2015 9% nuclear 6% hydro 5% coal 23% geothermal + biomass 1% (∆ +2,500) advantages of gas...

GE Power & Water powergen.gepower.com

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG

2015

POWERing 2015

Copyright 2015 General Electric Company. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the General Electric Company. All comparative statements are with respect to GE technology unless otherwise stated.

Power Generation ProductsBuilding on a rich history of innovation and technology leadership, GE Power Generation Products is the global industry leader in efficient, clean, and cost effective conversion of fuels to power. For over a century, GE has invested in the research and development of gas turbine, steam turbine, generator, and controls technology. GE power generation products serve in applications ranging from small, industrial cogeneration to highly efficient, utility scale power plants. With an installed base of more than 10,000 gas turbine and steam turbine generating units, representing over a million megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in more than 120 countries, our products demonstrate reliability and performance our customers depend on for their success.

Register your catalog at gepower.com/pgcatalog to receive updates throughout the year.

POWERing the World … an Industry Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

GE Power Generation Technology Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Power Plant Excellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Topping Cycle Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

50 Hz Heavy Duty Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

60 Hz Heavy Duty Gas Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Fuels and Combustion Technology Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Bottoming Cycle Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

HRSG Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Non-Reheat Steam Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Reheat Steam Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Heat Rejection System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Electrical Conversion Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Air Cooled Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Hydrogen Cooled Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Water Cooled Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Plant Integration and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Controls and Software Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Electrical Protection and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Power Generation Validation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

CONTENTS

3

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I POWERing the World … an Industry Overview

4

POWERing the World …An Industry Overview

Growth in Power DemandPower demand is growing globally, and access to reliable, affordable electricity is a critical enabler for economic growth and quality of life. Drivers for this include annual population growth of 1.3%, global annual GDP growth of 3.0%, and a partial offsetting effect of increasing demand-side energy efficiencies that could reduce energy demand by as much as 4,000 TWh/y by 2023. Net of these efficiency savings, global electrical energy demand is forecasted to grow by 3.0% CAGR over the decade from 23,000 to 31,000 TWh/y.

Today’s electricity generation is provided through a global installed base of 5,800 GW of power generation capacity. Due to environmental and regulatory changes as well as aging and changing economics of existing assets, 500 GW are expected to retire over the next decade. New power plants totaling 2,800 GW are forecasted to be added to power grids, growing at 4.3% CAGR globally over the decade, bringing the installed capacity to 8,100 GW by 2023.

23,000

2013

31,000

2023

5,800

2013

-500

RETIRED

5,300

2,800

ADDITIONS

8,100

2023

4,000

3.0% CAGRNet of

E�ciency

Additional Energy E�ciency

Energy Demand

Energy (TWh/y)

Non-Grid Connected

Grid Connected Capacity

Capacity (GW)600

4.3% CAGRwith

Retirements

DriversEnergy:• Economic Growth (GDP)

• Population Growth

• Demand-Side Efficiency

Capacity:• Environmental Policy

• Economic Displacement

• Peak Demand Growth

• Fuel Availability and Price

Sources: World Bank, IEA, IHS, EIA, EPRI, Navigant, Brattle, GE Marketing.

POWERing 2015

5

Natural Gas Leading in Capacity and Generation GrowthFor the first time in history, more gas-fired power generation capacity is forecasted to be added over the next decade than from any other fuel source, including coal. One quarter of all capacity additions forecasted over the decade will be gas generation. And by 2023, one quarter of the electrical energy produced will come from natural gas, a 50 percent increase, and the largest increase of any power generation fuel source compared with 2013.

Energy 2013

23,000 TWh

31,000 TWh

RenewablesOil

Nuclear

Hydro

Gas

Coal

6%4%

11%

16%

22%

42%

1,300 1,000

2,600

3,600

5,100

9,800

Energy 20233,400 GW Capacity Additions(includes 600 GW of non-grid connected capacity orders)

Renewables

Oil

Nuclear

Hydro

Gas

Coal

11%

2%

12%

14%

25%

38%

3,300

500

3,700

4,200

7,600

11,700Gas25%

Oil18%

Wind13%

Solar9%

Nuclear6%

Hydro5%

Coal23%

Geothermal + Biomass1%

(∆ +2,500)

Advantages of Gas Generation …

Efficient Use of Land

80 MW/ACREHighest in the Industry• Nuclear. . . ~30 MW/acre• Coal . . . . . . . . ~2 MW/acre• Solar. . . . . . . ~1 MW/acre• Wind . . . . . . <1 MW/acre

Efficient Use of Capital

$500-$1000/kWLowest in Industry-Size Economies• Solar. . . . . . . ~$1500/kW• Wind . . . . . . ~$1600/kW• Coal . . . . . . . . ~$2500/kW• Nuclear. . . ~$5000/kW

Efficient Use of Fuel

$50MMof fuel savings

1 pt of efficiency =

10over YEARS

Fast Power

Simple Cycle Gas Fastest in the Industry• Nuclear. . . ~6 years• Coal . . . . . . . . ~4 years• Wind . . . . . . ~6 months• Solar. . . . . . . ~6 months

6 MONTHSOnline as fast as

Cleaner

Half CO2 CoalLower Environmental Impact

the of

There when you need it

DISPATCHABLEFLEXIBLE POWER• Wind . . . . . . 48% capacity factor• Solar. . . . . . . 16% capacity factor

Sources: IEA, IHS, EIA, EPRI, Navigant, Brattle, GE Marketing.

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Power Generation Technology Leadership

6

POWER GENERATIONTechnology Leadership

GE’s 125 year technology heritage steeped in research, development and technological innovation is

unequaled in the power generation industry. The vast experience gained from an installed base of over

1000 GW of power generation equipment, combined with innovations from GE’s Global Research Center

(GRC), drive advancements in materials, aerodynamics, combustion, and cooling technology to continually

enhance the performance of GE’s power generation offerings. As a result, GE has led the industry by

incorporating these technologies to deliver higher efficiency, improved capital cost through economy of

scale, and operational flexibility while maintaining GE’s high standard for reliability and availability. This

ultimately provides a lower cost of electricity with fewer emissions.

Technology Enablement GE Leadership Latest AdvancementsDigital Controls Technology

• Reduced trips, fewer unplanned outages• Low total installed cost with fewer

wiring and fewer terminations• Faster commissioning with a shorter

install cycle• Greater diagnostic coverage across

valves and instrumentation• Preventative maintenance

• Most reliable turbine fleet• Greatest smart instrumentation

across power plant• Fully electric valves eliminate gas

turbine’s hydraulic system

• Valve electrification• Smart instrumentation

(FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus)• Smart motor control centers (MCCs)• Diagnostic and prognostic

development• New customer experience

Combustion • Higher firing temperatures with lower emissions (NOx, CO)

• Greater turndown while maintaining emissions compliance

• Flexibility to utilize a wide range of available fuels

• Extended parts lives and intervals

• First to introduce Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustion

• Led the industry with combustors capable of single digit NOx

• More DLN units in service than all other OEMs combined

• Widest range of demonstrated fuels

• Axial Fuel Staging (AFS) for lower NOx and improved load turndown

• F-class operation on Arabian Superlight (ASL) crude oil

• OpFlex* all-load auto tune

Next Generation Materials

• Higher firing temperatures with less cooling air

• Higher steam temperatures• Extended parts lives• Improved reliability

• First to introduce single crystal materials for power generation use

• Largest wrought and powder superalloy wheels in the industry

• Introduction of titanium in compressor for advanced IGTs

• Introduction of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components for pilot retrofits

• Advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBC) enables a 300°F surface temperature increase

• Gas turbine last stage bucket length increased by 30%

Advanced Aero/Fluid Dynamics

• Increased efficiency of compressors and turbines (gas and steam)

• Enhanced generator cooling with reduced losses

• Reduced cooling flow requirements

• Full-speed, full-load validation of new compressor and gas turbines

• Unsteady analysis tools and computational capability (durability and performance)

• Strong technology synergy with GE Aviation

• 14-stage compressor for 7F.05 and HA gas turbines

• New state-of-the-art 4-stage turbine with highly 3D configuration

• New low pressure steam turbine with advanced last stage bucket and diffuser

Advanced Manufacturing

• Additive technology enables new configurations for higher performance

• Increased speed of new technology introduction through rapid prototyping

• Manufacturing of high temperature materials and advanced composites

• High energy joining and material methodologies

• Advanced Repair Technologies & Repair Development Center

• Advanced manufacturing center in Greenville, SC helps GE focus on innovation

• Additive manufacturing for next generation combustion components

POWERing 2015

7

Electricity Authority of Cyprus, Vasilikos Power Station, Mari, Cyprus

POWER PLANT EXCELLENCEPeak-Performing Products for Optimal Power Plant Systems

GE’s power generation customers power the world.

Whether it’s generating electricity for consumers or

powering industrial growth, the value they deliver

comes from building and operating the most cost

effective and reliable power plants. And that is GE’s

mission when it comes to power generation—to

offer peak-performing products and to create the

best performing power plant systems in the world.

GE’s gas turbine power plants draw upon a legacy

of more than 60 years of experience. Over that

time, heavy duty gas turbines have evolved from

relatively small, simple peaking machines to much

larger engines used in both simple and combined

cycle applications. As gas turbine output, firing

temperature, and efficiency have increased, so too

have the size, efficiency, and versatility of the power

plant system. GE continues to develop materials,

cooling, aerodynamics, combustion, and controls

technologies to advance the very products that

serve as the foundation of these applications.

GE’s comprehensive and integrated plant

approach includes a customized power system

with gas turbines, steam turbines, generators,

controls, HRSGs and accessory systems. This

enables GE to meet a diverse range of customer

operational needs and applications—from

industrial and utility scale power, to combined

heat and power (CHP), district heating (DH),

integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC),

and integrated water and power production

(IWPP). So, whether the need is for a large

baseload, high efficiency plant with fast starting

and ramping, or an industrial cogeneration plant

that uses nonstandard fuels, GE can create a

solution to fit your needs.

Power plant configurations are specific to each

customer’s needs and economic criteria, as well

as operating and installation limitations. The right

power plant balances the following considerations:

Requirements and constraints capture the plant

mission and goals, the interface of the plant to

infrastructure, and location-based constraints. They

are broken down into six major categories: operations,

site, fuel, grid, environmental, and schedule.

Physical implementation considers how

the plant is built, operated, and maintained.

The implementation methods must consider

the functional needs of the plant while also

considering the plant requirements and

constraints, such as logistics.

Function refers to the operation and interaction

of the five major plant subsystems, which are

discussed later in this document: the topping

cycle, the bottoming cycle, heat rejection,

electrical conversion, and plant integration.

Segmenting the plant system in this way helps

drive performance and cost.

8

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Power Plant Excellence

While every power plant is unique, there are three categories of plant configuration:

9

Simple Cycle Single Shaft Multi-ShaftApplications • Peaking power

• Emergent power demands (can later be converted to combined cycle)

• Mechanical drive

• Mid-merit to baseload

• Grid connected, utility scale

• Combined heat and power (CHP)

• Mid-merit to baseload

• Grid connected, utility scale

• Combined heat and power (CHP)

Advantages • Lowest CAPEX

• Shortest construction cycle

• Easily scalable for growth

• Smallest footprint/highest power density (MW/m2)

• Easily scalable to future required output

• Lower CAPEX and lower $/kW compared to multi-shaft

• Highest efficiency entitlement

• Better part load efficiency

• Redundancy

• Phased construction flexibility

• Can accommodate large steam extractions

Disadvantages • Lower efficiency compared to combined cycle

• Higher specific emissions

• Longer construction cycle than simple cycle

• Higher CAPEX and higher $/kW compared to single shaft plant

POWERing 2015

10

Plant OfferingsIn addition to typical power plant features, the following are options customers commonly choose. GE’s application engineering teams can configure these and other options to accommodate most any requirement:

• Power augmentation through supplemental firing in the HRSG.

• Power augmentation through air inlet cooling.

• Nonstandard fuel capability, including heavy fuel oil.

• Indoor, outdoor, or semi-outdoor installation.

• Phased combined cycle power plant construction, with or without a bypass exhaust stack.

• Customized installation scope (from equipment, to engineered equipment package, to turnkey).

• Single or multi-pressure steam cycles, both reheat and non-reheat.

• Axial, downward, or side steam exhaust.

TOPPING CYCLE

ELECTRICALCONVERSION

BOTTOMING CYCLE

HEAT REJECTION

PLANT INTEGRATION

CONTROLS

Breaking the Plant Down to Five Parent SystemsGE’s simple and combined cycle power plants are flexible in their operation and include features such as fast starting and load ramping, low turndown, and high full- and part-load efficiencies. This flexibility delivers improved plant economics, including:

• Reduced capital costs.

• Reduced operation and maintenance costs.

• Shorter installation times to reduce installation costs and produce revenue faster.

• Improved reliability and availability.

As an example, the auxiliary systems for GE’s HA plants are largely pre-configured modules that are factory tested, fully assembled, drop-in enclosures that lower field connections, piping, and valves. This translates to a simpler installation that reduces field schedule and installation quality risks while improving overall installation times—up to 25% quicker compared to lesser F-class plants.

GE’s integrated systems approach includes analysis and development of not only the power generation equipment components but also the balance of plant systems. Performance and cost are measured at both the component and plant level to increase customer value. GE accomplishes this by segmenting the plant into five major systems. At the heart of each system is GE’s power generation offerings: gas turbines, steam turbines, generators, and controls. Each system, and GE’s associated power generation offerings, will be discussed in the subsequent sections of this catalog.

• Topping cycle – The gas turbine and its dedicated systems.

• Bottoming cycle – The steam turbine, HRSG, condensate, feed water and associated systems.

• Heat rejection – The systems that reject heat to the environment.

• Electrical – The systems that produce and export power to the grid or supply power to plant equipment.

• Plant integration – The systems that support the main plant equipment in converting fuel to electrical power.

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Power Plant Excellence

11

POWERing 2015

Luojing Baosteel Group LTD., Industrial Steel Mill, Shanghai, China

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Topping Cycle Offerings

TOPPING CYCLE OFFERINGSOverview of Scope and Considerations

Comprised of the gas turbine and supporting

accessory systems, the topping cycle is the most

significant and technologically challenging step

in the conversion of fuel to electrical power.

The topping cycle contributes to more than two

thirds of a power plant’s total output and defines

combined cycle efficiency entitlement based on

operating temperature capability.

GE maintains a plant-level view while focusing

on the key considerations for topping cycle

development: performance, emissions, reliability,

and cost. Each of GE’s topping cycle configurations

strike a balance between pressure ratio, firing

temperature, and airflow to achieve optimum

plant performance at world-class emissions levels.

Most importantly, GE recognizes that these

factors, much like plant requirements and

operating circumstances, vary greatly from

customer to customer. As such, GE engages the

customer early on in the development process

to gain an intimate understanding of needs

and wants. This ensures that the topping cycle

delivered will provide value to the customer, no

matter what the application.

“The heart of a combined cycle power plant is the topping cycle.”

12

13

POWERing 2015

Gas Natural SDG, SA, Plana del Vent Power Plant, Vandellos, Spain


14

Efficient, Flexible, Reliable PowerGE offers the world’s largest range of heavy duty gas turbines—from 44 to 510 MW. Whether for consumer

electrical generation, industrial cogeneration, or mechanical drive applications, GE’s gas turbines bring

proven experience and capability to any power plant. On the cutting edge of gas turbine technology, GE’s

wide array of equipment options can meet even the most challenging power requirements.

Heavy Duty Gas Turbines

GAS TURBINEPortfolio and Overview

9HA.02.01

9F.05.04

7E .03

9E.04.03

7HA.02.01

7F.05.04

6F.03.01

.03

510 MW397 MW

299 MW280 MW

265 MW

143 MW132 MW

337 MW275 MW

231 MW198 MW

91 MW

6B .03 Geared for 50 Hz or 60 Hz60 Hz Gas Turbines50 Hz Gas Turbines

44 MW

80 MW51 MW

POWERing 2015

15

GE Introduced E-Class, F-Class, and H-Class Technology to the IndustryHigh-Efficiency H-Class• Most cost-effective conversion of natural gas to electricity

in the H-class industry.

