2014 marine water quality summary report
TRANSCRIPT
2014 Marine Water Quality Summary Report
Revision number: 02
July 2015
Environmental Quality Sector * Corporate Management Representative Secretary General
Originated By Reviewed By Approved By
* Refer to SG Administrative orders No. 08/2008, No. 17/2008, and No. 16/2008 and SG Circulars S.G/C-13/10 and S.G/C-
15/10 Concerning Management of the Quality, Environment, Health, and Safety Management System at the Environment
Agency–Abu Dhabi.
Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Driving Forces, Pressures, and Impacts to Abu Dhabi Waters ................................................................................. 7
2. Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
3. Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Eutrophication Index ............................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Microbial Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.3 Sediment Index ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
4. Ongoing Programs ............................................................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Marine Water Quality Network Review .................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Marine Water Quality Automation Program ............................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Marine Water Quality Standards Development Program ........................................................................................ 24
5. Way Forward ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6. Conclusions and Outlook ................................................................................................................................................... 26
7. References ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
List of Tables
Table 1.1. Primary Industrial Sectors of Abu Dhabi and the Potential Pollutants That May Be Generated in Their
Effluenta ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Table 2.1. Condition Ratings and Corresponding Index Scores for the Eutrophication, Microbial, and Sediment Indices
in Abu Dhabi Marine Waters .............................................................................................................................................. 12
List of Figures
Figure 1.1. DPSIR model with examples relevant to Abu Dhabi. .................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.2. HAB occurrence in Abu Dhabi since 2002. ................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2.1. Marine water and sediment quality monitoring stations. ............................................................................................. 11 Figure 3.1. Overall indices results for 2014, by station and category. ........................................................................................... 14 Figure 3.2. Overall summary of the 2014 results for each index. .................................................................................................. 14 Figure 3.3. Status of MWQ at each station based on the Eutrophication Index for 2014. ............................................................. 15 Figure 3.4. Eutrophication Index scores by station and category for 2011–2014. ......................................................................... 16 Figure 3.5. Mean Eutrophication Index score for each category for 2011–2014. .......................................................................... 17 Figure 33.6. Status of MWQ at each station based on the Microbial Index for 2014. ................................................................... 18
Figure 3.7. Microbial Index scores by station and category for 2012–2014. ................................................................................. 19
Figure 3.8. Mean Microbial Index score for each category for 2012–2014. .................................................................................. 20
Figure 3.9. Status of sediment quality at each station based on the Sediment Index for 2014. .................................................... 21
Figure 3.10. Sediment Index scores by station and category for 2011–2014. .............................................................................. 22
Figure 3.11. Mean Sediment Index score for each category for 2011–2014................................................................................. 23
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACES Arab Center for Engineering Studies
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
CO2 carbon dioxide
DO dissolved oxygen
DPSIR Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response
DSP diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
EAD Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi
HAB harmful algal bloom
ICAD Industrial City Abu Dhabi
KIZAD Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi
km kilometer
MPA Marine Protected Area
MWQ marine water quality
MWQMP Marine Water Quality Monitoring Program
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PSP paralytic shellfish poisoning
TPH total petroleum hydrocarbon
TSS total suspended solids
WQI Water Quality Index
Glossary
Absorption: The process in which a fluid is dissolved by a liquid or solid (absorbent), and there is assimilation of molecular
species throughout the bulk of the liquid or solid.
Aquaculture: The farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish and shellfish, for the production of food or materials, including
pearls.
Atmospheric deposition: The process in which precipitation, particles, aerosols, and gases move from the atmosphere to the
earth’ssurface.Throughthisprocess, various pollutants that are released into the atmosphere may be deposited directly into
waterbodies, where they may have toxic or adverse effects on the water quality and aquatic life.
Brine: A solution of salt in water.
Chlorophyll a: A pigment found in plants that functions to help convert light from the sun into energy.
Climate change: A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric
CO2.
Coliform: A type of bacteria commonly used as an indicator of the sanitary quality of foods and water.
Component parameters: The different parameters (e.g., nitrate, phosphate) that compose each of the overall water quality
indices.
Data: Values of numeric or descriptive variables belonging to a set of items.
Desalination: Any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water, and a process
used to create fresh (drinking) water from salt water.
Dissolved oxygen: A relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in water.
Ecosystem: A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment.
Effluent: An outflowing of water from a human-made structure.
Eutrophication: A process in which the nutrient supply in a waterbody increases over time, resulting in enhanced growth of
aquatic plants, especially phytoplankton.
Harmful algal bloom: A bloom of algae characterized by a rapid increase in the population of phytoplankton that has a negative
effect on other marine organisms and/or humans.
Hypoxia: A condition that occurs when dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are very low and cannot sustain most
animal life. This condition is generally considered to be in effect at or below a level of 2 milligrams per liter of dissolved oxygen.
Microbe: An extremely small living thing (e.g., bacterium) that can only be seen with a microscope.
Nutrients: Major elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and trace elements that are essential for the growth of plants and
animals.
Phytoplankton: The photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton.
Plankton: Microscopic organisms that live suspended or drifting in the water column and are made up of phytoplankton and
zooplankton.
Salinity: Refers to the dissolved salt content of a body of water.
Sustainability: Refers to the ability to use a resource in such a way that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged.
Total suspended solids: Solid particles such as particles of sediment and organic matter that are suspended in the water.
Wastewater: Water that has been subject to human use, as for household or manufacturing activities, and so contains waste
products.
