20140403 jke 101 sv 5 ekonomi antarabangsa
DESCRIPTION
A. Perdagangan Antarabangsa Menerangkan sebab perlunya perdagangan antarabangsa B. Imbangan Pembayaran & Kadar Pertukaran Asing Memperincikan setiap akaun dalam imbangan pembayaran Malaysia Menghuraikan konsep kadar pertukaran asingTRANSCRIPT
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Sidang Video 5 03/04/2014, 9-10pm
JKE 101:
EKONOMI ANTARABANGSA
1By: Dr. Radziah Adam
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Questions!
1. Import/GDP has _______in recent years in Malaysia.1. Import/GDP has _______in recent years in Malaysia.
(risen, fallen, remained steady)(risen, fallen, remained steady) (From ___% in 1991 to ___% in 2013.) (From ___% in 1991 to ___% in 2013.)
2. Export/GDP has _______in recent years in Malaysia.2. Export/GDP has _______in recent years in Malaysia. (risen, fallen, remained steady) (risen, fallen, remained steady) (From ___% in 1991 to ___% in 2013.)(From ___% in 1991 to ___% in 2013.)
3. Which nation is Malaysia’s largest trading partner?3. Which nation is Malaysia’s largest trading partner? (Country____: RM____ billion in 2013.)(Country____: RM____ billion in 2013.)
4. Which is the Malaysia’s second largest trading 4. Which is the Malaysia’s second largest trading partner?partner?
(Country ______: RM ______billion in 2013.)(Country ______: RM ______billion in 2013.)
Adapted, Source: http://www.zhongyuhao.org/shuangyujx/download/1.ppt 6
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Ekonomi Terbuka: Konsep Asas
Makroekonomi
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ULANGKAJI!
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Ekonomi tertutup lwn terbuka?
• Ekonomi tertutup: tak berinteraksi dgn ekonomi dunia luar
tiada eksport, tiada import & aliran modal2 sektor: Y= C + I3 sektor: Y= C+ I + G
• Ekonomi terbuka: interaksi secara bebas dgn ekonomi dunia luar
wujud eksport, import, aliran modal dsb.4 sektor: Y= C+ I + G + (X-M)
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Objektif SV 5:A. Perdagangan Antarabangsa• Menerangkan sebab perlunya perdagangan
antarabangsa• Menerangkan faedah mutlak & faedah
berbanding menggunakan jadual
B. Imbangan Pembayaran & Kadar Pertukaran Asing
• Memperincikan setiap akaun dalam imbangan pembayaran Malaysia
• Menghuraikan konsep kadar pertukaran asing
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A. Perdagangan Antarabangsa & Taraf kehidupan (SOL)
• Ekonomi antarabangsa mewujudkan saling pergantungan (interdependence)– Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Malaysia akan
meningkatkan permintaan terhadap imports– Peningkatan permintaan terhadap imports
oleh Malaysia akan membawa kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara lain
Source: http://Fqed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/students/khans/salvatore_ch01.ppt
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Sumber faedah perdagangan antarabangsa:
Access to items not available domestically
Coffee Bananas Tin Tungsten
Access to lower cost products Access to greater product variety
A. Perdagangan Antarabangsa & Taraf kehidupan (SOL)
Source: http://Fqed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/students/khans/salvatore_ch01.ppt
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Is it always a gain? Import competing sectors may
experience production and job losses This loss is at least partially (and
potentially, completely) offset by gains in the exporting sectors
Source: http://Fqed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/students/khans/salvatore_ch01.ppt
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International Trade Theory & Policy
Balance of PaymentsForeign Exchange Markets
International Economics:
Source: http://Fqed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/students/khans/salvatore_ch01.ppt
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International Economics