• Includes the world’s largest high efficiency turbine: 510 MW.

• First H-class gas turbine fleet to reach 220,000 operating hours.

Industry-Leading F-Class• Introduced F-class technology nearly 30 years ago.

• World’s largest fleet, with more than 1,100 installed units and 50 million fired hours in service.

• Industry’s best reliability at 99.4%.

Reliable B- and E-Class• Rugged and available in the most arduous climates.

• Industry-leading fuel flexibility, burning more than 50 gases and liquids.

• Quick installation for fast-track projects.

• Over 3000 units installed.

• More than 143 million operating hours.

65

60

55

50

2000/1093 2300/1260

Gas Turbine Firing Temperature °F/°C

2600/1427 2900/1593

Com

bine

d Cy

cle

E�ci

ency

%

MATERIALS, COMBUSTION and COOLING TECHNOLOGY

E-ClassINTRODUCED

1972

INTRODUCED

1986

INTRODUCED

2003STEAM COOLED

INTRODUCED

2014AIR COOLED

F-Class

H-Class

Pioneer in Gas Turbine TechnologyMaterials Advantage from our Aviation ExpertiseGE takes advantage of more than 60 years of material science from our aviation heritage to increase performance at high firing temperatures. GE was the first to introduce single crystal alloys and devoted 15 years to developing CMCs. These materials provide longer parts life for lower life cycle costs and higher efficiencies, leading to a cost effective conversion of fuel to electricity.

Half Century of Fuel Research and TestingGE is the industry leader in burning unconventional gas. We introduced the first F-class gas turbine to use Arabian super light crude and invented the DLN combustion system more than 30 years ago to reduce emissions.

Validation That Demonstrates PerformanceGE built the world’s largest, most powerful off-grid gas turbine testing facility to demonstrate gas turbine operability and performance before first fire in the field.

44–510 MW … broadest heavy duty gas turbine portfolio in the industry.

F-Class Technology FirstIntroduced by GE

GE Begins Developmentof the H System

H System* Technology Introduced

Full Speed, No Load Testing of the 9H Gas Turbine

Full Speed, No Load Testing of the 7H Gas Turbine

First 9H Gas Turbine Enters Commercial Operation First 7H Gas Turbine Enters Commercial Operation

GE Launches the FlexE�ciency 50* Combined Cycle Power Plant for 50 Hz Regions that Can Provide More than 61% Combined Cycle E�ciency

GE Launches the FlexE�ciency 60* Combined Cycle Power Plant for 60 Hz Regions that Can Provide More than 61% Combined Cycle E�ciency

GE Introduces 7HA/9HA Next-Generation of H-Class Machines

GE’s H-Class Gas Turbines Achieve 200,000 Operating Hours

GE’s Fleet of Heavy Duty Gas Turbines Achieve 173 Million Operating Hours1990

1992

19951998

2000 2003 2008 20112012

2014

2014

2014

“ GE inks more than $500 million power equipment order with Exelon.”

“ EDF, GE join forces to develop most flexible and efficient gas-fired

power plant in France.”

“ GE power system to Russia.”

“Toshiba receives combined cycle project order from Hokkaido

Electric Power Co., Inc. powered by GE/Toshiba alliance.”

“Toshiba partners with GE to

create a power generation force.”

16

HA Gas Turbines


17

Com

bine

d Cy

cle

Net

E�

cien

cy (%

LH

V)

62%

60%

58%

56%

54%

52%

50%150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Gas Turbine Net Output (MW)

9F (1987)

9F.01 9F.02

9F.05

9F.03

9H (2007)

9HA.019HA.02

9F.04

Platform Product Evolution Evolutionary Method Reduces Time to Product Introduction

Com

bine

d Cy

cle

Net

E�

cien

cy (%

LH

V)

62%

60%

58%

56%

54%

52%

50%100 150 200 250 300 350

Gas Turbine Net Output (MW)

7F (1986)

7F.01

7F.037FB

7F.04

7F.057H (2007)

7HA.017HA.02

50 Hz

60 Hz

POWERing 2015

9HA.01/.02 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz) The World’s Largest and Most Efficient Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

Industry-Leading Operational Flexibility for Increased Dispatch and Ancillary Revenue• Fast 10-minute ramp-up from start

command to gas turbine full load.

• Up to 70 MW/minute ramping capability within emissions compliance.

• Reaches turndown as low as 40% of gas turbine baseload output within emissions compliance.

• Fuel flexible to accommodate gas and liquid fuels with wide gas variability, including high ethane (shale) gas and liquefied natural gas.

The 9HA high efficiency, air cooled gas turbine is the industry leader among H-class offerings. With two available models—the 9HA.01 at 397 MW and the 9HA.02 at 510 MW—customers can select the right capacity to meet their generation needs. Thanks to a simplified air cooled architecture, advanced materials, and proven operability and reliability, the 9HA delivers the lowest life cycle cost per MW. The economies of scale created by this high power density gas turbine, combined with its more than 61% combined cycle efficiency, enables the most cost effective conversion of fuel to electricity to help operators meet increasingly dynamic power demands.

Least Complex H-Class Offering• A simpler configuration than GE’s

previous H-class fleet and one that does not require a separate cooling air system.

• Modular systems ease installation and reduce on-site labor requirements.

• Streamlined maintenance with quick-removal turbine roof, field-replaceable blades, and 100% borescope inspection coverage for all blades.

Full-Load Validation• At the heart of GE’s heavy duty gas

turbine validation program is the advanced full-scale, full-load test facility in Greenville, SC.

• GE’s 9HA gas turbine has been fully validated in its full speed, full-load test facility over an operating envelope larger than the variances an entire fleet of turbines would experience in the field, an approach that is superior to operating a field prototype for 8,000 hours.

Customer Success Story

GE technology is helping Électricité de France (EDF) move down the path to reducing emissions and improving efficiency in line with their goals. EDF and GE are jointly building the 9HA fleet leader combined cycle power plant in Bouchain, France. The plant’s turndown ability will be 20 points better than its nearest

competitor, allowing EDF to more efficiently balance its generating capability with renewables while meeting customer needs for electricity. GE and EDF intend to extend their experience in Bouchain to support their development outside France.

Simple Cycle Output397-510 MW>61% COMBINED CYCLE EFFICIENCY

18


9HA.01 9HA.02

Frequency 50 50

SC Net Output (MW) 397 510

SC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 8,220 8,170

SC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 8,673 8,620

SC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 41.5% 41.8%

Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 1,906 2,430

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 2,011 2,564

GT Turndown Minimum Load (%) 40% 40%

GT Ramp Rate (MW/min) 60 70

NOx (ppmvd) at Baseload (@15% O2) 25 25

CO (ppm) at Min. Turndown w/o Abatement 9 9

Wobbe Variation (%) +/-10% +/-10%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 SS 9HA.01 1x1 SS 9HA.02

CC Net Output (MW) 592 755

CC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 5,540 5,517

CC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 5,845 5,821

CC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 61.6% 61.8%

Bottoming Cycle Type 3PRH 3PRH

Plant Turndown – Minimum Load (%) 47% 47%

Ramp Rate (MW/min) 60 70

Startup Time (Hot , Minutes) <30 <30

Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 9HA.01 2x1 MS 9HA.02

CC Net Output (MW) 1,181 1,515







Startup Time (Hot , Minutes) <30 <30

19

POWERing 2015

9F.05 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)GE’s Highest F-Class Combined Cycle Efficiency

Meeting the demand for cleaner, reliable, cost-effective power, the 9F.05 heavy duty gas turbine provides GE’s most advanced F-class technology for 50 Hz applications. With combined cycle efficiency of more than 60% and running reliability in excess of 99%, this turbine is well suited for baseload, cogeneration and cycling applications.

Enhanced Architecture for Performance and Reliability• Well suited for combined cycle applications, with 99.8%

average reliability and 95.1% average availability.1

• Mark* VIe Control System real-time, physics-based modeling increases overall performance, operability, and reliability.

• OpFlex AutoTune improves DLN operability, increasing the range of natural gas compositions that can be used.

1 Source: ORAP SPS, 2011-2013.

Simple Cycle Output299 MW

> 60% COMBINED CYCLE EFFICIENCY

20



The 1,430 MW Datang Gaojing combined cycle cogeneration power plant, owned and operated by China Datang Corporation, serves the surging electricity demand in the Chinese capital of Beijing while also helping the region meet the ambitious environmental targets of China’s Five Year Plan. Commissioned in 2014, the plant features three highly efficient GE 9F.05 gas turbines, air cooled generators, and a district heating solution for winter operation from Harbin Electric Corporation, GE’s business partner and licensing associate. It is one of the most

fuel efficient Chinese power plants to date. Along with its high-efficiency performance, the reliability of the 9F.05 helps ensure that the Datang Gaojing plant will serve as a dependable source of heat and power.

9F.05

Frequency 50

SC Net Output (MW) 299

SC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 8,810

SC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 9,295

SC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 38.7%

Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 1,593

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 1,681

GT Turndown Minimum Load (%) 38%

GT Ramp Rate (MW/min) 24

NOx (ppmvd) at Baseload (@15% O2) 25

CO (ppm) at Min. Turndown w/o Abatement 10

Wobbe Variation (%) +/-10%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 SS 9F.05

CC Net Output (MW) 460

CC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 5,670

CC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 5,982

CC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 60.2%

Bottoming Cycle Type 3PRH

Plant Turndown – Minimum Load (%) 46%

Ramp Rate (MW/min) 24

Startup Time (Hot , Minutes) 38

Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 9F.05








Startup Time (Hot , Minutes) 38

21

POWERing 2015

9F.03/.04 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)Quick and Efficient Solution for Growing Grids

The rugged 9F.03 heavy duty gas turbine delivers efficiency, flexible operation, and reliability in one proven solution. With greater than 99% reliability and broad fuel flexibility, the 9F.03 delivers consistent performance in a multitude of diverse applications, ranging from industrial cogeneration to aluminum smelting. With a demonstrated cycle as short as eight months from order to operation, the 9F.03/.04 gets applications up and running fast, while its extended inspection intervals and robust hot gas path parts keep it online longer.

Built to Respond Quickly and Efficiently when Needs or Conditions Change• Faster start times can speed the entire start sequence—up to

15 minutes in simple cycle and 20 minutes in combined cycle.

• Better availability with closed-loop, real-time combustion system tuning.

• High fuel flexibility, up to more than 15% Modified Wobbe Index variation in natural gas.

• OpFlex AutoTune improves DLN operability and eliminates firing temperature suppression.

• Mark VIe Control Platform real-time physics-based modeling increases overall performance, operability, and reliability.

9F.04 … Lowest Life Cycle Cost in Its Class• Advanced Gas Path (AGP) in the 9F.04 provides enhanced

performance with reliable, cost-effective operation.

• Delivers 15 MW of additional output and 0.8% points of improved efficiency in simple cycle.

• AGP utilizes improved materials, cooling, and sealing and is retrofitable to 9F.03 units to enable commonality across installed units.

• Builds upon over 140 F-class AGP installations and over 500,000 operating hours.

• Extended 32,000-hour combustion and hot gas path inspection intervals, with most parts lasting multiple cycles.

265-280 MW>59% COMBINED CYCLE EFFICIENCY

Simple Cycle Output

22



As Algeria quickly progresses with building its infrastructure, GE is proud to be the country’s growth partner. Société Algérienne de Production de l’Electricité (SPE S.p.a.), part of the Sonelgaz Group, selected GE to provide power generation equipment and services for six new combined cycle power plants. These plants will produce enough power to help meet the needs of 8 million Algerian households, increasing the country’s energy capacity by nearly 70%. For the six new plants, GE is supplying 9F.03 gas turbines, proven reliable with more than 200 installed units worldwide and more than 12 million operating hours. Using natural gas

from local Algerian gas fields, the turbines will be equipped with GE’s latest DLN dual-fuel combustion technology to reduce emissions, extend maintenance intervals and enable greater flexibility.

9F.03 9F.04

Frequency 50 50











Wobbe Variation (%) +25%/-10% +25%/-10%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 MS 9F.03 1x1 MS 9F.04








Startup Time (Hot, Minutes) 38 38

Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 9F.03 2x1 MS 9F.04









23

POWERing 2015

9E.03/.04 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)Flexible, Adaptable Performance

From desert climates to the tropics, to the arctic cold, the rugged 9E.03 heavy duty gas turbine provides essential power and performs in a vast number of duty cycles and applications. It is one of the most fuel-flexible products in the industry, capability of using more than 52 types of fuel—almost the entire fuel spectrum. The 9E.04 heavy duty gas turbine provides increased power and performance while maintaining the simplicity and operational strengths of the 9E.03 gas turbine. The result is a platform that delivers high availability, reliability, and durability while lowering the overall cost per kilowatt.

Rapidly Getting You from Decision to Power Delivery• Demonstrated order to operation in less than six months.

• Modular architecture and prepackaged components make for quick installation in challenging environments.

• Simple cycle, combined cycle, and various industrial applications in a broad range of industries, including electrical utilities/independent power producers, industrial oil and gas refineries, IWPP, aluminum industry for smelting, steel mills, and LNG.

• Fast-start and fast-load capabilities provide operational flexibility.

• Longest maintenance intervals without reduced performance—32,000 hours for combustion and hot gas inspections.

9E.04 Offers Enhanced Power and Performance• Reduced fuel costs and increased revenue

— 143 MW output and 37% efficiency simple cycle — 208 MW output and more than 53% efficiency in a

1x1 MS 9E.04 combined cycle power plant.

• A nearly five percent reduction in installed $/kW price, translating to a quicker return on investment.

• New 4-stage turbine module fits within the same footprint as an already installed 9E gas turbine unit.

• Utilizes proven E- and F-class materials, fired at lower E-class temperatures for hot gas path, with cooling and sealing improvements, improved clearances and optimized work splits between stages.


Simple Cycle Output

24



Relationships matter. For more than 15 years, GE has supported Tunisia’s energy development, with GE machines generating over 1.3 GW of power. During that time, the Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz (STEG) and GE have developed strong

ties. Their shared history allowed GE to respond rapidly in 2012 to meet Tunisia’s changing electricity needs—consumption was growing by about 6% per year. GE proposed and executed an extension to the Bir M’Cherga plant within six months from order, one of the fastest projects ever. The two 9E.03 gas turbines at the Bir M’Cherga plant now supply an additional 240 MW to the Tunisian national power grid, allowing the country to better manage the summer peak.

9E.03 9E.04

Frequency 50 50





Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 828 814

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 874 858





Wobbe Variation (%) >+/-30% >+/-30%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 MS 9E.03 1x1 MS 9E.04





Bottoming Cycle Type 2PNRH 2PNRH




Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 9E.03 2x1 MS 9E.04





Bottoming Cycle Type 2PNRH 2PNRH




25

POWERing 2015


6F.03 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)Advanced Technology for Decentralized Power

Whether you need to generate power on-site or produce steam for petrochemical or DH operations, the 6F.03 heavy duty combined cycle gas turbine delivers high levels of efficiency, availability, flexibility, and reliability. Its high exhaust energy makes the 6F.03 gas turbine ideal for 50 or 60 Hz midsize combined cycle, industrial cogeneration, DH, and remote-processing applications.

Durable, Compact Configuration for Diverse Applications• Flexible layout, including lateral or axial air inlet and

indoor or outdoor acoustic enclosures overcomes space constraints.

• Built to perform in harsh and remote environments.

• Robust DLN 2.6 combustion system enables lower emissions—less than 15 ppm NOx or 9 ppm CO—and 32,000-hour combustion inspection intervals.

• Turndown to 52% turbine load with DLN 2.6 combustion results in fewer starts and lower fuel costs.

• Online transfer from natural gas to light distillate improves uptime.

• Multi-Nozzle Quiet Combustor (MNQC) accommodates syngas from 20 to 90% hydrogen; MNQC employing steam or nitrogen injection achieves less than 25 ppm NOx emissions on syngas.

Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is coupling exploration of new fields of unconventional gases with enhanced oil recovery techniques in existing fields such as Rabab Harweel. PDO selected GE’s 6F.03 gas turbine to provide power and steam to

the enhanced oil recovery operations because of its proven robust design, high availability and reliability. Flexibility also played a role: The 6F.03 can perform in extreme ambient conditions and with a wide range of fuels. In addition, the turbine improves operational efficiency and its 32,000 hour interval parts and inspections schedule supports a maintenance plan that synchronizes with other machinery, minimizing downtime.



26


6F.03

Frequency 50





Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 472

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 498





Wobbe Variation (%) +20%/-10%






Bottoming Cycle Type 2PNRH



Startup Time (Hot, Minutes) 45










27

POWERing 2015

6F.01 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)Gas Turbine for the Most Efficient Combined Cycle/Cogeneration Below 100 MW

The 6F.01 gas turbine achieves nearly 56% efficiency in 2x1 combined cycle arrangement, and more than 80% efficiency in cogeneration operation. Its 600°C exhaust temperature enables up to 140 bar high pressure steam for combined cycle power generation or cogeneration.

Proven Experience with High Reliability and Availability• 110,000 hours and 2,250 starts of operating experience on fleet

leaders in Turkey with 99.2% reliability over past four years.

• Proven hot gas path and combustion materials featured on 7F.05, 9F.05 and H-class turbines supports higher temperatures.

• Proven DLN 2.5 combustion system with over a decade of operating experience.

• Combustion and hot gas path maintenance intervals of 32,000 hours and 900 starts.

• Field replaceable compressor airfoils capable of wet compression power augmentation.

• Compact cold end drive configuration for new plants with hot end drive option for 6B flange-to-flange replacement solution brings more than 5 pts in efficiency improvement.



28



When Huaneng Power Inc. (HPI) needed a proven, high-efficiency solution for its first distributed power project in the Guangxi region of China, GE’s 6F.01 was their clear choice. With its unique combination of high efficiency and low emissions, this gas turbine is a reliable, environmentally friendly choice, ready to bring needed power and steam generation capability to the heart of the Guilin World Resort power plant. Having collaborated with

GE on many projects over the years, HPI has confidence in GE’s ability to bring the Guilin power plant online quickly to meet the growing energy needs of this popular tourist destination.

6F.01

Frequency 50











Wobbe Variation (%) +/- 10%



















29

POWERing 2015

6B.03 GAS TURBINE (50 Hz)Industrial-Strength, Field-Proven Reliability

The rugged, reliable 6B.03 heavy duty gas turbine is a popular choice for refineries, natural gas liquefaction power, CHP applications, and industrial power. Its ability to operate in island mode, coupled with its 94.6% availability, make the 6B.03 an ideal solution for remote installations and extreme operating conditions far from the grid. With 99% reliability, proven and tested with more than 55 million operating hours, the 6B.03 provides cost-effective power you can count on.

Dependable, Cost-Effective Solution• Can accommodate the multiple start-ups required for

seasonal CHP.

• Black start capability for volatile grid environments.

• Built to stay online in extreme and remote conditions.

• DLN combustion supports low-cost gas and liquid fuels, including process gases, low calorific gases, and up to 30% hydrogen, 100% ethane, 100% propane, and 50% nitrogen; standard combustion supports heavy oils, naphtha, bioethanol, methanol, synthetic gases, and steel mill gases.

• Pre-assembled gas turbine package with accessories for easier transport and faster site installation; as low as six months from order to operation.



30



After 20 years of reliable service with a GE 6B gas turbine, Compañía Española de Petróleos (Cepsa) needed to enhance operations at its San Roque refinery in Spain and reduce the facility’s environmental impact. Cepsa had first chosen the 6B as a reliable, fuel flexible solution with

high exhaust energy and standard combustion features. The 6B could support production of process steam and electricity while utilizing both natural and process gas. In 2013, GE supplied two new 6B.03 gas turbines with enhanced performance and DLN combustion system to improve efficiency with reduced emissions. One of the 6B gas turbines has been operating successfully with up to 40% hydrogen since mid-2013, a first-of-its-kind accomplishment for DLN combustion.

6B.03

Frequency 50











Wobbe Variation (%) >+/-30%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 MS 6B.03


















31

POWERing 2015

†

† CEPSA and CEPSA logo are Trademarks registered in Spain and in other countries owned by Compañía Española de Petróleos, S.A.U. (CEPSA). All rights reserved.


7HA.01/.02 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz) The World’s Largest and Most Efficient Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

GE’s 7HA high efficiency, air cooled gas turbine is the industry leader among H-class offerings and is available in two models—the 7HA.01 at 275 MW and the 7HA.02 at 337 MW. Thanks to a simplified air cooled architecture, advanced materials, and proven operability and reliability, the 7HA delivers the lowest life cycle cost per MW for 60 Hz applications. The economies of scale created by this high power density gas turbine, combined with its more than 61% combined cycle efficiency, enable the most cost effective conversion of fuel to electricity to help operators meet increasingly dynamic power demands.

Exelon, one of the largest competitive power generators in the U.S., chose GE’s 7HA.02 technology, the world’s largest and most efficient gas turbine in its class, to deliver additional power for two of its planned combined cycle projects in the U.S. GE’s 7HA.02 gas turbines will

provide Exelon with a combination of the most output, highest efficiency, and best operational flexibility in its class, helping Exelon provide additional capacity, competitively priced, to the expanding Texas energy grid. Compared with F-class technology, fuel savings will exceed $8 million annually per gas turbine. The 7HA gas turbine also features modular construction for a shorter installation, a real benefit in Texas, given concerns about the availability of skilled manpower.


Simple Cycle Output

32


Industry-Leading Operational Flexibility for Increased Dispatch and Ancillary Revenue• Fast 10-minute ramp-up from start

command to gas turbine full load.

• 50 MW/minute ramping capability within emissions compliance.

• Reaches turndown as low as 25% of gas turbine baseload output within emissions compliance.

• Fuel flexible to accommodate gas and liquid fuels with wide gas variability, including high ethane (shale) gas and liquefied natural gas.

Least Complex H-Class Offering• A simpler configuration than GE’s

previous H-class fleet and one that does not require a separate cooling air system.

• The 7HA is now available with an air cooled generator for simplified installation and maintainability.

• Modular systems ease installation with 10,000 fewer man-hours than GE’s 7F.03 gas turbine.

• Streamlined maintenance with quick-removal turbine roof, field-replaceable blades, and 100% borescope inspection coverage for all blades.

• Simplified dual fuel system uses less water, eliminates recirculation, and utilizes enhanced liquid purge for improved reliability and dependability.

Full-Load Validation• At the heart of GE’s heavy duty gas

turbine validation program is the advanced full-scale, full-load test facility in Greenville, SC.

• Test stand enables GE to validate the 7HA gas turbine over an operating envelope larger than the variances an entire fleet of turbines would experience in the field, an approach that is superior to operating a field prototype for 8,000 hours.

7HA.01 7HA.02

Frequency 60 60











Wobbe Variation (%) +/-10% +/-10%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 MS 7HA.01 1x1 SS 7HA.02








Startup Time (Hot, Minutes) <30 <30

Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 7HA.01 2x1 MS 7HA.02

CC Net Output (MW) 817 1,005







Startup Time (Hot, Minutes) <30 <30

33

POWERing 2015

7F.05 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Next Generation, F-Class Flexibility and Efficiency

GE understands the challenges of today’s power generation industry: lower cost of electricity, dispatch and fuel volatility, as well as increased efficiency, reliability, and asset availability. GE created the 7F.05 gas turbine to be highly efficient, agile, and simple to maintain. With combined cycle efficiency greater than 59.9%, and a 40 MW per minute ramp rate, the 7F.05 helps operators capture more ancillary revenue. In simple cycle the 7F.05 gas turbine is extremely responsive with a start capacity of 200 megawatts in ten minutes, 5 ppm NOx and grid stability logic, making the 7F.05 ideal for supporting renewable energy growth.

1 Source: ORAP Simple cycle equipment, 12 month average, April ’13 through March ‘14.

224-231 MW> 59% COMBINED CYCLE

EFFICIENCY

Simple Cycle Output

34


Reliable and Efficient• Combustion systems accommodate a wide range of fuels,

including natural gas, distillate oil, lean methane, pure ethane, hydrogen, syngas, and light crude oils. They also enable low NOx emissions, as low as 5 ppm, at rated output levels.

• 98.5% reliability leads F-class offerings.1

• Maintainability features support increased availability: — Field replaceable compressor airfoils reduce downtime. — Superfinish 3D airfoils reduce degradation. — 100% borescope inspection reduces overall inspection time.

• Performance packages support most customer demands across the ambient spectrum, including wet compression for enhanced hot day performance.

• The 7F.05 is now available with an air cooled generator for simplified installation and maintainability.


7F.05 @ 5 ppm NOx 7F.05 @ 9 ppm NOxFrequency 60 60











Wobbe Variation (%) +/-7.5% +/-7.5%

Power Plant Configuration1x1 MS 7F.05

@ 12 ppm NOxCC Net Output (MW) 359








Power Plant Configuration2x1 MS 7F.05

@ 12 ppm NOxCC Net Output (MW) 723








35

With a partnership that spans over four decades and 40 Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) power plants, GE assists in the generation of over half of Saudi Arabia’s power supply. The company has more than 500 gas turbines installed in the Kingdom, and that number will grow when SEC’s Riyadh Power Plant 12 (PP12) enters commercial operation in early 2015.

PP12 utilizes 8 GE 7F.05 gas turbines and is the first installation of the new product in the region; it will add nearly 2,000 megawatts of power, helping SEC meet future electricity demands. The 7F.05 gas turbines provide SEC with significant fuel savings and lower emissions, along with the operating flexibility needed to respond to a wide range of generation conditions, from base load to cyclic duty. Fuel flexibility is also a significant advantage. The 7F.05 turbines can operate on natural gas, distillate fuel or Arabian Super Light (ASL) crude. GE’s F-class gas turbines are the first to offer customers the ability to operate on crude oil.

POWERing 2015

7F.04 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Setting the Industry Standard for F-Class Power

GE introduced the world to F-class gas turbine technology in 1989. Today, GE powers the globe with more than 1,100 installed F-class units, producing 260 GW of power in 58 countries. With 99% reliability, customers receive five to six more days of operation per year than the industry average. A 10-minute fast start enables increased revenue and dispatchability during peak demand.

Customer Value with the Lowest Life Cycle Cost in Its Class• Enhanced compressor and hot gas path cooling and sealing

technologies to improve performance and durability.

• Single crystal materials and directionally solidified blades for extended maintenance intervals and lengthened component life.

• Low fuel pressure requirements reduce the need for an on-site fuel compressor.

• Industry-leading DLN 2.6 combustion system lowers emissions across a wide range of natural gas and distillate fuel compositions.

• Widest fuel flexibility; only manufacturer to offer an F-class heavy duty gas turbine that burns Arabian super light; also offers 15% C2, +20%/-10% Modified Wobbe Index, 5% hydrogen.



36



7F.04

Frequency 60





Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 1,056

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 1,114
























37

POWERing 2015

In the western portion of PJM, an Independent System Operator in the United States, regional supplies of ethane are plentiful. Yet, until now, no one has used ethane as a reliable, lower-cost fuel source for generating electricity. That’s about to change. The proposed 565 MW Moundsville Power combined cycle plant in West Virginia will be the first to utilize locally generated unconventional gas from new shale wells

with high contents of ethane. The empowering technology is GE’s 7F.04 gas turbine. Using GE’s DLN 2.6+ combustion system, the turbine can operate on gas fuel with up to 25% ethane content. “The use of ethane-blended fuel at Moundsville Power could herald a new series of plants utilizing GE’s 7F.04 gas turbines and unconventional, blended fuels,” said Andrew Dorn Jr., a Managing Member of Moundsville Power. “By allowing us to use lower-cost ethane-blended fuel, the turbine design and performance are crucial to the plant’s financial and operational success.”

7E.03 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Versatility for Extreme Operating Environments

The 7E.03 gas turbine is recognized as the industry leader for 60 Hz industrial power applications where reliability and availability are the most critical attributes. Its robust architecture and operational flexibility make it well suited for a variety of peaking, cyclic, and baseload applications. With state-of-the-art fuel handling equipment, multi-fuel combustion system options, and advanced gas path features, the 7E.03 gas turbine can accommodate a full range of fuel alternatives while delivering better efficiency and lower emissions than other technologies in its class. Whether providing raw horsepower to drive industrial and petrochemical processes or steady, reliable output for CHP operation, the 7E.03 keeps your operation running.

Proven Performance• 98.3% reliability—more than 0.2% higher than the industry

average—equates to an additional 1,500+ MWh per year.

• 32,000-hour inspection intervals provides more than two extra days of operation per year.

• Exhaust energy profile and high mass flow enhance steam production in cogeneration applications.

• Millions of hours of operational experience on crude and residual oils.

• Tri- or dual-fuel capability for switching fuels, while running under load or during shutdown.



38


• Optional DLN 1+ combustion technology achieves industry-leading sub-3 ppm NOx without selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and meets the toughest emissions regulations.


7E.03

Frequency 60











Wobbe Variation (%) >+/- 30%

Power Plant Configuration 1x1 MS 7E.03









Power Plant Configuration 2x1 MS 7E.03









39

POWERing 2015

Increased natural gas production in the United States has producers looking for ways to get their natural gas to global markets. To serve this need, Dominion’s Cove Point Liquefaction Project in Maryland, U.S.A. is modifying the existing liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal to become the first on the U.S. East Coast capable of importing and

exporting LNG. At the heart of the liquefaction process will be two GE 7E.03 gas turbines driving the refrigeration compressors supplied by GE Oil & Gas. This single-train design will have the capacity to procure approximately 5.25 million metric tons per annum of LNG. With an installed fleet of over 800 units, the 7E.03 equipped with the DLN combustion system for reduced emissions is a proven, reliable performer.

6F.03 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Advanced Technology for Decentralized Power

Whether you need to generate power on-site or produce steam for petrochemical or DH operations, the 6F.03 heavy duty combined cycle gas turbine delivers high levels of efficiency, availability, flexibility, and reliability. Its high exhaust energy makes the 6F.03 gas turbine ideal for 50 or 60 Hz midsize combined cycle, industrial cogeneration, DH, and remote-processing applications.

Durable, Compact Configuration for Diverse Applications• Flexible layout, including lateral or axial air inlet and

indoor or outdoor acoustic enclosures overcomes space constraints.

• Architected to perform in harsh and remote environments.

• Robust DLN 2.6 combustion system enables lower emissions—less than 15 ppm NOx or 9 ppm CO—and 32,000-hour combustion inspection intervals.

• Turndown to 52% turbine load with DLN 2.6 combustion results in fewer starts and lower fuel costs.

• Online transfer from natural gas to light distillate improves uptime.

• Multi-Nozzle Quiet Combustor (MNQC) accommodates syngas from 20 to 90% hydrogen; MNQC employing steam or nitrogen injection achieves less than 25 ppm NOx emissions on syngas.



40



Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is coupling exploration of new fields of unconventional gases with enhanced oil recovery techniques in existing fields such as Rabab Harweel. PDO selected GE’s 6F.03 gas turbine to provide power and steam

to the enhanced oil recovery operations because of its proven robust engineering, high availability and reliability. Flexibility also played a role: The 6F.03 can perform in extreme ambient conditions and with a wide range of fuels. In addition, the turbine improves operational efficiency and its 32,000 hour interval parts and inspections schedule supports a maintenance plan that synchronizes with other machinery, minimizing downtime.

6F.03

Frequency 60






























41

POWERing 2015

6F.01 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Gas Turbine for the Most Efficient Combined Cycle/Cogeneration Below 100 MW

Proven Experience with High Reliability and Availability• 110,000 hours of operating experience on fleet leaders in

Turkey with 99.2% reliability over past four years.