Zooplankton: The animal constituent of plankton.
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The Arabian Gulf coastline of Abu Dhabi Emirate is approximately 700 kilometers (km) long (SCAD, 2014). The mainland is
bordered by many desert islands with fringing mangrove forests and surrounding shallows containing coral reefs and seagrass
meadows. Abu Dhabi City is the largest city along the coast, and smaller towns punctuate the coastline in the eastern and
western portions of the Emirate.
The marine waters in Abu Dhabi are used for many purposes including the
following:
Recreation, including swimming, boating, and fishing
Commercial harvesting of fish and shellfish
Drinking, through desalination
As a habitat to the plants and animals that live in the coastal areas
and open waters.
All of these previously mentioned uses require clean water. The Environment
Agency–AbuDhabi’s(EAD)MarineWaterQuality(MWQ)Teammanages the MWQ monitoring program (MWQMP) to monitor
and protect the marine environment. The main goal of the MWQMP is to assess and monitor existing and potential marine water
quality threats in order to develop measures to ensurethatAbuDhabi’scoastalwatersaresafe and healthy for people, plants
and animals. The status of the marine water quality is reported quarterly and annually.
MWQ monitoring in Abu Dhabi Emirate began in 2006, and the protocol has been updated over the years. The first review of the
program occurred in 2010. A second review of the program occurred in 2014; recommendations for enhancements to the
MWQMP are currently being reviewed.
The 2014 Marine Water Quality Technical Report (EAD, 2015) provides detailed
results and statistical analyses of the comprehensive monitoring data. This 2014
Marine Water Quality Summary Report is written for decision makers and
provides a summary of the key highlights of the technical report. The 2014 Marine
Water Quality Technical Report presents, for the first time, the entire collection of
comprehensive MWQ and sediment quality results from the MWQMP. These data
are used to produce descriptive statistical analysis results and to perform the
integrated MWQ assessments that include the Eutrophication, Microbial, and
Sediment Indices, which are the primary focus of this summary report.
1.2 Objectives
EAD has been monitoring MWQ since 2006. This report reveals the state of
MWQ for 2014 and provides recommendations.
The objectives of MWQMP are to
Determine the current state of health of marine waters
Monitor long-term changes or trends in MWQ
Identify existing or emerging MWQ problems
Identify coastal (beaches) and marine (nearshore) areas of concern
Report on and develop protection and control measures for water
quality–critical areas
Provide a foundation for the planning of pollution-control strategies
Provide data that can be used to make appropriate effects-based
decisions regarding coastal environmental permit applications
Develop MWQ guidelines to protect public health and marine life.
The objectives of this summary report are to
ConveytheconditionofAbuDhabi’smarinewatersin2014andcompare that information to previous years based on
an integrated assessment of the 2014 monitoring data
Discuss threats to MWQ in Abu Dhabi, including sources of contamination
DescribeEAD’sstrategytoprotectAbuDhabi’smarinewaters,includingongoingandupcomingprograms,and
targeted actions.
1.3 Driving Forces, Pressures, and Impacts to Abu Dhabi Waters
Threats to the marine environment are those activities or events that can result in negative impacts to environmental and public
health. A causal chain links threats to environmental impacts and political responses: driving forces (e.g., economic activities)
produce pressures (e.g., pollutant discharges) that result in changes in the state (e.g., physical, chemical, or biological
condition) that produces an impact (e.g., declining biotic communities) that can lead to a political response (e.g., regulations).
This chain is the DPSIR (Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) model that is used to understand how human
activities affect the environment (Kristensen, 2004) (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1. DPSIR model with examples relevant to Abu Dhabi.
1 Total suspended solids (TSS) is not considered to be a robust indicator of eutrophication because there are many other factors
that contribute to TSS concentrations in the environment.
Drivers
• Increased population
•Coastal development
Pressures
•Discharges into marine waters
•Atmospheric deposition
•Dredging and fill
State
•Declines in water quality
•Loss and deterioration of ecosystems
Impact
•Fishery declines
• Increased cost to desalinate or clean water
•Population declines of dugongs and turtles
Response
•Regulate dredging
•Monitor water quality
•Minimize discharges into marine waters
What’s New in the Report
New Data. The 2014 Marine Water Quality Technical Report presents comprehensive
analysis results of the MWQ monitoring data in addition to the three indices.
New Station Groupings. For 2014, the station groupings are realigned around the types of locations they represent rather than (or in addition to) the geographic locations where they are situated. This realignment resulted in six station groups (including the reference station) compared to four in 2014.
Index Update. In 2014, a decision was made to drop total suspended solids from the Eutrophication Index based on recommendations from an external expert review.
1
In Abu Dhabi, the two major driving forces that produce pressures on the marine environment are human population growth and
the associated rapid economic development. Abu Dhabi has one of the highest population growth rates in the world, reaching
2.5 million in mid-2013, with an average annual growth of 7.5% (SCAD, 2014). The population of Abu Dhabi City alone was 1.5
million in mid-2013 (SCAD, 2014) and is projected to be 3.2 million in 2020 (Abu Dhabi Department of Transport, 2008).
