ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print)ISSN 1314 - 412X (online)

Volume 9, Number 3September 2017

2017

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Genetics and Breeding

Tsanko Yablanski (Bulgaria)Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Svetlana Georgieva (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)

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Agriculture and Environment

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Product Quality and Safety

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English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2017

ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print)ISSN 1314 - 412X (online)

Volume 9, Number 3September 2017

Agriculture and Environment

Influence of basic agrotechnical activities on the productivity and yield of Triticum monococcum L.

S. Stamatov*, K. Uzundzhalieva, E. Valchinova, G. Desheva, P. Chavdarov, B. Kyosev, T. Cholakov, R. Ruseva, N. Velcheva

Institute of Plant genetic Resources „Konstantin Malkov”, 2 Druzhba, 4122 Sadovo, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 7 June 2017; accepted for publication 25 August 2017)

Abstract. The study was conducted during the period 2014 – 2016 in the experimental field of Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Sadovo. The influence of the period of sowing, the predecessor and the fertilization on the elements of productivity and grain yield per hectare in einkorn wheat were studied. It was established that the structural elements of productivity - number of productive tillers, length of the spike, number of spikelets per spike, mass of central spike, number of grains in central spike, weight of the grains from the central spike are with the highest values in plants grown after predecessor peas, sown in autumn and fertilized with extra nitrogen. With least developed productive capabilities are the plant variants sown in spring after sunflower and without additional fertilization with nitrogen. With proved the biggest impact on grain yield per hectare is the date of sowing. The sources of variation: predecessor and combined effect of factors predecessor x fertilization show equal share of influence on the productivity of einkorn. The results from the study give science-based information on the most favorable time of sowing, fertilizing and predecessor in einkorn.

Keywords: einkorn, structural elements of the productivity, yield, period of sowing, predecessor, fertilizing

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 9, No 3, pp - , 2017230 233DOI: 10.15547/ast.2017.03.043

Introduction

Еinkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) belongs to Poaceae, genus Triticum (Jukovsi, 1957). It refers to a group of diploid wheats (2n=14) with AA structure of the genome. In German and in English it is called “einkorn”, in French “engrain”, in Hungarian “alakor”, in Italian “faro”, in Romanian “alac”, and in Russian “odnosrianka”. Persival considers that einkorn is a subspecies of T. aegilopoides Bal., which is the predecessor of einkorn. Stranski (1929, 1934), who has studied einkorn in Bulgaria, discovered 4 wild and 11 domesticated types, among which some endemic (var. bulgaricum, var. sofianum), and describes a wide range of varieties.

Currently the interest towards this crop has rapidly increased. T. monococcum L. possesses unique nutritional qualities, which excel the popular cereals with economic value. It contains bigger percentage of proteins, amino acids and microelements (Frégeau-Reid and Abdel-Aal, 2005; Brannon, 2007; Hidalgo et al., 2008; Hidalgo et al., 2009; Asghar et al., 2011). It is easygoing to soil fertility (Castagna et al., 1995; Grausgruber et al., 2004) and in conditions of organic farming is more competitive, since it receives products of specified quality at relatively lower costs. (Uhr et al., 2012; Stamatov et al., 2012).

One of the most attractive aspects of einkorn as an alternative cereal crop is that the food products cause less allergic reactions compared to common wheat. It is established that the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten is responsible for the allergic reactions (D'Egidio et al., 1993). The gluten content in food products, made from einkorn, is significantly less, because it has not been subjected to breeding for improvement of quantity and quality of protein.

T. monococcum L. possesses valuable traits: ecological

plasticity, resistance to stress factors, resistance to some fungal diseases (Grausgruber et al., 2004; Dhaliwal et al., 2003; Sodkiewicz et al., 2004; Hai-Chun et al., 2007; Chhuneja et al., 2008; Konvalina et al., 2010). That makes it a suitable gene donor in the breeding of naked seed wheat. By approaching the limits of biological productivity in common and durum wheat, and as a result of global climate change, the interest in this wheat has strongly increased. The reason is the need for a new source material and expansion of the genetic variation.

In Bulgaria the interest towards einkorn is not only because of its high nutritional value and importance as a healthy product, but also because since 2007 the organic production has been subsidized under the Single Area Payment and measure 214 „Agro ecological payments” from the Program for Rural Development for the period 2007-2013, 2014-2020 (http://www.mzh.government.bg).

According to unofficial data for 2013 areas occupied with einkorn are about 2000 ha (http://www.dnesbg.com/obshtestvo/1-mln-dka-s- l imets-shte- ima-v-balgariya-do-2020-godina-prognozirat-zemedeltsi.html).

The needs of plant breeding and production determine the need of investigations on the influence of the basic agro technical activities on the elements of productivity and yield.

The aim of the current study is to determine the most suitable sowing dates, predecessors and the needs of additional fertilization with N in order to achieve maximum productive capabilities.

Material and methods

The study was made with the local einkorn accession B3E0025 * e-mail: stanislav44@abv.bg

230

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from the National Genebank in Sadovo. For evaluation of the productive abilities of T. monococcum L. by changing the basic agro technical approaches a field trial in the experimental field of IPGR – Sadovo was made during the period 2014-2016 at meadow-cinnamic vertisol-like soil type.