• Proven hot gas path and combustion materials featured on 7F.05, 9F.05 and H-class turbines supports higher temperatures.

• Proven DLN 2.5 combustion system with over a decade of operating experience.

• 16,000 hours CI/32,000 hours HGP/64,000 hours MI scheduled maintenance intervals.

• On-site removable compressor blade for increased reliability.

• Compact cold end drive configuration for new plants with hot end drive option for 6B flange-to-flange replacement solution brings more than 5 pts in efficiency improvement.



42


The 6F.01 gas turbine achieves nearly 56% efficiency in 2x1 combined cycle arrangement, and more than 80% efficiency in cogeneration operation. Its 600°C exhaust temperature enables up to 140 bar high pressure steam for combined cycle power generation or cogeneration.

6F.01

Frequency 60







GT Min. Turndown Load (%) 40%




Wobbe Variation (%) +/- 10%



















43

POWERing 2015


When Huaneng Power Inc. (HPI) needed a proven, high-efficiency solution for its first distributed power project in the Guangxi region of China, GE’s 6F.01 was their clear choice. With its unique combination of high efficiency and low emissions, this gas turbine is a reliable, environmentally friendly choice, ready to bring needed power and steam generation capability to the heart of the Guilin World Resort power plant. Having collaborated with

GE on many projects over the years, HPI has confidence in GE’s ability to bring the Guilin power plant online quickly to meet the growing energy needs of this popular tourist destination.

6B.03 GAS TURBINE (60 Hz)Industrial-Strength, Field-Proven Reliability

The rugged, reliable 6B.03 heavy duty gas turbine is a popular choice for refineries, natural gas liquefaction power, CHP applications, and industrial power. Its ability to operate in island mode, coupled with its 94.6% availability, make the 6B.03 an ideal solution for remote installations and extreme operating conditions far from the grid. With 99% reliability, proven and tested with more than 55 million operating hours, the 6B.03 provides cost-effective power you can count on.

Dependable, Cost-Effective Solution• Can accommodate the multiple start-ups required

for seasonal CHP.

• Black start capability for volatile grid environments.

• Built to stay online in extreme and remote conditions.

• DLN combustion supports low-cost gas and liquid fuels, including process gases, low calorific gases, and up to 30% hydrogen, 100% ethane, 100% propane, and 50% nitrogen; standard combustion supports heavy oils, naphtha, bioethanol, methanol, synthetic gases, and steel mill gases.

• Pre-assembled gas turbine package with accessories for easier transport and faster site installation; 10 months from contract signature to commercial operation.



44


6B.03

Frequency 60











Wobbe Variation (%) >+/-30%



















45

POWERing 2015


After 20 years of reliable service with a GE 6B gas turbine, Compañía Española de Petróleos (Cepsa) needed to enhance operations at its San Roque refinery in Spain and reduce the facility’s environmental impact. Cepsa had first chosen the 6B as a reliable, fuel flexible solution with

high exhaust energy and standard combustion features. The 6B could support production of process steam and electricity while utilizing both natural and process gas. In 2013, GE supplied two new 6B.03 gas turbines with enhanced performance and DLN combustion system to improve efficiency with reduced emissions. One of the 6B gas turbines has been operating successfully with up to 40% hydrogen since mid-2013, a first-of-its-kind accomplishment for DLN combustion.

†

† CEPSA and CEPSA logo are Trademarks registered in Spain and in other countries owned by Compañía Española de Petróleos, S.A.U. (CEPSA). All rights reserved.

With more than 4,500 heavy duty gas turbines installed around the world, GE knows the challenges

faced by operators—volatile fuel prices, variability in fuel sources, increasingly strict environmental

regulations, and the need for more power generation flexibility. GE continually evolves its proven

combustion systems, including the related accessory system hardware, to help customers enhance fuel

utilization, reduce fuel costs, and enhance revenues.

As a result, GE’s versatile gas turbines operate on a variety of fuels, including gases with a wide range of

heating values, like steel mill gases, syngas, lean methane fuels, natural gas, higher order hydrocarbons,

and high hydrogen fuels. They also accommodate liquid fuels, including refined products, such as

distillate and naphtha, and a range of ash bearing fuels, including light, medium, and heavy crude

oils, as well as HFO. Utilization of a these fuels is important for a wide range of applications, including

refineries, petrochemical plants, oil and gas production, and steel mills.

FUELS AND COMBUSTIONTechnology Leadership

Combustion System FundamentalsModern gas turbines that utilize a wide variety of gaseous and liquid fuels must operate within a series of constraints, with NOx and CO emissions being the most recognizable.

The formation of NOx compounds is dependent on the temperature of the reaction in the combustor. If fuel and air are allowed to mix in a stoichiometric proportion (a balanced chemical reaction), they will burn in a diffusion flame, similar to the flame of a candle, near the highest possible temperature of the reaction. A consequence of burning fuel at a high flame temperature is the production of a large amount of NOx. However, if extra air is introduced into the reaction,

SPECIFIC ENERGY (BY MASS)

PERC

ENT

HYD

ROG

EN (B

Y M

ASS

) LNG

LPG

SynGas – Airblown

Blast Furnace Gas

Weak Natural GasSynGas – O2 Blown

Methanol

Ethanol

DMEBiodiesels

(B100) Distillate #2

Coke Oven Gas

Sour Gas

PropaneEthane

Butane

NGL

Re�nery O�gas

Natural Gas

Naphtha

Kerosene

Crude OilsASL and

Condensate

Heavy Distillates

Residual Fuel

Hydrogen (100%)

Methane

= Liquid Fuels= Gaseous Fuels

the resulting lean mixture will burn with a lower flame temperature and the reaction will generate significantly less NOx. This is known as lean combustion.

In addition to developing combustion technologies that reduce emissions, GE’s advanced gas turbine combustion systems mitigate the potential risk of combustion dynamics while simultaneously meeting other key operability requirements. The overall system configuration is a balance of parameters that require a deep domain expertise in fuel and combustion technology.

46


Gas Turbine Combustion SystemsGE has multiple combustion systems that can be applied across its gas turbine portfolio. Since the 1970s and 80s when GE introduced DLN, development programs have focused on evolutionary systems capable of meeting the extremely low NOx levels required to meet current and future regulations, while providing customers with a range of operational and fuel flexibility options. GE has DLN combustion systems available for all heavy duty gas turbines:

• The DLN1 and DLN1+ combustion systems are available on B- and E-class gas turbines.

• The DLN2 family of combustion systems (DLN2.5, DLN2.6, DLN2.6+, DLN2.6+AFS) is available on F- and HA-class gas turbines.

DLN1/DLN1+ The DLN1 and DLN1+ combustion systems are proven technology platforms that help power plant operators meet increasingly strict environmental standards, while providing operational and fuel flexibility.

• Installed on more than 870 B- and E-class gas turbines globally.

• More than 28 million operating hours, including more than 730,000 fired hours on the DLN1+ combustion system.

• DLN 1+ system guarantees NOx emissions of 5 ppm or less for GE’s 6B, 7E and 9E gas turbines.

• Highly fuel flexible and capable of operating on a wide variety of gas fuels, including gases with high ethane and propane content, as well as distillate oil and other liquid fuels.

• Available in a gas only or dual fuel configuration.

DLN2 The DLN2 family of combustion systems enables GE’s F- and HA-class gas turbines to reduce NOx emissions while extending outage intervals. GE’s DLN2.6+ combustion system, which is the base combustion configuration on the 7F, 9F and HA gas turbines, has been installed globally on more than 75 gas turbines and has accumulated over 1.4 million fired hours.

• Installed on more than 1,150 gas turbines globally.

• Over 26 million operating hours; proven operational experience in providing customers with a multitude of benefits, including increased operational and fuel flexibility, reduced emissions, extended intervals, and higher performance while maintaining life cycle costs.

• Can operate on a wide variety of gas and liquid fuels.

• Available in gas only and dual fuel configurations.

Diffusion Flame In addition to the DLN combustion systems, GE offers two diffusion flame combustion systems for use in non-traditional fuel applications:

• Single nozzle.

• Multi-nozzle quiet combustors (MNQC).

GE’s diffusion flame combustion systems have been installed on more than 1,700 gas turbines, providing robust power generation solutions using a variety of non-traditional fuels for more than 30 years. Applications include refineries, steel mills, petrochemical plants, IGCC power plants, as well as power in a variety of oil and gas settings.

• More than 270 E-class gas turbines configured with the single nozzle combustor operating on HFO.

• Single nozzle and multi-nozzle combustors have been installed on more than 50 B-, E-, and F-class gas turbines in low calorific gas applications, such as syngas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, and other process gases. These units have accumulated more than 2.1 million operating hours, with the fleet leader in this application space having more than 100,000 fired hours.

Diffusion Flame CombustorsDLN2.6+DLN1/DLN1+

47

Fuel Handling SystemsAs a world leader in the development of gas turbine combustion system technology, GE is not only focused on delivering quality system hardware, but also on systems and components for cleaning and conditioning fuel prior to combustion in the gas turbine. With the largest fleet of gas turbines operating on non-traditional fuels, GE’s “flexible fuel” solutions outperform comparable technologies in both efficiency and reliability.

• Heating – Maintain desired viscosity, keep waxes in solution, and provide performance heating.

• Cleaning – Remove harmful contaminants and entrained particulates.

• Drying – Remove entrained moisture and condensates.

• Blending – Mix fuel streams to precondition alternative fuels for combustion and to maintain consistent Wobbe value.

• Additives – Apply to ash-bearing liquid fuels to inhibit or mitigate the corrosive effects of vanadium, or to liquid fuels low in natural lubricity.

POWERing 2015

Fuel FlexibilityFor more than 50 years, GE has developed close collaborative relationships with owners, operators, and fuel suppliers, with the goals of understanding new fuel trends, expanding fuel flex capabilities for existing fuels, qualifying new fuels, and actively investing in new combustion technologies. This legacy of fuel flexibility has led to GE having the broadest experience in the industry to reliably convert the full spectrum of fuels to mechanical, electrical, and thermal energy. GE’s model-based gas turbine control systems provide real time, closed-loop tuning of the combustion system, which allows for stable operation even as gaseous fuel energy content varies. Liquid fuels include refined products, such as distillate and naphtha, and a range of ash bearing fuels, including light, medium, and heavy crude oils, as well as HFO.

• GE gas turbines have operated on more than 52 different fuel types.

• Over 7,000,000 operating hours on heavy fuels, more than 25 combined cycle plants operating with crude/residual.

• More than 140 GE gas turbines operating on various alternative gases (refinery off-gases and industrial by-product gases, syngas), and almost 400 GE gas turbines are burning liquids other than diesel oil, such as crude oil, residual fuels, or naphtha.

• More than 50 GE gas turbines operating on low-BTU fuels and these turbines have accumulated more than 2.1 million operating hours, including over 400,000 fired hours on F-class units.

• GE is the only gas turbine manufacturer running F-class machines on Arabian Super Light (ASL) crude oil.

High C2+ (Ethane, etc.)

LPG

Natural Gas

LNG

H2 Blends

Lean Methane (weak NG)

High H2

Syngas (O2 blown)

Blast Furnace Gas (BFG)

Coke Oven Gas (COG)

Sour Gas

GAS

SES

Distillate Oil (#2)

Naphtha

Condensate (NGL)

Biodiesel (GE DO#2 spec)

Alcohols (i.e. Ethanol)

Kerosene

Dimethyl Ether (DME)

Light Crude Oil (ASL)

Medium Crude Oil

Heavy Crude Oil

Heavy Fuel Oil (residual)

LIQ

UID

S

6B 7E/9E 6F.01 6F.03 7F.04 7F.05 9F(.03/.04/.05)

7HA(.01/.02)

9HA(.01/.02)

Fuel Flex Matrix

48


POWERing 2015

49

Combustor installation, GE’s Greenville Manufacturing Facility, Greenville, SC, U.S.A.

BOTTOMING CYCLE OFFERINGSOverview of Scope and Considerations

GE’s bottoming cycles convert gas turbine

exhaust energy to electrical power and heat

energy (in CHP application) in the most cost

conscious and economical ways. Understanding

that the bottoming cycle represents about 70% of

the plant cost however only provides about 33%

of the plant power output, GE’s configurations

consider a multitude of operating conditions to

provide the highest customer value in terms of

performance and cost.

Major bottoming cycle system components include

the HRSG and steam turbine. These components

can be arranged in an array of configurations to

provide a system that balances fuel cost, duty cycle,

and other economic and operability requirements.

System configurations include single pressure,

multiple pressure, reheat and non-reheat cycles,

as well as single and multiple shaft arrangements

with the gas turbine.

GE’s bottoming cycles typically utilize unfired, drum

type HRSGs that feature modular construction

with a finned-tube heat transfer surface and

natural circulation evaporators. Options for power

augmentation with supplemental firing, post gas

turbine emissions reduction, and simple cycle bypass

operation are also available within the HRSG.

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Bottoming Cycle Offerings

Each gas turbine exhausts to a dedicated HRSG

that meets specific combined cycle system

operating requirements that are defined by

GE’s rigorous specification.

GE’s broad product line of steam turbines

complements the gas turbine offerings and

provides flexibility to deliver world-class

performance and value for almost every

bottoming cycle. This is accomplished through

use of pre-engineered long-lead modules that

fit a large application space of customized steam

paths. Most steam paths use High Efficiency

Advanced Technology (HEAT*) features and

accommodate up to 2,465 psi (170 bar)/1,112°F

(600°C) inlet steam. GE’s large family of modern

last stage buckets allow performance alignment

to the site specific cooling/heat rejection systems.

“GE’s configurations consider a multitude of operating conditions to provide the highest customer value in terms of performance and cost.”

50

51

POWERing 2015

Duke Energy, V.H. Braunig Power Station, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A.

52


Luojing Baosteel Group LTD., Industrial Steel Mill, Shanghai, China

HRSG CONSIDERATIONSThe HRSG is a critical component in the bottoming cycle of a combined cycle power plant, providing the thermodynamic link between GE’s gas turbines and steam turbines.

GE’s combined cycle power plants utilize HRSGs with small diameter, high fin density heat transfer sections matched to the fuels and emissions equipment requirements. HRSGs operating in the sub-critical pressure range utilize a drum-type, natural circulation evaporator with a long established pedigree for reliable operation. For those configurations operating in the super-critical pressure range, GE will utilize either forced circulation or once-through steam generator sections. Regardless of the HRSG configuration, the proper engineering is required to assure desired operating flexibility and capability.

Since the HRSG is configured based on bottoming cycle application, there are numerous options that can be incorporated to meet project specific requirements such as supplementary firing, SCR for NOx abatement, CO catalyst for emissions reduction, and exhaust gas bypass systems for applications that require simple cycle gas turbine operation in a combined cycle installation.

GE’S HRSG Configuration Includes:• Flexible tube support systems to enable fast startup and load

following capabilities. Geometry, wall thickness, and materials are carefully selected with a particular focus on high-pressure superheaters and reheaters.

• High grade steels reduce drum wall thickness.

• Multiple drum penetrations in lieu of single penetrations decrease thermal stress in critical connections.

• Liberally sized steam drums for operating conditions, startup and shutdown transients, and low pressure drums for an operational buffer in the event of a boiler feed pump trip.

• Fuel flexibility features such as economizer bypass, pressure controls, and economizer recirculation systems enable management of component temperatures above water and exhaust gas dewpoint.

• Stack closure dampers retain heat to facilitate rapid restart following overnight and weekend shutdowns.

53

POWERing 2015

Power and PerformanceA world leader in the development and application of steam turbine technology, GE has shipped

more than 10,000 units totaling over 600 GW since 1901. Our combined cycle steam turbines are

specifically configured to contribute to highly efficient and cost effective applications when paired

with GE gas turbines.

Solutions to Meet Your Power NeedsGE’s combined cycle steam turbines accommodate a broad range of site conditions and operational

needs while providing the performance needed in today’s demanding energy environment. GE works

with customers from the earliest stages of the project, through construction, commissioning, and

operation to provide a highly efficient and cost effective turbine that integrates smoothly with the gas

turbine and overall plant operations.

