2014 hong kong emission inventory report2 3 2014 emission inventory 3.1 the table below shows the...

2014 Hong Kong Emission Inventory Report

Report Number : EPD/TR/1/16

Report Prepared by : Zues Wan, Ray Leung, Hilda Huang

Work Done by : Air Science Group

Checked by : Cathy Lee

Approved by : Shermann Fong

Security Classification : Unrestricted

Air Science Group .

Environmental Protection Department .

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

May 2016

CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

2 SCOPE OF EMISSION INVENTORY ...................................................... 1

3 2014 EMISSION INVENTORY .................................................................. 2

4 EMISSION TRENDS FROM 1997 TO 2014 ............................................. 6

5 SECTORAL ANALYSES ........................................................................... 12

6 EMISSION REDUCTION PLAN UP TO 2020 ....................................... 19

Annexes

Annex 1 – Breakdown of Emission Inventory by Source Category from 2013 to 2014

Annex 2 – Summary of Updates to the Emission Inventory

Annex 3 – Comparison between the Previous and Recalculated Inventories from 1997 to 2013

Annex 4 – Emission Reduction Targets/Ranges up to 2020

1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) compiles the Hong Kong Air Pollutant Emission Inventory every year to analyze the air pollution condition and the major emission sources which helps formulate the air quality management strategy in Hong Kong. The emission inventory for Hong Kong was first uploaded to EPD’s website in March 2000.

1.2 This report presents the 2014 Hong Kong Emission Inventory. It describes:

(i) the emission inventory by source category in 2014 (Chapter 3); (ii) the emission trends from 1997 to 2014 for six major air pollutants (Chapter 4); (iii) the sectoral analyses for seven emission source categories (Chapter 5); and (iv) the emission reduction plan up to 2020 (Chapter 6).

2 SCOPE OF EMISSION INVENTORY

2.1 The emission inventory comprises estimates of the emissions from seven source categories for six major air pollutants, namely: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), respirable suspended particulates (RSP or PM10), fine suspended particulates (FSP or PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and carbon monoxide (CO). The emission sources include public electricity generation, road transport, navigation, civil aviation, other combustion sources, non-combustion sources, and biomass burning. Starting from this year, emission inventory of biomass burning has been added to improve the coverage of local emission inventory.

2.2 Other combustion sources are defined as sources involving combustion, other than public electricity generation, road transport, navigation and civil aviation. Major contributing sources in this sector include non-road mobile machineries operating in construction sites and container terminals.

2.3 Non-combustion sources are defined as those remaining sources that do not involve combustion and only VOC, RSP and FSP emissions are significant. Under this category, the major sources for VOC include paints and associated solvents, consumer products and printing, whereas those for RSP and FSP include paved road dust, cooking fume, construction dust and quarry production.

2.4 Biomass burning is the burning of living and dead vegetation mainly due to human activities. In Hong Kong, the only contributing source in this sector is emissions from hill fires which can produce a large amount of particulates.

2

3 2014 EMISSION INVENTORY

3.1 The table below shows the breakdown of air pollutant emissions by source category in 2014, while Annex 1 shows the changes in emissions between 2013 and 2014.

Breakdown of 2014 Emission Inventory

Pollution Sources Emissions (Tonnes)

SO2 NOx RSP FSP VOC CO

Public Electricity Generation 16,880 36,210 980 450 470 3,960

Road Transport 40 21,200 830 760 5,380 39,400

Navigation 14,000 36,200 2,100 1,940 3,830 12,690

Civil Aviation 510 5,500 60 60 610 3,590

Other Combustion 280 10,440 820 750 1,070 5,630

Non-combustion N/A N/A 910 470 15,600 N/A

Biomass Burning 0 20 210 170 60 660

Total Emissions 31,710 109,570 5,900 4,600 27,020 65,930

Note: - All figures are rounded to the nearest ten. - “N/A” denotes not applicable. - There may be slight discrepancies between the sums of individual items and the total emissions shown in the table because of rounding.