International International Trade TheoryTrade Theory
International International Trade TheoryTrade Theory
International International FinanceFinance
International International FinanceFinance
International International Trade PolicyTrade Policy
International International Trade PolicyTrade Policy
InternationalInternationalEconomicsEconomics
InternationalInternationalEconomicsEconomics
Adapted, Source: http://www.zhongyuhao.org/shuangyujx/download/1.ppt
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International Trade and Economic Development
International Trade and Economic Development
International Trade Theory
MercantilismMercantilism
Absolute AdvantageAbsolute Advantage
Comparative AdvantageComparative Advantage
Heckscher-OhlinHeckscher-Ohlin Stolper-SamuelsonStolper-Samuelson
Factor Price EqualisationFactor Price Equalisation
RybzcynskiRybzcynski
Immiserising GrowthImmiserising Growth
TradeTradeTheoryTheoryTradeTradeTheoryTheory
Adapted, Source: http://www.zhongyuhao.org/shuangyujx/download/1.ppt16
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Open economy macroeconomicsOpen economy
macroeconomics
Foreign exchange markets
Foreign exchange markets Balance of paymentsBalance of payments
International Finance
International FinanceInternational FinanceInternational FinanceInternational Finance
Adapted, Source: http://www.zhongyuhao.org/shuangyujx/download/1.ppt17
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http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/2257e64f-b08d-41b7-bed0-b6e6498c38a3
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http://www.bnm.gov.my/files/publication/qb/2013/Q1/bm_p4_box.pdf
http://ww
w.statistics.gov.m
y/portal/download_E
conomics/files/
DA
TA
_SE
RIE
S/2007/02Im
bangan_Pem
bayaran.pdf
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B. Imbangan Pembayaran
1. Akaun Semasa
2. Akaun Modal
3. Akaun Kewangan
4. Kesilapan & Ketinggalan
5. Aset Rizab
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ALIRAN ANTARABANGSA: BARANGAN
Aliran barangan: Eksport (X), Import (M) & Eksport bersih
Malaysia merupakan sebuah ekonomi yang amat terbuka; mengimport & mengeksport kuantiti b&p yang banyak.
Sejak 2 dekad yg lepas, perdagangan & pembiayaan antarabangsa menjadi semakin penting.
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Jadual 5.1: Imbangan dagangan Malaysia pada harga semasa (RM milion)
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Rajah 5.1: Keterbukaan Ekonomi Malaysia
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Aliran barangan: Eksport, Import, Eksport bersih
• Eksport (X): b&p yg dikeluarkan dlm negara & dijual ke luar negara.
• Import (M): b&p yg dikeluarkan di luar negara & dijual di pasaran dalam negara.
• Eksport bersih (NX) = X - M
• Eksport bersih adalah sama dengan imbangan dagangan
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Aliran barangan: Eksport, Import, Eksport bersih
Kurang dagangan (trade deficit): apabila eksport bersih (NX) adalah negatif
Import > Eksport
Lebihan dagangan (trade surplus): apabila eksport bersih (NX) adalah positif
Eksport > Import
Dagangan seimbang (balanced trade): apabila eksport bersih bernilai sifar, i.e. eksport & import adalah sama
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ALIRAN ANTARABANGSA: MODAL
Aliran modal:Aliran keluar modal bersih (Net capital outflow) merujuk pada pembelian aset luar negara oleh penduduk tempatan tolak pembelian aset tempatan oleh penduduk luar negara Cth: penduduk Malaysia membeli saham Ford Motor Corporation (US) manakala penduduk US membeli saham Proton Holdings Berhad
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B. Imbangan Pembayaran (Balance of payment, BOP)
BOP mencatat transaksi penduduk sebuah negara dengan dunia luar
Terdiri drp akaun semasa, akaun modal, akaun kewangan (financial a/c) & aset rizab (reserves assets)