Experience, Strength, and StabilityBuilt upon more than a century of steam turbine experience, GE’s steam turbines are manufactured

with high quality materials and craftsmanship. Modular product configurations deliver customization

options with reliable, proven components.

Combined Cycle Steam Turbines

STEAM TURBINEPortfolio and Overview

200 300

Output (MW)

100 400 500 600 700

REHEATUp to 2,400 psi/165 barUp to 1,112°F/600°C

PRODUCT

GE ST-A650

GE ST-D600

GE ST-D650Up to42.5%E�ciency

Up to42.0%E�ciency




GE ST-A200

GE ST-D200

GE ST-D400

GE ST-A450

REHEATUp to 1,800 psi/124 barUp to 1,112°F/600°C

NON-REHEATUp to 1,800 psi/103 barUp to 1,000°F/538°C



54


Advanced Technology FeaturesHigh Efficiency Steam Paths• High reaction and impulse steam path technology allows for

the proper high efficiency technology for steam conditions.

• High reaction 3D airfoils in both buckets and nozzles increase efficiency; free vortex flow improves aerodynamics.

• Integral cover buckets with continuous contacting surfaces provide superior damping.

• Blinglet nozzle constructions provide individually adjustable radial clearances as well as predictable and controllable throat area.

Advanced Sealing Features• Shaft and tip brush seals improve leakage control.

• Abradable coatings on stationary seals enable radial clearance reduction, which reduces long-term degradation.

Broad Family of Highly Efficient Last Stage Blades• Full tip shroud with integral sealing features reduce

leakage loss.

• Enhanced tip section with low shock loss.

• Aerodynamic part span connector.

• Increased root reaction improves off-design performance.

• Advanced radial vortexing improves performance and hood integration over a range of loads.

Low Pressure (LP) Section• Side exhaust configuration lowers turbine centerline

to about 16 feet.

• Shortened hood and inner casing developed through a comprehensive testing program.

55

POWERing 2015

A200 STEAM TURBINE (Non-Reheat)Axial Exhaust, Combined Cycle Steam Turbine

GE’s A200 steam turbine is a compact, single casing turbine for 50 and 60 Hz non-reheat steam cycle applications. Its opposed flow high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) sections reduce the required thrust bearing size and associated performance losses. Both the HP and LP sections utilize high reaction steam path technology for increased efficiency and single shaft configurations incorporate a clutch that enables operational flexibility. For two-pressure non-reheat cycles, the A200 steam turbine has available flow admission capability at the exit of the HP flow path. The A200 steam turbine is also capable of multiple flow extractions if required for process applications.

Compact and Robust; Ideal for Bottoming Cycle Add-Ons• Main steam inlet pressure up to 1600 psi (110 bar) and

temperature up to 1,050°F (565°C).

• Ships fully assembled, enabling a four-month installation cycle from arrival on-site to turning gear.

• Standard axial exhaust enables a lower equipment foundation height; downward facing exhaust is available as an option.

• LP section utilizes moisture removal features to protect the last stage buckets from erosion and to improve LP section efficiency. Features include moisture removal grooves along the leading edge of the LP blades and moisture extraction slots in the LP casing.

56

Output70-220 MWUP TO 36.2% EFFICIENCY


D200 STEAM TURBINE (Non-Reheat)Double-Flow LP Section, Combined Cycle Steam Turbine

GE’s D200 steam turbine is a two casing turbine for 50 and 60 Hz non-reheat steam cycle applications. Employed in both multi-shaft and single-shaft applications, single-shaft configurations incorporate a clutch that enables operational flexibility. Both HP and LP sections utilize high reaction steam path technology for increased efficiency. For two-pressure non-reheat cycles, the D200 steam turbine has available flow admission at the exit of the HP section. The D200 steam turbine is also capable of multiple flow extractions if required for process applications.

Delivering Cost Effective Performance• Main steam inlet pressure up to 1,800 psi (124 bar) and

temperature up to 1,050°F (565°C).

• HP section is shipped fully assembled, enabling a five-month installation cycle from start to finish.

• Standard double-flow LP section side exhaust saves on plant cost by enabling a lower equipment foundation height when compared to downward facing exhaust configuration; downward facing exhaust is also available as an option.

• LP section utilizes moisture removal features, such as moisture removal grooves along the leading edge of the LP blades and moisture extraction slots in the LP casing. These features protect the last stage buckets from erosion, as well as improve LP section efficiency.

57


POWERing 2015

A450/A650 STEAM TURBINES (Reheat)Axial Exhaust, High Efficiency, Combined Cycle Steam Turbines

GE’s A450 and A650 combined cycle steam turbines deliver performance, reliability, and up to 41.5% shaft efficiency for today’s 50 and 60 Hz applications. They can be applied in both single-shaft and multi-shaft combined cycle plants, and the single-shaft configuration incorporates a clutch that enables operational flexibility. These turbines consist of a separate HP section and combined intermediate pressure (IP) and LP sections.

Meeting your Needs• Main steam inlet pressures up to 2,400 psi (165 bar) with main

steam inlet (and reheat temperatures) up to 1,112°F (600°C).

• Compact, cost effective configurations in both single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations.

• Fully assembled HP and IP/LP sections reduce installation time by up to three months.

• Wide range of last stage bucket sizes—up to 45 inch (1,143 mm) for 60 Hz, and 55 inch (1,397 mm) for 50 Hz; these sizes enable the application of GE’s A450 and A650 turbines over a wide range of condenser pressures for any plant cooling configuration.

58



Architecture for Reliable Performance• Main steam inlet pressures up to 2,400 psi (165 bar) with main


• Combined HP/IP section for a compact footprint and high power density.

• One or two LP, double-flow modules for sites with low condenser pressure allows the steam turbine to meet site specific conditions for enhanced performance.

• Side-flow or down-flow exhaust LP section configurations provide plant layout flexibility.

• Wide range of last stage bucket sizes—up to 45 inch (1,143 mm) for 60 Hz, and 55 inch (1,397 mm) for 50 Hz; these sizes enable the application of GE’s D400 and D600 steam turbines over a wide range of condenser pressures.

• Compact and cost effective single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations, and the single-shaft configuration incorporating a clutch that enables plant operational flexibility and maintainability.

D400/D600 STEAM TURBINES (Reheat)Double-Flow LP Section, Combined Cycle Steam Turbine

GE’s D400 and D600 steam turbines primarily support F-class and H-class gas turbine combined cycle plants. They were developed for high efficiency power generation in large single-shaft or multi-shaft plants, and for sites with low condenser pressure. GE’s D-type steam turbines feature a combined HP and IP section and either one or two double-flow LP sections.

59

Output180-700 MWUP TO 42% EFFICIENCY

POWERing 2015

D650 STEAM TURBINE (Reheat)Three Casing, Double-Flow LP Section, Combined Cycle Steam Turbine

GE’s highest-performing combined cycle steam turbine, the D650, is ideally suited for 50 and 60 Hz F-class and H-class gas turbine power plants that have high fuel costs and high annual hours of operation. It delivers top performance, reliability, and availability in today’s demanding energy environment. The D650 is available in both single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations, with the single-shaft configuration incorporating a clutch that enables operational flexibility. The D650 turbine consists of separate HP, IP, and either one or two double-flow LP sections.

Configured for High Fuel Hour Applications• Main steam inlet pressures up to 2,400 psi (165 bar) with main


• Reduced bearing spans enable tighter clearances and sealing control between turbine sections to lower leakage flows, thereby improving efficiency.

• Drum rotor construction features stationary nozzles called blinglets, that improve aerodynamics and nozzle area control for increased efficiency.

• The two-flow, single-side exhaust configuration allows for ground-level connections of the LP hood into the lateral condenser, reduces the center-line height of the plant, and enables the balance of plant equipment to be positioned on one side for ease of maintenance.

• LP section shares the same hood and bearing span for a wide range of condenser pressures. This allows for one common plant shaft line length and supports a standard plant arrangement, reducing foundation and plant construction costs.

• Last stage buckets up to 45 inch (1,143mm) for 60 Hz, and 55 inch (1,397 mm) for 50 Hz, with enhanced dovetail configuration improve bucket aerodynamics.

• Integration of a self-synchronizing clutch improves operational flexibility by reducing auxiliary steam requirements during start-up cycles, with the gas turbine reaching 85% load in less than 20 minutes under hot start conditions.

60



61

POWERing 2015

HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONSOverview and Comparison

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Heat Rejection Considerations

The heat rejection system is a major consideration

for the engineering of the bottoming cycle and

has a significant impact on overall plant efficiency.

The site characteristics determine what type of

condenser and heat rejection system is employed.

Condensers are heat exchangers that operate at

sub-atmospheric pressures (vacuum) to condense

steam turbine exhaust back into feedwater for

the HRSG. A colder cooling fluid creates a better

vacuum allowing more steam expansion through

the turbine which delivers increased power

output. Condensers can be water or air cooled.

Water cooled condensers are further divided

into those served directly with once through sea,

river, or lake water and those cooled with water in

mechanical or natural draft cooling towers.

62

Once-Through Cooling Tower Air CooledApplications Coastal or waterside

locations without access restrictions

Locations where sufficient make-up water is available

Locations where water access is prohibited or uneconomical

Advantages • Enables highest plant efficiency

• Enables lowest condenser pressures

• Smallest footprint

• Lowest cost

• Plant location not limited to waterside sites

• Better performance than air cooled

• Lower cost than air cooled

• Use of air eliminates the corrosion, filtration, treatment and other burdens associated with water

• Fewest siting and regulatory restrictions

Disadvantages • Requires direct access to a body of water

• Highest regulatory burdens

• Requires significant amounts of make-up water

• Large footprint

• Least efficient

• Ambient conditions impact size and effectiveness

• Largest footprint

• Highest cost

Lakeland Electric, McIntosh Power Plant, Lakeland, FL, U.S.A.

63

POWERing 2015

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Electrical Conversion Offerings

64

ELECTRICAL CONVERSION OFFERINGSOverview of Scope and Considerations

GE’s combined cycle power plant approach ensures

that plant systems and major equipment selections

are customized for a cost effective application.

In the case of the electrical conversion system,

this includes generators, electrical performance,

output, cooling medium, mechanical configuration,

installation, and maintenance.

The GE generator product line is divided into

three classifications based on the cooling

method: water, hydrogen, and air. Air cooling is

the least complex method of cooling for lower

output ratings and has the added benefit of

ease of maintenance. The hydrogen cooled

generator is completely sealed for operation with

hydrogen gas as the cooling medium. The water

cooled generator combines the architecture of

a hydrogen cooled unit with direct armature

winding cooling via deionized water passed

through the stator bars. This enhances power

density, which provides higher output and

industry-leading efficiency in a smaller package.

Most GE generators can be configured for multi-shaft

or single-shaft operation with line side terminals

exiting the machine in either top or bottom

arrangements, depending on what best suits

plant configuration and layout. All combined cycle

generators applied to gas turbine prime movers

have provisions to accommodate static start

features to achieve plant startup rates.

When considering generator performance it

is important to look at how reactances handle

system transients and protect plant equipment.

To do this, accessories are configured to meet

plant performance while reducing the size of these

components. Regional considerations, including

fuel costs, local environmental conditions or lack

of hydrogen availability, will drive generator cooling

medium decisions. Interconnect agreements and

grid characteristics and the connection point must

also be considered. Plant configurations such as

steam turbine exhaust direction will establish

power train centerline heights and decisions on

the most appropriate configuration. All of the

combined cycle integration decisions also take into

account ease of installation and maintainability of

the equipment to provide a healthy return to the

customer throughout the plant’s entire life cycle.

“The GE generator product line is divided into three classifications based on the cooling method: water, hydrogen, and air.”

POWERing 2015

65

GE takes generator performance seriously and builds machines to demanding specifications that keep

customers on the leading edge of efficient, reliable output. Systems install fast, integrate easily, and

deliver the power needed with more uptime. With more than 10,000 generators shipped around the

world serving diverse applications, GE understands the operational challenges and offers a complete

GENERATORPortfolio and Overview

Cooling Technologies• GE GEN-A (air cooled) generators are an ideal choice for

power system applications that demand simple, flexible operation.

• GE GEN-H (hydrogen cooled) generators, with low gas density, high specific heat, and high thermal conductivity, are excellent for high efficiency applications.

• GE GEN-W (water cooled) generators are efficient, operate within a small footprint when high output requirements exceed the cooling capabilities of air cooled or conventional hydrogen cooled generators.

Innovation and Proven Technology for Reliable OperationStator One-piece stator frame configuration eases installation

and alignment while high-strength isolation system construction promotes low structural vibration.

GE’s Tetraloc* end-winding technology helps maintain mechanical integrity throughout the generator’s operating life.

Rotor Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses improve

overall performance in a simplified radially cooled field winding configuration.

Armature Insulation System Micapal III* stator bar insulation technology enables

higher power density with advanced voltage stress and thermal conductivity capabilities for greater armature performance.

Flexible Terminal Lead Arrangements All generator models are available with either leads-up

or leads-down arrangement to complement GE steam turbines with axial or side exhausts and capture the value of reduced centerline height foundations.

GE GEN-W800 MVA

890 MVA

60 Hz

50 Hz

GE GEN-H630 MVA

590 MVA

60 Hz

50 Hz

GE GEN-A335 MVA

220 MVA

60 Hz

50 Hz

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5


66

Modular Generator Architecture• Constant cross-section core segments achieve higher

product ratings.

• Each additional step is run through comprehensive model engineering rigor to ensure all electrical and mechanical specifications are met.

• Common end components drive greater spare parts efficiency, interchangeability, and maintenance familiarity.

H83 418 MW

H82 394 MW

H81 370 MW

H84 442 MW

H85 465 MW(50 Hz)

H8 MODEL

range of configurations and cooling technologies to help meet unique performance specs. GE fully

integrates our engineering with manufacturing and life cycle services solutions, to keep customers’

operations reliable and available.

POWERing 2015

67

Cooling Type Frequency Generator Model Output (MVA) Voltage (kV)

Air

50 Hz

GE GEN-A32 57.8 11.5GE GEN-A33 104.3 11.5GE GEN-A39 178.0 15.0GE GEN-A53 212.5 15.8

60 Hz

GE GEN-A32 54.3 13.8GE GEN-A33 98.5 13.8GE GEN-A35 112.0 13.8GE GEN-A37 156.9 13.8GE GEN-A39 198.0 17.0GE GEN-A61 276.5 16.0GE GEN-A62 305.0 17.5GE GEN-A63 334.2 19.0

Hydrogen

50 Hz

GE GEN-H53 351.0 15.8GE GEN-H61 326.3 17.0GE GEN-H62 348.8 18.5GE GEN-H63 371.2 19.5GE GEN-H64 392.5 20.5GE GEN-H65 415.0 22.0GE GEN-H66 437.5 23.0GE GEN-H81 462.5 16.5GE GEN-H82 492.5 17.5GE GEN-H83 522.5 18.5GE GEN-H84 552.5 20.0GE GEN-H85 581.3 21.0

60 Hz

GE GEN-H33 252.0 18.0GE GEN-H35 282.6 18.0GE GEN-H53 408.0 18.0GE GEN-H61 343.6 19.5GE GEN-H62 367.0 21.0GE GEN-H63 390.6 22.5GE GEN-H64 414.1 23.5GE GEN-H65 437.6 25.0GE GEN-H66 461.2 26.0GE GEN-H81 501.2 19.5GE GEN-H82 533.0 21.0GE GEN-H83 564.7 22.5GE GEN-H84 596.5 23.5GE GEN-H85 629.5 25.0

Water

50 Hz

GE GEN-W81 593.8 16.5

GE GEN-W82 631.3 17.5

GE GEN-W83 668.8 18.5

GE GEN-W84 706.3 19.5

GE GEN-W85 743.8 21.0

GE GEN-W86 885.2 22.0

60 Hz

GE GEN-W81 632.9 19.0

GE GEN-W82 672.9 20.5

GE GEN-W83 712.9 21.5

GE GEN-W84 754.1 23.0

GE GEN-W85 794.2 24.0


68

AIR COOLED GENERATORIncreased Performance

GE’s air cooled generators are an ideal choice for power system applications that require efficiency, simplicity, and flexibility in operation. Built on a heritage of more than 100 years of operational experience, GE’s air cooled generators accommodate up to 335 MVA and feature compact modular architectures with totally enclosed water to air (TEWAC) or open ventilated (OV) cooling configurations for up to 98.7% efficiency.