3.2 A summary of updates to the emission inventories is appended at Annex 2.

3.3 The following pie charts show the percentage share of emissions by source category for each pollutant in 2014.

Total S

Total N

SO2 emissio

NOx emissi

on = 31,710

on = 109,57

Tonnes

70 Tonnes

3

Total R

Total F

RSP emissio

FSP emissio

on = 5,900 T

on = 4,600 T

Tonnes

Tonnes

4

Total V

Total C

VOC emissi

CO emission

ion = 27,02

n = 65,930

0 Tonnes

Tonnes

5

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18

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19

6 EMISSION REDUCTION PLAN UP TO 2020

6.1 The Hong Kong SAR and Guangdong Provincial Governments have long been collaborating to improve air quality in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region1. Over the past years, the two Governments significantly reduced the emissions of four major pollutants, namely SO2, NOx, RSP and VOC. At the meeting of Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Working Group on Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection held in November 2012, both sides endorsed a new set of emission reduction targets/ranges up to 2020, using 2010 as the base year (details in Annex 4). Both sides have been implementing additional pollution control measures on this basis for bringing continuous improvement to the regional air quality.

6.2 To achieve continuous improvement of the air quality, a series of emission reduction measures are being implemented. On reducing vehicular emissions, we will continue to phase out progressively the pre-Euro IV diesel commercial vehicles by the end of 2019, strengthen the emission control of petrol and liquefied petroleum gas vehicles using roadside remote sensing equipment, subsidise the franchised bus companies to retrofit the Euro II and Euro III franchised buses with selective catalytic reduction devices and prepare for tightening vehicular emissions standards to Euro VI for newly registered vehicles.

6.3 On reducing vessel emissions, we have introduced new regulations to cap the sulphur content of locally-supplied marine light diesel at 0.05 per cent. We will mandate ocean-going vessels to switch to low sulphur fuel (with sulphur content not exceeding 0.5%) while at berth in 2015. By that time, Hong Kong will become the first port in Asia to mandate the fuel switch at berth. We are also collaborating with the mainland authorities to implement measures to reduce vessel emissions in the waters of the Pearl River Delta, with a view to taking forward the fuel switch of ocean going vessels while at berth in the short run and establishing an emission control area in the long run.

6.4 On reducing emissions from power plants, we will continue to require the power plants to adopt the best practicable means to reduce emissions and use more natural gas for electricity generation so as to meet our emission caps imposed on power sector. Besides, we will continue to collaborate with the Guangdong authorities to further improve the regional air quality.

6.5 Such measures will help us to achieve the emission reduction targets for 2020, and to meet broadly the existing Air Quality Objectives by 2020.

6.6 The changes in emissions in 2014 compared with emissions in 2010 in Hong Kong are shown in the following table.

1 PRD Region refers to the whole territory of HKSAR and the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). PRDEZ includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Huizhou (Huicheng, Huiyang, Huidong, Boluo), and Zhaoqing (Duanzhou, Dinghu, Gaoyao, Sihui).

20

Table 6-1 Changes in emissions between 2010 and 2014

Pollutant Emissions (Tonnes)

2015 Emission Reduction Targets 2010 2014 Change in

Emission

SO2 35,490 31,710 -11% -25%

NOx 108,500 109,570 +1.0% -10%

RSP 6,750 5,900 -13% -10%

VOC 31,560 27,020 -14% -5%

Note: Emission figures are presented in the nearest ten.

6.7 Compared with the base year of 2010, SO2, RSP and VOC emissions in 2014 decreased by 11% to 14%, while NOx emissions slightly increased by 1%. In the coming year, the power plants would be required to use more natural gas in power generation in order to meet the tightened emission caps set out in the Second Technical Memorandum. We expect that the emissions of SO2 and NOx will be reduced substantially in 2015.

