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Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016
2016 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR) In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management September 2016
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016
Local Authority Officer Ann Beeston
Department Public Protection Division
Address
Hanley Town Hall Albion Street Stoke-on-Trent ST1 1QL
Telephone 01782 236575
E-mail [email protected]
Report Reference number PP/AQM16
Date September 2016
REPORT SIGN OFF SHEET
Report Title 2016 Air Quality Annual Status Report
Prepared by Public Protection
Approved for submission to Defra by
Lesley Mountford Director of Public Health and Adult Social Care Stoke-on-Trent City Council
Signature: Date: 29 September 2016
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 i
Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Stoke-on-Trent Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised
as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air
pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society, namely children, older
people and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong
correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often
the less affluent areas1,2.
The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK
is estimated to be around £16 billion3.
In Stoke-on-Trent, the main pollutant of concern is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). There are
still some areas of the city where the concentration of NO2 is greater than the
concentration set by UK national government for an annual mean of 40 micrograms
per cubic metre (µg/m³). There is also one area of the city, Basford, where the
concentration of NO2 is greater than the government hourly mean of 200 µg/m³.
The main source of nitrogen dioxide in Stoke-on-Trent comes from road vehicles.
The whole of the city has been declared an Air Quality Management Area because
concentrations are greater than the annual mean in some areas of the city and
greater than the hourly mean in one area.4
Our current Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) is available to view online.
However, NO2 monitoring has shown that there has been a significant downward
trend in concentrations in all areas of the city with the exception of Basford. Results
for the Basford area show that concentrations have remained stable since monitoring
began in this area.
Though the trend for concentrations of NO2 is generally downward, some monitoring
sites remain above the annual mean objective. Nevertheless, the number of sites
exceeding the objective in each of those areas has decreased significantly so that
now only one diffusion tube monitoring site is above the objective at Burslem Centre, 1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013 4 https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/details?aqma_id=608
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 ii
Milton, Cobridge, Hanley, Joiners Square, Fenton and Bucknall. In Basford there are
four sites that exceed the annual mean objective and at Meir, there are three
exceedance sites.
We are acting to manage the impact that poor air quality can have by:
Monitoring air quality throughout the city, especially at busy road junctions with
nearby housing, to inform the action plan and planning process.
Working with Stoke-on-Trent Planning Authority, to ensure that development
does not make pollution worse, especially in areas of known poor air quality.
Working with planners, to ensure that new developments do not result in
housing being built in areas of poor air quality.
Encouraging individuals to use alternative modes of transport, such as cycling5
(including cycle hire6) or walking.
Working with schools to promote school travel plans.
Encouraging businesses to promote sustainable travel.7
Encouraging car share schemes throughout the city. 8
To help lower the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide we are working with:
The Stoke-on-Trent Air Quality Strategy Group (AQSG), to ensure that the
AQAP is assessed and amended as necessary.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council Highways Authority, to lower the concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide by reducing congestion.
Local bus companies, to encourage improvement to bus services so that bus
travel becomes a more attractive alternative to car use.
Seven other Staffordshire local authorities, to encourage hauliers, bus
companies and businesses in Staffordshire to cut costs and reduce emissions
5 http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure/cycle-stoke/ 6 http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/content/leisure-and-culture/sports-and-cycling/cycle-stoke-pages/get-around/stoke-railway-station-brompton-dock-bike-hire-and-cycle-hub-facility.en 7 http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/transport-and-streets/sustainable-travel/travelling-to-work/ 8 http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/content/transport-and-streets/transport/sustainable-travel/travel-smart/share-in-stoke-on-trent.en
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 iii
of HGVs, buses, coaches, and vans through the ECO-Stars (Efficient and
Cleaner Operations) Fleet Recognition Scheme. 9
Highways England, to ensure that the A500 Etruria Widening and Etruria
Valley Development do not have a detrimental effect on air quality for the
surrounding areas.
Actions to Improve Air Quality Many of the actions listed in the Air Quality Action Plan 2014 have now been
completed. Monitoring shows a general downward trend in concentrations in city with
the exception of the Basford area, where concentrations remain high.
Local Priorities and Challenges The main priority and also the main challenge for the coming year will be for the Air
Quality Strategy Group to propose actions that will reduce pollutant levels in the
Basford area. The A53, Etruria Road is a major route linking the A500 (T) and city
centre to the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. The boundary between the two
authorities is the centre-line of the road, indicated by the red line in Figures D.13 &
D.14 (pages 68 & 69). On the Stoke-on-Trent side, the road is bordered by mainly
terraced properties built to the back of pavement. The road is fairly narrow. At the
location of the highest concentration of NO2, the road enters a cutting with mature
trees on each side, which have the effect of inhibiting pollutant dispersal.
How to Get Involved Everyone can help to improve air quality, simply by the choices that we make every
day.
If you’re an individual living or working in the city, why not try one of the following:
Share a lift to work
Cycle to work
Hire a bike at Stoke Station
9 http://www.ecostars-uk.com/eco-stars-schemes/
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 iv
Schools can help improve the health and wellbeing of pupils and improve air quality
by encouraging walking, cycling and other forms of sustainable travel. See the
Modeshift STARS scheme.
If you’re a haulier, bus company or use commercial vehicle in your business, sign up
to the ECO-Stars (Efficient and Cleaner Operations) Fleet Recognition Scheme to
help your company become more fuel efficient and therefore save money and reduce
vehicle emissions.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 v
Table of Contents Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area .......................................................... i
Air Quality in Stoke-on-Trent ............................................................................................... i
Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................................... iii
Local Priorities and Challenges ......................................................................................... iii
How to Get Involved.......................................................................................................... iii
1 Local Air Quality Management ........................................................................ 1
2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ........................................................................ 2
2.1 Air Quality Management Areas .............................................................................. 2
2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Stoke-on-Trent .......... 2
2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or
Concentrations.................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Levels in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent ................... 8
2.3.2 PM2.5 and Mortality in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent ........................................... 9
2.3.3 Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.5 ............................................ 11
2.3.4 PM2.5 in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent - Next steps ................................................... 19
3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance .................................................................... 20
3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken .....................................................................20
3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites .......................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites................................................................................... 21
3.2 Individual Pollutants .............................................................................................21
3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) .............................................................................................. 26
3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ............................................................................................. 26
Appendix A: Monitoring Results ........................................................................... 27
Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015 ................................ 43
Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ............................................................................................................. 49
Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and Trend Charts .......................... 55
Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England .............................. 77
Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................. 78
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 vi
List of Tables
Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas .................................................. 2 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality .......................................... 4 Table 2.3 - Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5 Results of monitoring by Staffordshire
Authorities 2011 to 2015 ............................................................................. 9 Table 2.4 - Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01- Fraction of annual all
cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5) for Staffordshire Authorities 2010 to 2013 ...................................................... 10
Table 2.5 - Estimated number of deaths by local authority area attributable to PM2.5 within Staffordshire for adults over 30- 2011 to 2013 ................................ 10
Table 2.6 - Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.6 ....................... 12
Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ..................................................... 27 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ............................................. 28 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results .................................................... 33 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results .................................................... 40 Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results................................................... 41 Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results ................................................. 41 Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results ........................................................................ 42 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2015 ........................................... 43 Table B.2 – NO2 Distance Correction Calculations - 2015......................................... 48 Table C.1 – Staffordshire Scientific Services diffusion tube precision ....................... 52 Table C.2 - Staffordshire Scientific Services WASP precision ................................... 53 Table C.3 – Short-term to long-term factors .............................................................. 54 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ........................................................... 77
List of Figures and Charts Figure 3.1 - Etruria Road, Basford ............................................................................. 23 Figure D.1 - Automatic monitors CM1 and CM2 ........................................................ 55 Figure D.2 – Automatic monitors CM3 & CM5 ........................................................... 56 Figure D.3 – Automatic monitor CM6 ........................................................................ 57 Chart D1 – Automatic monitors annual mean NO2 .................................................... 57 Chart D2 – Automatic monitors annual mean PM10 ................................................... 57 Chart D3 – Automatic monitors annual mean PM2.5 .................................................. 58 Figure D.4 – Diffusion Tube Background Sites (DT1 & DT3) .................................... 58 Chart D4 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Background sites .............................. 59
Figure D.5 - Diffusion tube sites Scotia Road, Burslem ............................................. 60 Chart D5 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Scotia Road, Burslem ...................... 60 Figure D.6 - Diffusion tube sites Burslem Centre ....................................................... 60
Chart D6 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Burslem Centre ................................ 61 Figure D.7 - Diffusion tube sites Middleport ............................................................... 61 Chart D7 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Middleport ........................................ 62
Figure D.8 - Diffusion tube site Milton ........................................................................ 62 Chart D8 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Milton ............................................... 63 Figure D.9 - Diffusion tube sites Cobridge ................................................................. 63
Chart D9 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Cobridge .......................................... 64 Figure D.10 - Diffusion tube sites Hanley (North) ...................................................... 64
Chart D10 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanley (north) ................................ 65 Figure D.11 - Diffusion tube sites Hanley (South) ...................................................... 65
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 vii
Chart D11 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanley (south) ................................ 66 Figure D.12 - Diffusion tube sites Joiners Square .................................................... 66 Chart D12 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Joiners Square ............................... 67 Figure D.13 - Diffusion tube sites Basford (West) ...................................................... 68 Figure D.14 - Diffusion tube sites Basford (East) ...................................................... 69 Chart D13 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Basford ........................................... 69 Figure D.15 - Diffusion tube sites Stoke (North) ........................................................ 69 Figure D.16 - Diffusion tube site Stoke (South) ......................................................... 71 Chart D14 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Stoke .............................................. 71 Figure D.17 - Diffusion tube sites Fenton .................................................................. 72 Chart D15 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Fenton ............................................ 72 Figure D.18 - Diffusion tube site Hanford................................................................... 72 Chart D16 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanford .......................................... 73
Figure D.19 - Diffusion tube sites Bucknall ................................................................ 73 Chart D17 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Bucknall .......................................... 74 Figure D.20 - Diffusion tube sites Meir ...................................................................... 74 Chart D18 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (north of A50) ......................... 75 Chart D19 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (south of A50) ......................... 76 Chart D20 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (Weston Rd & Sandon Rd) ..... 76
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 1
1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Stoke-on-Trent during 2015. It fulfils
the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of
the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance
documents.