2The block method was used, in 4 repetitions, with 16 m plots. The accessions were sown at three different periods – autumn, winter and early spring, which means October, January and February. As predecessor crops were used peas and sunflower. Two variants of N fertilization were tested: without additional N fertilization and fertilization with 40 kg/ha active substance during

2 tillering stage. Thus 8 variants were formed with 64 m each. The N, P, K soil reserves after peas and sunflower

predecessors are shown in Table 1. It can be seen that sunflower had exhausted the P and K in the soil.

In phase full maturity biometric measurements were made on 30 plants of each variant for determining the basic elements of productivity - plant height (cm), total tillering (pcs.), number of productive tillers, spike length (cm), weight of the central spike (g), weight of spikes per plant (g), number of grains in the central spike, weight of the grains in the central spike (g) and weight of the grains per plant (g).

Multi-factor analysis of variance was applied to establish the influence of each of the tested factors on productivity as measured by grain yield per hectare. Statistics was performed with SPSS 13.0 program.

Results and discussion

The analysis of the results (Table 2) shows that the higher plants (116.6 cm) form variants of autumn sowing with predecessor peas, fertilized with additional nitrogen. The lowest are those sown in spring (102.75 cm) after predecessor sunflower and fertilized with additional nitrogen. For the test period most tillers (21,025) are formed by the plants sown in autumn after predecessor peas, without additional quantity of nitrogen fertilizers. The least number of tillers (11.6) is formed by the plants sown after predecessor sunflower without additional amounts of nitrogen. The elements of productivity (number of productive tillers, length of spike, number of spikelets per spike, weight of the central spike, number of grains in the central spike, weight of the grains of the central spike) are with the highest values in plants grown after predecessor peas sown in autumn and fertilized with additional nitrogen. With least developed productive capabilities are the plant variants sown in spring after sunflower and without additional nitrogen.

Grain yield in different variants ranged from 1.341 to 2.723 t/ha (Table 3). The highest yield was achieved in autumn sowing, after the predecessor peas and without further nitrogen fertilization. Nutrition of plants with N fertilizer in tillering stage with 40 kg/ha active substance, sown after the same predecessor had no significant effect on increasing the yield in the three dates of sowing. Cazzato et al. (2013) and Kirchev and Semkova (2016) also reported that nitrogen fertilization has no significant impact on yield in einkorn, while Marrino et al. (2009, 2011) found that einkorn is influenced by nitrogen fertilization. Maneva et al. (2015) determined that nitrogen fertilization exerted weak positive effect on yield of einkorn but they supported the thesis that it is not necessary to fertilize einkorn because it tends to lodge as a result of nitrogen.

The results from the three factor trial show that the predecessors, which severely deplete soils, such as sunflower, are

Table 1. N, P, K soil reserves after peas and sunflower predecessors

Predecessor N, mg/g P, mg/g K, mg/g

Peas

Sunflower

0.145

0.146

15.03

9.54

51.03

39.6

Table 2. Structural elements of production of T. monococcum L., depending on the term of sowing, predecessor and nitrogen nutrition

Key: 1. predecessor sunflower, autumn sowing, fertilized; 2. predecessor sunflower, autumn sowing, not fertilized; 3 predecessor peas, autumn sowing, fertilizеd; 4. predecessor peas, autumn sowing, not fertilized; 5. predecessor sunflower, winter sowing, fertilizеd; 6. predecessor sunflower, winter sowing, not fertilized; 7.predecessor peas, winter sowing, fertilizеd; 8. predecessor peas, winter sowing, not fertilizеd; 9. predecessor sunflower, spring sowing, fertilized; 10. predecessor sunflower, spring sowing, not fertilizеd; 11. predecessor peas, spring sowing, fertilized; 12. predecessor peas, spring sowing, not fertilized;Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (p<0.05) according to Duncan's test

VariantsPlant

height,cm

Number of tillers

Number of productive

tillers

Spike length,

cm

Number of spikelets per spike

Weight of the central

spike, g

Spike weight,

g

Weight of the grains of the central

spike, g

Number of grains in

the central spike

Weight of the grains,

g

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

a112.81ab110.31

a116.6a115.68b104.63b108.13

ab110.6a111.68bc102.75b105.38

a111.5a112.83

b12.77b12.01b13.56a21.03bc11.68

b12.9b12.55a20.03b13.83

bc11.6ab15.4

ab15.72

bc11.5bc11.54b13.55a18.15c10.83

11.78c 9.55a17.15bc11.45

c 9.5b12.75

b14.4

bc 7.45bc 7.35a13.74a12.52c 6.48bc 7.91ab11.74c 6.23bc 8.73c 5.81c 6.23c 6.38

a25.32a25

a26.48a26.53ab23.73ab24.15b20.48ab23.53ab24.45ab23.28b22.63ab24.45

ab1.42b1.23a1.78a1.69b1.21

bc1b1.21c0.98b1.12bc1.02

bc1.1bc1.05

b 8b 8.01b 8.68ab12.39bc 7.21b 8.12c 5.68ab11.39b 8.92bc 7.09ab10.61a16.23

a23.6a23.12

a24.5a25

ab22.5ab22.45

b18.5ab22.08ab22.83ab21.48b20.78a23.05

b0.61b0.61a0.88b0.69b0.61

bc0.5b0.61bc0.49b0.56b0.51b0.55b0.52

c3.99c4.08bc4.84bc4.32c3.61bc4.06d2.84

ab5.7bc4.46cd3.54ab5.31a8.12

232

more suitable for the autumn sowing. For all other periods of sowing, if the predecessor is the same, it is good to add nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of 40 kg/ha active ingredient in the tillering stage (Table 3).