- End -

Annex 1 – Breakdown of Emission Inventory by Source Categories from 2013 to 2014

Pollutant Source Categories Emissions (Tonnes)

2013 2014

SO2

Public Electricity Generation 14,680 16,880

Road Transport 50 40

Navigation 15,890 14,000

Civil Aviation 500 510

Other Combustion 320 280

Non-combustion N/A N/A

Biomass Burning 20 0

Total 31,460 31,710

NOx


Road Transport 25,600 21,200


Civil Aviation 5,450 5,500

Other Combustion 11,080 10,440



Total 113,440 109,570

RSP

Public Electricity Generation 940 980





Non-combustion 950 910


Total 7,000 5,900

FSP






Non-combustion 480 470


Total 5,530 4,600

Pollutant Source Categories Emissions (Tonnes)

2013 2014

VOC






Non-combustion 17,000 15,600


Total 28,830 27,020

CO




Civil Aviation 3,410 3,590



Biomass Burning 3,070 660

Total 76,990 65,930

Note: - All figures are rounded to the nearest ten. - “N/A” denotes not applicable. - There may be slight discrepancies between the sums of individual items and the totals shown in the table because of rounding.

Annex 2 – Summary of Updates to the Emission Inventory

1. Making reference to international developments and technological advancement, we have been updating the methodologies to compile emission inventories including the collection of most updated data with an aim to provide a better support to the management of air quality. Whenever the compilation methodology is updated, new activity data are collated, or errors in the estimates are identified, we will follow international practice to update the emission inventory and to revise the emission inventories for past years as far as practicable based on the updated methods and data to enable consistent and reliable emission trend analysis to be made.

2. Recalculation of historical emission inventories is widely adopted by environmental agencies such as European Environmental Agency of the European Community, California Air Resources Board (CARB), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), etc. when methods are changed or refined, when new sources categories are included in the inventory or when assumptions used in the estimates are revised.

3. Since the publication of the emission inventory on EPD’s website in 2000, EPD have made a number of updates to the emission compilation and recalculated the historical emissions.

4. Major updates to the emission inventories in recent years are highlighted below.

i. EPD commissioned a comprehensive study on the marine emission inventory in 2008, which was completed in 2012. The study collected extensive local vessel activity data and reviewed the latest emission compilation methodologies of advanced places such as the Port of Los Angeles of the USA. The study concluded that these latest emission compilation methodologies can provide more realistic estimates of marine emissions. Based on the study findings, we updated the previous emission inventories for marine vessels. The updated emissions from vessels were higher than the previous ones.

ii. EPD have been conducting emission measurements for on-road vehicles by means of remote sensing equipment and advanced portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The measurements have provided a more robust basis for us to estimate vehicle emissions. They have also found that vehicles with inadequate maintenance, e.g. LPG vehicles with worn-out catalytic converters, could emit considerably above their normal levels. We made use of the findings to update our vehicle emission estimation model and compile the vehicle emission inventory.

iii. Since the implementation of the Air Pollution Control (Volatile Organic Compounds) Regulation in April 2007, we have used the sales report data submitted by importers under the Regulation to compile VOC emissions of regulated products including six types of consumer products (air fresheners, hairsprays, multi-purpose lubricants, floor wax strippers, insecticides and insect repellents), printing inks and architectural paints. In October 2009, we amended the Regulation to further regulate the VOC contents of vehicle refinishing paints, marine paints (vessels and pleasure craft paints), adhesive and sealants and started to compile the VOC emissions from these paints based on their sales report data. Emissions from cleansing solvents during the application of paints have also been estimated. To compile VOC emissions for the regulated products, we also made reference to EPD’s studies on printing industry, solvent usage for coatings and VOC-containing products, and survey data for marine paints to assess emissions from VOC-containing products.

5. Updates to the emission inventories since their first publication in March 2000 are summarized in the table below. Based on the latest updates, we have recalculated historical emission inventories from 1997 to 2013. Comparisons between the previous and recalculated inventories are shown in Annex 3.

Update Date

Emission Inventory Revised

Revisions and Updates

March 2000

1990- 1998

First publication of emission inventory for PM, SO2, NOx, NMVOCs and CO from combustion sources at the EPD's website.

December 2000

1990- 1999

Amended emission inventory for Public Electricity Generation, Road Transport and Other Fuel Combustion sources.

December 2001

1990- 2000

Amended combustion sources emissions (including emission factors for VOC emissions from coal-fired electricity generation units, vehicle kilometer travel (VKT) for Road Transport, emission estimation methods for Navigation and Civil Aviation and surrogates for Other Fuel Combustion emissions).