The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review
and assess air quality in their area and to determine whether or not the air quality
objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the
local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare
an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place
in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is produced to
demonstrate the strategies employed by Stoke-on-Trent City Council to improve air
quality and report on any progress that has been made.
The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England, can be found in
Table E.1 in Appendix E.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 2
2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas
Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance
or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must
prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), within 12-18 months, setting out
measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.
A summary of the AQMA declared by Stoke-on-Trent City Council can be found in
Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps
of AQMA boundaries are available online.
Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas
AQMA Name
Pollutants and Air Quality
Objectives
City / Town One Line Description Action Plan
Stoke-on-Trent Air Quality Management Area
NO2 annual mean
NO2 1-hour mean
Whole city
The AQMA includes the whole of the city.
City-wide Air Quality Action Plan Stoke-on-Trent City Council
2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent City Council has taken forward a number of measures during the
current reporting year of 2015 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all
measures completed and their status are set out in Table 2.2. More detail on these
measures can be found in the respective Action Plan.
Key completed measures are:
AQ1 – this is a phased programme; two phases have been completed, a third
phase is underway and remaining phases will follow as funding becomes
available.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 3
AQ7b - relates to 45 primary schools promoting Walk once a Week (WoW)
through 2015/16. Sustained walking rates show a 14% increase on baseline
for two and four years. This equates to 14,093 students across participating
schools, an increase of 1,127 students walking to school in Stoke-on-Trent.
Eleven schools promoted walk to school through the Free your Feet (FyF)
initiative, resulting in a 13% increase in walking.
AQ7c - this project will end in July 2016 when funding expires. Fourteen
Schools were engaged during the last financial year, representing 6,642 pupils
(however some pupils may have attended more than one event and therefore
counted more than once).
The following measure in the AQAP have been completed AQ2, AQ3, AQ4b, AQ4c,
AQ5b, AQ6, AQ7a, AQ7b (possible end of funding), AQ7c (funding end), AQ8 and
AQ9. Stoke-on-Trent City Council expects the following measure to be completed
over the course of the next reporting year:
AQ10 Eco-Stars Fleet Recognition Scheme – this was initially a two year
project. Though it is hoped that further funding sources will be obtained so that
the scheme can expand.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council’s priority for the coming year is for the AQSG to meet to
enable the Air Quality Strategy and Air Quality Action Plan to be revised to include
measures to reduce concentrations of NO2 in particular in the Basford area and
actions that will help to reduce PM2.5 city-wide.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 4
Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality
Measure No. Measure EU Category EU
Classification Lead
Authority Planning
Phase Implementation
Phase Key
Performance Indicator
Target Pollution Reduction in the
AQMA Progress to
Date Estimated
Completion Date
Comments
AQ1
Burslem Town Centre Traffic Management Improvements
Traffic Management
UTC, Congestion
management, traffic reduction
SoTCC Technical Services Division
2013/14 2014/15 - 2018/19
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 299 kg/yr
Ongoing construction 2018/19
Expected emission reduction
7%
AQ2
Cobridge Traffic Management Improvements
(including Waterloo Road
Corridor)
Traffic Management
UTC, Congestion
management, traffic reduction
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 389 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2013/14
Expected emission reduction
2%
AQ3 Victoria Road
Corridor Improvements
Traffic Management
Strategic highway
improvements, Re-prioritising
road space away from cars, inc Access
management, Selective
vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy
lane
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 297 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2013/14
Expected emission reduction
4%
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 5
Measure No. Measure EU Category EU
Classification Lead
Authority Planning
Phase Implementation
Phase Key
Performance Indicator
Target Pollution Reduction in the
AQMA Progress to
Date Estimated
Completion Date
Comments
AQ4a Lichfield Street Improvements
Transport Planning and Infrastructure
Bus route improvements
SoTCC Technical Services Division
2016/17 2017/18 - 2018/19
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 322 kg/yr
Preliminary design 2018/19
Expected emission reduction
3%
AQ4b
Leek Road / Victoria Road
Junction - Safety Scheme
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
Promotion of walking
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 321 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2014/15
Expected emission reduction
3%
AQ4c City Road Corridor
Improvements
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
Promotion of cycling
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 266 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2015/16
Expected emission reduction
3%
AQ5a
Station Gateway
(Phase 1), University
Quarter (Phase 2) and Uni Boulevard (Phase 3)
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
Promote use of rail and inland
waterways
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Ph. 2 - 2016/17 Ph. 2 - 2017/18
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 480 kg/yr
Ph. 1 completed.
Ph. 2 - preliminary
design.
Ph. 1 completed 2011/12 Ph. 2 -
2017/18
Expected emission reduction
3%
AQ5b
Leek Road Traffic
Management Improvements
Traffic Management
UTC, Congestion
management, traffic reduction
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 480 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2015/16
Expected emission reduction
3%
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 6
Measure No. Measure EU Category EU
Classification Lead
Authority Planning
Phase Implementation
Phase Key
Performance Indicator
Target Pollution Reduction in the
AQMA Progress to
Date Estimated
Completion Date
Comments
AQ6
Victoria Street / Shelton New
Road Junction Improvement
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
Promotion of walking
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 21 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2012/13
Expected emission reduction
0.24%
AQ7a Parking
restrictions outside schools
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
School Travel Plans
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 272 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2013/14
Expected emission reduction
7%
AQ7b Walk to School
Outreach– Living Streets
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
School Travel Plans
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Ongoing
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 272 kg/yr
Walk Once a Week (WoW) walking
rates of 14% increase on
baseline. Free your Feet (FyF)
13% increase in
walking.
March 2017
Expected emission reduction
7%
AQ7c Access to
Education - Sustrans
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
School Travel Plans
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Ongoing
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 272 kg/yr
July 2016
Expected emission reduction
7%
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 7
Measure No. Measure EU Category EU
Classification Lead
Authority Planning
Phase Implementation
Phase Key
Performance Indicator
Target Pollution Reduction in the
AQMA Progress to
Date Estimated
Completion Date
Comments
AQ8
Stoking Employment in
North Staffordshire
Promoting Travel
Alternatives
Workplace Travel
Planning
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx Reductions 17,750 kg/yr
Complete Completed March 2015
Expected emission reduction
1%
AQ9 Clean Air Grant Promoting Low
Emission Transport
Procuring alternative Refuelling
infrastructure to promote
Low Emission Vehicles, EV recharging,
Gas fuel recharging
SoTCC Technical Services Division
Complete Complete
Improved journey times.
Improved mode share of journey.
Improved average
congestion (miles/minute)
Calculated Annual NOx
Reductions 57 kg/yr
Complete Completed 2014/15
Expected emission reduction
14%
AQ10
Staffordshire ECO Stars
Fleet Recognition
Scheme
Vehicle Fleet Efficiency
Fleet efficiency and
recognition schemes
Cannock Chase District Council
Complete Ongoing Reduced emissions
Expected emission
reduction 7 tonne NOx/yr, 2.22
tonne PM10/yr, 11615 tonne
CO2/yr
41 members representing
2,995 vehicles
(at end June 2016)
2018/19
Expected emission reduction 7 tonne NOx/yr,
2.22 tonne PM10/yr,
11615 tonne
CO2/yr
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 8
2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations
As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are
expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5
(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear
evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature
mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.
Particulate matter, or PM, is the term use to describe particles found in the air,
including dust, dirt and liquid droplets. PM comes from both natural and man-made
sources, including traffic emissions and Saharan-Sahel dust. These particles can be
suspended in the air for long periods of time, and can travel across large distances.
PM less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) pose a health concern because they
can be inhaled into and accumulate in the respiratory system. PM less than 2.5
micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) are referred to as "fine" particles and are believed to
pose the greatest health risks, as they can lodge deeply into the lungs and also pass
into the bloodstream.
PM2.5 is the pollutant which has the biggest impact on public health and on which the
Public Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) indicator 3.0110 is based.
The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) undertook a review in February 2016 11
where they found that long term exposure to air pollution impairs lung function growth
in children, and that outdoor exposure is linked to lung cancer in adults. Within
Staffordshire it is estimated that 5% of all deaths can be attributed to exposure to
PM2.5, compared to 5.3% across England (40,000 deaths annually). Overall, the
estimated cost to individuals and society is more than £20 billion annually for the UK.
