged obstacles (p. 20)1710-?? Dinner at La Jolla Shores

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Friday 24 October:

0845-0930 Breakfast0930-0950 Michael S. Pritchard, Assessing the diurnal cycle of precipitation in a pro-

totype multi-scale climate model (p. 20)0950-1010 Michael Mehari, Diurnal variation of rainfall over South Africa (p. 21)1010-1030 Benjamin D. Reineman, An airborne scanning LiDAR system for ocean

and coastal applications (p. 21)1030-1050 Yvonne L. Firing, Structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake

Passage from direct velocity observations (p. 22)1050-1110 Break1110-1210 Plenary Lecture: Manuel Lopez, Deep inflow and water renewal in the

Northern Gulf of California (p. 9)1210-1400 Lunch at Martin Johnson House1400-1420 Gabriela Chavez, The momentum balance in the continental shelf break of

Del Mar, California (p. 22)1420-1440 Cesar Coronado, Current variability observed at the shelfbreak of the Yu-

catan Channel in the Mexican Caribbean (p. 23)1440-1500 Domitilo Najera, Low frequency variability at the sills of the northern Gulf

of California (p. 23)1500-1520 Break1520-1540 Lilia-Margarita Flores-Mateos, Barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents at

the sills of the Gulf of California (p. 24)1540-1600 Nathalie V. Zilberman, Time-variable conversion of barotropic to baroclinic

M2 tidal energy at the Kaena Ridge, Hawaii (p. 24)1600-1700 Closing Remarks and Discussion of the Next IMSPO1700-?? TG at Martin Johnson House

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13 Plenary Lectures

Phenomena and dynamical conceptsfor mesoscale and submesoscalevariability in the oceanJames C. McWilliamsDepartment of Atmospheric and OceanicSciences, Institute of Geophysics and Plane-tary Physics, UC Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, USAjcm@atmos.ucla.edu0945 Wednesday 22 October

Mesoscale eddies are known to be every-where in the ocean, and with newer observ-ing systems we are learning that there is alsowidespread submesoscale variability that isquite different from inertia-gravity waves.The dynamical paradigm for mesoscale ed-dies is generation by instabilities of thegeneral circulation with important atten-dant eddy fluxes; approximate geostrophic,hydrostatic momentum balance; and weakrates of interior energy dissipation and di-apycnal material mixing. Submesoscale vari-ability is phenomenologically and dynami-cally distinctive in many ways, prominentlycomprising frontogenesis, frontal instability,intense vortices, vertical fluxes, the break-down of diagnostic force balance, and routesto interior dissipation.

———————————————————The 2004-2008 mean and annual cy-cle of temperature, salinity andsteric height in the global oceanfrom the Argo ProgramDean Roemmich and John GilsonScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAdroemmich@ucsd.edu0930 Thursday 23 October

The international Argo Program (http://www.argo.net) has achieved nearly fiveyears of global ocean temperature and salin-ity sampling, 0-2000 m. Argo has grownfrom a sparse global array of 1,000 profil-

ing floats in early 2004 to 3,000 instrumentsprovided by 24 nations in late 2007. Us-ing 400,000 Argo profiles, we constructedan upper-ocean climatology and monthlyanomaly fields for the 5-year era of globalcoverage, 2004-2008. A basic description ofthe modern upper ocean based entirely onArgo data is presented here, to provide abaseline for comparison with past datasetsand with ongoing Argo data, to test the ade-quacy of Argo sampling of large-scale oceanvariability, and to examine the consistencyof the Argo dataset with related ocean ob-servations from other programs. The Argomean is compared to the World Ocean At-las, highlighting the middle and high lati-tudes of the southern hemisphere as a re-gion of strong multi-decadal warming andfreshening. Moreover the region is one whereArgo data have contributed an enormous in-crement to historical sampling, and whereadditional Argo floats are needed for docu-menting large-scale variability. Globally, theArgo-era ocean is warmer than the historicalclimatology at nearly all depths, and increas-ingly so toward the sea surface; it is saltierin the surface layer and fresher at interme-diate levels. Annual cycles in temperatureand salinity are compared, again to WOA01,and to the NOC air-sea flux climatology, theReynolds SST product, and AVISO satellitealtimetric height. These products are con-sistent with Argo data on hemispheric andglobal scales, but show regional differencesthat may point either to systematic errors orto physical processes that need further inves-tigation. The present work is an initial steptoward integrating Argo and other climate-relevant global ocean datasets.

A data viewer (PC version at present)is being developed for researchers to dis-play horizontal maps, vertical sections, time-series plots, and line drawings from griddedglobal Argo data. An installation file is avail-able, including the NetCDF Argo gridded

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dataset, at: ftp://kakapo.ucsd.edu/pub/

argo/Pacific_Marine_Atlas Argo dataare being used for a broad range of basicoceanographic research, including studies ofwater mass properties and formation, air-sea interaction, ocean circulation, mesoscaleeddies, ocean dynamics, and seasonal-to-decadal variability. Students are encouragedto use Argo data in their research and tojoin the multi-national effort in global oceanobservations.

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Deep inflow and water renewal inthe Northern Gulf of CaliforniaManuel Lopez and Julio CandelaDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicomalope@cicese.mx1110 Friday 24 October

Moored current, temperature and salin-ity observations at the sills of the NorthernGulf of California have been used to esti-mate the deep transport entering the north-ern gulf. Deep water, entering the north-ern gulf, passes through two sills that leadto two separate basins, which are not con-nected below 200 m depth in the southernregion. Although the transport through eachof the two sills is approximately 0.09 Sv,the transport mechanism is markedly dif-ferent. Water entering the shallowest sill(400 m depth) overflows through very steepslopes (∼17%) from sill depth all the way tothe bottom of Ballenas Channel (∼1500 m),whereas deep transport through the deepestsill (600 m depth) is accomplished by tidalpumping, that is, by a rectification of thetransport by the positive correlation betweenflood tidal currents and upward movementof isopycnals. At this sill, the mean, along-gulf currents are in the opposite direction tothe deep transport. All of the deep water

that enters the northern gulf through thetwo southern sills eventually overflows intothe two deepest basins in the northern gulf(Ballenas Channel and Delfın Basin). Sincethese two basins are connected, water flowsthrough the southern and northern sills ofthis two-basin system. The deep conver-gence at the bottom is compensated by adivergence at the surface, both in the meanand in the subinertial current fluctuations.The total transport that enters the deepestbasins is estimated to be 0.17 Sv which givesa residence time of about 150 days for bothbasins and a mean vertical velocity of 4.6m/day. These short residence time and largevertical velocity appear to cause the low SSTand high productivity of the Ballenas Chan-nel basin.

