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11/4/2015 1 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update Clancy Mullen, Duncan Associates Tyson Smith, Esq., AICP White & Smith, LLC October 15, 2015 Overview Ongoing Legacy of Koontz v. SJRWMD CBIA v. San Jose (Cal. Sup. Ct. 2015) Levin v. San Francisco (ND Cal 2014) Walker v. San Clemente (Cal Ct App 2015) KLN Construction v. Pelham (NH 2014) 2015 Case Law Update

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Page 1: 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update · 11/4/2015 1 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update Clancy Mullen, Duncan Associates Tyson Smith, Esq., AICP White & Smith, LLC October 15, 2015 Overview

11/4/2015

1

2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update

Clancy Mullen, Duncan AssociatesTyson Smith, Esq., AICP

White & Smith, LLC

October 15, 2015

Overview

• Ongoing Legacy of Koontz v. SJRWMD

– CBIA v. San Jose (Cal. Sup. Ct. 2015)

– Levin v. San Francisco (ND Cal 2014)

• Walker v. San Clemente (Cal Ct App 2015)

• KLN Construction v. Pelham (NH 2014)

2015

Cas

e La

w U

pdat

e

Page 2: 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update · 11/4/2015 1 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update Clancy Mullen, Duncan Associates Tyson Smith, Esq., AICP White & Smith, LLC October 15, 2015 Overview

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Update

St. Johns River Water Management 

Dist. v. Koontz – US Sup Ct 2013

Koontz v. SJR W

MD

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Categories of Takings 

• Physical (Loretto)

• Regulatory• Total/per se (Lucas)

• Partial/ad hoc (Penn Central)

• Unconstitutional Conditions (Nollan/Dolan and sometimesKoontz)

Categories of Takings 

• Unconstitutional Conditions

But what’s included here?

Money?

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• Nollan/Dolan applies only to exactions involving:

– interest in real property

– in exchange for permit approval

– where approval is given.

Florida Supreme Court

Koontz v. SJR W

MD

US Sup Ct Holding

• No taking

• Just Compensation not proper remedy

• State law remedies (“damages”) apply where no taking

• But Nollan and Dolan apply:

– to application denials (when nothing is “taken”)

– monetary exactions

Koo

ntz

v. S

JRW

MD

Page 5: 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update · 11/4/2015 1 2015 Case Law & Impact Fee Update Clancy Mullen, Duncan Associates Tyson Smith, Esq., AICP White & Smith, LLC October 15, 2015 Overview

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What about impact fees and legislatively‐adopted mitigation requirements?

• Majority said Nollan/Dolan:

– apply to “in‐lieu fees” (San Jose says “not these”)

– Koontz cited an article on Impact Fees

– don’t apply to “property taxes, user fees, and similar laws and regulations”

“Maybe today’s majority accepts that distinction; or then again, maybe not.”

But what are “monetary exactions?”

Koontz v. SJR W

MD

Cal. Bldg. Indus. Assn. v. San Jose, et al 

California Sup Ct 2015

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Common Approaches

• Inclusionary Housing/Zoning Ords. (IHOs)

• Fees‐in Lieu and Mitigation Fees

• Conversion Prohibition, Restrictions

Hou

sing

Miti

gatio

n

The 2012 Inclusionary Housing Ordinance

• Applicable to residential projects of 20 units or more

• 15% must be Affordable as sales to to Low‐ or Moderate‐Income Households

• Options for compliance:– Construct On‐Site (preferred)

– Construct Off‐Site

– Fee‐in‐lieu

– Dedicate land

– Acquiring/Rehabbing same #  units

CB

IA v

. San

Jos

e

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The 2012 IHO, cont’d

• Incentives and Bonuses:

– Density bonus

– Required Parking Reductions

– Setback Reductions

– City Subsidies and Assistance on marketing Affordable Housing Units

• Character of Units

• Restrictions and DocumentationCB

IA v

. San

Jos

e

Issues and Holdings

• Does the IHO requirement trigger:

– takings analysis?

• “unconstitutional conditions” (Nollan/Dolan)

• mitigation of impacts of individual property owner

– just police power?