2.3.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Levels in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent
A number of the Staffordshire Authorities currently monitor locally for PM10. Defra’s
Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) site Stoke-on-Trent Centre has a
dedicated PM2.5 monitor. Table presents data on the local level of PM2.5 annual mean
10 10 Public Health Outcomes Framework 2016-2019Indicator 3.01 Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/520457/At_a_glance.pdf
11 [‘Every Breath we Take: The Lifelong Impact of Air Pollution; Report of a working Party, February 2016, ISBN 978-1-86016-567-2],
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 9
concentrations for the Staffordshire Authorities. Where the data is derived from PM10
monitoring this has been adjusted by applying a correction factor of 0.7 to derive the
PM2.5 component. The correction factor has been derived from the average of all
ratios of PM2.5/PM10 for the years from 2010 to 2014 for forty sites within the
Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) where these substances are measured
on an hourly basis and follows the guidance published in LAQM (TG16).
Table 2.3 - Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5 Results of monitoring by Staffordshire Authorities 2011 to 2015
Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5
Results from monitoring by Staffordshire Authorities 2011 to 2015
Authority Site Type Monitor Location OS Grid Ref
Year
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Newcastle under Lyme Roadside Queen’s
Gardens E385057 N346137
PM10 - 14.9 22.5 22 22.9
PM2.5 - 10.43(1) 15.75(1) 15.4(1) 16(1)
Cannock Chase Roadside
Watling Street,
Bridgtown SJ980086
PM10 22 23 21 19.6 -(2)
PM2.5 15.4(1) 16.1(1) 14.7(1) 13.7(1)
Stoke on Trent
Roadside A50 Meir Tunnel
E392548 N342572
PM10 - - - - 20(3)
PM2.5 - - - - 14(3)
Urban background
Stoke on Trent
Central
E388351 N347895 PM2.5 12 11 10 10 12
Roadside Middleport E385780 N349376
PM10
25 24 25 24 22
PM2.5 18(1) 17(1)1 18(1) 17(1) 15(1)
East Staffordshire Roadside Derby Turn
E424671 N324019
PM10 26.9 25.4 29 31 23
PM2.5 18.8(1) 17.8(1) 20.3(1) 21.7(1) 16.1(1)
Notes: (1)PM2.5 results are derived from PM10 monitored results corrected with a 0.7 correction factor in accordance with TG16 - Annex B: Derivation of PM2.5 to PM10 Ratio. All other results are directly monitored. (2)Cannock Chase Watling Street Bridgwtown PM10 monitor decommissioned (3) Valid data capture for 2015 was 59%. The site was commissioned on 22 May 2015.
As can be seen from the results, concentrations of PM2.5 within the Staffordshire
Authorities are below the 2020 EU limit value of 25µg/m3.
2.3.2 PM2.5 and Mortality in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent
Although the levels of PM2.5 within the County and City of Stoke on Trent are below
the 2020 EU Limit value, the impact on adult mortality directly attributable to PM2.5 is
nonetheless still an important public health issue within Staffordshire and Stoke-on-
Trent. This is revealed in data obtained from Public Health England used to inform
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 10
Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.0112, as shown in Table 2.4. The
data presented to 2013 is the latest data available at time of publication of this report.
Approximately 5% of deaths within the County can be attributed to PM2.5.
The percentage estimated number of deaths attributable to PM2.5 in adults over 30
has been translated into the estimated number of attributable deaths for each local
authority area within Staffordshire, and are shown in Table 2.5.
Table 2.4 - Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01- Fraction of annual all cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5) for Staffordshire Authorities 2010 to 2013
District/County Percentage
Newcastle-under-Lyme 4.8%
Stafford 4.8%
East Staffordshire 5.0%
South Staffordshire 4.9%
Lichfield 5.1%
Staffordshire Moorlands 4.4%
Cannock Chase 5.0%
Tamworth 5.4%
Stoke-on-Trent 5.1%
Staffordshire County 4.9%
England 5.3%
Table 2.5 - Estimated number of deaths by local authority area attributable to PM2.5 within Staffordshire for adults over 30- 2011 to 2013
Estimated numbers of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5*) for Staffordshire 2011 to 2013Error!
Bookmark not defined.
* Fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5*)
2011 2012 2013
District/County Deaths - all
causes persons 30+
Percentage* Estimated attributable
deaths
Deaths - all causes
persons 30+ Percentage*
Estimated attributable
deaths
Deaths - all causes
persons 30+ Percentage*
Estimated attributable
deaths
Newcastle-under-Lyme 1187 4.8% 57 1218 4.6% 56 1295 4.9% 63
Stafford 1178 4.7% 55 1195 4.6% 55 1261 4.9% 62
East Staffordshire 972 4.9% 48 966 4.8% 46 1097 5.1% 56
12 Public Health Outcomes Framework 2016-2019Indicator 3.01 Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/520457/At_a_glance.pdf
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 11
South Staffordshire 1009 4.9% 49 1162 4.8% 56 1102 5.1% 56
Lichfield 902 5.1% 46 953 5.0% 47 1050 5.1% 54
Staffordshire Moorlands 927 4.4% 41 1020 4.2% 43 1085 4.7% 51
Cannock Chase 766 5.0% 38 844 4.8% 41 787 5.1% 40
Tamworth 532 5.4% 29 553 5.2% 29 592 5.5% 33
Staffordshire County 7473 4.9% 366 7911 4.7% 372 8269 5.0% 417
Stoke-on-Trent 2252 5.2% 117 2386 4.9% 117 2412 5.2% 124
2.3.3 Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.5
A number of the Staffordshire Authorities are currently involved in implementing
measures to reduce levels of N02 within their areas, which are detailed elsewhere in
this report. Whilst there is currently no statutory duty imposed on Local Authorities in
England to reduce PM2.5, a number of the measures are complementary. A mapping
exercise completed by the Staffordshire Air Quality Forum members details the
measures currently in place which are considered to have an impact in reducing
PM2.5 within the County. These are produced in Table 2.6. Actions taken by Stoke-
on-Trent City Council are highlighted in yellow.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 12
Table 2.6 - Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.6
Measures category
Measure Classification
Effect on reducing NOx and
PM10 emissions
(low, medium,
high)
Reduces PM2.5
emissions
Local Authority
Stoke on Trent CC
Staffordshire Moorlands
DC
Newcastle-under-Lyme
BC Stafford BC Cannock
Chase DC East Staffs BC Lichfield DC South Staffs DC
Tamworth BC
Traffic Management
Urban Traffic Control systems, Congestion management, traffic reduction
low
http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/transport-and-streets/traffic-
and-travel/
SCOOT in areas of
Newcastle Town Centre AQMA and Kidsgrove AQMA
Reduction of speed limits, 20mph zones
low
multiple 20mph zones
in place as shown on cycle map:
Road User Charging (RUC)/ Congestion charging
low
Anti-idling enforcement low Advisory
Other
Promoting Travel Alternatives
Workplace Travel Planning
low Travel Plan Grant Scheme
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/travelplans/home.aspx
Encourage / Facilitate home-working
low
Agile working adopted by Stoke-
on-Trent CC
Agile working adopted by
Newcastle under Lyme B.C.
School Travel Plans low
Modeshift STARS
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/Stafford/Schools/School-Travel-STARS.aspx
Promotion of cycling low
Stoke-on-Trent Cycle
Map & Guide
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/cycling/Cycling.aspx
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 13
Promotion of walking low Travel Smart https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/Search.aspx?search_keywords=walking
Share a Lift Scheme
Stoke-on-Trent Liftshare
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/carsharing/Q002.aspx
Promote use of rail and inland waterways
medium
North Staffodshire Community
Rail Partnership
Transport Planning and Infrastructure
Local Transport Plans and District Strategies
high Local
Transport Plan
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/transportplanning/localtransportplan/draftnewcastleboroughtrans
portstrategy.pdf
Public transport improvements-interchanges stations and services
low
Improvements around Stoke-
on-Trent railway station
in development
Kidsgrove Station Interchange planned for 2018 www.northstaffsrail.org.uk/kidsgrove-station-project/
Public cycle hire scheme low
Stoke Railway Station
'Brompton Dock' Bike
Hire & Cycle Hub
Cycle network low
Stoke-on-Trent Cycle
Map & Guide
https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/cycling/Cycling.aspx
Bus route improvements high
Improvements around Stoke-
on-Trent railway station
in development - station road bus routes
Alternatives to private vehicle use
Bus based Park & Ride medium
Kidsgrove Station Interchange planned for 2018 www.northstaffsrail.org.uk/kidsgrove-station-project/
Car Clubs low
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 14
Policy Guidance and Development Control
Planning applications to require assessment of exposure / emissions for development requiring air quality impact assessment
high
Local Validation List https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/all-services/planning/planning-applications/information-requirements-and-validation-planning
Air Quality Strategy
Local Air Quality
Strategy - Stoke-on-Trent City
Council
To include PM2.5 in emerging AQS
Planning Guidance for developers
To develop planning guidance for developers and to develop into SPD once Local Plan Polices in Place
To develop planning guidance for developers and to develop into SPD once Local Plan Polices in Place
Developer Contributions based on damage cost calcualtion
To develop polices to secure contributions to offset pollution
To develop polices to secure contributions to offset pollution
Planning Policies
To influence polices to support improvement in
emissions through development of
Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent Joint Local Plan
http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/content/planning/planning-
general/local-development-
framework/joint-local-plan.en
To influence polices to support
improvement in emissions through
development of Staffordshire and
Stoke on Trent Joint Local Plan
http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/content/plan
ning/planning-general/local-development-
framework/joint-local-plan.en
To influence polices to support improvement in emissions through development of Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent Joint Local Plan http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/content/planning/planning-general/local-development-framework/joint-local-plan.en
STOR Sites (Short Term Operating Reserve) Energy Generation . Regulation via planning / permitting regime
high To lobby Central Government via appropriate forums (e.g. Staffordshire Air Quality Forum / Midlands Joint Advisory Council) for consideration
of air quality implications at a national level and to support local authorities and developers with apprpropiate guidance
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 15
Low Emissions Strategy high
Freight and Delivery Management
Freight Consolidation Centre
medium
Route Management Plans/ Strategic routing strategy for HGV's
high https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/transportplanning/localtransportplan/appendixl-staffordshirefreightstrategy.pdf
Quiet & out of hours delivery low
Delivery and Service plans medium
Freight Partnerships for city centre deliveries
high
Vehicle Fleet Efficiency
Driver training and ECO driving aids
medium
Promoting low emission public transport
high
Vehicle retrofitting programmes
medium
Fleet efficiency and recognition schemes
medium Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Eco-Stars http://www.ecostars-uk.com/eco-stars-schemes/
Promoting low emission transport
Low emission zone (LEZ) Clean Air Zone (CAZ)
high
Public Vehicle Procurement -Prioritising uptake of low emission vehicles
high
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 16
Company Vehicle Procurement -Prioritising uptake of low emission vehicles
high
Procuring alternative Refuelling infrastructure to promote Low Emission Vehicles, EV recharging, Gas fuel recharging
high
Priority parking for LEV's high
Electric Vehicle
Charging Spaces
Taxi Licensing conditions medium
Hackney Carriage &
Private Hire Licensing
Policy 2016-2019 (Draft)
Taxi emission incentives medium
Environmental permits
Introduction/increase of environment charges through permit systems and economic instruments (Permit fees set centrally)
medium
Measures to reduce pollution through IPPC Permits going beyond BAT
medium https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/211863/env-permitting-general-guidance-a.pdf (Chapter 15)
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 17
Large Combustion Plant Permits and National Plans going beyond BAT
high
Other ??