February 2003

1990- 2001

Replaced Census and Statistics Department (C&SD) retained import data for fuel with Energy End-use data from Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD).

Amended VKT data.

June 2004

1990- 2002

Replaced emission estimated using emission factors with sophisticated EMFAC-HK model to estimate emissions from Road Transport.

Included additional emission sources for RSP and VOC. Replaced 2000 to 2001 Public Electricity Generation

emissions for SO2, NOx and PM with data provided the power companies.

January to March 2005

1990- 2003

Amended 2000 to 2002 SO2, NOx and PM emissions for Public Electricity Generation according to data provided by the power companies.

Updated emissions estimated using the EMFAC-HK model. Amended 2001-02 emissions using Energy End-Use Data

from EMSD. Excluded Biogenic VOC emission sources from total VOC

emission.

December 2005

1990- 2004

Amended 2002-03 emissions using Energy End-Use Data from EMSD.

Updated emission factors for VOC emissions from the printing industry.

December 2006

1990- 2005

Amended 2003 to 2004 SO2, NOx and PM emissions for Public Electricity Generation according to data provided by the power companies.

Updated fuel use for vehicles to calculate 1998 to 2004 SO2 emissions.

Updated emission factors for VOC emissions from the printing industry.

Update Date



January 2008

1990- 2006

Replaced Power Plant PM emissions with RSP emissions using emission factors from USEPA.

Updated emission factors for emission from non-road mobile equipment at the airport, container terminal and construction sites.

Included VOC emissions from evaporation of gasoline. Included RSP emissions from tyre, brake and road wear. Amended estimation method for VOC emissions from printing

industry and fuel storage tanks. Updated emission factors for Civil Aviation emission sources.

January 2009

1990- 2007

Used information collected from Government Departments and shipping industry to estimate emissions from local vessels.

Updated emission factors for emission from non-road mobile equipment at the airport and container terminal.

September 2012

1997- 2010

Based on the results from the Marine Emission Study report completed in 2012 to update emissions from Navigation. Additional information for fuel use and vessel activities were used to calculate the emission.

Used updated version of EMFAC-HK (version 2.1) for Road

Transport emission estimation. Used updated version of EDMS (version 5.1.3) for Civil

Aviation emission estimation. Included emissions from auxiliary power units of the aircrafts

parking at the gates of the airport. Used sales report data to calculate VOC emissions from

products controlled under the VOC Regulation. Used further local reported and survey data for VOC emission

calculation. Used new reported and survey results to calculate emissions

from Other Fuel Combustion sources. Included RSP emissions from construction sites and cooking;

Included VOC emissions from storage of naphthalene, aviation fuel and use of cleaning solvents associated with paint use.

February 2013

1997- 2011

Used C&SD data to derive fuel consumption data for construction sector from 1997 to 2011.

Amended VOC emissions from architectural paints in 2010 due to a correction in the paint consumption data.

Update Date



January 2014

1997-2012 We compiled the emission inventory of FSP as it is one of the major air pollutants stipulated in the new Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) which takes effect from 1 January 2014.

Emissions of OGVs during shifting between berthing locations were compiled since more detailed vessel activity data were collected from the Marine Department.

New surrogates for fuel consumption for the construction and industrial sectors were derived from C&SD data since the previously used Energy End-Use data from EMSD are no longer suitable after a major revision.

Having regard to the real world developments, the sulphur content of aviation fuel, duration of landing and take-off cycles of aircraft at Hong Kong International Airport and hence the air pollutant emissions from Civil Aviation sector have been updated.

Screen printing emissions were updated according to additional survey data to cover emissions in the application of screen printing inks on non-paper substrates, of which this type of inks was exempted from the VOC Regulation.

January 2015

2009-2012 VOC emissions from architectural paints in 2012 were updated using VOC contents of the latest sales reports submitted by importers.

VOC emissions from screen printing from 2009 to 2012 were revised based on our latest survey which revealed a reduction in the local use of non-regulated screen printing ink.

January 2016

1997-2014 Emissions from asphalt production plants were estimated. Emissions from Sludge Treatment Facility (STF) were

estimated. Emissions from landfill gas flaring were estimated. Emissions from biomass burning were estimated. Other Fuel Combustion sector was renamed as Other

Combustion sector to better reflect the nature of the sources covered.