14 Student Talks

What should a subgridscale parame-terization look like?Arno C. Hammann and Anand Gnanade-sikanProgram in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sci-ences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJUSAahammann@princeton.edu1105 Wednesday 22 October

The problem of parameterizing small-scale mixing is often cast in terms of find-ing a mixing coefficient to drive viscous ordiffusive mixing with a Fickian formulation.Yet in a bigger sense the role of subgridscaleparameterization is really to characterize thetotal impact of the subgridscales on the re-solved flow, effects which may not be charac-terized by downgradient transport of traceror momentum. This is well established onglobal scales, where the necessity of includ-ing eddy-driven advective effects in coarse-resolution models of the ocean general circu-lation has been known for many years, and

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where eddies can pump energy into large-scale mean flows as well as extracting energyfrom such flows.

We argue that in the quest for better pa-rameterizations, we should not confine our-selves to one single mathematical model, andto that end present a flexible method thatallows us to search among a much larger setof functional forms. The method involvesrunning a coarse-resolution model in paral-lel with a fine-resolution model and comput-ing the corrections to the coarse-resolutionmodel required to make it evolve like thefine-resolution model. A temporal subsetof the resulting forcing on momentum andlayer thickness is then regressed against thecoarse-resolution velocities and thicknessesto develop a single spatially averaged modelfor subgridscale forcing.

We developed this method in the contextof a simple two-layer model of the Antarc-tic Circumpolar Current, in which case adistinct functional dependence (which in-cludes, but is not limited to, diffusive effects)emerges. The flexibility and generality of theapproach, however, gives us confidence thatit can easily be extended to other settingsand aplications.

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Methods for computing lateraleddy diffusivity, particle dispersionand Lagrangian eddy scales in aneddy-resolving ocean modelStefan Riha and Carsten EdenIFM-GEOMAR, Leibniz Institute of MarineSciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germanysriha@ifm-geomar.de1125 Wednesday 22 October

The quality of eddy flux parametrizationsin models with coarse resolution depends onwhether the generated diffusivity is similarto that of reference solutions produced byeddy resolving models. It is therefore es-sential to accurately describe the diffusive

properties of eddy resolving ocean models.Results from a high resolution model (1/12◦)are presented and compared to observationaldata in the Atlantic Ocean. Statistical toolsare used to relate particle trajectories of La-grangian floats to the effective eddy diffu-sivity. The underlying theoretical frame-work relies on several assumptions about thestatistics of the flow field, and a correct inter-pretation of the results needs to take accountof these restrictive conditions. We give anoverview of the different approaches to com-pute the statistics of the flow field, and ad-dress various computational problems thatmust be handled when computing character-istic timescales of dispersion and Lagrangianlength scales. We will show how the result-ing diffusivities differ, depending on whichcomputational method is used.

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Seasonal observations of thermoha-line structure and the relic mixedlayerSylvia T. Cole and Daniel L. RudnickScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAstcole@ucsd.edu1145 Wednesday 22 October

Relationships between temperature,salinity, and density in the mixed layer andthermocline show the effects of stirring andmixing in these different regions. Observa-tions of temperature and salinity from thesurface to 300-400 m depth along a 1000km section in the North Pacific were takenin winter (March-April 2005), spring (June2004), and summer (September 2004) with3-14 km horizontal resolution. Horizontaltemperature and salinity gradients werecommon on depth and isopycnal surfaces,and were largest above the winter mixedlayer base in the mixed layer or relic mixedlayer. Gradients along isopycnal surfacesdecayed with depth below the winter mixed

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layer base in all seasons. In the relicmixed layer between spring and summer,stratification increased, horizontal lengthscales increased, and the magnitude of hori-zontal gradients along isopycnals decreased.Stirring occurred at horizontal length scalesof 20-40 km in the thermocline and 50-85km above the winter mixed layer base.Horizontal diffusivity in the relic mixedlayer between spring and summer was 2m2s−1 on 6-8 km scales and 210 m2s−1 on50-85 km scales. In the mixed layer, densitycompensation of temperature and salinitywas observed in all seasons, and was morecommon in winter than in spring or summer.In the relic mixed layer, compensation wasobserved in winter and spring, but not insummer. In the thermocline, temperaturegradients exceeded salinity gradients in allseasons. Larger thermohaline gradients hada stronger tendency towards compensationin the mixed layer and towards temperaturedominance in the thermocline.

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Dissecting the pressure field intidal flow past a headland: Whenis form drag “real”?Sally Warner and Parker MacCreadyUniversity of Washington, School ofOceanography, Seattle, Washington USAsally2@u.washington.edu1400 Wednesday 22 October

In previous measurements of form dragover topography in the ocean, drag that ismuch larger than a typical bluff body dragestimate have been consistently found. Inthis work, theory combined with a numeri-cal model of tidal flow around a headland ina channel give insight into why form drag inthe ocean is often found to be so large. Thetotal pressure field is divided into two parts:the pseudo part which is based on the ir-rotational, inviscid streamfunction, and thedynamically active part which accounts for

flow features such as eddies. The pseudodrag can have a large magnitude, yet it can-not do work on the flow because its phaseis in quadrature with the velocity. Whereas,the dynamically active drag has a magnitudeequal to the bluff body drag, and accountsfor all of work done on the flow by the to-pography. This method not only explainswhy form drag is often found to be so largein the ocean, but it also gives a method forseparating the parts of the pressure field thatcan and cannot extract energy from the flow.Furthermore, the dependence of the pseudoand dynamically active drags on the tidal ex-cursion distance and the slope aspect ratio ofthe headlands was determined.

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Towards the numerical simulationof the circulation in Todos SantosBay, Ensenada, B.C.Efraın Mateos-Farfan and Silvio G. Mari-none MoschettoDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicoemateos@cicese.mx1420 Wednesday 22 October

The general circulation of Todos SantosBay was studied using the ROMS numericalmodel for the summer season. The modelwas forced with the California Current Sys-tem and by synoptic winds, which are mainlytowards the equator. The circulation is char-acterized by two systems: one at the ex-terior and the other at the interior of thebay. The exterior system has a strong sur-face southward flow and is limited by the35 m isobath. The interior system oscillatesbetween two circulations structures: (i) thegeneral circulation is anticyclonic for a fewdays overall the bay producing a large eddy,then (ii) this eddy evolves and splits into twocounter rotating eddies making the anticy-

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clonic one to be the original limited to thenorthern side of the bay. The southern cy-clonic eddy appears when the inflow at thenorthwest boundary of Todos Santos bay ismore intense. Such conditions are a conse-quence of small changes in the position of aneddy outside the bay. The (i) and (ii) transi-tion occurs between two-three days and (ii)and (i) transition takes place approximatelyin three to four days. The time average cir-culation was also analyzed and the circula-tion with the two eddies dominates as it isof stronger currents and last longer.

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Wind driven circulation in a semi-enclosed and well-mixed bay, BahıaConcepcionAurelien Ponte, G. Gutierrez de Velasco,A. Valle-Levinson, C. Winant, and K. Win-tersScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAaponte@coast.ucsd.edu1440 Wednesday 22 October

Bahıa Concepcion is a semi-enclosed bayof 30 kilometers long by 5 kilometers wide,30 meters deep and oriented along a nearlynorth-south axis with the entrance at thenorth. In Fall and Winter, temperature mea-surements suggest that the water is well-mixed due to strong (>1Pa) 3-5 days windevents blowing parallel to the axis of the baytoward its closed end. Raw observations ofpressure, currents and winds are here used tounderstand the response of the bay to windstress.

The response of the low passed sea surfaceto wind stress is a set up in the downwinddirection which is observed and well corre-lated with wind stress measurements. Thequarter wavelength resonance of the bay isestimated around 4 cpd and the hypothesisthat the wind forces a resonant response istested through an analysis in the frequency

domain.A lagged linear regression analysis show

that wind driven axial currents are down-wind on the western shallow side of the baywith a return flow at depth. A strong lat-eral circulation, consistent with a Corioliseffect, is observed with currents at the rightof the wind at the surface and in the oppo-site direction at depth. Because the windsare diurnally modulated along with the tideand inertial frequency being near diurnal, anattempt is made to extract the current fre-quency response to the wind.

An idealized model is used in order to ex-plain the observational results.

———————————————————Sensibility in the numerical model-ing of the Gulf of California to dif-ferent parameterization of the ver-tical diffusionGabriela Colorado-Ruiz and AlejandroPares SierraDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicogcolorad@cicese.mx1500 Wednesday 22 October

Two important features of the Gulf ofCalifornia are the presence of a cold pool ofwater around the area of the largest islandsin the northern Gulf and the existence oflarge eddies at the central and southern partof the Gulf. We are investigating, throughnumerical modeling, the dependence of thesetwo phenomenons on vertical diffusion. Wewill analyze, using ROMS, the ways differ-ent parameterization of the vertical diffu-sion, and the closure problem in general, af-fect SST and the intensity and longevity ofthe generated eddies.

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Seasonal variability at themesoscale in the southern Cali-fornia Current System revealed byglider surveysRobert E. Todd, Daniel L. Rudnick, andRuss E. DavisScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USArtodd@ucsd.edu1540 Wednesday 22 October

The California Current System is rich inmesoscale variability. Since late 2006 wehave used Spray gliders to measure temper-ature, salinity and chlorophyll fluorescenceto 500 m depth along CalCOFI Lines 80and 90 in the Southern California Bight.Measurements at horizontal resolutions of 3km over two years now allow us to exam-ine seasonality at the mesoscale in this re-gion. Geostrophic velocities referenced tomeasured vertically-averaged currents showthe equatorward California Current offshore,the poleward California Undercurrent alongthe shelf, and a second poleward undercur-rent further offshore. This offshore under-current is strongest in summer at Line 90and in fall at Line 80 where it reaches thesurface off Point Conception. Multiple frontsare apparent on both Lines 80 and 90 afteraveraging seasonally and over all surveys, es-pecially near the low salinity California Cur-rent. We investigate the horizontal variabil-ity along level surfaces and isopycnals withinthe mixed layer, near the mixed layer baseand within the thermocline using horizontalstructure functions. Variability of tempera-ture and salinity are generally greatest nearthe base of the mixed layer and in summer.A concentration of energy at scales of 100-200 km is apparent in many cases. Chloro-phyll fluorescence shows somewhat shorterscales with greatest variability in spring.

Observations and simple models ofan intermediate nitrate maxima gen-erated by nearshore mixing and hor-izontal advectionMelissa M. Omand, J. L. Leichter, F. Fed-dersen, P. J. S. Franks, and R. T. GuzaScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAmomand@ucsd.edu1600 Wednesday 22 October

When strong stratification reaches depthsless than 15 m, breaking internal and sur-face gravity waves, rip cells and wave-drivencurrents transport, and vertically mix nu-trients and micro-organisms within the eu-photic zone. Vertical mixing and advec-tion may be important for nutrient deliv-ery and phytoplankton growth into deeper,offshore waters. A month-long study atHuntington Beach CA in Fall 2006 exploredthe connections between physical dynamicsand chlorophyll-a (Chl) fluorescence, nutri-ents, phytoplankton taxa and abundance inthe nearshore and surfzone. Instrumenta-tion included two cross-shore mooring tran-sects (CTD,U,V), a directional wave buoy,small boat CTD+Chl, optical nitrate, Wire-Walker CTD+Chl. Within the surfzone,currents, temperature, and waves were mea-sured on 7 bottom-mounted tripods de-ployed between the shoreline and 4 m depth.In situ Chl fluorescence was observed at 4cross-shore locations. A novel jetski plat-form provided high spatial resolution maps(m to kms) of Chl and temperature, 20 cmbelow the water surface.

On some occasions, an intermediate max-ima in Chl (6 µg/L) and nitrate (4 µM) wasobserved in a thin (< 3 m width) layer ap-proximately 10 m below the surface and ap-proximately 20 m above the deep Chl maxi-mum and nitracline. We speculate that thislayer was formed through enhanced dipyc-nal mixing in shallow water (< 15 m totaldepth) and formation of a water mass con-

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taining higher nitrate than water of the samedensity further offshore. Over the courseof hours, the nitrate-enhanced water spreadalong isopycnals forming a thin intermediatelayer. This mechanism is potentially impor-tant for delivery of deep-water nutrients up-wards in the euphotic zone and horizontallyoffshore. The formation of an intermediatenitrate maxima will be explored through asimple two-dimensional ROMS model witha cross-shore dependant vertical diffusivity,and compared with HB06 field observations.Offshore fluxes in euphotic zone nitrate areestimated and their dependance on stratifi-cation, bottom slope, nitracline and euphoticdepth will be explored. Finally, future direc-tions, model improvements and pitfalls, andimplications for a ‘real’ coastline will be dis-cussed.

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Physical controls on the spring phy-toplankton bloom in the LabradorSea using SeaglidersEleanor E. Frajka Williams, PeterB. Rhines and Charles EriksenUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washing-ton, USAeleanor@ocean.washington.edu1620 Wednesday 22 October

We have investigated the spring phyto-plankton bloom in the Labrador Sea, whichis a dominant feature of the western sub-polar gyre. The offshore advection of low-salinity water by the subpolar gyre circu-lation and eddies suppresses deep winter-time convection and promotes the intenseearly bloom in the northeastern LabradorSea. An autonomous seaglider deployed inthe Labrador Sea in the spring and sum-mer of 2005 collected over 1000 profiles oftemperature, salinity, vertical velocity, andoxygen to 1000 m depth and fluorescenceand optical backscatter to 300 m. Severaldistinct bio-physical regions were identified:

in a fresh eddy in the northeastern bloom,along the Labrador Slope, in a thin layeron the Labrador shelf and in the Labradorshelf-break front. Broad haline stratifica-tion due to the lateral flux of freshwaterand mesoscale upwelling of nutrients by theeddy and fronts promote and prolong biolog-ical activity after the large scale bloom hasdecayed. These features are often not re-solved by satellite or sparse ship data. Fur-thermore, downwelling currents measured bySeaglider in eddies and fronts may play animportant role in exporting carbon and bi-ological products from the surface waters.High resolution in situ data such as fromthe seaglider are critical to understand theeffects of global warming and other decadalvariability on the entire ecosystem.

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Small-scale turbulent mixing insouthern Drake PassageMarina Frants, Sarah T. Gille, and MengZhouScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAmfrants@ucsd.edu1640 Wednesday 22 October

In southern Drake Passage, the Shackle-ton Fracture Zone (SFZ) marks a transition,with consistently low chlorophyll-a (Chl-a)values to the west and high values in theOna Basin to the east. Iron incubation ex-periments in the region suggest that the el-evated Chl-a levels are the result of ironthat is entrained into shelf waters along theAntarctic Peninsula and then advected off-shore. However, the year-round persistenceof the Chl-a gradient cannot be explained bya simple horizontal advection model, imply-ing that additional processes, such as small-scale vertical mixing, may contribute to theprocess. We examine the spatial patternof vertical mixing in the SFZ using ship-board observations of temperature and salin-

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ity profiles. Profiles were sampled with ex-pendable CTD probes in winter 2006, andwith rosette-mounted CTDs in winter 2006and summer 2004. Diapycnal eddy diffusivi-ties are computed from Thorpe-scale densityoverturns in the profiles, and vertical veloc-ities are computed from the diffusivities toestimate the rate at which iron can be en-trained into the mixed layer by small-scalemixing.

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Complications with global oceanheat content trendsMark Carson and D. E. HarrisonSchool of Oceanography, University ofWashington, Seattle, WA USAcarson2@u.washington.edu1050 Thursday 23 October

Global sampling patterns and rates forhistorical ocean temperature measurementssuggest that estimating a global temperaturetrend is problematic if there is significant re-gional interdecadal variability. Long termtemperature trends in the few upper hun-dred meters of the ocean are calculated fromgridded observed data to explore spatial andtemporal trend variability. There is strongregional interdecadal variability both at thesurface and subsurface, which can be char-acterized by overlapping 20-year trends; al-most every region studied shows both warm-ing and cooling trends over a 50-year pe-riod. Such interdecadal variability is reducedsomewhat by globally averaging data and byapplying instrument bias corrections to theraw data. However, averaging data from afairly sparse data set creates a new set oferrors. One way around this problem is toproduce a “complete” data set by objectiveinterpolation of the raw data. This inter-polation procedure is shown to potentiallycause new biases in the final product, and itremains unclear if there is a definitive answerto the long-term global heat content trend

question.

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Analyzing low frequency variationsof bottom pressure in the ArcticOceanAna Cecilia Peralta-Ferriz and JamesMorisonUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA,USAferriz@u.washington.edu1110 Thursday 23 October

Accurate measurements of ocean bottompressure (OBP) anomalies can be obtainedwith global coverage from the satellite mis-sion GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Cli-mate Experiment), from August 2002 toMay 2008. In this work, empirical orthogo-nal functions (EOF) are used to understandthe most important patterns of variability,from seasonal to inter-annual time scales, ofthe monthly OBP measured by GRACE inthe Arctic Ocean. The first two modes ofthe EOF analysis both correspond to the an-nual cycle of the Arctic Ocean mass. It willbe shown that the first mode, which has abasin-scale spatial pattern, is a barotropicresponse to the seasonal river discharge intothe Arctic Ocean. The second mode, whichshows a sea-saw between the East SiberianSea and the Barents and Kara Seas, can beattributed to seasonal variations of regionalto large scale geostrophic winds. Extendedempirical orthogonal functions (EEOF) arealso performed to extract propagating fea-tures of ocean mass, after the annual cycle isremoved. The first mode of the EEOF analy-sis reveals a large scale and slow propagatingfeature, with a period of about one year andthree months. The second mode does notreveal a propagating pattern, but shows ahigher frequency oscillation presumably as-sociated to atmospheric pressure variations.The physics of the EEOF modes are inves-tigated. From this work, we have gained a

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deeper understanding of mass variation andassociated circulation patterns in the Arctic.

———————————————————Observations of large-scale upperocean volume transport in the Pa-cific OceanAlison Rogers and Stephen RiserSchool of Oceanography, University ofWashington, Seattle, Washington USAalison@ocean.washington.edu1130 Thursday 23 October

Historically estimates of the large-scalevolume transport in the upper ocean havebeen based on a limited number of hydro-graphic transects. Since 2001 several thou-sand profiling floats have been deployed inthe Pacific Ocean as part of the globalArgo array, producing thousands of tem-perature and salinity profiles. Using thedrift of these floats we compute the ab-solute geostrophic velocity at the “parkingdepth” (1000 db) and then objectively ana-lyze these data to determine the large-scalegeostrophic streamfunction at that depth,for both the North and South Pacific. Com-bining this estimate with the measured tem-perature and salinity profiles allows us todetermine the absolute geostrophic stream-function throughout the upper 2000 db onseasonal, annual, and interannual timescales.In order to examine the contribution of windforcing to the observed transport, we com-pare the total computed meridional trans-port with that expected from the curl of thewind stress, according to the canonical Sver-drup relation.

On the power consumed by spa-tially variable diapycnal mixing inthe abyssal oceanThomas Decloedt and Douglas LutherSchool of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Univer-sity of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USAdecloedt@hawaii.edu1150 Thursday 23 October

The power required to maintain the ob-served abyssal stratification is re-examinedin light of the growing body of microstruc-ture data revealing bottom-intensified tur-bulent mixing in regions of rough topogra-phy. A direct and non-trivial implication ofthe observed intensification is that the tur-bulent diapycnal diffusivity, Kρ, is depth-dependent and patchily distributed horizon-tally across the world’s oceans. Theoreticaland observational studies show that bottom-intensified mixing is dependent upon a vari-ety of energy sources and processes whosecontributions to mixing are sufficiently com-plex that their physical parameterization ispremature. Currently, only rudimentary pa-rameterizations of tidal mixing have beenimplemented in OGCMs, although the tideslikely supply no more than half of the poweravailable for mixing in the abyssal ocean.We here discuss a simple scheme describingthe mean spatial distribution of total diapy-cnal mixing depending only on height abovebottom and seafloor roughness. The verti-cal structure of Kρ decays as a power lawwith height above bottom based on theo-retical work examining the energy balanceof the finescale internal wave field. Allow-ing the maximum boundary diffusivity anddecay scale height, the two key parame-ters governing the vertical decay structure tovary with seafloor roughness, we find that alarge collection of microstructure data fromseveral oceanic regions is adequately col-lapsed by the scheme. Futhermore, result-ing basin-averaged diffusivities are consis-tent with spatial averages derived from hy-

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drographic data inversions. The power con-sumed by the nonuniform mixing scheme isfound to be roughly 0.5 TW, a requirementeasily met by the estimated power input intothe deep ocean by the winds and tides.

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Air-sea fluxes and SubantarcticMode Water formationJames HolteScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAjholte@ucsd.edu1400 Thursday 23 October

Recent observed freshening of AntarcticIntermediate Water (AAIW) may signal thecontinued onset of climate change. How-ever, the implications of this freshening aredifficult to deduce without knowledge ofAAIW’s formation mechanisms. Two hydro-graphic surveys from the Southeast PacificOcean provide high quality, synoptic viewsof the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW)and AAIW formation region during winterand summer. The winter cruise, from Au-gust 23 to October 5, 2005, occupied 135 fulldepth CTD/Rosette stations and deployed371 XCTDs. This data set is used to assessthe role of atmospheric forcing in formingthe deep SAMW and AAIW mixed layers.Forty-two SAMW mixed layers deeper than400 m were observed on the winter cruise.The potential density of these mixed layersvaries by 0.05 kg m−3 along the front, suchthat two clusters of deep SAMW mixed lay-ers are visible in T-S diagrams. The deep-est mixed layers occur immediately north ofthe Subantarctic Front (SAF) and are asso-ciated with oceanic heat loss to the atmo-sphere (maximum of 250 W m−2). To assessthe importance of heat fluxes, the observedfluxes are used to verify model heat fluxes(NCEP and ECMWF). The model fluxes arecompared to backwards heat flux calcula-tions and used to force a one-dimensional

mixed layer model, KPP, to model the mixedlayer’s seasonal cycle and examine down-front changes in SAMW.

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Mixed-layer depth variability inDrake PassageGordon Stephenson, Sarah T. Gille, andJanet SprintallScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAgrstephe@ucsd.edu1420 Thursday 23 October

Long-term monitoring by repeat XBTand XCTD transects across Drake Passageare used to examine mixed-layer variabilityin the region. Two geographical regimesare noted, with the Polar Front serving asan approximate division point. South ofthe Polar Front, mixed-layer depth variesnearly uniformly in space. To the north, themixed layer reaches its greatest depths andexhibits small-scale (O(50 km)) features. Astrong seasonal cycle is evident in both re-gions, with minima in mean and variance ofmixed-layer depth coincident with the startof austral summer. Preliminary results showsubstantial interannual variability. Possiblemechanisms governing this variability will beexplored.

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Preliminary results of polewardpropagating features as observed inthe U.S. West coast network of HFradarSung Yong Kim, Eric J. Terrill, BruceD. Cornuelle, Burt Jones, Libe Washburn,Mark A. Moline, Jeffrey D. Paduan, TobyGarfield, John Largier, and P. Michael KosroMarine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Insti-tution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, LaJolla, California, USAsyongkim@mpl.ucsd.edu1440 Thursday 23 October

Surface current observations using high-

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frequency radars along the U.S. West coastare analyzed for the potential presence ofcoastal trapped waves (CTWs). The ap-proximately 54 radar systems comprising thenetwork created by the Coastal Ocean Cur-rents Monitoring Program (COCMP) andOregon State University (OSU) provide aunique, high-resolution and broad scale viewof ocean surface currents on the U.S. Westcoast. Poleward propagating features, as-sumed to be coastal trapped waves, arefound to propagate at varying speeds (O(10)and O(100) km day−1) within the frequencyband described by waves of 5–40 day peri-ods. These propagating features are exam-ined in the context of other sea level featuresobserved by tidal gauges. The generationof the CTWs is examined with the remoteforcing and local wind setup as well as thebottom bathymetry and climatological data(the baroclinic Rossby radius).

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Indian Ocean Kelvin waves in theoutflow passages of the IndonesianThroughflowKyla Drushka, Sarah Gille, and JanetSprintallScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAkdrushka@ucsd.edu1500 Thursday 23 October

Equatorial Kelvin waves generated bywesterly wind anomalies over the central In-dian Ocean propagate eastward to Indonesia,where they can enter the outflow passages ofthe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and af-fect the transports of mass and heat. Thishas potential consequences for local thermo-haline properties and may also be related tolarger scale phenomena such as the IndianOcean Dipole (IOD) and Madden-Julian Os-cillation (MJO).

Moorings were deployed in Lombok andOmbai Straits, two ITF exit passages, as

part of the International Nusantara STrat-ification ANd Transport (INSTANT) pro-gram, giving three years of direct mea-surements of temperature and velocity.These data provide the first comprehensive,full-depth, high-resolution measurements ofKelvin waves in the exit passages of the ITF,allowing us to thoroughly characterize theirproperties. Here, we discuss the relationshipbetween ITF Kelvin waves and the struc-ture and timing of the wind forcing over theIndian Ocean. In particular, we focus onthe mode-1 versus mode-2 vertical structureof the Kelvin waves and the connection be-tween wind forcing, MJO, IOD, and mon-soon dynamics.

———————————————————Numerical modeling of meteot-sunamisPamela De Grau-Amaya and ModestoOrtız FigueroaDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica,Centro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Ed-ucacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicopdegrau@cicese.mx1550 Thursday 23 October

The numerical solving of the shallow wa-ter equations will be used to research dif-ferent atmospheric mechanisms to generatemeteotsunamis in the Mazara del Vallo port,Sicily, Italy and in the Bahia de Todos San-tos, Ensenada, B.C. This work is a the-sis project proposed to validate modelingresults, comparing synthetic meteotsunamisv.s sea level and atmospheric pressure datain Sicily and in Ensenada

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Oceanic responses to Central Amer-ican gap windsJunhong LiangDepartment of Atmospheric and OceanicSciences, UC Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Cal-ifornia, USAliangjh@atmos.ucla.edu1610 Thursday 23 October

The impact of strong mountain gap windevents on the northeastern tropical Pacificoutside of Central America is studied by in-tegrating multiple satellite, reanalysis prod-ucts, and numerical solutions. Mountaingap winds with a time scale of a few dayssuperposed on the well-studied climatologi-cal gap wind are identified using daily sealevel wind and sea level pressure (SLP).Strong gap wind blowing the Pacific trig-gers unique oceanic response. Sea-surfacetemperature (SST) responses are local andmainly controlled by vertical processes. Sea-surface chlorophyll-α responses are also localand controlled by both physical and biogeo-chemical processes. The sea-surface height(SSH) responses, however, appear to in-volve both local coastal circulations as wellas regional mesoscale activities. There aretwo bands of high SSH variability emanat-ing westward from the mountain gaps. Nu-merical solutions reveal that both the tran-sient wind-curls during high-frequency windevents and the unstable currents forced bylow-frequency gap winds and regional circu-lations are responsible for the high SSH vari-ability.

Wind stress in moderate to strongwind opposing swell conditionsHector Garcia NavaDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicohgarcia@cicese.mx1630 Thursday 23 October

The fluxes of momentum, heat and massthrough the sea surface are key parametersfor the understanding of oceanic and atmo-spheric processes. In particular the momen-tum flux, or wind stress, drives surfaces cur-rents, controls the development and evolu-tion of wave field, and influences storm de-velopment and atmospheric circulation. Itis well known that wind stress depends onthe sea state. Underdeveloped wind wavesincreases the sea surface roughness leadingto an enhancement of drag. The presenceof swell can modify the wind stress directly,releasing to or accepting momentum fromthe wind; and indirectly, by altering thewind sea part of the spectrum which causea change on sea surface roughness. How-ever, last conclusions are mainly based ondata acquired in low wind speed conditionsand it is not clear to what extent an effectof swell persists at higher winds. Duringthe Gulf of Tehuantepec air-sea interactionexperiment (intOA) simultaneous data ofwave field and wind stress, along with otheratmospheric and oceanic variables, were ac-quired from a moored ASIS buoy. The obser-vations made at high wind conditions pointout that the swell causes significant reduc-tion of wind stress at winds as high as 20ms-1. The current hypothesis is that swellcauses a reduction of drag by modifying thewind-sea roughness. Discussions of this hy-pothesis in the light of field data along withmeasurements of wind stress, wave field, andform drag made in a wave tank in similarconditions will be presented here.

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Modifications of wave characteris-tics by submerged obstaclesManuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata andFrancisco Ocampo-TorresDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicoverduzco@cicese.mx1650 Thursday 23 October

The interaction between surface gravitywaves and submerged obstacles is examinedin a theoretical study case under specific con-ditions. The wave spectrum and parameterssuch wave height, period and direction arepredicted using the SWAN model which is athird-generation wave model that describesthe wave energy spectrum evolution with ar-bitrary wind, current and bottom conditions(Ris et. al., 1999, The SWAN Team, 2007).Because of SWAN doesnt allow obstaclesfloating in the water column, it is necessaryto modify it in order to do the study. Themain objective of this research is to obtaina transfer function that represents the effectof the obstacle in the directional wave spec-trum. This function is going to be deductedfrom several runs in programs like SOLA-VOF modified (Rahman et al. 2006) and/orfrom the literature. Once the transfer func-tion has been obtained for several obstaclesgeometries, it will be placed into the SWANcode in order to analyze the wave directionalspectra proposing different spatial arrays ofthe obstacles.

Assessing the diurnal cycle of pre-cipitation in a prototype multi-scaleclimate modelMichael S. Pritchard, RichardC. J. Somerville, and John O. RoadsScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAmikepritchard@ucsd.edu0930 Friday 24 October

The Center for Multi-Scale Model-ing of Atmospheric Processes (CMMAP;www.cmmap.org) employs a new approachto climate modeling whereby a nested cloudsystem resolving subdomain handles thesubgrid fluxes and atmospheric boundarylayer processes in each GCM grid columnthat are ordinarily handled by cumulus pa-rameterization. This approach effectivelyrelaxes the rigid dependence of simulatedprecipitation on instantaneous measures oflarge-scale instability, which typifies conven-tional cumulus parameterization.

One promising result in the Multi-scaleModeling Framework (MMF) is a global im-provement in the timing of peak precipita-tion over the continents, which is sugges-tive of improved moist dynamics at diurnaltimescales. We explore the realism of theMMF simulated diurnal cycle of precipita-tion in detail, by comparing a comprehensivesuite of diurnal cycle precipitation diagnos-tics - ranging from harmonic and empiricalorthogonal function decomposition to localmetrics of the broadness of the maximumprecipitation in the mean summer day - torainfall retrievals from the Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission (TRMM) and to a con-trol simulation that employs conventionalcloud and boundary layer parameterizations.

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Diurnal variation of rainfall overSouth AfricaMichael Mehari and Mathieu RouaultDepartment of Oceanography, University ofCape Town, South AfricaMichael.Mehari@uct.ac.za0950 Friday 24 October

Ten years of 86 stations hourly rainfalldata obtained from South African WeatherService (SAWS) and 3B42 (V6), TropicalRainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) andother satellites rainfall product, are used tostudy the diurnal cycle of rainfall in SouthAfrica. The results from both datasets showthat areas over the western half of the coun-try experience no appreciable diurnal cycleof precipitation, while those over the east-ern half of the country exhibit different pat-terns of diurnal cycle. The eastern coastalareas have maximum rainfall amounts andfrequencies around midnight, probably dueto local offshore mountain-plain winds blow-ing from the surrounding mountains to theocean. Regions away from the coast showlate afternoon to evening peak in rainfallamounts and frequencies, as a result ofstrong influence of diurnal heating and at-mospheric instability on the development ofconvective process. Intense rainfall in theseinland areas tend to happen earlier, fromearly to late afternoon hours. The 3B42product tends to overestimate precipitationover most areas of the country. Comparisonsof diurnal cycle between wet and dry yearsare also done using only the gauge data forfew selected stations. The rainfall amountsand frequencies in majority of the stationswere found to be much higher in the wetyears than the dry years during all hours ofthe day, however there were no much differ-ence in the rainfall intensities between thewet and dry years. These indicate there wereless rain events during the dry years com-pared to wet years.

An airborne scanning LiDAR systemfor ocean and coastal applicationsBenjamin D. Reineman, Luc Lenain,David Castel, and W. Kendall MelvilleScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAreineman@ucsd.edu1010 Friday 24 October

We have developed an airborne scanningLiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) sys-tem and demonstrated its functionality forterrestrial and oceanographic measurements.Differential GPS (DGPS) and an InertialNavigation System (INS) are synchronizedwith the LiDAR, providing end result verti-cal rms errors of approximately 6 cm. Fly-ing 170 m above the surface, we achieve apoint density of ∼0.7 m−2 and a swath widthof 90 to 120 m over ocean and 200 m overland. Georeferencing algorithms were de-veloped in-house and earth-referenced dataare available several hours after acquisition.Surveys from the system are compared withground DGPS surveys and existing airbornesurveys of fixed targets. Twelve researchflights in a Piper Twin Comanche from Au-gust 2007 to July 2008 have provided topog-raphy of the Southern California coastlineand sea surface wave fields in the nearshoreocean environment. Two of the flights alsodocumented the results of the October 2007landslide on Mt. Soledad in La Jolla, Califor-nia. Eight research flights aboard a CessnaCaravan surveyed the topography, lagoon,reef, and surrounding seas of Lady Elliot Is-land (LEI) in Australia’s Great Barrier Reefin April 2008. We describe applications forthe system, including coastal topographicsurveys, wave measurements, reef research,and ship wake studies.

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Structure of the Antarctic Cir-cumpolar Current in Drake Passagefrom direct velocity observationsYvonne L. Firing and Teresa K. ChereskinScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAyfiring@ucsd.edu1030 Friday 24 October

The structure of the Antarctic Circum-polar Current (ACC) in the upper 1000 mof Drake Passage is examined using nearlythree years of shipboard Acoustic DopplerCurrent Profiler (SADCP) velocity data.The principal fronts of the ACC are visible,with the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and Po-lar Front (PF) jets having widths of about100 km and 150 km, respectively. Depth-mean current speeds in the SAF and PF jetsare ∼40 cm s−1, while the eddy kinetic en-ergy (EKE) has a maximum of ∼700 cm2s−2

between the PF and the SAF. The trans-port estimated from the mean section be-tween the surface and 1030 m is ∼100 Sv,about 70% of canonical total transport. Thehorizontal spectral peak is found at 400 km.

The mean current is largely barotropic,while EKE and shear variance exhibit strongdepth dependence. In cross-sectional aver-ages current shear is small and nearly con-stant to 600 m, below which depth the cur-rent speed drops off more quickly. EKE is in-tensified above 600 m between the SAF andPF. Shear variance is strongest in the sur-face layer. Vertical spectra of currents andcurrent shear reveal negligible rotation.

The momentum balance in the conti-nental shelf break of Del Mar, Cal-iforniaGabriela ChavezScripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSan Diego, La Jolla, California, USAgchavez@ucsd.edu1400 Friday 24 October

The Southern California Bight (SCB) isthe region where the relatively straight Pa-cific West coastline bends almost 90 degrees.The continental shelf is shallow and narrow,with complex topographic features in thearea such as islands, basins and ridges. Allof these characteristics have an effect in thedistribution and dissipation of the oceanicenergy. Two years of near full-depth cur-rent velocity data from a mooring deployed3 miles offshore of Del Mar, California, in100 meters of water, as well as meteoro-logical and sea level data are analyzed inorder to study the linear subinertial along-shore momentum balance. The five termsincluded in this balance are: the local deriva-tive, the Coriolis term, the pressure gradi-ent and the stress terms related to windand bottom forcing. A low but significant(over 90% confidence level) correlation co-efficient of around 0.4 is found for the fallof 2007, between the bottom stress and thepressure gradient terms. This result largelyagrees with previous observational studies ofthe SCB outer shelf. The Coriolis term hasthe largest variance and is uncorrelated withother terms in the momentum balance equa-tion. In previous studies, this term is of-ten neglected under the assumption that thedepth-integrated cross-shore velocity mustbe zero. Each term of the along-shore mo-mentum balance will be examined and dis-cussed, and possible reasons for differencesfrom earlier studies will be explored.

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Current variability observed at theshelfbreak of the Yucatan Channelin the Mexican CaribbeanCesar Coronado and Julio CandelaDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicocoronado@cicese.mx1420 Friday 24 October

High-resolution current measurementswere made in the Mexican Caribbean by CI-CESE as part of its CANEK project. Themajor goal of this experiment is to under-stand the mechanisms that transfer prop-erties across the shelf slope. Eight shal-low water and moored acoustic Doppler cur-rent profilers (ADCPs) were deployed alonga transect southeast of the shallow fringingreef lagoon of Puerto Morelos, along the nar-row continental shelf and down the slope ofthe Yucatan Channel. The dataset span 22months, starting in May 2006, and includesfull water column current profiles. Currentswere found more variable on the shelf thanon the slope but in the mean strongly tendedto follow bathymetry, particularly on theslope. During the measurement time pe-riod currents were driven by both local andremote winds, by the passage of mesoscaleanticyclonic eddies and by tropical storms.Currents were highly barotropic, accountingfor more than 80% of the eddy kinetic energy(EKE). The analysis suggest that the tran-sition between deep and shallow water cur-rent regimes is driven by the coupling of thelateral boundary layer imposed by the shelf-break, and the shallow surface and bottomboundary layers originated by wind stress,tidal currents, and wind wave bottom stress.

Low frequency variability at thesills of the northern Gulf of Cal-iforniaDomitilo Najera, Manuel Lopez, and JulioCandelaDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica, Cen-tro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Edu-cacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicodnajera@cicese.mx1440 Friday 24 October

Moored currents, salinity and tempera-ture observations at the three most impor-tant sills of the northern Gulf of California(NGC) are used to describe the mean andlow-frequency flow. The San Lorenzo (SL)and Ballenas Channel (BC) sills mark thealong-gulf boundaries of the deepest basinin the NGC ( 1500 m). At these sills,the mean and low-frequency currents sug-gest a two layer pattern with flow into thebasin at depth and out of the basin nearthe surface (i.e., opposite flows within eachlayer). The strongest relationship of the low-frequency currents is between deep flow intothe basin through the southern SL sill andnear-surface flow out of the basin throughthe northern BC sill. The san Esteban (SE)sill marks the southern entrance to a sep-arate, much shallower ( 440 m) basin inthe NGC. At this sill, the mean flow hasa markedly different structure with outflownear the surface and a strong cyclonic ro-tation near the bottom such that the near-bottom mean flow is almost perpendicularto the gulf. However, the low-frequencycurrents at the SL and SE sills are mainlyaligned along the gulf and the deep currentsare coherent between both sills and withcool and fresh waters coming from the Pa-cific Ocean. The surface currents at thesetwo sills have a strong fortnightly modula-tion, suggesting that the surface outflow isresponding to the deep tidal transport. Cur-rents at the two southern sills and surface

23

currents at the BC sill have a significant cor-relation with the across-gulf pressure gradi-ent. Therefore, the exchange of the NGCand the water renewal at the deepest basinof the NGC, respond to two different timescales, one related to low-frequency variabil-ity that is in approximate geostrophic bal-ance, and another one influenced by the fort-nightly modulation of the near bottom tidaltransport. Estimations of the vertical eddyviscosity based on the Richardson numberand the velocity near the bottom give valuesof the order of Av = 0.03m2/s, with largervalues near the bottom.

———————————————————Barotropic and baroclinic tidalcurrents at the sills of the Gulf ofCaliforniaLilia-Margarita Flores-Mateos andManuel Lopez MariscalDepartamento de Oceanografıa Fısica,Centro de Investigacion Cientıfica y de Ed-ucacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,Baja California, Mexicolflores@cicese.mx1520 Friday 24 October

The main goal of this research is to studybarotropic and baroclinic tidal currents atthe sills where the inflow and outflow of wa-ter to the northern Gulf of California takesplace. We will study the vertical structureof the tidal currents, the barotropic currentsand we will estimate the baroclinic tidal cur-rents. The phase difference between sea leveland tidal currents will be investigated. Thevertical structure and the possible time vari-ation of the baroclinic tidal currents will bestudied as well as their possible relation withthe low frequency, near-bottom, inflow cur-rents. We will also estimate the energy fluxdue to barotropic tidal currents in the Bal-lenas Channel.

Time-variable conversion ofbarotropic to baroclinic M2 tidalenergy at the Kaena Ridge, HawaiiNathalie V. Zilberman, M. A. Merrifield,G. S. Carter, D. S. Luther, M. D. Murray,and T. J. BoydJIMAR and Department of Oceanography,University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HawaiiUSAzilberma@hawaii.edu1540 Friday 24 October

The temporal variability of internal tidegeneration is examined for the KaenaRidge, the site of the near-field componentof the Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment.Barotropic to baroclinic energy conversionfor the dominant M2 tidal constituent isobtained using moored observations of cur-rents, temperature and salinity over a six-month deployment (December 2002- May2003). The energy conversion exhibits lowfrequency variability with amplitudes rang-ing by a factor of two (0.5 to 1.1 Wm−2) overthe record. Similar amplitude variations arefound for the M2 energy density at the ridgeand just off the ridge as the internal tide ra-diates to the southwest. The observed en-ergy conversion correlates with stratificationvariations near the bottom, suggesting thatdeep stratification over the ridge flank mod-ulates the internal tide generation. Compar-isons of numerical model simulations withthe observed energy conversion will be pre-sented.

24

Index

Boyd, T.J., 24

Candela, J., 9, 23Carson, M., 15Carter, G.S., 24Castel, D., 21Chavez, G., 22Chereskin, T.K., 22Cole, S.T., 10Colorado-Ruiz, G., 12Cornuelle, B.D., 17Coronado, C., 23

Davis, R.E., 13De Grau-Amaya, P., 18Decloedt, T., 16Drushka, K., 18

Eden, C., 10Eriksen, C., 14

Feddersen, F., 13Firing, Y.L., 22Flores-Mateos, L.M., 24Frajka Williams, E.E., 14Franks, P.J.S., 13Frants, M., 14

Garcia Nava, H., 19Garfield, T., 17Gille, S.T., 14, 17, 18Gilson, J., 8Gnanadesikan, A., 9Gutierrez de Velasco, G., 12Guza, R.T., 13

Hammmann, A.C., 9Harrison, D.E., 15Holte, J., 17

Jones, B., 17

Kim, S.Y., 17Kosro, P.M., 17

Lopez, M., 9, 23, 24Largier, J., 17Leichter, J.L., 13Lenain, L., 21Liang, J., 19Luther, D.S., 16, 24

MacCready, P., 11Marione Moschetto, S.G., 11Mateos-Farfan, E., 11McWilliams, J.C., 8Mehari, M., 21Melville, W.K., 21Merrifield, M.A., 24Moline, M.A., 17Morison, J., 15Murray, M.D., 24

Najera, D., 23

Ocampo-Torres, F., 20Omand, M.M., 13Ortız Figueroa, M., 18

Paduan, J.D., 17Pares Sierra, A., 12Peralta-Ferriz, A.C., 15Ponte, A., 12Pritchard, M.S., 20

Reineman, B.D., 21Rhines, P.B., 14Riha, S., 10Riser, S., 16Roads, J.O., 20Roemmich, D., 8Rogers, A., 16Rouault, M., 21Rudnick, D.L., 10, 13

Somerville, R.C.J., 20Sprintall, J., 17, 18Stephenson, G., 17

25

Terrill, E.J., 17Todd, R.E., 13

Valle-Levinson, A., 12Verduzco-Zapata, M.G., 20

Warner, S., 11Washburn, L., 17Winant, C., 12Winters, K., 12

Zhou, M., 14Zilberman, N.V., 24

26

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