Other measures
Smoky Diesel Hotline https://www.gov.uk/report-smoky-vehicle
A5 and M6 Partnership
http://www.hinckley-bosworth.gov.uk/info/10020/strategies_plans_and_policies/1272/a5_pa
rtnership
http://www.hinckley-bosworth.gov.uk/info/10020/strategies_plans_and_policies/1272/a5_partnership
Domestic Smoke Control advice and Enforcement
Smoke Control
Advice
https://www.newcastle-
staffs.gov.uk/all-
services/environment/environm
ental-protection/smo
ke-control-advice
Garden Bonfires - Advice and nuisance enforcement
Bonfires Advice
www.newcastle-
staffs.gov.uk/bonfires
Commercial burning advice and enforcement
https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/all-
services/environment/environmental-
protection/commercial-burning
Multi agency working with Fire Service and Environment Agency for trade burning
Information shared as appropriate
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 18
Multi agency working with Staffordshire Fire Service and Local Authority Building Control regarding chimney fires and complaints about DIY domestic heating systems
Information shared as appropriate
Stoke on Trent Low Carbon District Heat Network
High
Stoke-on-Trent Low
Carbon Distric Heating Network
http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/re
generation/green-projects/
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 19
2.3.4 PM2.5 in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent - Next steps
As PM2.5 is an issue requiring collaboration between the district, county and city
authorities within Staffordshire, the following actions are proposed in addition to
those outlined in the action plan. Progress on these and the action plan will be
detailed in the 2017 ASR.
To agree a target for reducing Fraction of All-Cause Mortality from PM2.5 in
each district, city and county authority by 2020
To agree a target for reducing PM2.5 exposure (calculated from PM10 exposure
/ background maps / local monitoring where available)
To maintain compliance with the 2020 EU limit value of 25µg/m3
To include Public Health Outcome Framework Indicator 3.01 in the
Staffordshire and District Authority and City Council Joint Strategic Needs
Assessment for 2016/2017 onwards and to report progress to the relevant
Health and Wellbeing Boards.
To continue to identify risks affecting PM2.5 which need to be addressed at a
national level e.g.
A number of authorities within Staffordshire are receiving applications
for STOR (Short Term Operating Reserve) sites to supplement power
to the National Electricity Grid at times of peak demand. These sites
typically operate during the autumn/winter months and can be high
emitters of PM. There is currently a conflict in national policy which is
seeking security of energy supply and the drive to reduce
anthropogenic PM2.5. Recent approaches to DEFRA have revealed a
lack of suitable guidance to local authorities and STOR operators.
To lobby for a suitable damage cost calculation to reflect the cost to
society from PM2.5 and to support this through local and national
planning policies.
13
13 http://www.phoutcomes.info/public-health-outcomes-framework#page/3/gid/1000043/pat/6/par/E12000005/ati/102/are/E10000028/iid/30101/age/230/sex/4)
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 20
3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance
3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites
Stoke-on-Trent City Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at three
council owned sites during 2015. There was no change in the local monitoring
strategy.
In 2015, the number of national Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) sites
located in the city increased from one (CM1) to two. The new site, CM6 is located on
Railway Road, Meir and monitors nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulates (PM10)
produced mainly by traffic on the A50 trunk road. The PM10 monitor which had
formerly been located at site CM1 was decommissioned on 22 February 2015 and
moved to the new site. This resulted in a monitoring period for PM10 at CM1 of less
than two months; therefore, PM10 data for CM1 has not been included in this report.
The new AURN site, CM6 was commission on 22 May 2015. A correction factor has
been applied to estimate the annual mean concentrations for NO2 and PM10 from
short term monitoring, in accordance with Local Air Quality Management Technical
Guidance (LAQM TG (16). Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.
Local authorities do not have to report annually on the following pollutants: 1,3
butadiene, benzene, carbon monoxide and lead, unless local circumstances indicate
there is a problem. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-
air.defra.gov.uk/data/
Maps showing the location of automatic monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.
Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been
adjusted are included in Appendix C.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 21
3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites
Stoke-on-Trent City Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at
60 sites during 2015. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites. Though
there was no change to the monitoring strategy, two diffusion tube sites were
decommissioned at the end of 2014.
DT54 was decommissioned as concentrations at this location had remained below 40
µg/m³ and there were no receptor locations nearby. Site DT62 had been set up at the
request of a local resident, who had concerns that traffic pollution at this location was
poor. The 2014 annual mean was significantly lower than the annual mean objective
at 28.1 µg/m³, therefore, monitoring was discontinued at this site also.
Maps showing the location of the non-automatic monitoring sites are provided in
Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and bias
adjustment for the diffusion tubes are included in Appendix C.
3.2 Individual Pollutants The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant,
adjusted for “annualisation” and bias. Further details on adjustments are provided in
Appendix C.
Monitoring trends are shown in the charts included in Appendix D.
3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
The whole of the city is covered by the City-wide Air Quality Management Area,
therefore no exceedance of the nitrogen dioxide annual or hourly mean objectives
occur outside of the AQMA.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 22
Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.
For diffusion tubes, the full 2015 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in
Appendix B.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 23
Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3
not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year. The hourly mean objected was not
exceeded at any of the automatic monitoring sites.
It is encouraging to see a general downward trend NO2 concentration in all areas of
the city with the exception of Basford.
Monitoring at Basford indicates that there is no overall increasing or decreasing trend
in concentration. Monitoring locations in this area are all sited on the A53, Etruria
Road, which is a heavily trafficked route between the city centre, the A500(T) and the
centre of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. The boundary between the two
local authorities runs along the A53 centre-line. Residential properties in the area are
typically terraced properties located to the back of pavement. Both automatic and
diffusion tube monitoring is carried out in the Basford area. The highest concentration
is seen at diffusion tube DT17, located near to the property closest to the A53,
number 481 Etruria Road. After applying the distance correction to account for the
tube being closer to the road than the property, the concentration at this property is
calculated to be 71.8 µg/m³ and therefore the hourly mean objective is likely to be
exceeded at this location also.
Automatic monitor CM5 is also located on Etruria Road, adjacent to house number
473. As the monitor is closer to the road than number 473 a distance correction
calculation was carried out resulting in a likely concentration at the property of 40.3
µg/m³. The difference in concentration between DT17 and CM5 is due to the
properties not being aligned parallel to the road, with number 473 being 10m from the
road, while number 481 is only 2.6m from the road, as shown in the Figure 3.1 below.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 24
Figure 3.1 - Etruria Road, Basford
Monitoring at two other locations on Etruria Road Basford also exceed the annual
mean objective. Monitoring data at CM5 shows that the NO2 hourly mean objective
has not been exceeded at this site since monitoring began in 2012.
The Stoke-on-Trent Air Quality Strategy Group (AQSG) will meet in 2016 to prioritise
actions that can be put in place to reduce NO2 specifically in the Basford area of the
city. Diffusion tube monitoring at Basford will also be expanded to include Victoria
Street between the junctions of Shelton New Road and Etruria Road, to inform and
monitor the AQSG actions.
Exceedances of the annual mean NO2 objective that remain in other areas of the city
are detailed below. The trend in concentration for each area of monitoring is also
discussed below.
Trends in automatic monitoring
There has been a general downward trend in concentrations of annual mean NO2 at
all long-term automatic monitoring sites, as shown in Chart D.1. However, monitoring
shows that the annual mean objective of 40 µg/m³ was exceeded at CM5 and CM6.