Economic development generates an increase in commercial shipping traffic and the need for dredging to deepen existing
channels and create new channels and harbors. Effluent discharges from construction projects and industrial facilities can
introduceexcessnutrients,sediments,andchemicalcontaminantstomarinewaters,impactingthewaters’environmental
health. Economic development and population growth also spur demands for increased fresh water from desalination plants, as
well as an increased need for wastewater treatment facilities. PressuresonAbuDhabi’smarinewatersand their potential
changes in the state of marine waters include the following:
Coastal Development and Construction Activities. In addition to loss of important habitats, such as coastal lagoons
and mangroves and their associated ecosystem services (the benefits humans derive from nature), activities
associated with coastal development (e.g., dredging) and other types of construction can result in excess sediments in
the water column, reducing light for seagrasses, and possibly smothering benthic organisms such as corals.
Increased wastewater discharges. An increasing human population means increased volumes of wastewater
discharges through outfalls. These discharges potentially introduce bacterial contaminants and nutrients into the
marine environment.
Surface runoff. Pollutants from roads and other impervious surfaces, as well as fertilizer runoff from landscape
maintenance and agriculture, have the potential to be swept up by stormwater, water from vehicle washing, and other
water-related activities and be carried into waterways or into stormwater drains that discharge into waterways.
Industrial discharges and construction activities. Abu Dhabi has thriving industrial facilities, including power
generation, iron and steel works, and several other sectors, which are concentrated in Industrial Cities Abu Dhabi
(ICADs), Mussafah Industrial Area, Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi (KIZAD), and Al Ain. Effluent discharges from
industrial facilities may introduce excess nutrients, sediments, heavy metals, and other potentially toxic chemical
contaminants into waterways and can alter the pH level of the waters. Table 1.1 summarizes the main industrial
sectors in Abu Dhabi and the potential pollutants that may be in effluent discharges.
Commercial shipping and port development. In 2014, Abu Dhabi waters hosted approximately 35,000 commercial
vessels and nearly 100 cruise ships (personal communications, Abu Dhabi Ports Company, 2015). Shipping can result
in the release of several types of discharges, such as wastewater; ship anti-fouling chemicals such as copper and
detergents; oil and grease; and fuel spills. Maintaining existing shipping channels and creating additional channels by
dredging are additional pressures on marine waters because these activities can resuspend bottom sediment into the
water column, thereby reducing water clarity and releasing toxic chemical contaminants in the bottom sediments back
into the water column. In addition, the transfer and release of ship ballast water can cause the release of exotic species
of phytoplankton and marine larvae of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and zooplankton that may become invasive species
in the Arabian Gulf.
Desalination plant discharges. Abu Dhabi has seven major desalination plants capable of producing nearly 700
million Imperial gallons per day (Dawoud, 2012). In addition, several smaller desalination plants line the coast of Abu
Dhabi. Desalination plants discharge high-temperature brines, detergents, and metals, which can all adversely affect
marine habitats such as coral reefs and seagrass meadows. The intakes of desalination plants can kill fish and
crustaceans by impinging these organisms on intake screens. In addition, the larvae of fish and other marine
invertebrates, including corals, mollusks, and crustaceans, can be entrained in the water cooling system of the
desalination plant and be killed by the heated water, with negative consequences on the adult populations of these
species.
Atmospheric deposition. This process occurs when pollutants are transferred fromtheairtotheearth’ssurface.
Atmospheric deposition has been shown to be a significant source of pollutants to coastal waters in many areas of the
world. Pollutants, such as trace metals, toxic organic compounds, and nutrients, can transfer from the air into the water
through rain, falling particles, dust storms, and the absorption of the gas form of the pollutants into the water.
Table 1.1. Primary Industrial Sectors of Abu Dhabi and the Potential Pollutants That May Be Generated in Their Effluent
a
Industrial Sector
Potential Changes in State from Industrial Effluent Discharges
Physical Variables (e.g., Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Turbidity) Nutrients Heavy Metals
Other Toxins (e.g., Solvents, Phenols)
Power Generation and Desalination X — X X
Iron and Steel X X X X
Food and Beverage X X — —
Electroplating and Galvanizing X X X X
Fertilizers (synthetic) — X — X
Fertilizers (organic) X X — —
Chemicals X X X X
Petroleum Processing X — X X
Textiles and Leather X X X X
Glass Products X — X X
Pulp and Paper — — X X a Thistablerepresentsa―worst-case‖scenario.Facility-specific data for Abu Dhabi Emirate has not been obtained for all
sectors presented here.
Some of the primary state changes resulting from these pressures on MWQ in Abu Dhabi are described in the following
subsections.
Eutrophication (or Nutrient Over-Enrichment)
Eutrophication refers to a process in which the nutrient supply in a waterbody
increases over time, resulting in the enhanced growth of marine plants, especially
phytoplankton. If moderate levels of nutrients enter a waterbody, then the consumer
community (e.g., fish, shellfish, benthic organisms, bacteria) can benefit from the
added nourishment. Increasingly, however, human activities are over-enriching coastal
waters with excessive amounts of nutrients, especially various compounds of nitrogen
and phosphorus. As a result, phytoplankton populations increase rapidly to levels that
are too high for the consumer community of zooplankton, shellfish, and fish to eat them. The excess, unconsumed plant material
can result in secondary problems such as diminished water clarity and dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in bottom waters (i.e.,
hypoxia) as the phytoplankton population dies and sinks to the bottom, where it is decomposed by bacteria. Hypoxic waters
often result in the death of shellfish and other aquatic organisms that are unable to tolerate the low oxygen levels.
