2016 11 28 rey ty, eco-justice: sustainable development and food security

International Political EconomyFrom Unsustainable to Sustainable Development & Food Security:

An Overview of Problems & Solutions

Dr. Rey Ty郑文华博士

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 2

OutlineIntroductionI. ProblemsII. SolutionsConclusion

Problem StatementContradictions

Food crisis

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Not because we don’t have enough food

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Problem is not lack of food

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There is so much food

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But millions are hungry & thirsty

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Problem is control of food

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Problem of access

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Problem of distribution

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Your partly eaten food has a dirty little secret

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40% of food is thrown away (Light, 2015). 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 12


1 billion people live under US$1 a day (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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Problem StatementContradictionsDue to hunger, 11 children below 5 years old die every minute (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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800,000 suffer from hunger (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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1 billion don’t have clean water (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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Monopolies control food supply

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Problem StatementContradictionsProfit vs. health, farmers, safety, & Nature (Kenner, 2010)

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We live in 2 worlds

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Utopia of the Haves

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Dystopia of the Have-Nots

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Gross inequality

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Problem StatementContradictionsDominant paradigm: conquest, destruction, greed, & profit (Chomsky, 20011)05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 24

Problem StatementContradictions“the 1% promote competition, greed, capital accumulation, profit, war, and genocide” (Chomsky, 2002).

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Problem StatementContradictions We have to deal with poverty, hunger, thirst, genocide, wage slavery, destruction of Nature, racism, and human inequality (Chomsky, 2002). 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 26

Problem StatementContradictionsMarket forces (Stiglitz 2013) & capital accumulation (Piketty 2015) cause inequality

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Negative impact on democracy & social justice (Stiglitz 2013)05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 28

Problem StatementContradictions62 persons own the same wealth as 3.6 billion poorest people (Oxfam 2016)

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Problem StatementContradictionsEconomic inequality is not accidental but a feature of capitalism (Piketty 2014)

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QuestionsContradictions

1. What are the major problems?

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2. What are alternative solutions?

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ObjectivesContradictions

1. Look at major problems

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2. Propose solutions

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MethodContradictions

Hegelian dialectics

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Definition of TermsEco-Justice• Caring

simultaneously for Nature as well as the poor and the oppressed

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Definition of TermsSustainable Development• Development that

meets present human needs and ensures that the future generation will enjoy Nature and its wealth (Brundtland Report, 1987)

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Definition of TermsRight to Food• Food not only as a basic need but a

basic human right “underpinned by law” (Marshall, 2016). The government has the duty “to work to provide mechanisms to secure food where it is needed” and “the government could be held legally responsible if its efforts to guarantee food is available to all citizens fail” (Marshall, 2016)

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Definition of TermsFood Security• The condition where all

humans are assured to have the physical, social, and economic access to safe and nutritious food which meet our dietary needs and food choices for an active and healthy life (UNCWFS, 1996)

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Definition of TermsFood Sovereignty• “the right of peoples to

healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems. “ (Via Campesina, 1999)05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 40

Definition of TermsGenetically Modified Organisms

• “organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. The technology is often called “modern biotechnology” or “gene technology”, sometimes also “recombinant DNA technology” or “genetic engineering”. It allows selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another, also between nonrelated species. Foods produced from or using GM organisms are often referred to as GM foods” (WHO, 2016).

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© 2012 Rey Ty

Human Beings

Contradictions & Dialectical Historical Development in Time & Space

Necessity, Oppressive Consciousness & Structure

Economy

Polit

icsCulture

Ideo

logy

Freedom, Liberating Consciousness & Agency

Class

Gender

Colo

rAbilities

Soci

ety N

aturePhilo

Ethics

Difference

Uniq

uene

ss

Age

Psych

12

3

Ethnicity

Centrifugal Forces

Centripetal Forces

© 2010 Rey Ty

Past Future

Present

Theory of

Change

Findings05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 43

Problems• Mono-hegemonic

neoclassical neoliberal economic model (Klein, 2007)

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Problems• Paradise Lost:

Problems with the Unsustainability of the Neoliberal Globalization Structure

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Problems

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• Modern industrialization is based on exhausting & converting non-renewable fossil fuels into smoke & ash

Problems• Dominant neoliberal market

fundamentalist economics• promotes growth and

consumption• focused on private property and

money, • hostile to and debases both

Nature and people in society (Klein, 2014).

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Problems• Giant corporations gain for

themselves corporate welfare from government tax exemptions, smashing competition and making “free market” a hoax (The Economist, 2016 September 17).

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Problems• The old economy relies

on fossil fuels including petroleum, natural gas, and coal causes climate disruption (Brown, 2015) and exploit the labor of others.

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Problems• The current dominant

system has provided so much scientific development and technological innovations.

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Problems• There is a contradiction,

as technology leads to efficiency on the one hand and to unemployment and crisis on the other hand.

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Problems• . The political economy

of the economic growth in the Global North depends upon the exploitation of cheap labor and natural resources from somewhere else. 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 52

Problems• About 80% of all resources

are used by the 20% of the world’s population in the U.S. and Western Europe, many of whose products are made by the labor in the Global South.

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Problems• In a throwaway societal

structure, Nature is destroyed in order to feed the production of continually obsolescent commodities for distribution, sale, use, and dumping.

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Problems• Thanks to the aid and power of

advertising and marketing, the endless purchase and consumption of planned obsolescent products are forced down the throat of consumers who themselves are the producers of goods and services.

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Problems• But as we live on

Earth, there is no such thing as infinite growth, as matter is finite.

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Problems• Exchanging labor value,

we use labor as blue, pink, or white collar workers to earn money to buy commodities produced by the labor of others but owned by a few. 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 57

Problems• Think of your over-

packaged food, drinks, cellphone, gadgets, and other commodities at the malls and supermarkets.

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Problems• Nature, labor, as well as the

lands of farmers and indigenous peoples are destroyed and exploited in order to mine and extract critical metals and mineral, every time we buy the latest model of a brand-name gadget.

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Problems• Clearly, there is a

deep connection between the destruction of Nature and socio-economic injustice.

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Problems• Corporate biopiracy of

indigenous plants through patenting plant products threatens ancestral products (Mora, 2016; Shiva, 2011).

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Problems• Greedy corporatocrats promote

the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers as well as seek to control potable water as well as food through genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which leads to “gene-ocide” (The Economist, 2016 September 17, p. 12).

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Problems• The “merchants of doubt”

(Oreskes & Conway, 2011) have manufactured consent (Herman & Chomsky, 2002) on cigarette smoking, junk food, and climate change denial.

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Problems• Our food supply is

threatened by the control of a few powerful monopolies that control the production of GMO seeds and distribution of food commodities.

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Problems• Some biotechnology

giants have been engaged in aggressive lobbying in an effort to expand their profits to the detriment of Nature and human rights (Telesur, 2016).05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 65

Problems• Everything, including

water, is turned into private property. Today, bottled water use exceeds that of tap water (Ringholm, 2016).

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Problems• Shouldn’t access to

water and food be basic human rights as they are fundamental to sustain life?

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Problems•Without potable water, we die.

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Problems•Without food for about 40 days, we die.

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Problems• The rich can buy

bottled water, fresh produce, fancy food, and packaged food, wasting most of it.

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Problems• But the poor and

the minoritized groups always suffer the most.

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Problems•Where is eco-justice?

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Problems• Consumers are

made to believe that bottled water is special.

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Problems• In fact, unless

otherwise stated, most bottled water is municipal tap water.

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Problems• Corporatocrats

promote industrialized junk food and fast food (Pollan, 2009).

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Problems• The promoters of the

neoliberal market economic model rely on economic disasters to promote and implement this model (Klein, 2003).

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Problems• The neoliberal

global order prioritizes profit over people and Nature (Chomsky, 2011).

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Problems• The dominant economic,

political, and cultural structures imposed on the rest of the world are unsustainable, as they rely on the continuing exploitation of others.

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Problems• The contradictions in

the dominant economic model are unsustainable and have reached the level of a general crisis.

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Problems• “If we only produce

marketers, advertisers, and service workers, but not farmers, who will produce our food (Eckart, 2016)?”

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http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/good-health/if-there-are-no-new-farmers-who-will-grow-our-food-20160201




Solutions05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 81

Solutions•Reconstructing Paradise

for Eco-Justice & Food Security

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Solutions• Engage in an economic

revolution that promotes a more caring, sharing, democratic, collaborative, and people-centered economy (Alperovitz, 2013).

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Solutions• inclusive and participatory economy

alternative to the neoliberal global economic model:

• women-and-widows participation, shared research, worker ownership and control, building the eco-system for economic democracy, the “buy local” movement, participatory governance, and growth taming.

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Solutions• .Instead of being victims of brand

names and buying the latest models of gadgets which only lead to the intensification of mining, depletion of ores, and destruction of Nature as well as indigenous and farm lands, we should support the No Logo movement (Klein, 2012) and becoming prosumers (producers-consumers, Toffler, 1980).

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Solutions•From Corporate Coup d’État to

Grassroots Democracy and Sustainable Development

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Solutions• Almost all things we

use are the products of the labor of others but claimed by owners of capital.

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Solutions• Corporatocrats

mainly think of saleability and profit, not use.

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Solutions• Decommodify: we must

think beyond growth (Daly, 1997), which is a flawed and unsustainable model and must work for sustainable development (Sachs, 2015).

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Solutions• More than social welfare, many

today are demanding the protection of Nature, green jobs, living wages and universal basic income, which will alleviate the suffering of the majority of the people and provide a decent basic standard of living to all (Chomsky, 2015).

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Solutions•In a word: that is eco-justice.

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Solutions• Instead of following the

logic of competition, we can join liberatory collective and solidarity movements as well as work for social benefit instead of private greed, sharing and caring for others, other beings, and Nature (Leclerq, 2016). 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 92

Solutions• We need to create counter-

realities and counter-narratives (Chomsky, 2015) which balance human needs and our sense of success and material abundance based on the carrying capacity of the Earth.

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Solutions• Question things-as-they-are. • Enter into a dialogue. • Critique. • Expose and oppose oppressive

structures of domination. • Learn from each other. • Make some noise. • But talk is not enough.

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Solutions• Organizing and attending

fora and conference are not sufficient.

• We need to take action for social change that promotes eco-justice.

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Solutions• Be where the action is.

Be where the struggling people are. Organize. Empower the people. Be in solidarity. Build coalitions and alliances.

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Solutions• Deconstruct language and

structures and construct new ones.

• Engage in policy change. • Engage in extra-legal direct

actions and civil disobedience.

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Solutions• Challenge, propose, work on, give

life, and live alternative structures, new lifestyles, and new ways of being, doing, and thinking that promote cooperation, empathy justice, coexistence, reciprocity, mutuality, and good relationships as species on Earth.

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Solutions• In the tension

between efficiency and fairness, we need to side with justice (Piketty, 2015).

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Solutions• The economic and

social inequality between the rich and the poor is extreme.

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Solutions• Instead of

focusing on growth, we need to emphasize justice.

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Solutions• Per capita consumption

especially in the Global North is unsustainable in relation to the extraction of ores from Nature.

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Solutions• Hence, we need look

beyond economic growth and to take part in the degrowth movement (Daly, 1997).

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Solutions• We need to expose the

flaws of and free ourselves from the dominant economic model as well as propose and create alternative models.

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Solutions• Antithetical to the dominant

exploitative model which promotes classism and discrimination, we can turn around technology & engineering systems—under alternative sustainable systems—through such means as digitalization, creative commons, peer-to-peer designs, open sources, and 3D printing as some ways by which we can share our knowledge and empower the people over corporations.

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Solutions•Reclaim the streets and public spaces.

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Solutions• Engage in media

jamming and guerrilla communication.

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Solutions• Be involved in atomized

spaces of resistance such as the Occupy movement (Chomsky, 2012) as well as broad-based mass movements.

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Solutions• We need to join the grassroots

movement to protect Nature (Brodine, 2007) and work for the common good, redirecting society toward people, community, and Nature to construct a sustainable future (Daly, 1994).

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Solutions•From Corporate Welfare

to People’s Welfare & Food Security

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Solutions• Given the current economic

crisis, is labor for income the proper model forward? How can we attain a world without poverty, war, destruction of Nature, hunger, and thirst?

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Solutions• We can work on

the individual level for social change.

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the community level e for social change.

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Solutions•We can work on the country level for social change.

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the inter-country level for social change.

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Solutions•We can work on the global scale for social change.

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Solutions• There are many ways by

which we can free ourselves from corporatocratic food control.

• Starve the market beast.

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Solutions• Learn from the indigenous

peoples: (1) farm like a forest (biodiversity, intercropping, and agroforestry),

• (2) eat low on the food chain, • (3) restore health to damaged

land, and • (4) cultivate reverence for the

planet (Penniman, 2015). 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 118

SolutionsNew Findings Plants Feel Pain

1. Carnivore: Paleolithic Diet2. Omnivore3. Pescatarian4. Herbivore

1. Vegetarian2. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian3. Vegan4. Fruitarian!

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Solutions• Put back our organic

matter back into the soil in order to nourish it and make it productive agriculturally.

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Solutions•We need more young people to farm.

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Solutions•Occupy the farm!

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Solutions•Go natural. •Go organic.

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Solutions• Support local food

system. “Going vegetarian can cut your food carbon footprint in half” (Plumer, 2016).

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Solutions• Eat lower on the food chain:

“Gallons of water needed to produce one pound of wheat: 25. Gallons of water needed to produce one pound of beef: 2500” (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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Solutions• Boycotting GMO products is

not “revolutionary,” as it is allowed by the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety according to which countries can “refuse entry to a GM crop” (The Economist, 2016 September 17, p. 14).

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Solutions• Individual efforts are necessary but not sufficient.

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Solutions•Partner with farmers.

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Solutions• Provide local

solutions to local problems, while at the same time promoting a just world order.

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Solutions• Join the

collective efforts to ensure food security.

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Solutions• In many parts of the

world, people are already engaged in agropolis, both rural and urban food gardening, using public and private spaces that serves the common good. 05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 131

Solutions• Engage in community

agriculture and plant food crops to consume, share, or sell in urban, suburban, exurban, and rural areas.

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Solutions• City dwellers plant

food on their window sills, rooftops, and the fire exits.

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Solutions• Urbanites,

suburbanites, and exurbanites use raised box agriculture.

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Solutions• Where space is

available, many engage in backyard agriculture.

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limited, people engage in home-made hydroponics, aqua culture and vertical agriculture.

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limited, people engage in home-made vertical agriculture.

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Solutions• “Guerrilla grafters”

secretly splicing fruit-bearing branches on city-owned ornamental trees lining the streets.

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Solutions•Grow food, not lawns!

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Solutions• Avoid fastfood like

a plague and support the local slow food movement.

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Solutions• Share and barter

goods and services to meet human needs and pull away from the market economy.

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 141

Solutions• We must work

towards the localization of food production, distribution, sharing, sale, and consumption.

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 142

Solutions• Reject the

hegemonic control of corporatocrats.

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Solutions

•Reject greed

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Solutions•Promote the caring for people and for Nature.

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Solutions•Engage in fair trade, not free trade.

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Solutions•Feed the world without destroying the Earth.

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Solutions05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 148

Not Charity

•But Justice

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SolutionsLearn from the Indigenous Peoples

1. Farm like a forest (intercropping & agroforestry)

2. Eat low on the food chain3. Restore health to damaged

land4. Cultivate reverence for the

planet

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http://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/four-ways-mexico-indigenous-farmers-agriculture-of-the-future-20150810




Solutions•Guerrilla grafters

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Solutions•Urban gardening

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Solutions•Urban gardening

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Solutions•Suburban gardening

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Solutions•Rooftop gardening

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Solutions•Rooftop gardening

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Solutions•Community gardening

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Solutions•Suburban community gardening

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Solutions•Occupy the Farm

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 159

http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/the-gig-economy/we-need-young-farmers-and-colleges-can-help-20161007




Solutions•We need young farmers

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Solutions•Campus farming

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Conclusion

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ConclusionProblem Restatement• Technological

improvements should free up human labor from drudgery and alienation.

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ConclusionProblem Restatement• But we live in a world in which

war, disease, famine, and daily exposure to toxic chemicals are a way of life, thanks to the neoliberal globalization economic model, as pushed forward by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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ConclusionProblem Restatement• Instead of solving the

problem of scarcity of which it is capable, technological efficiency leads to mass unemployment and estrangement.

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ConclusionProblem Restatement• Governments and

corporations collide to promote more growth and more jobs, which are not forthcoming.

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ConclusionProblem Restatement

•The dominant way of life is unstable and unsustainable.

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ConclusionProblem Restatement• Food was a direct

cause of the French Revolution and the Arab Spring.

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ConclusionSummary• This paper presents a

critique of the dominant unsustainable economic model and recommends an alternative sustainable development model that provides food security.

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ConclusionSummary

• The two contending and incompatible models

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ConclusionSummary• Model 1: one is based on

the market forces which favor production, local commerce, international trade, money, profit, and the exploitation of labor and Nature

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ConclusionSummary

•Model 2: the betterment of Nature and society

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ConclusionSummary• At the core of the market

economy is a financial system that increases capital without producing goods that benefit society or Nature.

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ConclusionSummary

• The dominant economic model damages Nature and society.

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 174

ConclusionSummary• The alternative economy

is one that promotes the betterment of everyone without being detrimental to Nature.

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 175

ConclusionImplications• We need to act to ensure

food security not only on an individual but also community, country, inter-country, and global levels.

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ConclusionImplications• Lobby for regulation

and proactive policies that ensure access to and distribution of food for all.

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ConclusionImplications• Move away from the

neoliberal economic growth model

• promotes the well-being of the people and Nature.

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ConclusionImplications• “Take action for justice… Learn

about hunger and poverty in your area… Speak truth to power! Tell [your governments] to put those living on the economic margins at the center of our vision of a new just economy” (GBCS-UMC, 2016b).

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ConclusionImplications

•Surely, social change is not a tea party.

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•Think big, but take small steps.

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• Do good but have some fun too along the way, if you can.

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 182

Thank You!

05/03/2023 Dr. Rey Ty 183

Fair Use• In good faith, this work contains fair use of copyrighted and non-copyrighted

images from the public domain & the web for non-commercial & nonprofit educational purposes.

• This work is distributed free of charge.• The author has neither monetized this work nor sought any profit from its

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• This work contains original work of commentary and critical analysis. • Quotations are attributed to the original authors and sources.

05/03/2023 184Rey Ty

2016 11 28 rey ty, eco-justice: sustainable development and food security

Environment