CM5 is located near to residential properties on the A53, Etruria Road at Basford.
Site CM6 is located on Railway Road, Meir adjacent to the A50 trunk. Residential
properties are located on the opposite side of Railway Road and further away from
the A50(T) than the monitoring station. The Defra owned CM6 site was
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 25
commissioned in May of 2015, resulting in data capture for 2015 of only 57%. A
short-term to long-term correction calculation was carried out in accordance with
LAQM TG (16) guidance to calculate the likely annual mean for this monitor.
Trends in diffusion tube monitoring
Diffusion tube background NO2 sites show a general downward trend in
concentrations since monitoring began in 1996 – see Chart D4.
Diffusion tube monitoring at Scotia Road, Burslem shows a significant reduction in
concentrations since monitoring began in 2005, with all results remaining below the
annual mean objective since 2011 – Chart D5.
Results for Burslem Centre diffusion tubes also continue to show a general
downward trend in concentrations – Chart D6. However, for site DT29 the result was
above the annual mean objective in 2015. DT29 is representative of relevant
exposure, as it is located on the façade of a public house with residential
accommodation above. All other results in this area remained below the objective.
Trend data for the Middleport area – Chart D7 shows a general downward trend
since monitoring began. Since residential properties adjacent to DT12 were
demolished, the annual mean objective is not applicable at this location. DT7 has
remained below the objective since 2004 and DT45 since the site was commissioned
in 2008.
No trend data is available for DT 61 located at a traffic light junction in the Milton area
of the city, as monitoring has only been carried out for two years. The site was set up
in response to concerns from a resident that pollution concentrations may be high in
this area. The diffusion tube is located on a commercial property, adjacent to the
traffic lights. See Chart D8.
In the Cobridge area, the trend in concentrations has continued downward, though
DT9, located on the façade of a residential property, remains above the annual mean
objective. DT31 has continued to be below the objective. This diffusion tube is slightly
closer to the road than the residential property; therefore, a distance calculation was
carried out and resulted in a concentration of 36.2 µg/m³. See Chart D9.
Results in the Hanley north area show a continued downward trend at DT8
(collocated with CM1) and DT23. The annual mean objective continues to be
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 26
exceeded at DT23, which is located on a shop with living accommodation above.
Concentrations at DT44 remain unchanged and below the objective. See Chart D10.
A downward trend is observed in the results for Hanley south – Chart D11. The
annual mean objective is not applicable at DT46, DT47, DT48 or DT49, as there are
no nearby residential properties at these locations. Monitoring continues in this area
to inform possible future development for the area. DT57, DT58 and DT59 were
placed close to receptors to assess the impact to air quality of the nearby bus station.
Concentrations have remained below the objective at all three locations.
There is a general downward trend at Joiners Square monitoring sites, though the
concentration at DT20 was above the annual mean objective in 2015. DT20 is
located on the facade of a public house, with residential accommodation above.
DT19 is closer to the road than the nearest residential property, therefore a distance
correction was applied and resulted in a concentration of 34.2µg/m³ at the nearest
facade. See Chart D12.
Monitoring at Basford shows no overall trend in concentrations and all but DT51
continue to exceed the annual mean objective. DT17, DT52 and DT56 (DT56 is
collocated with CM5) are closer to the road than the nearest residential property.
Distance correction resulted in concentrations at the nearest properties of 71.8
µg/m³, 55.1 µg/m³ and 45.2 µg/m³ respectively. See Chart D13.
The Stoke sites show a downward trend and all sites remain below the objective –
Chart D14. DT6 is closer to the road than the nearest property, therefore a
calculation to correct for the distance was applied and the concentration at the
nearest property was estimated to be 33.9 µg/m³.
A downward trend is seen at the Fenton sites – Chart D15. DT16 and DT34 results
were above the objective. Distance correction applied to DT35 resulted in a
concentration of 37.0 µg/m³ at the nearest residential property. The results for DT33
was borderline, however, this diffusion tube is nearer to the road than the nearest
receptor. The distance calculation was applied to this site and produced a
concentration at the nearby day nursery of 32.4 µg/m³, which is significantly below
the objective.
There is a downward trend shown at the Hanford diffusion tube, DT18. The tube is
slightly closer to the road than the property; therefore the distance calculation was
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 27
applied and resulted in a concentration of 36.4 µg/m³ at the property façade. See
Chart D16.
Monitoring shows a downward trend at Bucknall, though DT2 remains above the
objective and DT21 is borderline. Both diffusion tubes are located on residential
properties. See Chart D17
In Meir, diffusion tubes to the north of the A50 trunk road show a downward trend.
DT13, DT14 and DT36 are located closer to the road than the nearest properties;
therefore distance correction resulted in concentrations at the properties of 38.2
µg/m³, 37.6 µ/m³ and 38.3 µg/m³ respectively, all below the objective. There is no
significant upward or downward trend shown for diffusion tubes to the south of the
A50 trunk road, though all results were below the objective for 2015. At the Weston
Road and Sandon Road sites, a downward trend is shown. DT24 and DT37 remain
above the objective. These two diffusion tubes are located on businesses with
residential accommodation above. See Charts D18, D19 & D20.
3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)
Table A.5 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored PM10 annual
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.
Table A.6 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored PM10 daily
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 50µg/m3,
not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year.
There has been no exceedance of the PM10 annual mean or 24-hour mean
objectives. The long-term trend for automatic monitor annual mean PM10 is generally
downward, as shown in Chart D2.
3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Table A.7 in Appendix A presents the ratified and adjusted monitored PM2.5 annual
mean concentrations for the past five years undertaken at the AURN site C1. Chart
D3 shows a slightly downward trend for annual mean PM2.5.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 28
Appendix A: Monitoring Results Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA?
Monitoring Technique
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)
(2)
Inlet Height
(m)
CM1
Stoke-on-Trent Centre AURN
Urban background 388351 347895
NO2; PM10: PM2.5;
O3 Benzene
Y N N N N
Chemiluminescent; FDMS FDMS
UV Absorption Non-automatic pumped
1 5 4
CM2 Joiners Square Roadside 388743 346457 NO2 Y Chemiluminescent 0.4 4.6 1.93
CM3 Middleport Roadside 385780 349673 NO2; PM10:
Y Chemiluminescent TEOM+VCM
4 4 2.05
CM4 Fenton Industrial Decommissioned 2013
CM5 Basford Roadside 386288 346802 NO2 Y Chemiluminescent 5.7 4.2 2.1
CM6
Stoke-on-Trent
A50 Roadside
AURN
Roadside 392584 342572 NO2; PM10:
Y
N
Chemiluminescent;
FDMS 10.8
1.5 (Railway
Rd)
3.8 (A50(T))
4
(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).
(2) N/A if not applicable.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 29
Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA
?
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
DT1 1994/01 Urban background 386402 343705 NO2 Y 9 1.5 N 2.8
DT2 1999/01 Roadside 389884 347289 NO2 Y 0.3 2 N 2.5
DT3 1999/02 Urban background 390612 350793 NO2 Y 6.5 2 N 2.7
DT4 2001/04 Roadside 392705 342518 NO2 Y 0
9m to service road
& 22m to A50(T)
N 3
DT5 2001/11 Roadside 387850 345473 NO2 Y 0 2.6 N 2.8
DT6 2001/13 Roadside 387180 345937 NO2 Y 2.3
2m to service road &10.8m to A500(T)
N 2.6
DT7 2002/01 Roadside 385739 349537 NO2 Y 0.3 2.6 N 2.6
DT8 2003/02 Urban Centre 388356 347892 NO2 Y 7 15 Y 3.3
DT9 2005/01 Roadside 387625 348516 NO2 Y 0 4.6 N 2.9 DT10 2005/02 Roadside 386927 349854 NO2 Y 0 3.7 N 2.4 DT11 2005/03 Roadside 386822 349811 NO2 Y 0 4.2 N 2.9
DT12 2005/04 Roadside 385886 349757 NO2 Y No nearby exposure * 3.7 N 2.5
DT13 2005/07 Roadside 392471 342631 NO2 Y 3.3 4.8m to
service road & 9.8m to
N 2.9
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 30
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA
?
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
A50(T)
DT14 2005/08 Roadside 392589 342576 NO2 Y 1.7
2.0m to service road & 12.9m to
A50(T)
N 2.9
DT15 2005/11 Roadside 389335 344693 NO2 Y 0.4 2 N 2.4 DT16 2005/13 Roadside 385974 346574 NO2 Y 0 2.6 N 2.6
DT17 2005/14 Roadside 386270 346782 NO2 Y 0.8
1.8m to service road & 19.3m to
A50(T)
N 2.6
DT18 2005/15 Roadside 386630 342853 NO2 Y 0.2 2.9 N 2.5 DT19 2005/16 Roadside 388791 346320 NO2 Y 2.1 3.3 N 2.6 DT20 2005/17 Roadside 388841 346641 NO2 Y 0.3 2 N 2.3 DT21 2005/19 Roadside 389998 347181 NO2 Y 0 2.5 N 2.7 DT22 2005/20 Roadside 386720 349748 NO2 Y 0 2.2 N 2.6 DT23 2005/22 Roadside 388704 347607 NO2 Y 0 2.8 N 2.6 DT24 2005/23 Roadside 393201 342409 NO2 Y 0 1.8 N 2.7 DT25 2005/28 Roadside 386841 350154 NO2 Y 0 1.8 N 2.7 DT26 2005/30 Roadside 386766 350336 NO2 Y 0 1.9 N 2.6 DT27 2005/31 Roadside 386739 350393 NO2 Y 3.6 2.7 N 2.5 DT28 2005/33 Roadside 386704 349789 NO2 Y 1 2.6 N 2.6 DT29 2005/34 Roadside 386904 349828 NO2 Y 0 5.8 N 2.6 DT30 2005/36 Roadside 387015 349894 NO2 Y 1.5 2.7 N 2.5 DT31 2005/39 Roadside 387823 348317 NO2 Y 0.1 1.6 N 2.5 DT32 2005/41 Roadside 388698 346421 NO2 Y 2.8 3.2 N 2.5 DT33 2005/44 Roadside 389153 345234 NO2 Y 4.7 1.9 N 2.7
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 31
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA
?