• condition of approval

• addressing community‐wide impacts

• Held:  Police Power; no demand that property be conveyed as a condition of approval

CB

IA v

. San

Jos

e

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California S.Ct. on Koontz

• Koontz expanded Nolan/Dolan to money

• But:

– still has to meet other requirements of the “unconstitutional condition” taking; and

– reduced profits, if proven, are not a taking

• Fees in lieu are: 

– not an alternative to a demand for land; 

– an alternative to a valid regulatory condition

CB

IA v

. San

Jos

e

Status

• Cert. Petition with US Sup Ct filed on Sept. 15, 2015

“Whether such a permit condition, imposed legislatively is subject to scrutiny and is invalid under the unconstitutional conditions doctrine set out in Koontz, 

Dolan, and Nollan.” 

CB

IA v

. San

Jos

e

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IHO Observations

• A “regulatory condition” versus an “property exaction”?

• Mix of MR and AH a “use” under zoning?

• Housing Need Studies performed?

• Statutory basis of authority?

• Limitations on (non‐confiscatory) Rent or Price Controls?

• Compliance Options Offered? 

• Study showing Cost to comply?

UpdateLevin et al. v. San Francisco

Federal District (Trial‐Level) CourtOct 21 2014

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Levin v. San Francisco

24 mos.

x

$7,400/mo (MR) ‐ $2500/mo (Contr.) = $4,900/mo.

Levin’s Withdrawal Fee:  $117,000

Background Facts

Levin v. San Francisco

• No “essential nexus”

• Landlords didn’t cause the Rental Gap

• No restrictions on what Tenant would do with payment proceeds

• Payment required, even if Tenant is wealthy

• Can’t force an individual to pay for public problems they didn’t cause

Applying Nollan& Dolan

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Levin v. San Francisco

• Ordinance = facial, unconstitutional taking 

• Nollan/Dolan/Koontz apply, even though the fee:

– is Legislative

– results of a specific formula (“mathematical precision”)

– Is not “in‐lieu” of a land dedication or other required dedication of property

Holding

Levin v. San Francisco

• Ordinance amended to:

– Cap potential fees at $50K

– Control how affected tenants must use money (for purposes of relocation)

• Motions at Ninth Circuit sent case back to District Court

• Motions pending in Federal District Court

Status

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San Jose and Levin on Nollan/Dolan/Koontz

• San Jose

– N/D don’t apply to IHO set‐asides that limit profits, but don’t exact anything

– K doesn’t apply to in‐lieu fees because they aren’t alternative to real property exaction

• Levin:– N/D/K apply because feepayor didn’t cause the 

problem; even though fees legislative in nature

– Fees weren’t “earmarked”

– No showing of “need”

SJR

WM

D v

. Koo

ntz

Koontz’s Reach?

• Cited in 18 other cases nationally

– Land Use– Shareholder Control– Warrantless Search & Seizure– Education Funding– Affordable Care Act

• Remaining Issues:– What it applies to?

– What triggers taking?

– What damages are?

– State law procedural issues?

SJR

WM

D v

. Koo

ntz

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Koontz Status

• October 30, 2013: Florida Supreme Court remanded to Florida District Ct. of Appeals

• April 30, 2014:  Fla. DCA 

– affirmed its prior opinion in Koontz IV (that a “taking” had occurred, just compensation due)

– although US SCt held no taking had occurred 

• May 2014: Petitions for Discretionary Jurisdiction Filed at Fla. Sup. Ct.

• No decisions so farSJR

WM

D v

. Koo

ntz

Walker v. City of San Clemente

Court of Appeal, California

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Case Background

• Mid‐1980s major proposed development outside the coastal zone had potential to double population (360 new spaces needed to serve)

• Beach parking at capacity; 35% of users are city residents

• 1989 – Adopt Beach Parking Impact Fee to mitigate impact of new residents needing to park                       at the beachW

alker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

The Mitigation Fee Act

• 5‐Year Report for Unspent Fees

– Purpose in holding unspent fees

– Show reasonable relationship b/t unspent fees and purpose for imposing

– Identify any supplementary funds

– Identify date supplementary funds will be combined with impact fees for use

§ 66001, subd (d)(1)

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

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Beach Parking Impact Fee

• 1989 – Adopt Beach Parking Impact Fee

–$1500/DU

–Use for planned structured parking (the purpose for imposing the fee)

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

Timeline

• 1990:  Collect $300K

• 1994:  Spent $337K to purchase a lot

• 1996:  

– Total collections at $2 million

– Fees updated: $750/DU (demand reevaluated)

– Expand use to “improvements to beach parking” (new purpose for imposing?)