Harmful Algal Blooms
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur when populations of phytoplankton species increase rapidly, with deleterious effects on
other marine organisms or humans. Although HABs may be formed as a result of natural conditions, severe eutrophic conditions
may also signal that conditions are favorable for the formation of HABs. Some HAB species also produce toxins that may be
harmful to other marine organisms as well as humans. HABs can cause fish kills and shellfish poisoning and can disrupt the
normal operation of desalination plants by clogging their seawater filtration systems. HABs are responsible for mass mortalities
of fish worldwide, causing catastrophic impacts to aquaculture and local fish and shellfish economies.
Additionally, toxic and nuisance blooms may limit recreational use of waters. The United Arab Emirates has experienced severe
and widespread HAB outbreaks in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. These outbreaks have resulted in the loss of
thousands of tons of fish and limited traditional fishery operations, damaged coral reefs, impacted coastal tourism, and forced
the closure of desalination plants in the region (Richlen et al., 2010). Fish-kill incidents have been recorded in the South
Mussafah Channel since 1998. Water quality analyses have routinely showed that the Mussafah South Channel is impacted by
nutrient enrichment, low DO concentrations in bottom waters, and phytoplankton blooms throughout the year (EAD, 2008).
These outbreaks have increased over the past decade2 and are likely associated in part with the eutrophic conditions caused by
discharges into the marine environment; however, some of the increase shown over time may be the result of increased
monitoring (Figure 1.2).
2 HAB occurrences in Abu Dhabi were based on observation and subsequent sample analysis by the MWQ Team.
Figure 1.2. HAB occurrence in Abu Dhabi since 2002.
Bacterial Contamination
This type of contamination can result from the discharge of inadequately treated municipal wastewater into coastal areas.
Bacterial contamination is a concern because humans can directly come into contact with or ingest contaminated water, or they
can consume contaminated seafood, including shellfish, which can cause gastrointestinal illnesses, respiratory illnesses, and
skin infections caused by exposure to bacterial pathogens.
Contaminated Sediments
Contaminated sediments are a concern in some coastal areas due primarily to point sources such as industrial and municipal
discharges that may be high in metals or organic pollutants, as well as due to occasional stormwater runoff. High levels of toxic
compounds in the sediment layer can cause harm to the marine organisms that live there, such as worms and shellfish. In
addition, as an individual animal consumes or absorbs contaminants from its food and surroundings, the contaminants are often
stored in body tissues and concentrated to higher levels over time.
2. Methods
Sampling Stations
In 2014, MWQ samples were collected from 20 stations that include ecologically important areas in Abu Dhabi City, as well as
from the Western Region of Abu Dhabi Emirate (Figure 2.1). These collection sites were selected based on the results of the
2010 network review. To provide detailed information about the status of MWQ in Abu Dhabi, the MWQ Team grouped the 20
sampling stations into the following different categories based on their ecological importance and the activities or uses that
occur near that station (Figure 2.2):
Confined Areas
Public Beaches
Ports & Marinas
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)/Natural Habitats
Point Sources
Desalination Plants
Reference Station.
Figure 2.1. Marine water and sediment quality monitoring stations.
Sampling Frequency
The sampling strategy incorporates two types of sampling. The stations around Abu Dhabi City (i.e., Stations 1–11, 13–14, and
23), where there are greater opportunities for contamination, were monitored monthly. The stations outside of the city and in the
Western Region (i.e., Stations 12 and 15–19), where there are fewer opportunities for contamination, were monitored quarterly.
Field Methods
The MWQ Team collected in situ data on salinity, temperature, pH, DO, and chlorophyll-a from surface and bottom waters using
a Hydrolab-DS 5. A Secchi disc was used to measure the transparency of the water at each station. Water samples were
collected separately and analyzed in an external laboratory for nutrients, organics, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total
suspended solids (TSS), heavy metals, and microbial organisms. Sediment samples were collected concurrently using a
Peterson Grab Sampler from each site and analyzed for heavy metals. Along with the MWQ samples, observations of weather,
wind, and water appearance (e.g., color, odor, tide) were recorded.
Laboratory Methods
The water and sediment samples were transported to the laboratory (Arab
Center for Engineering Studies [ACES]) according to international best
practices. Laboratory analyses were carried out for nutrients, BOD, TSS,
heavy metals, and microbiological parameters according to standard
methods.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on the comprehensive
monitoring data; these results are presented in the 2014 Marine Water
Quality Technical Report (EAD, 2015).
Three water quality indices were calculated by applying a generic Water
Quality Index (WQI) methodology (CCME, 2001) to three separate
groupings of parameters representing different aspects of MWQ:
The Eutrophication Index indicates the level of nutrient over-
enrichment of the coastal waters and is based on parameters
associated with eutrophication, including nutrients (nitrate,
phosphate, and ammonia), DO, and chlorophyll a.
The Microbial Index indicates the level of bacterial contamination
in marine waters that can pose a threat to public health and is
based on parameters that are microbiological indicators of fecal
contamination in marine water, including enterococci and fecal
coliform bacteria.
The Sediment Index indicates the extent of metal contamination
in marine sediments and is based on parameters that are heavy
metal contaminants (e.g., copper, iron, zinc) in sediment.
The WQI method produces ratingsof―Good,‖―Fair,‖or―Poor‖foreach
station for the year. Table 2.1 presents the index scores and corresponding
condition ratings adopted by all three indices and employed to assess
marine water and sediment quality conditions presented in this summary
report.
The guideline values for the various water quality parameters used to
create the indices are meant to be representative of ambient baseline water
quality conditions. Many nations have official water quality standards written
into their legal frameworks for environmental protection. These official
standards differ by country, but they share the goal of providing a
benchmark by which to determine if water quality is sufficiently protected by
existing environmental regulations.