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
DT34 2005/45 Roadside 389231 345026 NO2 Y 0.5 1.9 N 2.5 DT35 2005/47 Roadside 389406 344618 NO2 Y 3 3.4 N 2.3
DT36 2005/48 Roadside 392837 342428 NO2 Y 2.2
2.2m to service road
11m to A50(T)
N 2.4
DT37 2005/50 Roadside 393260 342460 NO2 Y 0.5 3.6 N 2.5 DT38 2005/51 Roadside 393151 342331 NO2 Y 0.5 3.3 N 2.6 DT39 2005/54 Roadside 393122 342248 NO2 Y 0.9 3.5 N 2.6
DT40 2005/56 Roadside 392777 342409 NO2 Y
DT is same distance
from road but 5.9m east of
receptor
11m to A50(T) N 2.7
DT41 2005/57 Roadside 392741 342435 NO2 Y
DT is same distance
from road but 4m west of receptor
11m to A50(T) N 2.6
DT42 2005/58 Roadside 392676 342481 NO2 Y 2.6 16 N 2.5
DT43 2005/59 Roadside 392611 342521 NO2 Y
DT is same distance
from road but 22m east of
receptor
1.2m to service road
& 9m to A50(T)
N 2.5
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 32
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA
?
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
DT44 2005/62 Roadside 388704 347586 NO2 Y 0 16 N 2.5
DT45 2008/05 Roadside 385780 349673 NO2 Y No nearby exposure * 4 Y 2
DT46 2008/09 Roadside 388659 346716 NO2 Y N 1.8 N 2.4 DT47 2008/10 Roadside 388632 346850 NO2 Y N 1.8 N 2.5 DT48 2008/12 Roadside 388538 347100 NO2 Y N 1.7 N 2.5 DT49 2008/13 Roadside 388536 347143 NO2 Y N 2.8 N 2.5
DT50 2009/02 Roadside 386621 349931 NO2 Y
DT is same distance
from road but 1 south of receptor
2 N 2.6
DT51 2009/04 Roadside 386380 346859 NO2 Y 1.2
2.3m to service road
& 17m to A500(T)
N 2.6
DT52 2009/05 Roadside 385812 346546 NO2 Y 2 2.4 N 2.6 DT53 2010/01 Roadside 387938 345939 NO2 Y 0.3 2.6 N 2.5 DT54 2010/02 Roadside 388135 347495 NO2 Y 0 3 N 2.3
DT55 2010/05 Roadside 393320 342206 NO2 Y
DT is same distance
from road but 3 west of receptor
3.5m to service road
& 11m to A50(T)
N 2.7
DT56 2012/01 Roadside 386290 346804 NO2 Y 3.1 4.2 Y 2.1 DT57 2012/04 Roadside 388482 347224 NO2 Y 3.3 8.5 N 2.5 DT58 2012/05 Roadside 388402 347172 NO2 Y 7.6 11.3 N 2.5
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 33
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants Monitored
In AQMA
?
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
DT59 2012/06 Roadside 388352 347141 NO2 Y 0 6.4 N 2.4 DT60 2012/07 Roadside 386806 350240 NO2 Y 0.4 1.5 N 2.5 DT61 2014/01 Roadside 390710 350261 NO2 Y 0 1.9 N 2.4 DT62 2014/02 Roadside 391074 342832 NO2 Y NA 2.8 N 2.4
(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).
(2) N/A if not applicable.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 34
Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CM1 Urban background Automatic 98 98 31 32 29 28 28
CM2 Roadside Automatic 100 100 41 37 40 37 40
CM3 Roadside Automatic 95 95 39 34 33 30 29
CM5 Roadside Automatic 99 99 55 49 50 47
CM6 Roadside Automatic 57 57 66
DT1 Urban background Diffusion tube 100 100 19.8 21.4 20.3 19.1 21.3
DT2 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 45.5 47.6 43.3 41.6 43.3
DT3 Urban background Diffusion tube 100 100 19.6 19.8 19.1 16.5 17.7
DT4 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 42.1 40.6 41.5 36.2 38.2
DT5 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 34.3 34.5 34.4 33.5
DT6 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 36.2 39.2 38.4 37.0 37.1
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 35
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT7 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 36.8 35.5 32.7 31.3 32.6
DT8 Urban Centre Diffusion tube 100 100 28.5 29.2 27.0 25.5 26.6
DT9 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 49.2 50.6 43.2 44.1 50.6
DT10 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 36.6 39.3 35.8 35.0 36.5
DT11 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 37.8 36.9 34.7 33.8 33.7
DT12 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 50.7 39.8 36.2 44.9 49.3
DT13 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 42.8 41.9 39.2 38.7 41.6
DT14 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 45.4 46.9 42.6 40.3 40.6
DT15 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 43.9 45.3 39.9 38.9 42.8
DT16 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 57.1 56.2 49.3 49.0 53.1
DT17 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 84.0 76.2 74.9 75.5 76.6
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 36
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT18 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 39.5 40.1 37.8 39.0 36.7
DT19 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 40.3 39.8 34.2 33.5 36.4
DT20 Roadside Diffusion tube 83 83 40.4 42.9 39.0 36.5 42.9
DT21 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 41.5 42.1 39.3 36.5 37.9
DT22 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 42.0 41.2 36.0 36.5 38.4
DT23 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 42.6 42.7 39.8 39.9 40.5
DT24 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 47.3 48.1 44.1 42.7 42.4
DT25 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 37.9 39.0 35.9 35.8 34.8
DT26 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 35.0 32.5 30.3 27.5 28.5
DT27 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 33.2 34.9 31.1 30.1 30.7
DT28 Roadside Diffusion tube 83 83 29.2 29.8 30.7 29.9 29.3
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 37
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT29 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 46.4 43.6 41.9 39.1 42.0
DT30 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 37.1 37.3 33.9 32.0 33.8
DT31 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 40.7 37.6 36.9 35.6 36.4
DT32 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 43.6 43.8 41.2 38.1 38.0
DT33 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 38.1 37.7 33.8 38.2 37.6
DT34 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 52.5 51.4 52.9 44.7 46.3
DT35 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 44.3 43.6 37.5 36.9 40.6
DT36 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 44.4 44.6 38.6 37.0 42.1
DT37 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 51.6 46.8 43.0 41.1 43.6
DT38 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 37.8 38.9 34.3 33.3 34.7
DT39 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 42.6 43.6 39.3 37.8 38.3
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 38
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT40 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 40.6 43.4 43.5 43.1 38.7
DT41 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 38.7 39.6 42.1 39.6 37.3
DT42 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 35.5 37.2 37.2 42.7 36.8
DT43 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 39.2 46.5 38.4 36.1 38.4
DT44 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 36.4 34.6 34.5 33.0 33.3
DT45 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 35.5 36.9 33.7 32.4 32.8
DT46 Other Diffusion tube 83 83 42.8 41.8 39.4 33.3 37.2
DT47 Other Diffusion tube 100 100 40.8 42.7 40.9 39.4 38.5
DT48 Other Diffusion tube 92 92 51.0 49.8 46.5 45.7 46.8
DT49 Other Diffusion tube 100 100 41.4 42.0 37.1 34.3 37.7
DT50 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 24.8 25.3 24.6 21.9 22.2
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 39
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT51 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 39.2 42.2 38.3 38.3 38.1
DT52 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 56.3 53.0 50.6 48.2 51.3
DT53 Roadside Diffusion tube 83 83 41.2 42.6 38.3 38.1 38.8
DT54 Roadside Diffusion tube 0 0 35.1 36.1 33.5 32.1
DT55 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 43.7 46.4 40.4 38.3 40.7
DT56 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 50.8 48.6 45.6 50.0
DT57 Other Diffusion tube 92 92 38.6 36.7 41.5 34.7
DT58 Other Diffusion tube 92 92 34.4 33.9 33.3 32.1
DT59 Other Diffusion tube 100 100 34.6 32.7 31.0 29.2
DT60 Roadside Diffusion tube 92 92 38.9 37.3 36.3 34.5
DT61 Roadside Diffusion tube 100 100 36.7 41.0
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 40
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DT62 Roadside Diffusion tube 0 0 28.1
Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold. NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.
(1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 41
Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CM1 Urban background Automatic 98 98 0 0 0 0 0
CM2 Roadside Automatic 100 100 0 0 2 (185) 0 (124) 1
CM3 Roadside Automatic 95 95 0 0 0 (116) 0 (116) 0
CM5 Roadside Automatic 99 99 10 3 4 0
CM6 Roadside Automatic 57 57 3 (179)
Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 90%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 42
Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Valid Data Capture
for Monitoring Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
PM10 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CM1 Urban Background 14 14 22 19 20 18 17 CM3 Roadside 89 89 25 24 25 24 22 CM4 Industrial 18 16 10 CM6 Roadside 59 59 20
Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.