Easy Installation and Maintenance• Option to ship fully assembled for ease of handling and

installation.

• Continuously adjustable alignment without shims and with a fixator system for ease of installation and maintenance.

• Robust configuration handles a full range of environmental conditions, including weather extremes and environmental contaminants.

Frequency 50 Hz 60 Hz

Power Factor 0.80 0.85

Apparent Power 50 MVA to 220 MVA 50 MVA to 335 MVA

Efficiency Up to 98.7% Up to 98.7%

Terminal Voltage 11.5 kV to 15.8 kV 13.8 kV to 19.0 kV

POWERing 2015

69

HYDROGEN COOLED GENERATORHighly Efficient

Hydrogen’s low gas density, high specific heat, and high thermal conductivity enable the highest efficiency generators in GE’s portfolio. Hydrogen cooled generators use proven technologies and advanced materials to deliver over 98.9% efficiency. They are well suited for combined cycle or simple cycle applications on both steam and gas turbines.

Advanced Technology for Reliability and Performance• Automated hydrogen gas control and sealing, enabled by the

Mark VIe Control System, which also reduces the need for manual intervention in efficient accessories operation.

• Upgraded end shield reduces deflection for improved seal system performance; accommodates increased drive train axial expansion and improves access to seal casing and bearing housing for ease of maintenance.

• Parts commonality applied to both the gas and steam turbines lowers inventory carrying costs and enables more efficient outage management.




Efficiency Up to 99% Up to 99%



70

WATER COOLED GENERATORTailored to Individual Applications

GE’s water cooled generators are exceptionally well suited to large power station applications where output requirements exceed the cooling capabilities of air cooled or conventional hydrogen cooled options. This reliable generator incorporates the most advanced technology and robust construction for enhanced operability and ease of maintenance.

Advanced Technology for Reliability and Performance• GE’s advanced brazing technology provides the most

reliable water cooled bar in the industry.

• Automated hydrogen gas control and sealing, enabled by the Mark VIe Control System, which also reduces the need for manual intervention in efficient accessories operation.

• Parts commonality applied to both the gas and steam turbines lowers inventory carrying costs and enables more efficient outage management.




Efficiency Up to 99% Up to 99%


POWERing 2015

71

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Plant Integration and Controls

As a manufacturer of gas turbines, steam turbines, and generators, GE brings unique insight into

system integration through domain expertise and knowledge of how to best take advantage of

application flexibility in major power generation equipment.

Quantitative analysis using steady-state mass and heat balance models provides the basis for

determining power plant system output and heat rate. GE uses a combination of in-house and

customized third party software, modified with proprietary GE methods that are based on decades

of combined cycle experience and performance testing data. For situations involving challenging

transient behavior, GE can perform dynamic simulation studies as part of an extended scope plant

project. These studies aid in defining complex controls and automated sequences while reducing

the time spent on debugging during plant commissioning. The result is combined cycle systems with

“bankable” performance, and system and equipment configurations that best meet customer needs by

incorporating component sizing and characterization appropriate for expected operating conditions.

GE offers customers pre-order support, including plant emissions estimates for permitting purposes.

Startup curves with key plant and unit parameters are available for combined cycle plants in various

configurations.

PLANT INTEGRATIONApplication Capability and Modeling

GasesNatural gasblast furnace gases to hydrogen

OilLight distillates to heavy residuals

Electrical

Mechanical

Thermal

Capacity (MW)Energy (MWh)Ancillary Services

Heat to Industrial ProcessDistrict HeatingThermal Desalination

Compressor Drive (hp)

PeakingMid MeritBase Load

FUELS POWER

72

In addition to performing equipment application and system optimization for traditional power

generation only projects, GE also has a wealth of experience with process integrated power plant

equipment and systems such as gas turbine mechanical drive applications and a variety of

CHP/cogeneration applications.

Applications Primary Considerations

Electrical Power Generation • Optimal output and heat rate• Most competitive cost of electricity• Fuel flexibility

Mechanical Drive • Shaft horsepower fit for process• High reliability• Extended maintenance intervals

CHP/District Heating • Net heat to process for steam generation• High reliability• Condensing and non-condensing steam turbines• Steam turbines with controlled and uncontrolled extractions• Integrated system controls

Integrated plants (IWPP, IGCC, and ISCC) • Net heat to process for steam generation• Combustion system compatibility• HRSG/process steam integration• Condensing and non-condensing steam turbines• Steam turbines with controlled and uncontrolled extractions• Integrated system controls

POWERing 2015

73

Mobile Use

Control Room

GeneratorProtection

Panel

Mark VIeST

Controls

EX2100eExcitation

TC HMI

Mark VIeUtilitiesControls

Mark VIeEDS

CEMSMark VIe

BOPControls

WaterTreatment

Engineering

Mark VIeGT

Controls

LS2100eStatic

Starter

BentlyNevada

EX2100eExcitation

SILPanel

GeneratorProtection

PanelTC HMI

Mark VIeHRSG

Controls

T&D

Balance of PlantSteam TurbinesGas Turbines

7 6 7 1 7

1 2 7 7

3

6 5

4

OSM & OnSite Gateway

SoftwareApplications

Unit Data Highway

Plant Data Highway

Customer LAN

HistorianEWS Gateway

8

Security ST

8

Firewall/Router

8

Mobile Devices Wearables

88


Modern power plants provide far more data and create far more actionable information, making

them much more efficient than in the past. Advanced sensors and smarter instrumentation provide

additional opportunities to utilize “big data” in the form of informational and actionable analytics.

Leveraging and driving these trends, GE has grown its portfolio of controls, software, and analytics

offerings to meet the needs of the digital power plants of the future.

GE has been making control systems for more than 100 years and has been providing integrated

plant controls for a broad range of applications since 2001. The industry continues to demand higher

plant-level performance and operator efficiency. To support these needs, the modular architecture of

the Mark VIe Control System allows for mission-specific turbine control within the same environment

as an open plant control. The single platform enables comprehensive, integrated automation for

improved performance and reliability.

As illustrated below, there are various elements throughout the power plant that make up the control

system infrastructure. These elements work together to create the central nervous system of the

power plant. GE focuses on intuitiveness, simplicity, and efficiency, offering everything from HMIs to

mobile apps to make controls easier and more convenient.

Control System Components

GE CONTROLS AND SOFTWARE SOLUTIONSOverview of Control System Architecture

74

Turbine Control PanelGE provides turbine control panels for all gas turbines and steam turbines as part of the standard offering. The brains of the turbine control are the CPU modules, while the turbine control connects to the rest of the plant instrumentation through its I/O interface modules. The Mark VIe Control System includes modular components with an Ethernet backbone, which allows for a long life cycle; technology is infused into the platform as needed.

Turbine control panels are customized to meet the specific needs of each application, particularly controller redundancy and I/O type. GE has developed an “intelligent dual” control architecture to replace triple modular redundant (TMR) on specific gas turbine frame sizes and, where applicable, on associated steam turbines. The philosophy of intelligent dual is to use dual CPUs and dual I/O networks, and to let sensor and device redundancy be determined by application needs. For protection and safety systems, sensor redundancy remains triplicated to enhance tripping reliability. For many other instruments in the power plant, sensor redundancy can be reduced with the inclusion of a surrogate model and soft fault detection in software without impacting reliability. Some of the benefits of an intelligent dual system are lower installed cost, lower maintenance cost (less equipment to calibrate and maintain), improved running reliability, lower failure rate, I/O density reduction in the control panels, and overall simplification of firmware related to controlling dual platforms.

6B.03 6F.01 6F.03 7E.03 7F.04 7F.05 7HA.01 7HA.02 9E.03 9E.04 9F.03 9F.05 9HA.01 9HA.02

TMR X X X X X O O O X X X X X O

Dual X X X X

X Standard offeringO Optional offering

Traditionally, all instruments in the power plant were hard-wired back to the control panel. As more smart devices and instrumentation became available, digital bus interfaces were incorporated. These interfaces provide a lower overall installed cost due to the significant reduction of wires and terminations; they also simplify the commissioning process. All of the below listed digital bus protocols provide significantly more diagnostics directly to the controller, allowing for faster troubleshooting and preventative maintenance.

• CANopen® is a fast digital bus protocol used when electrically actuated valves are included in the power plant configuration.

• Profibus™ DP is a digital bus protocol that GE uses for electrical integration when Smart MCC’s are included in the power plant design

• FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus is a digital bus protocol for process control instruments.

6B.03 6F.01 6F.03 7E.03 7F.04 7F.05 7HA.01 7HA.02 9E.03 9E.04 9F.03 9F.05 9HA.01 9HA.02

Hard-wired X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

CANopen X X X X X

Profibus X X X X

FFB X X X X

Mark VIeS Safety ControllerIn addition to the turbine control panel, a Mark VIeS Safety controller can be provided. This is not a turbine control on its own, however, it can be applied for SIL certification of specific safety-critical protection loops within a turbine control or burner management, emergency shutdown, and fire and gas applications in the balance of plant. The Mark VIeS Safety Controller is essentially a locked configuration that does not permit changes to the safety-certified hardware or software, while the main Mark VIe turbine control can be reprogrammed and configured as needed for each site.

Mark VIeS Safety Controller and Mark VIe Control Systems share a common architecture and software tools to simplify plant operations and maintenance.

1

2

POWERing 2015

75

Plant ControlsThe Mark VIe Plant Control System (DCS) is offered when GE provides an extended scope plant package beyond the gas turbine or steam turbine. The system is based on the Mark VIe platform and takes advantage of remote I/O and controllers for the HRSG and other balance of plant mechanical and electrical equipment. It integrates the gas turbine, steam turbine, HRSG and balance of plant, providing a seamless operator interface, alarm management, data archiving, automatic startup and shutdown control, plant load control, data reporting and communication to other plant-level applications. A full complement of control room equipment creates an effective operator environment and a one system approach reduces multi-system complexities. The Mark VIe Plant Control System is easy to install, commission, operate, and maintain.

Control Software ApplicationsThe combination of GE’s controls hardware architecture and software applications enables the performance, operability, and availability of the plant’s turbine, generator, and power plant equipment. The control system delivers GE’s OEM expertise in the form of advanced control and protection algorithms that allow the equipment to run closer to design basis and thereby improve efficiency, emissions, turndown capability, fuel flexibility, grid transient response, and more.

Each gas turbine, steam turbine, and plant controller has core controls software that operates the power plant, provides protection for the power plant equipment, and enables supervisory monitoring and analytics.

In addition to core functionality, GE has developed advanced software applications to improve overall operability, and adapt to changing needs. These advanced applications form GE’s OpFlex technology portfolio, and provide the following benefits:

• Quick power delivery in response to changing grid demands.

• Avoidance of equipment limitations that prevent power plants from capitalizing on emerging opportunities.

• Elimination of slow, inefficient startups and their associated costs.

• Cost effective means of staying online.

• Ability to meet more demand and to generate revenue through ancillary services.

• Reduction of emissions “events” and potentially costly compliance penalties that can result.

• Expansion of plant operating window.

The below table includes all of the additional software features that are either standard or provided as options. Detailed descriptions of each software feature are included in the Appendix.

6B.03 6F.01 6F.03 7E.03 7F.04 7F.05 7HA.01 7HA.02 9E.03/.04 9F.03/.04 9F.05 9HA.01 9HA.02OpFlex Startup Agility SolutionsGT Fast Start O – – O O O O O O – – O OGT Purge Credit N/A O – N/A O O X X N/A O O O OGT Variable Load Path N/A – – N/A – – – – N/A O – – –OpFlex Combustion Versatility SolutionsGrid: Enhanced Transient Stability – X X – X X X X – X X X XTuning: AutoTune LT O – – O N/A N/A N/A N/A O – – N/A N/ATuning: AutoTune DX O O O O X X X X O O O X XTuning: AutoTune MX – – – – – – – – – O – – –OpFlex Load Flexibility SolutionsOutput: Variable Airflow – – O – O O O O – O O O OOutput: Variable Peak Fire O O O O O O O O O O O O OOutput: Cold Day Performance – – O – X X X X – O O X XResponsiveness: Fast Ramp – O – – O O O O – O – O OResponsiveness: Grid Services Package O O O O O O O O O O O O OTurndown: Extended Turndown – – – – O X X X – – – X XEfficiency: Variable Inlet Bleed Heat – – – – – X X X – O O X XOpFlex System Reliability SolutionsFuels: HFO Availability Package O N/A N/A O N/A N/A N/A N/A O N/A N/A N/A N/ASystems Reliability: AutoRecover (for DLN) X N/A N/A X N/A N/A N/A N/A X N/A N/A N/A N/A

X Standard offeringO Optional offering– Not developed to dateN/A Not applicable

3

4


76

The steam turbine controls software also has additional features to enhance steam turbine and plant operability. These features are applied under the OpFlex Steam Turbine Agility offering, which includes the below list. Detailed descriptions of each feature are included in the Appendix.

• OpFlex Steam Turbine Agility — Enhanced automatic turbine startup with rotor stress control — Modified reverse flow — Improved acceleration control — Inlet pressure control set point tracking

The following plant control software features are available to enhance plant operability whenever a GE HRSG or plant control is provided. Detailed descriptions of each feature are included in the Appendix.

• HRSG OpFlex Startup Solutions — Advanced attemperator control — Advanced SCR ammonia control

• Plant Operability Solutions — Rapid Response — Plant one button start

Network SecurityGE’s cyber security management system provides protection by using a defense in depth approach. The first layer of defense is the Mark VIe Control System itself, which is cyber hardened. The system includes an Achilles-certified CPU module along with hardened network switches and HMI’s within a segmented network.

The second layer of defense is an optional IT security appliance, a server called SecurityST*, which provides the following functionality:

• Patch management.

• Anti-virus/malware signature updates.

• Backup and recovery.

• Intrusion detection.

• Centralized access and account management.

• Security information event management (SIEM).

The third layer of defense is a security patching service provided by the GE Measurement &Control business that provides the following to keep the cyber security management system up to date:

• OS updates, security patches.

• Anti-virus/malware prevention.

• Third party software security patches.

Monitoring SystemsGE offers several monitoring systems that can be tailored to specific customer needs. The primary monitoring system is the GE On-Site Monitor (OSM), which provides connectivity from the GE control system to the GE Remote Monitoring & Diagnostic Center in Atlanta, GA.

Other optional monitoring systems that utilize advanced sensor technology include:

• Vibration.

• Combustion dynamics.

• Blade health.

• Plant thermal performance.

• HRSG stress.

• Remote Services Gateway (RSG).

5

6

POWERing 2015

77

Electrical Protection and ControlExcitationExciters are classified according to the source of their input power (potential source or compound source), by how the output power is developed (static or rotating exciters), and by the level of redundancy provided in the system (simplex, dual, or n+1).

The EX2100e generator excitation control is a highly reliable control, protection, and monitoring system. Its flexible architecture, modern networks, and versatile software suite simplify operation and integration with plant-level controls. Advanced algorithms incorporate decades of fleet experience and the latest controls technology to deliver the performance needed in today’s power generation industry.

Steam Turbine System Type Redundancy

Large Systems Reliability: AutoRecover Systems Reliability: AutoRecover

Medium and Small Systems Reliability: AutoRecover Systems Reliability: AutoRecover

Gas Turbine System Type Redundancy

9HA.01/.027HA.01/.029F.03/.057F.04/.05

Potential source static exciter Multi-bridge

9E.03/.047E.036F.036F.016B.03

Brushless regulator (typical) Simplex* and warm backup option

Generator Protection SystemThe GE generator protection system provides comprehensive primary and backup protection for medium and large generators. It includes automation and communication capabilities, I/O options, and fault recording to simplify postmortem analysis and reduce generator downtime. GE’s generator and transformer protection systems use the GE Multilin* family of protective relays, which also provides power quality instrumentation, a motor protection system, and related solutions.

Static StarterThe LS2100e static starter for GE’s heavy duty gas turbines is more economical than a motor, diesel engine, or torque converter. The static starter is an AC drive known as a load-commutated inverter or static-frequency converter. As a member of the Mark VIe control product family, it communicates peer-to-peer with other controls on the same network. This reduces field wiring and eliminates the need for multiple controllers, simplifying operations and maintenance. The static starter controls the generator as a synchronous motor, providing high accelerating torque from turning gear speed without the need for auxiliaries, saving space at the turbine base.

Static starters are offered in the following configurations:

• A static starter for each gas turbine.

• A static starter for multiple gas turbines (up to four).

• Two static starters cross-linked to multiple turbines (up to eight).

User ExperienceA critical part of GE’s controls architecture is the user experience. Today’s users are busier and have more responsibility than ever. GE understands that customers need human-machine interfaces, apps, and other tools that are useful and intuitive. From observing users in natural settings to creating configurations and evaluating them, GE delivers user experiences that promote productivity and informed decision making. Benefits include:

• Ease of use for better decision making and effectiveness.

• Persistent visibility of key data for situational awareness.

• Quick access to key functionality.

• Minimal task completion steps.

7

8


78

• Efficient maintenance and troubleshooting.

• Reduced workforce skills needed.

• Mobile apps for on-the-go functionality.

• Consistent look-and-feel across applications to increase efficiency.

Human-Machine InterfacesOperators experience the plant equipment through the control system, therefore the interface and user experience are important. Research shows that poorly designed human-machine interfaces contribute to operator errors and even lost revenue. GE’s answer is an operator-centered human-machine interface that is simple, intuitive, and efficient.

The interface enhances operator efficiency and improves alarm management through:

• Conformance to ISA 18.2, The High Performance HMI Handbook (PAS), and other industry guidelines.

• Improved situational awareness and anomaly detection.

• Reduced information and cognitive overload.

• Automated startup and shutdown of plants with clear status indication.

• 80% fewer actionable alarms than past systems.

• Alarms that are rationalized and prioritized by severity.

Mobile Apps and Wearables In today’s operating environment, users are increasingly on the go. GE’s mobile apps enable customers to take key functionality with them. For example, mobile maintenance workers can analyze gas combustion dynamics from anywhere to prioritize plant visits. Using Predix*, GE’s software platform for the Industrial Internet, GE provides mobile solutions for asset and operations optimization. Most importantly, GE apps provide the following benefits:

• Secure connection to machine data via GE Remote Monitoring & Diagnostics Center, OSM or historian.

• Private or public cloud use.

• Data synchronization for offline use.

• Collaboration across platforms and experts.

Web PortalsCustomers need efficient access to the information they need when they need it. That’s what GE’s Power Generation portal does for operators. From learning the latest about GE’s offerings to accessing custom dashboards, GE’s portal is a user’s gateway to information. Benefits include:

• Centralized access to relevant information.

• Support for the entire plant life cycle.

• Collaboration tools to connect with GE.

• Consistent look-and-feel across applications to increase efficiency.

ToolsGE gives customers the tools they need to maintain and/or increase the value of their plant assets. My Dashboard connects customers to the technical information they need, keeps them updated about the latest events and news and allows them to connect with product support. Tools like Asset Evaluator* and MyFleet* assess operational situations and benchmark assets to identify ways to improve performance. The My Power & Water Store connects customers to the parts they need. With an eye toward convenience, customers can count on GE’s tools for:

• Resources to support the entire plant life cycle.

• Quick access to parts and orders.

• In-depth relevant technical information.

• Case management and other collaboration tools to obtain GE support.

POWERing 2015

79

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Power Generation Development and Validation Facilities

Being a technology leader and innovator in the power generation industry requires a relentless drive

to expand engineering capabilities and domain expertise. In order to bring new technological advances

to the industry and have them reliably deliver value to customers, GE relies upon its rigorous and

methodical validation philosophy, a process at the heart of GE’s engineering practices.

The physical evidence of this commitment, one GE takes pride in sharing with its customers, is the

broad suite of development and validation facilities utilized by GE’s Power Generation technology

teams. These laboratories and test stands serve all of the major products and enable validation of new

technology throughout the product life cycle—everything from characterization of new materials and

manufacturing methods to the validation of a complete gas turbine system. They even consider new

tooling and processes for the most efficient servicing of products in the field.

As a result of its investment in these capabilities, GE is accelerating the pace at which new technology

and products are being introduced into an increasingly demanding industry, and doing so with proven,

validated products to give customers confidence in making GE their power generation solution provider.

POWER GENERATION DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FACILITIES

80

Gas TurbinesThe world’s largest and most powerful variable speed, variable load, non-grid connected gas turbine test facility

Located in Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A., this $200 million facility includes variable speed, variable load, off-grid testing to fully validate GE’s gas turbines at and above full load conditions. Capable of replicating a real-world grid environment at full capacity, the facility tests 50 and 60 Hz gas turbines well beyond normal power plant conditions seen in the field. The test facility includes control room, data center, and nerve center areas, all connected by an advanced communication system that facilitates thorough data collection during each test. The Mark VIe Control System operates the gas turbine throughout testing to validate and refine the control logic and advanced models.

Equally important as the system level results, the validation facility data collection system enables the recording of a tremendous amount of part-specific temperature information on casing structures, rotor, and hot gas path components throughout the transient and steady state loaded conditions. This provides GE with an unrivaled understanding of actual component temperatures, which is crucial in confirming the thermal strain on the parts for accurate component life analyses.

This level of testing prepares these turbines for nearly any condition they may experience once installed and operating, and provides GE with invaluable knowledge of turbine performance under the most demanding conditions. New gas turbine models are then proven in their operability, performance, and durability prior to entering commercial service.

Unmatched Capabilities• More than 8,000 data streams captured continuously

during testing.

• Ability to run natural gas and liquid distillate fuels.

• Capable of testing multiple gas turbine models.

• Full-scale compressor mapping and validation.

• Over 800 test hours planned for HA gas turbines through 2017.

Advantages of GE’s Test Stands Compared to On-Grid TestingTesting Capability• Flexibility – no frequency, speed or load restrictions.

• Instrumentation to investigate critical interactions.

• Timely learning – prompt post-test teardown inspection and implementation of product enhancements.

Operability• Map combustion operability beyond what’s possible in field.

• Complete compressor mapping, including identification of the surge line.

• Verification of machine capability and durability from extreme grid events.

Performance• Ability to tune part load performance and turndown through

enhanced measurement of boundary conditions.• Optimization of compressor variable vane position.• Enhance load path using expanded knowledge of

compressor/combustion boundaries.• Optimization of tip clearances utilizing data collected during

extreme event testing.

Durability• Data collected calibrates analysis to confirm part

strains and vibrational stresses enabling optimization of component life, cooling, and performance.

GE’s Test Stand … Compared to On-Grid Testing

Validation Area ImpactGE Test Facility

On-Grid Prototype

Performance MW/HR Fully Mapped

Grid Limited

Fleet Risk RAM/Operability Fully Mapped

Not Quantified

Pressure Ratio Surge Risk MW/HR/RAM Fully

MappedNot

Quantified

Exhaust Characteristics BOP Interface Limits

ValidatedSite

Limited

Hot/Cold Flexibility MW/HR/RAM Fully

MappedSite

Limited

Load Following Capability Ramp Rate/RAM Fully

QuantifiedSite

Limited

Grid Code Compliance RAM/Dispatch Limits

ValidatedGrid

Limited

Rotor Dynamics/Vibration

RAM/Operability Fully Quantified

Site Limited

Combustor Tones/Dynamics RAM/Operability Fully

MappedSite

Limited

Clearances Performance Fully Mapped

Site Limited

Erosion/Wear/Degradation MW/HR/RAM

Stresses and Temps

Mapped

Site Limited

CORR

ECTE

D F

LOW

PRESSURE RATIO

7F.05 Validation (1 Unit)

7F.03/.04 Fleet Data (534 Units)

Comparison to Fleet Results

CORR

ECTE

D F

LOW

PRESSURE RATIO

7F.05 Validation (1 Unit)

7F.03/.04 Fleet Data (534 Units)

POWERing 2015

81

Combustion LabThe world’s largest and most flexible combustor module test facility

Also located in Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A., this 575,000 square-foot facility includes laboratory and office space for the air cooled gas turbine design team. The facility includes five independent test cells, housing 10 full-scale, single-can test stands that can evaluate the full range of GE combustors installed in the world’s fleets. This provides the capability to run eight different fired tests per week and up to 342 fired tests in one year. The facility is capable of replicating real-world fuel compositions at full-scale flow conditions to determine the combustor’s complete operability and fuel flexibility envelope.

In addition to housing the fired test stands, the facility includes a control room, data center, emissions measurement center, instrumentation shop, and fabrication shop. The facilities are capable of performing component-level flow testing, as well as ping testing and accelerated life testing to provide an overall system-level architecture for operability and durability requirements. This level of testing prepares GE’s combustors for any condition they may experience once installed and operating around the globe at customer sites.

• Up to 1,000 data streams captured continuously for every test.

• Ability to run natural gas, propane, butane, ethane, nitrogen, hydrogen, CO, and CO2, as well as multiple liquid fuel-types.

• Capable of testing all current GE fleet configurations at full-scale conditions, as well as develop new combustion systems for customer needs.

• Full-scale combustor development before installation into a gas turbine for on-site full-speed, full-load, off-grid system validation.

Steam TurbinesPower generation equipment must perform when required and as expected for customers to maximize earnings. To support that requirement, GE has invested in significant validation capability enhancements over the past decade. The validation process includes technology, component, subsystem and system testing. World-class SOA and GE developed and maintained data acquisition systems allow for real-time monitoring of massive quantities of high-speed data, concurrent real-time data calculations, and in test processing for engineering decision making. They also allow for real-time data streaming to dedicated data servers.

Low Pressure Development Turbine – Schenectady, NY

The low pressure development turbine provides best-in-class aeromechanics and performance testing of last stage blades and steam paths. The rig provides section or stage-by-stage performance and can simulate fossil or combined cycle applications. It is equipped with advanced data systems, including non-contact blade vibration detection and unique inner stage, exhaust, and hood measurement capabilities with state-of-the-art traversing probes. Advanced turbine path component technologies are tested, including 3D aerodynamics and seal architecture.

High Pressure Test Vehicle – Lynn, MA

The multistage high pressure test vehicle steam turbine rig has similar capabilities and data acquisition technologies as the low pressure development turbine and provides best-in-class aero performance test capability of HP and IP steam turbine blades and steam paths.

Wheel Box Test Facility – Schenectady, NY

The wheel box test facility collects aero-mechanical data on single or multi-stage gas or steam turbine products. The rig can operate at variable speed in a deep vacuum and vary excitation to simulate a variety of operating conditions. Validating airfoil vibration characteristics is critical to ensuring part life and product operational capabilities.

Subsonic Air Turbine – Schenectady, NY

The subsonic air turbine utilizes compressed air in lieu of steam for testing. The rig can provide section or stage-by-stage performance of up to two stages of steam or gas turbine airfoils. It provides key data needed to validate improvements obtained using 3D aerodynamics in the turbine airfoils by allowing for rapid DOE’s critical to the development of advanced airfoil configuration tools.

Stationary Air Cells Test Facilities – Schenectady, NY

The stationary air cells provide flexibility to flow test a variety of components in both full and part scale configurations. The cells allow for varying flow, velocity, and back pressure to acquire data for use in gas and steam turbine inlets, exhausts, diffusers, seals, flow guides, and hoods.

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Power Generation Development and Validation Facilities

82

GeneratorsContinued investment in product development and validation enables the progression of highly reliable and efficient technology. Since 2009, the generator development and validation facility in Schenectady, NY has been testing components, subsystems, systems, and complete generators, and has made great contributions to the overall evolution of generator technology.

Non-Metallic Materials Lab

World-class development and test facility enables insulation systems development and non-metallic component testing.

Rotor Torsional Testing

The Schenectady balance bunker performs torsional vibration tests on generator fields. Data from individual rotors is used to validate full-train torsional models and mitigate risk of torsional resonance.

Field Ventilation Lab

This stationary test rig validates new ventilation schemes for generator fields. DC current is passed through copper field turns while ventilation gas cools the turns. This capability allows for the testing of new ventilation patterns to potentially allow uprates to both new and existing units with field rewinds.

Armature End Winding Lab

Thermal and mechanical cycling of full scale end winding support systems provide the opportunity to evaluate new materials, support systems, and configurations.

Armature Development Lab

This lab tests new armature bar and slot support systems at current levels up to 17,000 amps or bar forces upwards of 200 lbf per inch of stator bar length.

Generator Thermal Cycling and Endurance Test Stand

A $14 million upgrade to the existing generator test stand has added the capability for full-scale rapid, thermal cyclic duty and endurance testing with capabilities including, but not limited to, open circuit, short circuit, and sudden short circuit. This capability delivers proven operability and performance of new generator models—including the latest structured product line series of generators—before they enter commercial service. In addition to housing the drive train, the test facility includes control room and data centers, as well as an onsite remote nerve center area, all connected by an advanced communication system that facilitates thorough data collection during each test.

Control Simulation and VirtualizationNew Product Development

Simulation is an integral part of manufacturing at GE. Before a new product or plant is built, a virtual version is created using GE virtual controller technology and process models. The product/plant is then operated in various modes to validate performance. Customers are invited to witness their entire system operate in a simulated environment.

Project Simulation

Control system acceptance tests use GE’s scalable simulation platform. Virtual simulators on a desktop or in the cloud are used to validate quality and completeness for a smooth install. GE’s passion for simulation, virtual simulator technology, and scalable testing platform promotes quality and complete control solutions.

Customer Simulation and Training

GE simulator technology has been provided to customers in training simulators. Saudi Electric Company (SEC) purchased a GE simulator that accurately represented their combined cycle power plant. SEC identified operation and control issues during simulator development and before plant startup; those issues were corrected without a delay in plant commissioning.

POWERing 2015

83

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Technical Data

APPENDIX

NOTE: All ratings are net plant based on ISO conditions and natural gas fuel. Actual performance will vary with project specific conditions and fuel. 2PNRH = Two Pressure, Non-Reheat; 3PRH = Three Pressure, Reheat

84

Technical Data 50/60 Hz (Geared) 50 Hz6B.03 6F.01 6F.03 9E.03 9E.04 9F.03 9F.04

SC Net Output (MW) 44 51 80 132 143 265 280

SC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 10,180 8,980 9,470 9,860 9,250 9,020 8,840

SC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 10,740 9,474 9,991 10,403 9,759 9,517 9,327

SC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 33.5% 38.0% 36.0% 34.6% 36.9% 37.8% 38.6%

GT Parameters

Compression Pressure Ratio (X:1) 12.7 21.2 16.0 13.0 13.2 16.8 16.8

Generator Configuration (Type) GEN-A31 GEN-A32 GEN-A33 GEN-A39 GEN-A39 GEN-H53 GEN-H53

Number of Combustor Cans 10 6 6 14 14 18 18

Number of Compressor Stages 17 12 18 17 17 18 18

Number of Turbine Stages 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

ExhaustTemperature (°F/°C) 1,019/549 1,106/597 1,113/601 1,012/544 1,004/540 1,104/595 1,125/607

Exhaust Energy (MM Btu/hr) 289 277 472 828 814 1,458 1,496

Exhaust Energy (MM kJ/hr) 305 292 498 874 858 1,538 1,579

GT Turndown Minimum Load (%) 50% 40% 52% 35% 35% 35% 35%

GT Ramp Rate (MW/min) 11 12 7 11 12 22 23

NOx (ppmvd) at Baseload (@15% O2) 4 25 15 5 5 15 15

CO (ppm) at Min. Turndown w/o Abatement 25 9 9 25 25 24 24

Wobbe Variation (%) >+/-30 >+/-10 +20, -10 >+/-30 >+/-30 +25, -10 +25, -10

Startup Time (Hot, Minutes) 12 12 29 10 10 15 15

Power Plant Configuration1x1 MS 6B.03

1x1 MS 6F.01

1x1 MS 6F.03

1x1 MS 9E.03

1x1 MS 9E.04

1x1 MS 9F.03

1x1 MS 9F.04

CC Net Output (MW) 67 75 123 199 208 404 426

CC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 6,630 6,120 6,170 6,530 6,360 5,860 5,770

CC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 6,995 6,457 6,510 6,890 6,710 6,183 6,088

CC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 51.5% 55.8% 55.3% 52.3% 53.7% 58.2% 59.1%

Bottoming Cycle Type 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 3PRH 3PRH

Condenser Type Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru

Condenser Pressure (in.Hga) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

HP Throttle Press. (psia/bar) 1,900/131 1,900/131 2,000/138 1,500/103 1,500/103 2,400/165 2,400/165

HP Throttle Temp. (°F/°C) 1,000/538 1,050/566 1,050/566 980/527 975/524 1,050/566 1,050/566

Reheat Temp. (°F/°C) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,050/566 1,050/566

ST Configuration (Type) ST-A250 ST-A250 ST-A250 ST-A200 ST-A200 ST-A650 ST-A650

GT Generator Type (Cooling) Air Air Air Air Air Hydrogen Hydrogen

ST Generator Type (Cooling) Air Air Air Air Air Hydrogen Hydrogen

Plant Turndown – Minimum Load (%) 57% 53% 59% 72% 70% 46% 45%

Ramp Rate (MW/min) 11 12 7 11 12 22 22


Power Plant Configuration2x1 MS 6B.03

2x1 MS 6F.01

2x1 MS 6F.03

2x1 MS 9E.03

2x1 MS 9E.04

2x1 MS 9F.03

2x1 MS 9F.04

CC Net Output (MW) 135 150 245 401 420 811 855

CC Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh, LHV) 6,600 6,100 6,130 6,460 6,300 5,840 5,750

CC Net Heat Rate (kJ/kWh, LHV) 6,963 6,436 6,467 6,816 6,647 6,162 6,067

CC Net Efficiency (%, LHV) 51.7% 55.9% 55.7% 52.8% 54.2% 58.4% 59.3%

Bottoming Cycle Type 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 2PNRH 3PRH 3PRH

Condensor Type Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru

Condenser Pressure (in.Hga) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

HP Throttle Press. (psia/bar) 1,900/131 1,900/131 1,500/103 1,500/103 1,500/103 2,400/165 2,400/165

HP Throttle Temp. (°F/°C) 1,000/538 1,050/566 1,050/566 980/527 975/524 1,050/566 1,050/566

Reheat Temp. (°F/°C) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,050/566 1,050/566

ST Configuration (Type) ST-A250 ST-A250 ST-D200 ST-D200 ST-D200 ST-D650 ST-D650

GT Generator Type (Cooling) Air Air Air Air Air Hydrogen Hydrogen

ST Generator Type (Cooling) Air Air Air Air Air Hydrogen Hydrogen

Plant Turndown – Minimum Load (%) 29% 27% 30% 36% 35% 23% 22%

Ramp Rate (MW/min) 22 24 13 22 25 44 44


50 Hz 60 Hz9F.05 9HA.01 9HA.02 7E.03 7F.04 7F.05 7F.05 7F.05 7HA.01 7HA.02

299 397 510 91 198 224 231 275 337

8,810 8,220 8,170 10,060 8,840 8,670 8,640 8,240 8,210

9,295 8,673 8,620 10,614 9,327 9,147 9,116 8,694 8,662

38.7% 41.5% 41.8% 33.9% 38.6% 39.4% 39.5% 41.4% 41.6%

18.3 21.8 23.5 12.8 16.2 18.4 18.2 18.4 21.5 22.9

GEN-H55 GEN-H84 GEN-H85 GEN-A35 GEN-H33 GEN-H35 GEN-H35 GEN-H35 GEN-H53 GEN-H65

18 16 16 10 14 14 14 14 12 12

18 14 14 17 18 14 14 14 14 14

3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

1,187/642 1,150/621 1,206/652 1,022/550 1,149/620 1,099/593 1,136/613 1,142/617 1,164/629 1,166/630

1,593 1,906 2,430 584 1,056 1,176 1,207 1,212 1,330 1,620

1,681 2,011 2,564 616 1,114 1,241 1,273 1,279 1,403 1,709

38% 40% 40% 35% 48% 38% 38% 45% 25% 40%

24 60 70 7 30 40 40 40 50 50

25 25 25 4 9 5 9 12 25 25

10 9 9 25 9 9 9 9 9 9

+/-10 +/-10 +/-10 >+/-30 +20, -10 +/-7.5 +/-7.5 +/-7.5 +/-10 +/-10

23 11 12 10 11 11 11 11 10 12

1x1 SS 9F.05

1x1 SS 9HA.01

1x1 SS 9HA.02

1x1 MS 7E.03

1x1 MS 7F.04

1x1 MS 7F.05

1x1 MS 7HA.01

1x1 SS 7HA.02

460 592 755 139 292 359 406 501

5,670 5,540 5,517 6,640 5,800 5,740 5,570 5,530

5,982 5,845 5,821 7,006 6,119 6,056 5,877 5,834

60.2% 61.6% 61.8% 51.4% 58.8% 59.4% 61.3% 61.7%

3PRH 3PRH 3PRH 2PNRH 3PRH 3PRH 3PRH 3PRH

Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

2,400/165 2,400/165 2,400/165 1,500/103 1,800/124 2,400/165 2,400/165 2,400/165

1,112/600 1,112/600 1,112/600 990/532 1,050/566 1,050/566 1,112/600 1,112/600

1,112/600 1,112/600 1,112/600 N/A 1,050/566 1,050/566 1,112/600 1,112/600

ST-D650 ST-D650 ST-D650 ST-A200 ST-A450 ST-D650 ST-D650 ST-D650

Hydrogen Hydrogen Water Air Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen

N/A N/A N/A Air Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen N/A

46% 47% 47% 67% 58% 48% 33% 47%

24 60 70 7 30 40 50 50

38 <30 <30 35 28 25 <30 <30

2x1 MS 9F.05

2x1 MS 9HA.01

2x1 MS 9HA.02

2x1 MS 7E.03

2x1 MS 7F.04

2x1 MS 7F.05

2x1 MS 7HA.01

2x1 MS 7HA.02

923 1,181 1,515 281 588 723 817 1,005

5,650 5,540 5,495 6,580 5,760 5,700 5,540 5,510

5,961 5,845 5,798 6,942 6,077 6,014 5,845 5,813

60.4% 61.6% 62.1% 51.9% 59.2% 59.9% 61.6% 61.9%

3PRH 3PRH 3PRH 2PNRH 3PRH 3PRH 3PRH 3PRH

Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru Once Thru

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

2,400/165 2,400/165 2,400/165 1,500/103 2,400/165 2,400/165 2,400/165 2,400/165

1,112/600 1,112/600 1,112/600 990/532 1,050/566 1,050/566 1,112/600 1,112/600

1,112/600 1,112/600 1,112/600 N/A 1,050/566 1,050/566 1,112/600 1,112/600

ST-D600 ST-D600 ST-D600 ST-A200 ST-D650 ST-D650 ST-D650 ST-D650

Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Air Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen

Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Air Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen

23% 24% 24% 33% 29% 24% 16% 23%

48 120 140 15 60 80 100 100

38 <30 <30 35 28 25 <30 <30

POWERing 2015

85

Software and Technology DescriptionsGas Turbine OpFlex Technology Descriptions

OpFlex Startup Agility Solutions

E-Class Fast Start Employs a 10 minute start to base load. shortened purge, “Fire-on-the-fly”, faster acceleration and loading, lower maintenance factors (includes AutoRecover on DLN units).

F-Class Fast Start/Purge Credit Fast-start: employs a “purge credit” system which moves the startup purge to the prior shutdown, plus faster acceleration and loading rates to achieve near baseload output in 10 minutes. This enables participation in Non-Spinning Reserve Ancillary Services markets.

Variable Load Path Innovative model-based control approach utilizing AutoTune MX provides independent adjustment of gas turbine load and exhaust temperature. Enables real time, customized gas turbine operation to better meet plant start-up and operational objectives, while adhering to plant equipment boundaries.

OpFlex Combustion Versatility Solutions

Grid: Enhanced Transient Stability Employs multiple technologies on a Model-Based Control (MBC) software platform to improve robustness to grid frequency transients and meet future grid code requirements to ensure a stable power grid. Modern sensor fault detection, isolation, and accommodation (FDIA) schemes enable continued operation in conditions where traditional control would have results in a trip, thus improving overall availability and reliability.

Tuning: AutoTune LT Provides advanced automated DLN tuning capability through continuous fuel split schedule biasing as ambient conditions change and as turbine hardware and performance degrades over time, reducing the need for tuning at any time for emissions compliance.

Tuning: AutoTune DX Provides GE’s most robust automated DLN combustor tuning solution by combining MBC technology and detailed, field validated combustion models with combustion dynamics feedback. Combustor health is monitored and tuned continuously, enabling increased gas fuel composition flexibility, avoidance of seasonal tuning for emissions compliance, and expanded capability to handle, large rapid transients.

Tuning: AutoTune MX Builds on AutoTune DX to extend automated DLN combustor tuning to all combustion modes and across the entire gas turbine load range down to FSNL. Further enhances gas fuel flexibility and enables customization of gas turbine exhaust conditions at any load to provide unprecedented operational flexibility.

OpFlex Load Flexibility Solutions

Output: Variable Airflow Utilizes advanced combustor fuel scheduling to enable flexible operation at higher maximum IGV settings to provide increased output while maintaining emissions compliance, or at lower settings to provide improved combined-cycle efficiency.

Output: Variable Peak Fire Provides the capability to variably overfire the GT for increased output when economic conditions justify the increased maintenance cost and increased emissions. This option includes functionality to increase output as much as possible while automatically maintaining emissions compliance.

Output: Cold Day Performance Takes advantage of OpFlex AutoTune DX to improve DLN combustor operability in cold weather, thus allowing higher firing temperatures and significantly higher output in cold conditions while maintaining emissions compliance.

Responsiveness: Fast Ramp Enables load ramping at up to 2.5 times the normal rate, such that the full minimum-load-to-baseload range can be covered in less than four minutes, enabling increased participation in regulating reserve markets.

Responsiveness: Grid Services Package Provides multiple custom software packages to ensure compliance with country-specific grid codes worldwide and enable greater participation in ancillary services markets.

Turndown: Extended Turndown Extends low emissions operation to lower load levels, enabling reduced fuel consumption at minimum loads and improving the economics to remain online during off-peak demand periods and avoid shutdown and startup costs. This also extends the available load range for operation, improving dispatch flexibility and enabling greater participation in regulating reserve markets.

Efficiency: Variable Inlet Bleed Heat Replaces conservative anti-icing protection logic with a model-based control approach to reduce inefficient Inlet Bleed Heat use, particularly in warm weather, to provide significant improvements in part load efficiency.

OpFlex System Reliability Solutions

Fuels: HFO Availability Package Utilizes a rapid cooldown, automated turbine wash cycle, and MBC to improve availability of turbines burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), which are subject to rapid performance degradation.

Systems Reliability: AutoRecover Enables B/E-class DLN1 combustors to quickly and automatically return to low emissions premix operation following external transients which can cause the combustor to enter high emissions, high maintenance factor operation.

POWER GENERATION PRODUCTS CATALOG I Technical Data

86

Steam Turbine OpFlex Technology Descriptions

OpFlex Steam Turbine Agility Startup Solutions

Enhanced Automatic Turbine Startup with Rotor Stress Control

An Enhanced Automatic Turbine Startup (ATS) routine provides a fully automated steam turbine startup from ready to start conditions, bringing the machine from turning gear operation to Inlet Pressure Control (IPC) with a push of a single button. Temperature references are generated within the steam turbine unit controller and integrated with the temperature matching function of the gas turbine unit controller to provide a fully automated temperature ramping solution.

Modified Reverse Flow For opposed flow HP-IP steam turbines, Modified Reverse Flow improves the ability to avoid radial-rub-induced vibration caused by asymmetric heating of the shell during colder starts.

Improved Acceleration Control For large steam turbines in 2x1 and 3x1 combined cycle configuration, an improved ST acceleration algorithm provides better accommodation for low steam production starts when operating with one gas turbine.

Inlet Pressure Control Setpoint Tracking Inlet Pressure Control (IPC) Setpoint Tracking automatically adjusts the IPC setpoint to provide the correct setting as the plant is maneuvered to meet dispatch demand, while retaining its responsiveness to pressure disturbances. The main control valve(s) are open as far as possible to avoid unnecessary throttling, and be in a better position to respond to a GT/HRSG trip, thereby avoiding a cascading trip of a second HRSG. Eliminating unnecessary throttling benefits the plant through improved long-term valve reliability and greater output.

Plant Control Software Technology Descriptions

HRSG OpFlex Startup Solutions

Advanced Attemperator Control Model-based control principles enable feed-forward control loops to proactively adjust HRSG attemperator flows during GT startup and load changes, enabling more accurate regulation of steam temperature during all modes of operation, thus reducing instability and the risk of a plant trip. This enables shorter start times, avoids runbacks, reduces HRSG wear and tear and allows reliable operation at higher steam temperatures to improve plant heat rate and output.

Advanced SCR Ammonia Control Advanced SCR Ammonia Control utilizes model based control with SCR inlet NOx and ammonia injection and catalyst system models in conjunction with exhaust stack measurement and control, ensuring minimal ammonia slip, thus reducing NOx emissions during startup and normal operation.

Plant Operability Solutions

Rapid Response Rapid Response combined cycle system engineering is a GE plant solution delivering enhanced operating flexibility while maintaining state of the art steady state performance. Rapid Response breaks the links that cause the steam cycle to restrict gas turbine startup in a conventional combined cycle plant. The gas turbine in a Rapid Response combined cycle plant starts and loads rapidly to a low emissions state like a simple cycle turbine. The steam turbine and bottoming cycle then follows to provide combined cycle output and efficiency in as little as 30 minutes.

Rapid Response combined cycle system engineering is an extended scope product, available when GE provides the gas turbine(s), steam turbine(s), generator(s), heat recovery steam generator(s) (HRSG) with continuous emissions measurement (CEMS), plant control system (DCS), and key enabling balance of plant (BOP) equipment. GE also provides overall System Integration.

Plant One Button Start GE “one button” plant auto start capability is available as part of an extended scope project. Control software sequencing of all required plant components, including GT, ST, Generator, HRSG and BOP is included. Necessary plant components like shutoff valves are equipped with remote actuators to respond to sequencing software commands. Utilizing group control, the plant places itself into a “ready to start” condition from a normal shutdown condition in preparation for auto start. Although termed “one button”, the operator can elect to include breakpoints at key steps in the plant startup like generator synchronization. The auto start completes with the plant at a selected output, available for external (e.g. load following) control.

POWERing 2015

87

Riyadh Power Plant #12 (under construction), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

88

89

Our Customers Determine Our SuccessWe look forward to the opportunity to serve your power generation needs. Visit us at https://powergen.gepower.com/company-info/contact.html to send us an inquiry.

Power generation products to power the planet.

powergen.gepower.com

* Trademark of General Electric Company.

FOUNDATION™ is a trademark of Fieldbus Inc.CANopen® is a trademark of the CAN in Automation User’s Group.Profibus™ is a trademark of the Profibus User Organization

© 2015 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

GEA31503 (02/2015)

2015 9% nuclear 6% hydro 5% coal 23% geothermal + biomass 1% (∆ +2,500) advantages of gas...

Documents