For this report,theguidelinevaluesweredevelopedbasedonhistoricaldatafromAbuDhabi’sMPAs and on standards used in
other countries for the purposes of protecting public health and marine life.
The calculation of overall WQI scores for the
five different station categories around Abu
Dhabi (i.e., Confined Areas, Public Beaches,
Ports & Marinas, Desalination Plants, and
MPAs) was performed by taking the mean of
eachstation’sscoreswithinagiven category.
Detailed information about how each of the
three indices was developed is provided in
Annex C of the 2014 Marine Water Quality
Technical Report (EAD, 2015).
Figure 2.2. Marine water quality and sediment monitoring station numbers,
names, and groupings.
Table 2.1. Condition Ratings and Corresponding Index Scores for the Eutrophication, Microbial, and Sediment Indices
in Abu Dhabi Marine Waters
Condition Rating Index Score
Good Index score is 75 to 100.
Fair Index score is 50 to less than 75.
Poor Index score is less than 50.
3. Results and Discussion
This section presents an updated assessment of marine water and sediment quality conditions in Abu Dhabi Emirate based on
the Eutrophication, Microbial, and Sediment Indices. The indices provide an overall summary of the water quality results related
to eutrophication or microbiological conditions, and the overall sediment quality condition, at each station. Thus, the indices
provide a snapshot of the eutrophic, microbial, and sediment quality for each station in 2014. Figure 3.1 shows the overall
summary of the 2014 results for each index by station. Figure 3.2 shows the overall summary for the Eutrophication Index,
Microbial Index, and Sediment Index using the mean score of all stations for 2011–2014.
Figure 3.1. Overall indices results for 2014, by station and category.
Figure 3.2. Overall summary of the 2014 results for each index.
Section 3.1 of this summary report presents the Eutrophication Index results, Section 3.2 presents the Microbial Index results,
and Section 3.3 presents the Sediment Index results. The index scores for each individual station are presented in a color-
coded map, which depicts theindexcategory(―Good,‖―Fair,‖or―Poor‖)correspondingtoeachstation’sscore, and in a table
organized according to the station category. The table also shows index scores for the previous 3 years (2011, 2012, and 2013),
and presents the mean WQI score for each station category. Mean index scores for each category for 2011–2014 are also
presented as bar charts.
3.1 Eutrophication Index
Eutrophication Index scores are based on 2014 data for the following five component parameters: nitrate,
phosphate, ammonia, chlorophyll a, and DO. Results for individual locations are presented in the map (Figure 3.3)
and in the matrix (Figure 3.4), which also presents the mean index scores for each category. Figure 3.5 presents
the mean Eutrophication Index score for each category for 2011–2014.
Figure 3.3. Status of MWQ at each station based on the Eutrophication Index for 2014.
Figure 3.4. Eutrophication Index scores by station and category for 2011–2014.
Figure 3.5. Mean Eutrophication Index score for each category for 2011–2014.
The Eutrophication Index scores and the historical measurements of the nutrient and eutrophication indicator parameters
indicate that overall water quality has declined around Abu Dhabi City since 2006, most noticeably in the Confined Areas.
However, even the more well-flushed and remote locations are experiencing declines in water quality. At first glance, it may
appear that overall water quality improved in 2014 compared in 2013, with only 50% of stations scoring ―Poor‖comparedto60%
of stations in 2013. However, some key areas showed declines in MWQ from 2013 to 2014, including the MPAs. The overall
meanEutrophicationIndexscorefortheMPAsdeclinedfrom77(―Good‖)in2013downto66(―Fair‖)in2014.
The stations in the MPAs, such as Marawah (Station 16) and Al Yasat (Station 19), did not appear to experience declines in
water quality until 2013 when some elevated nutrient values were noted. These two MPA sites both saw their ratings drop from
―Good‖in2012to―Fair‖in2013andbothremainedat―Fair‖againin2014.ThescoreatMarawahimprovedslightlyin 2014, but
the score at Al Yasat dropped from 70 to 54 over the past year, which is concerning and warrants investigation into what factors,
either natural or anthropogenic, may be causing changes at this remote site where pristine water quality is expected. It should
also be noted that due to the low number of samples collected in the MPAs each year, the Eutrophication Index can be
considerably influenced by just one measurement that exceeds a guideline; however, due to their protected status, these sites
should routinely meet guidelines for all parameters. The challenge is to sustain or even increase protection of protected coastal
areas, while also improving the water quality in developed areas.
A number of factors could be causing declines in water quality, some of which may be site specific. Industrial facilities and Point
Sources located near Stations 1 through 6 are likely contributing to the poor water quality condition and low Eutrophication Index
scores in those Confined Areas, as evidenced by very high nutrient concentration spikes which continued to occur in 2014,
especially for ammonia, nitrate, silicate, and phosphate. In response to excessive nutrient input, algal biomass (as measured by
chlorophyll a) also spiked repeatedly in 2014. Bilge and wastewater from ships may be adding excess nutrients to the waters
surrounding Ports & Marinas (Stations 10, 11, and 12). Desalination Plants located in more remote areas (Station 14, Taweelah
and Station 15, Mirfa) had better Eutrophication Index scores than Station 13 (Um Al Nar), indicating that the confined nature of
the location and proximity to Abu Dhabi City may be more important in determining the capacity for eutrophication than any
specific factors related to the desalination process.
3.2 Microbial Index
The Microbial Index is based on data collected in 2014 for the bacterial parameters (enterococci and fecal coliforms).
Results for individual locations are presented in the map (Figure 3.6) and in the matrix (Figure 3.7), which also
presents the mean index scores for each category for 2012–2014. Because enterococci data were not collected prior
to 2012, this is the earliest year the Microbial Index was calculated. Figure 3.8 presents the mean Microbial Index score for
each category for 2012–2014.
Figure 33.6. Status of MWQ at each station based on the Microbial Index for 2014.
Figure 3.7. Microbial Index scores by station and category for 2012–2014.
Figure 3.8. Mean Microbial Index score for each category for 2012–2014.
For the first time since data have been collected and analyzed for the Microbial Index, all monitoring stations scored an index
scoreinthe―Good‖category.Thisrating represents a significant leap in index scores for specific stations, including Mussafah
South Channel (Station 2), which went froma―Fair‖scoreof57in2013toaperfectscoreof100in2014.Similarly,Mangrove
Area–Eastern Corniche (Station 4) went from a―Fair‖scoreof50in2013toa―Good‖scoreof92in2014.
At the Public Beaches, Palace Beach (Station 7) went from a―Fair‖scoreof74in2013 to a perfect score of 100 in 2014.
Desalination Plant Um Al Nar (Station 13) also went froma―Fair‖scoreof56in2013toaperfectscoreof100in2014.
The MPAs and the Reference site continue to hold perfect scores of 100 for the second consecutive year, indicating that these
areas are not experiencing sewage-related contamination. This was the case for all stations in 2014, except for Eastern
Corniche (Station 4) and Emirates Palace Beach (Station 8). In general, the highest levels of microbes are observed at Point
Sources (Stations 5 and 6); it is important to note that the Point Sources stations are not included in the Microbial Index because
they are not ambient monitoring stations. Elevated levels at these stations are likely due to the periodic discharge of both treated
and untreated sewage effluent during emergency events.
This observed improvement in Microbial Index scores could be due to a combination of several factors. For example, decreases
in discharges of treated and untreated sewage effluent, increased flushing in specific areas, and sampling timing may all have
played roles in the improved scores. Frequency of sampling is critical for the microbiological parameters that comprise the
Microbial Index because the bacteria die off after a short time period, so if the sample was not collected during that time, then
any contamination present would be missed. For that reason, it is important for recreational beaches to be monitored for
microbiological water quality on a more frequent basis (weekly) and to visually inspect for other signs of potential contamination.
3.3 Sediment Index
The Sediment Index is based on data for six metals commonly screened in marine sediment samples to assess the
potential of marine life and human health impacts from exposure to these toxic metals. These metals include
cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, mercury, and zinc. Results for individual locations are presented in the map (Figure
3.9) and in the matrix (Figure 3.10), which also presents the mean index scores for each category for 2011–2014. Figure 3.11
presents the mean Sediment Index score for each category for 2011–2014.
Figure 3.9. Status of sediment quality at each station based on the Sediment Index for 2014.
Figure 3.10. Sediment Index scores by station and category for 2011–2014.
Figure 3.11. Mean Sediment Index score for each category for 2011–2014.
Sediment Indexscoreswererated―Good‖for80%ofstationsin2014,a5%improvementfrom2013.AllstationsintheMPAs
had index scores greater than 90, indicating little or no influence of metals-related contamination in MPA sediments. In general,
the highest levels of sediment parameters are observed at Confined Areas near Mussafah (Stations 1, 2, and 3). In 2014, the Al
Salamiyah Channel (Station 1) dropped from a―Good‖score toa―Fair‖rating,whereas the Mussafah Industrial Area (Station 3)
remained at a ―Fair‖rating and the Mussafah South Channel (Station 2) remained at a ―Poor‖score. Elevated levels at these
stations are likely due to close proximity to industrial activities. Elevated levels of metals and a Sediment Indexscoreof―Fair‖
were also observed at the Intercontinental Jetty (Station 10), consistent with previous years, and possibly because of marina
activities in the area. Port Mina Zayed (Station 11) and Um Al Nar (Station 13) improved from a ―Fair‖score in 2013 to a ―Good‖
rating in 2014, suggesting a decrease in environmental pressures at these locations.
4. Ongoing Programs
EAD currently operates a number of programs designed to enhance the MWQMP and ultimately to improve MWQ throughout
Abu Dhabi. These programs are described in more detail in Sections 4.1 through 4.3 of this summary report.
4.1 Marine Water Quality Network Review
To ensure that the MWQMP continues to meet the current and future needs of Abu Dhabi, a comprehensive review of the
monitoring stations, parameters, sampling protocols, and analysis methods is periodically needed. The first network review was
performed in 2010. In 2014, EAD initiated a second review designed to investigate the program for trends, gaps, and possible
efficiency increases. This comprehensive review of the monthly MWQMP included reviewing and summarizing the international
best practices for MWQ programs, conducting a statistical analysis of the temporal and spatial variabilities of the current
monitoring program, and assessing the coverage regarding current and future areas of importance and vulnerability to
development pressures.
As a result of the review, recommendations are currently being considered that would optimize the MWQMP and ensure that it
continues to assess water quality regarding the short- and long-term needs of the public and marine life of Abu Dhabi.
4.2 Marine Water Quality Automation Program
In the third quarter of 2014, the MWQ Team deployed three automated data buoys to serve as an early warning system for
forecasting HABs in the waters near Abu Dhabi City. The buoys have sensors that collect data every hour on ambient water
characteristics (salinity, temperature, DO, pH) and HABs (chlorophyll a and cyanobacteria). The buoys are being evaluated and
calibrated for full, on-line utility in 2015.
EAD is constantly evaluating new methodologies and technologies to supplement the MWQMP. In addition to the automated
buoys piloted during 2014 and located in Mussafah South Channel, off of Al Bateen Beach, and in the Eastern Corniche
Channel, it is expected that additional buoys will be deployed in 2015 near MPAs and other areas of importance.
4.3 Marine Water Quality Standards Development Program
ThedevelopmentofambientwaterqualitystandardsinAbuDhabiiscurrentlyunderwaytoprotectAbuDhabi’sMWQandthe
rich biodiversity and ecosystem services that it supports. Ambient standards are achieved when the concentrations of pollutants
do notexceedthewaterbody’sorsediment’sabilitytoassimilateordissipatethepollutants.Ambientstandardsareinturn
supported by effective pollutant discharge limits and healthy water circulation.
Development of numeric standards for ambient MWQ (heavy metals and organic pollutants) was initiated in 2014 based on
international best practices and Abu Dhabi ambient water quality monitoring data (EAD, 2014). Standards for eutrophication
indicators (e.g., nutrients, chlorophyll a, and DO) are currently being researched. As part of the current eutrophication standards
development process, a MWQ Standards Workgroup of eutrophication experts was convened in late 2014 to determine the
factors that must be considered to derive eutrophication standards for the unique Abu Dhabi marine environment, which is
characterized by high salinity, temperature, and alkalinity and is generally nutrient poor (oligotrophic; RTI, 2014).
5. Way Forward
Abu Dhabi continues to enhance its MWQMP. The 5-year review of the program that began in 2014 will be completed in 2015.
In 2016, the results of this review will be implemented, with additional parameters added to the list of components sampled (e.g.,
total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity) and new locations for sampling, especially in MPAs.
There are many new activities planned for 2015 for the MWQMP. These activities are as follows:
Marine water quality offshore transect studies
Due to the paucity of data on the quality of Abu Dhabi Emirate’s offshore waters, an extension to the scope of the
existing MWQMP will be undertaken in 2015 to investigate water quality at 100 offshore sites. Measurements and
samples will be taken at the surface and depth intervals on a 17-km grid, recording data on more than 30 water quality
parameters. Concurrent sediment samples will also be collected from each site for heavy metal analysis. An earlier
transect study completed in 2010 recorded hydrographic water quality parameters (salinity, temperature, pH, and DO)
from different depths at 117 sites on a 17-km grid. The 2015 transect study will allow the full extent of the coastal
waters to be compared to previous values, serve as a reference point for future years, and support ambient marine
water quality standards development.
Reactivate the Recreational Beach Working Group
The working group met initially in 2013 to discuss and resolve issues regarding MWQ at recreational beaches in Abu
Dhabi. The working group must continue to meet on a regular basis to make progress on the issues raised. In
particular, spill emergencies remain an active issue of concern, especially when they pose a threat of contamination of
recreational beaches. In 2015, EAD will lead the working group to enhance coordination among the various authorities
with responsibility for recreational beach monitoring and protection.
Conduct a pilot study of recreational beach water quality in the Western Region
In 2015, EAD will conduct a pilot study of recreational beach water quality at 25 sampling sites in the Western Region
of Abu Dhabi to collect baseline data on microbiological water quality for this region. This study will be similar in
concept to the pilot study performed in 2012 at recreational beaches in Abu Dhabi City. Monitoring data near Abu
Dhabi City indicate that development activities can impact microbiological water quality. Due to the increase in
population, development, and recreational activities in the Western Region, there is a need to protect public health at
recreational beaches. The data collected during this study will be used to develop continuous beach monitoring
programs to protect public health.
Monitor HABs near desalination plants
EAD’smonitoring activities have shown that algal bloom incidences are increasing every year and that some blooms
include toxin-producing species. Because algal toxins are water soluble and heat resistant, when these blooms occur
near desalination plants (e.g., Umm Al Nar), there is a risk to public health and desalination plant operations. Better
scientific understanding of these HABs is vital to prevent, control, and mitigate their impacts on desalination plants. The
HAB monitoring component of the MWQMP will provide critical data regarding the status of harmful algae distribution,
HAB incidences (red tides), and the resulting impacts on Abu Dhabi’s environment, economy, and public health,
including desalination plants.
Conduct a pilot study of HAB cysts
Dinoflagellates are a type of phytoplankton that can cause ―red tides‖(HABs), threatening human health, commerce,
and well-being. Some dinoflagellate species produce resting cysts that accumulate in bottom sediments, where they
may survive up to 100 years until conditions allow the release of new mobile-stage dinoflagellates, which can in turn
result in algal bloom formation. This pilot study will be the first survey of dinoflagellate cysts in Abu Dhabi’scoastal
sediments; therefore, the resulting data will be important for the prevention, mitigation, and management of HABs in
AbuDhabi’swaters.
Conduct a pilot study of algal toxins
Algal toxins in the marine environment can cause physical damage to marine organisms, oxygen depletion, and direct
poisoning and can threaten human health via shellfish poisoning syndromes such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In addition to their human health effects, algal toxins can also cause fish and
shellfish mortality, and they have been implicated in the episodic mortalities of marine mammals, birds, and other
animals (Van Dolah, 2000). In addition to foodborne poisonings, toxins from at least two dinoflagellate sources can
negatively impact human health via respiratory pathways (Van Dolah, 2000). Knowledge of toxin-producing algae and
their distribution and impacts is crucial for the management of desalination plants in order to protect public health.
Hence, the MWQ Team will conduct this pilot study in collaboration with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’sMarine Biotoxins Laboratory in Charleston, SC, USA. The laboratory has the means to measure all
congeners of PSP and DSP toxins within multiple matrices by using the most sophisticated analytical procedures
available.
Bioaccumulation of pollutants in fish tissues
The accumulation of toxic contaminants in fish tissue can be a serious public health issue. The pollutants, such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can accumulate in fish tissue and result in potential human exposure through the
food chain. Currently, no data exist in Abu Dhabi regarding the presence of these contaminants in fish tissue. In 2015,
EAD will explore the necessity and benefits of monitoring the bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish tissue. Fish and
shellfish contaminant monitoring would provide more information about potential human exposure to toxic
contaminants originating from the exposure of fish and shellfish to chemically contaminated water and sediment.
Improve MWQ compliance and enforcement capabilities
For many MWQ monitoring parameters, guideline values or ambient standards do not currently exist in Abu Dhabi.
However, the collective years of monitoring data suggest the need for ambient MWQ benchmarks to guide
managementdecisions.In2015,EAD’sMWQTeamwillworkcloselywithothersatEADtoestablishambientwater
quality standards and regulatory processes to continue to protect marine waters.
Increase MWQ education and outreach
These activities are an important component of the MWQMP and help to promote the importance of high-quality MWQ
inAbuDhabitootheragenciesandtothepublic.EAD’sMWQTeamwillworkwithotherstakeholdersbothwithinand
outside of EAD to identify outreach opportunities.
Enhance marine and coastal management in Abu Dhabi
There are also many ongoing, collaborative action items intended to enhance marine and coastal management in Abu
Dhabi, which will be strengthened in 2015. These activities include conducting targeted marine monitoring and studies
based on the results of past monitoring data and investigating emerging issues, performing Environmental Impact
Assessments of coastal facilities, issuing permits for coastal facilities, and developing standards and regulations for
marine waters and sediments.
6. Conclusions and Outlook
The key findings for 2014 are presented as follows:
Eutrophication Index
At first glance, it may appear that overall water quality improved in 2014 compared in 2013, with only 50% of stations
scoring―Poor‖comparedto60%ofstationsin2013.However,somekeyareasshoweddeclinesinMWQfrom2013to
2014,includingtheMPAs.TheoverallmeanEutrophicationIndexscorefortheMPAsdeclinedfrom77(―Good‖)in
2013 down to66(―Fair‖)in2014.
Microbial Index
All monitoring stations received anindexscoreinthe―Good‖category.
Sediment Index
SedimentIndexscoreswererated―Good‖for80%ofstationsin2014,a5%improvementfrom2013.
Overall, MWQ in Abu Dhabi is still generally good. However, a trend of increased eutrophication from nutrients is apparent. Abu
Dhabi is responding with the careful regulation of marine discharges and an established goal of eliminating the discharge of
nutrient-rich treated sewage into the marine environment, although a lag between the reduction of nutrient loads and the
reduction of nutrients in marine waters is likely.
Looking forward, Abu Dhabi Emirate will see the same drivers, pressures, and impacts that have resulted in concerning trends
in coastal water quality. EAD, however, is strategically positioned to be able to rigorously report on the trends in MWQ, take
positive action within its own authority, and work closely with other authorities to protect MWQ.
7. References
Abu Dhabi Department of Transport. 2008. Surface Transport Master Plan. Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 2001. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of
Aquatic Life: CCME Water Quality Index 1.0 Technical Report. Accessed at
http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/wqi_techrprtfctsht_e.pdf in February of 2013
Dawoud, M.A. 2012. Environmental impacts of seawater desalination: Arabian Gulf case study. International Journal of
Environment and Sustainability 1(3):22–37.
EAD (Environment Agency—Abu Dhabi). 2015. 2014 Marine Water Quality Technical Report. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
EAD (Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi). 2014. Marine Water Quality Ambient Standards—Options Analysis for Policy and
Standards Development.
EAD (Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi). 2008. Marine and Coastal Environment Sector Report. Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates.
Kristensen, P. 2004. The DPSIR Framework. Presented at the Workshop on a Comprehensive/Detailed Assessment of the
Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental in Africa Using River Basin Approach, United Nations Environment
Programme Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya. 27–29 September.
Richlen, M.L., S.L. Morton, E.A. Jamali, A. Rajan, and D.M. Anderson. 2010. The catastrophic 2008–2009 red tide in the
Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium
polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 9(2):163–172.
RTI International. 2014. Workgroup Summary: Ambient Nutrient and Chlorophyll Marine Water Quality Standards for Abu Dhabi.
Prepared by RTI, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared for Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi, Environmental Quality Sector,
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
SCAD (Statistics Centre–Abu Dhabi). 2014. Statistical Yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2014. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Available at http://www.scad.ae/SCADDocuments/SYB%202014%20-%20Population%20-%20En.pdf
Van Dolah, F.M. 2000. Marine algal toxins: Origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environmental Health
Perspectives 108(Suppl 1):133–141.
Document Change History
Document Number Revision Number
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Approved by
1 23 June 2015 Public health index Multipage Yasser Othman
Remarks:
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