(2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See
Appendix C for details.
Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%)
(1)
Valid Data Capture 2015 (%)
(2)
PM10 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m3 (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CM1 Urban background 14 14 0 0 6 8 0 (29)
CM3 Roadside 89 89 18 16 10 (35) 15 7 CM4 Industrial NA NA 18 16 10 (35) CM6 Roadside 59 59 1 (29)
Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 24-hour mean objective (50µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 90%, the 90.4th percentile of 24-hour means is provided in brackets.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 43
Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Valid Data Capture
for Monitoring Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture 2015
(%) (2)
PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CM1 Urban Background 93 93 12 11 10 10 12
(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See
Appendix C for details.
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 44
Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2015
Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted
(1)
DT1 26.2 29.0 24.1 18.4 14.8 15.4 16.5 19.4 24.7 62.9 27.6 25.6 25.4 21.3
DT2 58.4 60.8 49.3 36.8 43.4 42.0 50.9 46.1 49.5 54.5 59.2 67.4 51.5 43.3
DT3 29.3 30.8 21.1 15.9 13.5 12.6 14.6 16.5 20.2 25.4 27.4 25.1 21.0 17.7
DT4 52.0 51.0 50.1 36.3 38.4 38.3 46.5 44.3 47.1 52.5 44.2 45.3 45.5 38.2
DT5 43.2 44.5 44.6 36.4 32.8 31.6 32.4 38.0 42.5 55.3 38.3 38.8 39.9 33.5
DT6 46.7 49.4 42.6 36.6 36.5 33.5 39.4 48.0 43.6 54.1 47.9 51.0 44.1 37.1
DT7 42.2 44.8 42.2 32.8 28.2 29.6 33.5 39.6 38.5 51.2 42.1 41.5 38.9 32.6
DT8
39.0 38.1 34.7 23.1 26.4 24.3 26.5 30.6 32.9 38.5 37.1 34.1 31.7 26.6
37.5 36.6 33.6 25.2 23.5 23.2 28.0 28.9 33.0 37.9 37.0 34.0
36.7 40.5 29.4 27.4 25.4 23.9 28.4 29.4 30.4 35.4 35.7 33.8
DT9 64.4 70.5 54.6 53.3 48.1 49.6 68.1 56.0 62.4 69.8 65.7 60.2 50.6
DT10 48.2 45.6 49.5 42.9 42.8 38.1 41.2 41.4 45.0 48.9 42.8 35.2 43.5 36.5
DT11 50.3 50.2 44.7 35.9 34.2 32.9 40.5 42.4 37.0 47.9 24.9 40.1 33.7
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 45
Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted
(1)
DT12 65.9 64.6 61.6 47.3 47.9 50.7 59.7 47.5 58.5 65.0 70.1 65.7 58.7 49.3
DT13 49.6 55.4 82.8 41.5 36.0 40.9 43.8 42.7 45.8 55.8 51.9 47.4 49.5 41.6
DT14 50.3 57.8 55.7 47.4 39.5 42.9 44.3 30.7 41.9 59.5 58.7 51.2 48.3 40.6
DT15 61.0 58.9 51.8 40.4 43.3 41.9 52.8 49.0 49.7 54.3 58.3 49.6 50.9 42.8
DT16 63.1 71.7 64.1 53.0 57.1 57.1 62.8 62.3 62.5 71.6 64.3 68.5 63.2 53.1
DT17 85.4 85.9 83.1 64.2 86.4 95.6 109.8 100.9 85.0 92.9 100.3 105.1 91.2 76.6
DT18 44.7 51.1 42.4 42.2 38.4 42.4 43.1 46.3 47.5 29.7 46.5 50.4 43.7 36.7
DT19 49.1 46.0 37.5 39.5 46.4 41.9 39.0 36.3 50.4 49.7 41.0 43.3 36.4
DT20 56.9 55.3 48.8 41.4 37.8 84.8 42.6 44.1 54.2 44.5 51.0 42.9
DT21 50.6 53.7 43.9 38.3 35.4 35.6 41.6 47.3 48.2 53.4 43.2 50.5 45.1 37.9
DT22 53.3 50.4 45.9 39.3 35.8 35.7 46.1 46.7 42.2 51.9 50.3 50.3 45.7 38.4
DT23 55.2 57.0 53.3 42.2 42.9 40.6 46.2 46.8 46.9 61.6 47.2 39.2 48.3 40.5
DT24 58.7 58.8 51.3 51.9 44.6 43.8 55.1 53.3 43.9 57.9 48.8 38.0 50.5 42.4
DT25 44.4 47.3 42.8 39.7 29.2 29.6 36.6 40.5 42.6 58.1 44.0 42.7 41.5 34.8
DT26 43.3 36.4 29.9 26.3 28.1 29.1 32.6 32.3 39.6 39.0 36.9 34.0 28.5
DT27 40.8 41.2 34.4 27.9 29.9 29.5 32.8 36.2 37.8 47.9 40.2 39.3 36.5 30.7
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 46
Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted
(1)
DT28 41.0 43.6 31.4 27.8 28.0 37.3 33.6 37.6 34.4 33.8 34.9 29.3
DT29 55.9 58.6 47.5 41.4 42.9 45.1 47.4 49.2 44.7 52.5 57.4 56.9 50.0 42.0
DT30 49.3 50.2 35.0 26.1 31.1 33.4 36.1 40.2 49.2 47.3 44.3 40.2 33.8
DT31 50.2 51.6 44.9 39.2 35.6 35.2 37.9 41.8 42.8 54.4 42.8 43.9 43.4 36.4
DT32 47.0 56.0 46.8 38.5 33.7 40.1 42.0 47.1 45.4 57.3 45.5 44.0 45.3 38.0
DT33 53.2 49.6 41.7 36.5 39.0 36.3 44.2 45.4 45.9 60.9 43.4 41.6 44.8 37.6
DT34 58.3 59.4 57.8 46.7 42.3 43.8 50.3 58.5 54.9 73.9 60.8 55.2 46.3
DT35 58.2 54.2 51.6 40.7 37.7 39.4 45.0 47.1 46.8 55.1 52.8 51.3 48.3 40.6
DT36 64.6 61.9 50.6 39.7 44.3 41.9 46.7 49.6 47.2 57.5 51.9 45.7 50.1 42.1
DT37 56.0 59.9 53.1 39.6 36.3 47.8 53.6 49.5 63.3 55.0 57.2 51.9 43.6
DT38 45.0 48.3 46.8 30.1 34.2 36.6 37.1 46.1 51.4 42.0 36.5 41.3 34.7
DT39 52.9 51.5 36.8 38.7 32.7 45.4 45.9 46.5 53.8 47.1 49.9 45.6 38.3
DT40 43.3 45.9 51.4 44.2 38.2 39.0 43.7 46.8 53.7 65.1 33.4 48.2 46.1 38.7
DT41 41.8 41.4 47.2 34.7 35.2 40.5 44.9 53.8 73.8 35.2 39.9 44.4 37.3
DT42 44.2 43.4 53.1 40.5 34.2 37.8 38.4 43.1 51.6 65.3 37.0 36.9 43.8 36.8
DT43 49.7 44.8 50.1 45.6 37.9 38.9 41.2 42.9 55.6 65.4 39.4 36.7 45.7 38.4
Stoke-on-Trent City Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 47
Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted
(1)
DT44 44.1 50.6 40.8 29.4 33.8 34.4 38.3 37.9 37.2 37.9 44.3 47.4 39.7 33.3
DT45
45.6 49.3 37.8 33.8 32.9 30.1 35.0 34.7 35.5 47.1 42.6 39.1 39.1 32.8
45.0 48.7 37.5 31.2 31.2 32.4 37.3 37.5 38.9 47.6 42.8 39.6
46.0 49.8 39.4 32.2 31.3 35.8 35.7 37.3 41.5 46.8 43.7 33.7
DT46 47.7 54.4 35.1 36.1 39.7 42.3 40.9 52.0 45.9 49.2 44.3 37.2
DT47 47.2 55.1 48.8 45.1 32.8 37.8 36.3 47.2 47.1 64.0 45.5 43.5 45.9 38.5
DT48 67.6 66.6 53.5 44.4 50.7 55.9 48.1 47.5 62.6 63.1 53.3 55.8 46.8
DT49 57.0 56.8 47.7 34.1 37.2 29.6 42.0 40.3 44.6 51.5 47.4 49.9 44.8 37.7
DT50 33.8 31.6 26.5 23.1 14.7 18.6 21.9 24.0 27.4 35.7 30.2 29.7 26.4 22.2
DT51 50.2 51.6 49.3 45.7 34.9 31.9 44.7 44.3 46.8 63.3 44.2 37.2 45.3 38.1
DT52 60.9 64.9 60.8 50.1 51.4 49.2 61.8 65.1 61.8 75.5 65.0 65.9 61.0 51.3
DT53 54.6 58.7 50.4 34.6 39.9 35.0 44.2 44.0 53.6 46.6 46.2 38.8
DT54
DT55 59.2 57.6 51.0 35.4 37.8 40.8 47.7 45.9 49.4 56.4 46.8 53.0 48.4 40.7
DT56 60.8 64.6 62.9 43.6 49.8 44.5 60.6 65.2 54.3 68.1 61.6 80.4 59.5 50.0
56.3 65.6 59.3 39.6 44.8 50.3 62.2 66.1 54.8 70.7 60.8 77.2
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Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted
(1)
59.9 65.9 63.1 44.9 48.3 51.9 59.3 63.5 58.4 68.1 62.1 71.4
DT57 53.4 42.9 32.7 37.0 29.8 40.5 42.6 48.8 39.3 46.5 41.4 34.7
DT58 48.9 48.1 35.8 30.3 22.9 33.1 31.0 41.9 50.7 40.0 37.9 38.2 32.1
DT59 41.2 42.9 41.7 32.4 27.9 26.0 28.6 30.1 35.5 44.2 35.9 30.8 34.8 29.2
DT60 30.0 49.0 35.3 30.5 33.2 35.4 46.9 46.0 54.1 47.3 44.0 41.1 34.5
DT61 56.2 63.0 49.8 41.2 45.0 40.1 48.9 46.8 45.7 51.5 46.4 50.9 48.8 41.0
DT62
(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment
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Table B.2 – NO2 Distance Correction Calculations - 2015
Site Reference
Auto Annual Mean or DT
Bias Corrected Mean
How far from the KERB was your
measurement made (in metres)?