Transaksi yg membawa masuk mata wang asing ke dalam negara akan dicatatkan sebagai kredit (+)Cth: firma Malaysia eksport minyak kelapa sawit ke Jepun
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Imbangan Pembayaran (BOP)
Transaksi yg menyebabkan sesebuah negara kehilangan mata wang asing dicatatkan sebagai debit (-)
Cth: firma Malaysia mengimport jentera
dari Jepun
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Perakaunan BOP
BOP adalah jumlah item-item yg berikut:
1.Imbangan akaun semasa
2.Imbangan akaun modal & kewangan
3.Kesilapan (errors & omissions)
4.Aset rizab
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1. Akaun semasamencatat transaksi antarabangsa untuk
barangan, perkhidmatan, pendapatan & bayaran pindahan
Barangan: mencatat M & X barangan Transaksi penduduk Malaysia mengeksport
barangan keluar negara dicatatkan sebagai kredit (+)
Transaksi penduduk Malaysia mengimport barangan dari luar negara dicatatkan sebagai debit (-)
Cth: jualan kereta Proton ke Australia (+), Malaysia import barangan E&E dari China (-)
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Perkhidmatan: mencatat M & X perkhidmatan
Transaksi penduduk Malaysia mengeksport perkhidmatan ke luar negara dicatatkan sebagai kredit (+)
Transaksi penduduk Malaysia mengimport perkhidmatan dari luar negara dicatatkan sebagai debit (-)
Cth: Bayaran ke luar negara untuk pendidikan, melancong, menunai haji, urusan perniagaan dsb. (-)…
1. Akaun semasa
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i. Imbangan barangan & perkhidmatan =imbangan dagangan = eksport bersih (X-M)
ii. Pendapatan: meliputi bayaran dalam bentuk upah, gaji & pulangan pelaburan (dividen dsb.)
iii. Bayaran pindahan: pindahan satu hala Cth: Kerajaan Malaysia memberi derma
kepada mangsa gempa bumi Haiti (debit, -). Malaysia mendapat geran @ bantuan kebajikan drp luar negara (kredit,+)
1. Akaun semasa
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B. Imbangan Pembayaran (BOP)
1. Imbangan akaun semasa: imbangan dagangan + pendapatan + bayaran pindahan
2. Akaun modal: untuk Malaysia kita hanya mencatat transaksi yg kecil seperti patent, hakcipta dsb.
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B. Imbangan Pembayaran (BOP)3. Akaun kewangan (financial a/c): mencatat pembelian aset (saham, rumah) penduduk tempatan di luar negara (debit) & penduduk luar negara membeli aset tempatan (kredit). Nota: di kebanyakan negara @ secara umum, transaksi ini dimasukkan dalam akaun modal)•Di Malaysia pelaburan secara langsung dan pelaburan portfolio termasuk dlm akaun kewangan
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B. Imbangan Pembayaran (BOP)
• Pelaburan langsung: cth. firma Jepun membina sebuah kilang di Kulim, Kedah
• Pelaburan Portfolio: transaksi yg melibatkan saham, bon, bil perbendaharaan dsb.
• Cth. penduduk Malaysia membeli saham di luar negara
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• Imbangan pembayaran keseluruhan
• =akaun semasa + akaun modal (kewangan) + ‘kesilapan’( error & omissions) & aset rizab. JUMLAH=0
• Aset rizab: mencatatkan stok rizab kini kerajaan termasuk rizab emas official, rizab pertukaran asing
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INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
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C. KADAR PERTUKARAN
• Transaksi antarabangsa dipengaruhi oleh harga antarabangsa.
• Harga antarabangsa ditentukan oleh kadar pertukaran satu matawang dgn matawang yg lain.
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• kadar pertukaran nominal adalah kadar yg seseorang dapat berdagang matawang sesebuah negara dgn matawang sebuah negara yg lain.
Kadar Pertukaran Nominal
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Kadar Pertukaran Nominal • Kadar pertukaran nominal boleh diwakili
dalam dua bentuk:Dalam unit Ringgit Malaysia bagi seunit mata wang asing.
Cth: RM3.4 = US$1 (1/3.4=US$0.294)
Dalam unit mata wang asing untuk seunit Ringgit Malaysia.
Cth: US$0.294 = RM1 ( 1/0.294 = RM3.4)
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Kadar Pertukaran Nominal• Peningkatan nilai (appreciation): nilai
sesebuah mata wang meningkat dikira dalam bentuk banyak mana mata wang asing boleh dibeli.
• Jika RM1 boleh membeli lebih US$, ia merupakan satu peningkatan nilai RM dibandingkan dgn US$
• Kemerosotan nilai (depreciation): nilai sesebuah mata wang jatuh dikira dalam bentuk banyak mana matawang asing boleh dibeli.
• Jika RM1 boleh membeli kurang US$, ia merupakan satu kejatuhan nilai RM dibandingkan dgn US$
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Penentuan kadar pertukarana. Sistem terapung bebas (free floating exchange
rate system): ditentukan oleh permintaan & penawaran mata wang tersebut
b. Sistem kadar pertukaran tetap: ditetapkan & tidak dibenarkan untuk berubah mengikut permintaan & penawaran. Kerajaan terpaksa campurtangan untuk mengekalkan kadar tetap.
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Sistem kadar pertukaran yg lain
• Sistem terapung terkawal (managed float)
• Wider band system
• Currency Board
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Sistem kadar pertukaran di Malaysia
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Objektif SV 5:A. Perdagangan Antarabangsa• Menerangkan sebab perlunya perdagangan
antarabangsa• Menerangkan faedah mutlak & faedah
berbanding menggunakan jadual
B. Imbangan Pembayaran & Kadar Pertukaran Asing
• Memperincikan setiap akaun dalam imbangan pembayaran Malaysia
• Menghuraikan konsep kadar pertukaran asing
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Persediaan Peperiksaan Akhir
• Modul, Nota Sidang Video 3-5 & Nota Sesi Intensif 1 & 2
• Kuiz Ulangkaji 1-5
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SV 3: Teori & Kos Pengeluaran•Konsep kos dan hasil, purata, marginal (sut), berubah, tetap•Kos jangka pendek & jangka panjang
Topik Mikro
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Sesi Intensif 1: Struktur Pasaran
•Ciri-ciri penting pasaran persaingan sempurna (PPS), persaingan bermonopoli, oligopoli & monopoli
•Keseimbangan j/pendek & j/panjang bagi firma dalam pasaran tersebut
Topik Mikro
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Topik Makro
Sesi Intensif 2: Matlamat Makroekonomi
•Perakaunan Pendapatan Negara
•Perbezaan KDNK dan KNK, KNB
•Definisi KDNK per kapita, nominal lwn benar, kadar pertumbuhan dsb.
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Topik Makro
Sesi Intensif 2: Matlamat Makroekonomi•Inflasi: takrifan & bagaimana IHP/CPI serta kadar inflasi diperolehi?
Kadar inflasi lwn deflator KDNK•Kadar pengangguran: bagaimana dikira?•Kitaran niaga (business cycle)
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Topik MakroSV 4: Permintaan & Penawaran Agregat•AD=C+I+G+(X-M): Apakah faktor anjakan keluk AD (tumpukan lebih pada AD)?
Konsep pengganda: 1/(1-mpc)•Dasar kewangan (MP) & dasar fiskal (FP): Mengembang @ menguncup? Bila harus digunakan?•Inflasi, kemelesetan, stagflasi•AS: faktor anjakan keluk AS?
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Topik Makro SV 5: Ekonomi Antarabangsa•Imbangan dagangan, akaun semasa, akaun modal & imbangan pembayaran•Kadar pertukaran asing•Sistem pertukaran asingEkonomi Malaysia: pengetahuan umum, dasar kerajaan
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120 soalan:Soalan aneka pilihan (MCQs) Benar/Salah
Nota: rajah diberi
Format Peperiksaan Akhir (70%)
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Contoh rujukan tambahan:
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