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

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Timeline, cont’d

• 2004:  Filed its Five‐Year Report, related to unspent funds, per the Act

• 2009:  

– Non‐coastal zone built out

– $6 million in Beach Parking Impact Fees, plus $3M in interest

– Filed another Five‐Year Report

– No additional “parking structures” or “improvements” made or planned

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

Nature of the Major Challenges

• Refund for:

– 2009 Five‐Year report failed to include proper findings (court agreed)

– 1994 lot purchased for parking (compel sale) (dismissed)

– Administrative costs/expenditures should be reversed, refunded (dismissed)

• Accounting: 

– Beach Parking Impact Fees improperly commingled 

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

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Compliance with the Mitigation Fee Act

• 5‐Year Report

– Purpose in holding unspent fees

– Show reasonable relationship b/t unspent fees and purpose for imposing

– Identify any supplementary funds

– Identify date supplementary funds will be combined with impact fees for use

§ 66001, subd (d)(1)

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

Compliance with the Mitigation Fee Act

• 5‐Year Report– Purpose in holding unspent fees

– Show reasonable relationship b/t unspent fees and purpose for imposing (“dodges the question” by restating 1989 methodology)

– Identify any supplementary funds

– Identify date supplementary funds will be combined with impact fees for use

§ 66001, subd (d)(1)

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

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Compliance with the Mitigation Fee Act, cont’d

• 5‐Year Report– Purpose in holding unspent fees

– Show reasonable relationship b/t unspent fees and purpose for imposing

– Identify any supplementary funds (not specific enough; didn’t id. a start date)

– Identify date supplementary funds will be combined with impact fees for use (“N/A” isn’t sufficient)

§ 66001, subd (d)(1)Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

Compliance with the Mitigation Fee Act, cont’d

• More than mere technical deficiencies

• Act is clear the improvements must be identified

• Refund is the express remedy for failure to make proper 5‐Year Report

Walker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

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Add’l Challenges

• Refund for:– Untimely filing of 2004 Five‐Year Report (time‐barred)

– 1994 lot purchased for parking (compel sale) (dismissed; “unexpended portion…”)

– Administrative costs/expenditures should be reversed, refunded (dismissed, administration “…furthers the purpose for which the fee was collected...”; not limited to just hearing costs)

• Accounting: 

– Beach Parking Impact Fees improperly commingled (fund = account)W

alker v. San

 Clemente (2015)

K.L.N. Construction Co. v. Town of Pelham

New Hampshire Sup. Ct.

Dec 2014

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Facts of the Case

• Ordinance (1999):

– Fees to be spent in 6 years

– Refunds to “current owners of property”

• What Happened:

– Allegedly Spent fees in 2002 and 2010, on feasibility, architecture, construction estimates

– 2006‐10, voters rejected expenditures on fire stations

– 2012 voters approved fire station

K.L.N. Construction Co. (2014)

Nature of the Challenges

• Alleged in 2012 petition:

– Fees can’t be “spent” on “pre‐construction” costs

– Therefore, no fees “spent” within 6 years

• Town’s Response:

– Petitioners lack standing to sue

– Towns can choose and we chose current owners as the refund recipients 

– Petitioners are no longer are owners

• Trial Court: Granted Town’s Motion to Dismiss

K.L.N. Construction Co. (2014)

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the Law on this

• NH Statue:

– states “…shall establish reasonable times after which any portion of an impact fee…shall be refunded…”

– fails to define “refund” or who is entitled to it

• What to do?:

– Dictionary definitions aren’t helpful

– Exaction statute says “payor or payor’s successor,” but that can’t be imported into Impact Fee Statute K

.L.N. Construction Co. (2014)

the Law on this (cont’d)

• Other courts have said local governments can choose:

– Washington Urban League v. FERC (1989)

– TX Eastern Trans Corp v. Federal Pwr (1969)

– Southern County Mut Ins v. Surety (2008)

– Lake Co. Bd v. Prop Tax App Bd (1988)

• Holding: Statutes don’t prohibit the town from deciding, therefore designation of refunds the current property owner is authorized

K.L.N. Construction Co. (2014)

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• Holding:– Ordinance & Committee Report are not

evidence of Injury to Homeowner

– Fee: • Could be passed to Homeowner ( D, S)

• Could be absorbed by Developer ( D, S)

– Absent Collusion, “implausible” to assume fees were passed through

Evidence (or Incidence) of Injury

The Road Ahead?

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What we thought might happen…

• Privatization of Infrastructure

• Regulatory Dismantling

• Dialogue deteriorating

• Expansion of Inverse Condemnation COA?N

ational Im

pact Fee Roundtable 2009