How far from the KERB is
your receptor
(in metres)?
The predicted annual mean
NO2 concentration (in mg/m3) at your receptor
CM5 47 4.2 9.9 40.3
CM6 66 3.8 14.6 48.7
DT6 37.1 2.0 4.3 33.9
DT13 41.6 4.8 8.1 38.2
DT14 40.6 2.0 3.7 37.6
DT17 76.6 1.8 2.6 71.8
DT18 36.7 2.9 3.1 36.4
DT19 36.4 3.3 5.4 34.2
DT27 30.7 2.7 6.3 28.3
DT28 29.3 2.6 3.6 28.5
DT31 36.4 1.6 1.7 36.2
DT32 38.0 3.2 6.0 34.9
DT33 37.6 1.9 6.6 32.4
DT35 40.6 3.4 6.4 37.0
DT36 42.1 2.2 4.4 38.3
DT51 38.1 2.3 3.5 36.2
DT52 51.3 2.4 4.4 46.6
DT56 50.0 4.2 7.3 45.2
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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC QA/QC
Automatic monitors
Calibrations
Calibration of nitrogen dioxide analysers are carried out fortnightly by Stoke-on-Trent
City Council personnel. TEOM filters are changed when the filter loading reaches
80%.
Data management
Data management was carried by Stoke-on-Trent City Council.
Data from automatic monitors was collected daily via modems and stored in a
database on a central server using Envitech Europe Ltd Envista ARM software.
During Daily Checks, Validation, Rescaling and Ratification procedures, all changes
were recorded in a data review log together with comments and justification for any
changes made.
Daily Checks
The following checks are carried out:
Has data been polled since the previous check was carried out?
Has an LSO calibration/engineer’s calibration or been completed since the
previous check was carried out: if so, invalidate NOx, NO & NO2 for time
period of zero and span.
TEOM filter change: invalidate PM10 data 60 minutes from the start time of the
filter change.
Overnight zero: check that the value is no greater than 4 ppb compared to the
previous day.
Overnight span: NO2 data should not change by more than 5% from previous
day.
Missing data: attempt a manual poll of data.
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Data Screening: does data follow a typical trend? If it does not, investigate
possible reasons why. Decide whether to invalidate data and/or whether a
call-out to the service provider is needed.
Quarterly Review
Validation
Data is reviewed quarterly to identify, log and invalidate anomalous data. Suspected
anomalous data is compared to data from other monitors in the city, including the
AURN Stoke-on-Trent Centre and AURN Stoke-on-Trent A50 Roadside sites.
Anomalous data is invalidated and the reason is recorded in the Validation Log.
Rescaling
LSO calibration data is compared to the cylinder specification to obtain a span
correction factor. Correction for zero drift is also carried out. All factors that are
applied are recorded with the data set that they are applied to.
Rescaling factors are calculated in the following way:
Worked example:
NOx
LSO calibration zero response: 3ppb
Cylinder specified concentration: 451 ppb
LSO span response: 447 ppb
Scaling factor (F) = Cylinder concentration
(span-zero)
Scaling factor (F) = 451 = 1.0577
(447- 3)
Raw ambient data recorded = 71 ppb
Subtract zero (3ppb) = 68 ppb
Multiply by scaling factor (1.0577) = 71.92 ppb
NO
LSO calibration zero response: 2ppb
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LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 52
Cylinder specified concentration: 450 ppb
LSO span response: 448 ppb
Scaling factor (F) = Cylinder concentration
(span-zero)
Scaling factor (F) = 450 = 1.0090
(448- 2)
Raw ambient data recorded = 59 ppb
Subtract zero (2ppb) = 57 ppb
Multiply by scaling factor (1.0577) = 57.51 ppb
NO2
NO2 = rescaled NOx – rescaled NO
NO2 = 71.92 ppb – 57.51 ppb = 14.41 ppb
Conversion factor for NO2 ppb to µg/m³ = 1.91
NO2 = 14.41 x 1.91 = 27.5 µg/m³
PM10
The Volatile Correction Model (VCM) is applied to Stoke-on-Trent City Council owned
TEOM data.
Ratification
Rescaled data is again reviewed. Any remaining anomalous data is removed. The
data is finalised and no further changes are made.
Diffusion Tube Monitoring
Diffusion tube precision and the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP)
results for Staffordshire Scientific Services are shown in Table C.1 and Table C.2
respectively.
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Table C.1 – Staffordshire Scientific Services diffusion tube precision
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Table C.2 - Staffordshire Scientific Services WASP precision
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Table C.3 – Short-term to long-term factors Background
sites NO2 Annual mean
2015 (Am) Period mean
2015 (Pm) Ration
(Am/Pm) Birmingham Tyburn
29.8 27.4 1.086
Leamington Spa 19.3 17.0 1.133
Leeds Centre 31.1 29.2 1.062
Newport 20.8 18.5 1.120
Average (Ra) 1.100
Background sites PM10
Annual mean 2015 (Am)
Period mean 2015 (Pm)
Ration (Am/Pm)
Birmingham Tyburn
14.6 13.8 1.057
Leamington Spa 15.3 13.6 1.125
Leeds Centre 16.2 14.6 1.107
Newport 15.5 13.1 1.182
Average (Ra) 1.118
Data capture for automatic monitor CM6 was only 57%, therefore the factors above
were applied to calculate the annual mean concentration for NO2 and PM10, in
accordance with LAQM TG(16) Box 7.9.
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Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and Trend Charts Figure D.1 - Automatic monitors CM1 and CM2
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LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 57
Figure D.2 – Automatic monitors CM3 & CM5
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LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 58
Figure D.3 – Automatic monitor CM6
Chart D1 – Automatic monitors annual mean NO2
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Chart D2 – Automatic monitors annual mean PM10
Chart D3 – Automatic monitors annual mean PM2.5
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Figure D.4 – Diffusion Tube Background Sites (DT1 & DT3)
Chart D4 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Background sites
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Figure D.5 - Diffusion tube sites Scotia Road, Burslem
Chart D5 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Scotia Road, Burslem
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Figure D.6 - Diffusion tube sites Burslem Centre
Chart D6 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Burslem Centre
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Figure D.7 - Diffusion tube sites Middleport
Chart D7 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Middleport
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Figure D.8 - Diffusion tube site Milton
Chart D8 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Milton
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Figure D.9 - Diffusion tube sites Cobridge
Chart D9 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Cobridge
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Figure D.10 - Diffusion tube sites Hanley (North)
Chart D10 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanley (north)
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Figure D.11 - Diffusion tube sites Hanley (South)
Chart D11 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanley (south)
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Figure D.12 - Diffusion tube sites Joiners Square
Chart D12 – Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Joiners Square
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Figure D.13 - Diffusion tube sites Basford (West)
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Figure D.14 - Diffusion tube sites Basford (East)
Chart 13 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Basford
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Figure D.15 - Diffusion tube sites Stoke (North)
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Figure D.16 - Diffusion tube site Stoke (South)
Chart 14 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Stoke
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Figure D.17 - Diffusion tube sites Fenton
Chart D15 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Fenton
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Figure D.18 - Diffusion tube site Hanford
Chart D16 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Hanford
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Figure D.19 - Diffusion tube sites Bucknall
Chart D17 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Bucknall
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Figure D.20 - Diffusion tube sites Meir
Chart D18 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (north of A50)
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Chart D19 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (south of A50)
Chart D20 - Diffusion tube annual mean NO2 – Meir (Weston Rd & Sandon Rd)
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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England
Pollutant
Air Quality Objective
Concentration (microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of
air, µg/m3)
Measured as
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour mean
40 µg/m3 Annual mean
Particulate Matter (PM10)
50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour mean
40 µg/m3 Annual mean
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year 1-hour mean
125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 3 times a year 24-hour mean
266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 15-minute mean
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Glossary of Terms Abbreviation Description
AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’.
AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed/are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives.
AQSG Air Quality Strategy Group.
ASR Air quality Annual Status Report.
Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England.
EU European Union.
FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System.
LAQM Local Air Quality Management.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide.
NOx Nitrogen Oxides.
PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less.
PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less.
QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide.