2017 delaware estuary science and environmental summit · •the results show that the delaware bay...

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2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit Cape May, NJ January 22‐25 2017 Beatrice O’Hara Dr. Daria Nikitina, Advisor West Chester University of Pennsylvania Department of Earth and Space Sciences

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Page 1: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental SummitCape May, NJ      January 22‐25 2017

Beatrice O’HaraDr. Daria Nikitina, AdvisorWest Chester University of PennsylvaniaDepartment of Earth and Space Sciences

Page 2: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Funding SupportNASA Pennsylvania State Grant Consortium

New Jersey DEP Grant SR15‐007

New Jersey Sea Grant 6410‐0012

WCU College of Science and Math Graduate Assistantship

Funding SupportNASA Pennsylvania State Grant Consortium

New Jersey DEP Grant SR15‐007

New Jersey Sea Grant 6410‐0012

WCU College of Science and Math Graduate Assistantship

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

WCU Blue Carbon TeamAdvisor – Dr. Daria NikitinaField & lab work – Dan Jennings, Deven Scelfo, Matt Serzega, Steve Esrey, Al Geyer, Jason Zallie, Alex Roccaro, Melanie Flynn, Lily Fanok, and Vivi the shih tzu

WCU Blue Carbon TeamAdvisor – Dr. Daria NikitinaField & lab work – Dan Jennings, Deven Scelfo, Matt Serzega, Steve Esrey, Al Geyer, Jason Zallie, Alex Roccaro, Melanie Flynn, Lily Fanok, and Vivi the shih tzu

Page 3: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

There’s no place like home…There’s no place like home…

• Protection from storm surge and sea level rise

• Prevention of shoreline erosion • Recycling of nutrients • Filtration of water pollution • Breeding and feeding grounds for aquatic 

animals• Livelihood and recreation for humans• Exchange of GHG between soil and 

atmosphere

Page 4: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Get in the Zone…Get in the Zone…

HighMarshHM

Low Marsh LM

Mixed MarshMM

Open WaterCL

LEGEND: Salt Marsh Depositional Env. 

Page 5: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Carbon in….Carbon outCarbon in….Carbon outCO2CO2

Carbon sequestration via photosynthesis

Most of the  sequestered carbon is stored in the sediments/soils. 

Carbon emissions via plant respiration or oxidation due to land use changes or erosion

>95% of total carbon stocks are found in the below ground sediments/soils 

Page 6: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Good things take time…Good things take time…DE Bay salt marshes have been developing under sea‐level rise for 8,000 years

Age (years) 

Relative Se

a Le

vel (m)

Nikitina et al. 2015; Horton et al. 2013 Jeremy Lowe, http://serc.carleton.edu/vignettes/collection/42858.html

Simon Mudd, http://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences/

Salt marshes adapt to sea‐level rise by accreting vertically and migrating landward 

Page 7: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

History always tells a story…History always tells a story…

Modified from Nikitina et al. 2014

The marsh stratigraphic record provides a window to the past where storm erosion, tidal creek migration, channeling/ditching, changes to sediment supply, and sea level rise are all possibilities.

Erosion  elevation  Δ depositional environment

Infilling  elevation  Δ depositional environment

Page 8: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Reed et al. 2008; Titus et al. 2008

Let me take you there…Let me take you there…

Page 9: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

This is how we do it…This is how we do it…

• 19 sediment cores were sampled

• All cores taken through the entire depth of the marsh 

sediments

• Established depositional environments 

• Sample size = 9.8 cm3 every 5 cm 

• DBD, LOI, %Organic Carbon (Corg) using Craft et al. 1995 

equation, Sediment Carbon Density (SCD)

• AMS 14C, 137Cs and 206Pb:207Pb concentrations courtesy 

of Daria Nikitina and Nikitina et al. 2014

Page 10: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Results are in….Results are in….

• Average depth of sediments:• Fortescue = 2.40 m• Sea Breeze = 2.75 m

• 6 lithologic units:• 4 salt marsh depositional 

environments• 2 pre‐salt marsh 

environments

• % Organic Carbon (Corg) ranges from 0.6 % to 44.6%

FibrousPeat

Peat & organic mud

HighMarsh

Low Marsh

Mixed Marsh

Tidal Flat/Open Water

Organicmud Mud

Humic sandy mud

Paleosol Sand

Page 11: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

• 60% of the stored carbon is derived from High Marsh sediments

• 33% of the stored carbon is derived from High Marsh sediments at depths >1m 

Depositional Environment DifferencesDepositional Environment Differences• %Corg in the depositional environments varies with sediment type ranging from  4.6 % in the tidal flat sediments to 17.3 % in the high‐marsh sediments

• %Corg difference is significant between all depositional environments except between the Mixed Marsh and the Low Marsh

Page 12: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Carbon Stock ComparisonsCarbon Stock Comparisons

• Mean Sediment Carbon Stock (SCS) is comparable at both study sites

• SCS increases with depth from a mean of  369 MgC/h in top 1 m to 1,020 MgC/h in top 2.6 m

• Total carbon storage is 66,093 MgC

• Mean SCS to 1 m depth are comparable to other NE regional studies

• No studies account for carbon stock through the entire sediment sequence

Murray et al. 2011

Page 13: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

Carbon Accumulate Rate ComparisonsCarbon Accumulate Rate Comparisons

• Short‐term  CAR (~ top 1 meter)  is 1.92 MgC/h/yr• Long‐term  CAR (~ 1‐3 meters) is 0.728 MgC/h/yr• Short‐term CAR shows regional variation• Our results are comparable with recent studies in the Delaware Bay

1Choi and Wang 2004, 2Churma et al 2003, 3Ouyong and Lee 2014, 4Elsey‐Quirk et al. 2011,  5Tucker 2015 unpublished 

Page 14: 2017 Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit · •The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock

SummarySummary• Traditionally, carbon stocks are assessed to a depth of 1 meter. • We have calculated carbon stock through the entire sediment sequence.• Estimates of carbon stock ranged from 369 MgC/h at 1 meter depth to 1,147 MgC/h at 3 meters depth.

• We have documented variation in sediment type and % organic carbon within the entire sediment sequence.

• % Corg varies with the depositional environment.• The results show that the Delaware Bay salt marshes sequester significant amounts of carbon and suggest that carbon stock assessments that focus only on the top 1 meter of sediment sequence underestimate the total carbon stock by more than three‐fold.

• When salt marshes erode due to SLR and storms or are degraded through land use changes, carbon emissions could be greater than predicted if the carbon stored at depth has not been taken into account.