The impact of sources of variation: time of sowing, predecessor, fertilization and interaction between them on the yield is presented in Table 4. The biggest influence on grain yield has the date of sowing (53.8%). The sources of variation: predecessor and the combined effect of the factors predecessor x fertilization demonstrate the same influence on the productivity of einkorn, 13.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The complex influence of all three factors: predecessor x date of sowing x fertilization has a significant effect of 7.4%. In analyzing the results, there were no significant effects of the factors such as fertilization, interaction predecessor x date of sowing and date of sowing x fertilization on the crop yield per hectare (Table 4).

Conclusion

The results of the study provide science - based information about the most favorable time of sowing, fertilizing and predecessor of einkorn.The highest yield of grain per hectare realized in autumn sowing, after precursor peas and without additional introduction of nitrogen. In predecessors which strongly deplete soils, such as sunflower, the autumn sowing is preferable. For all other periods of sowing, after the same predecessor, it is good to add nitrogen fertilizer - 40 kg/ha active ingredient at tillering stage. The strongest impact on the grain yield has the date of sowing (53.8%). The sources of variation: predecessor and the combined effect of factors predecessor x fertilization demonstrate equal share of influence on the productivity of einkorn.

Acknowledgements

The current study is financed by the project „Einkorn – ancient innovation II” of Erasmus program.

References

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Table 4. Impact of sources of variation: time of sowing, predecessor, fertilization and interaction between them, on the yield of T. monococcum L., 2014-2016

Sum of Squares Mean Square Sign. influence, %Sig.FSource df

Corrected Model

Intercept

Predecessor

Sowing date

Fertilization

Predecessor х Sowing date

Predecessor х Fertilization

Sowing date х Fertilization

Predecessor х Sowing date х Fertilization

St. Error

Total

Corrected Total

48.80

580.26

6.70

26.26

0.54

2.78

5.98

2.91

3.63

18.22

647.27

67.02

4.44

580.26

6.70

13.13

0.54

1.39

5.98

1.46

1.82

0.51

8.76

1146.43

13.23

25.94

1.06

2.74

11.81

2.88

3.59

0.000

0.000

0.001

0.000

0.310

0.078

0.002

0.069

0.038

13.73

53.82

12.25

7.44

11

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

36

48

47

Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (p<0.05) according to Duncan's test

Table 3. Average yield per hectare under different combinations of agro technical activities in T. monococcum L. (t/ha)

Sowing date

autumn

winter

spring

a2.68a1.97a2.15

a2.72a2.00a2.36

a2.55a2.54b1.38

a2.45ab1.57b1.34

fertilized 40 kg/ha fertilized 40 kg/hanot fertilized not fertilized

Predecessor peas Predecessor sunflower

233

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Jukovsku PM, 1957. Wheat in USSR. Moskow, 1957 (Ru).Kirchev H and Semkova N, 2016. Investigation on some morphological and biological characteristics of einkorn wheat (T. monococcum L.) depending on nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, 69, 69-74.Konvalina P, Capouchová I, Stehno Z and Moudrý J, 2010. Agronomic characteristics of the spring forms of the wheat landraces (einkorn, emmer, spelt, intermediate bread wheat) grown in organic farming. Journal of Agrobiology, 27, 9-17.Maneva V, Atanasova D, Nedelcheva T, Stoyanova M and Stoyanova V, 2015. Influence of sowing and fertilization rates on the yield and plant health of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). Agricultural Science and Technology, 7, 460-463.Sodkiewicz W and Strzembicka A, 2004. Application of Triticum monococcum for the improvement of triticale resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina). Plant Breeding, 123, 39-42.Stamatov S, Desheva G, Uhr Z and Valchinova E, 2012. Einkorn - old „new” wheat. Thracian agro-news, 2012, XVIII, 34, 1-7.11.2012.Stranski I, 1929. For einkorn in Bulgaria. Publishing Bulgarian Botanical Society, Volume 3.Stranski I, 1934. Notes on einkorn in Bulgaria. Journal of Sciences, Book 16, 24 (Bg).Uhr Z, Desheva G and Valchinova Е, 2012. Return to tradition - the ancient wheat as an alternative to modern wheat. Agriculture plus, 11-12, p. 7.

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute f o r A n i m a l S c i e n c e a n d H e a l t h , Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

Animal welfareStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 9, Number 3September 2017

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