Radar data from CAD and chock-on chock-off data from AAHK were obtained to refine the emission inventory for Civil Aviation sector.

Used updated version of EMFAC-HK (version 3.1.1) for Road Transport emission estimation.

Ann199

Tab

* Fig

Figu

nex 3 – Co7 to 2013

ble A3-1 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-1

omparison

hanges in SO

Pre828772798179

1010988779696235323231

nded to the nea

SO

between t

O2 emission

vious* 2,260 7,310 2,480 9,750 1,730 9,750

04,850 08,680 8,320 7,350 9,820 9,430 2,580 5,490 2,120 2,710 1,280

arest ten.

O2 emission

the Previo

n inventori

SO2

Rec

11

ns trend fro

us and Re

ies from 19

2 (Tonnes)calculated*82,330 87,390 72,660 79,830 81,820 79,860

104,980 108,830 98,340 87,360 79,860 69,470 62,600 35,490 32,180 32,740 31,460

om 1997 to

ecalculated

997 to 2013

%

2013

Inventorie

% Changes 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

es from

Tab

* Fig

Figu

ble A3-2 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-2

hanges in N

Pre1414131312121312121212121110111111

nded to the nea

NOx em

NOx emissio

vious* 48,630 44,640

0,280 31,110 27,830 25,230

9,740 29,000 29,170 25,630 26,940 20,220 6,210

08,360 6,240 4,510 3,220

arest ten.

mission tren

on inventor

NOxRec

11111111111111111

nd from 199

ries from 19

x (Tonnes)calculated*152,280 147,980 133,690 133,560 129,880 126,950 141,030 129,780 128,460 124,920 126,560 120,000 117,240 108,500 115,540 112,960 113,440

97 to 2013

997 to 2013

%

3

% Changes 2% 2% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% -1% -1% 0% 0% 1% 0% -1% -1% 0%

Tab

* Fig

Figu

§ Thinclu

ble A3-3 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-3

he large discreusion of emiss

hanges in R

Pre141311119999877666666

nded to the nea

RS

epancies betwsions from bio

RSP emissio

vious* 4,580 3,380 1,880 1,420 9,880 9,080 9,000 9,220 8,490 7,870 7,240 6,960 6,590 6,270 6,280 6,140 6,040

arest ten.

SP emission

ween recalculaomass burning

on inventor

RSPRec

n trend fro

ated and previg.

ries from 19

P (Tonnes)calculated*16,660 15,640 17,570 12,660 11,350 10,750 12,010 12,910 9,740 9,200 8,250 8,880 7,670 6,750 7,520 6,430 7,000

om 1997 to

ious emission

997 to 2013

%

2013§

inventories f

3

% Changes 14% 17% 48% 11% 15% 18% 33% 40% 15% 17% 14% 28% 16% 8%

20% 5%

16%

for RSP arose

e from the

Tab

* Fig

Figu

§ Thinclu

ble A3-4 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-4

he large discreusion of emiss

hanges in F

Pre1110987766655544444

nded to the nea

FS

epancies betwsions from bio

SP emission

vious* 1,150 0,370

9,350 8,750 7,800 7,010 6,680 6,640 6,210 5,900 5,490 5,290 4,960 4,940 4,950 4,840 4,740

arest ten.

SP emission

ween recalculaomass burning

n inventori

FSPRec

n trend from

ated and previg.

ies from 19

P (Tonnes)calculated*12,820 12,190 13,980 9,760 9,000 8,370 9,150 9,660 7,240 7,010 6,320 6,870 5,850 5,330 5,970 5,060 5,530

m 1997 to 2

ious emission

997 to 2013

%

2013§

n inventories f

% Changes 15% 17% 49% 11% 15% 19% 37% 46% 17% 19% 15% 30% 18% 8%

20% 5%

16%

for FSP arose

e from the

Tab

* Fig

Figu

ble A3-5 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-5

hanges in V

Pre8174676356514949464442413532323029

nded to the nea

VO

VOC emissio

vious* 1,390 4,130 7,010 3,630 6,060 1,520 9,910 9,790 6,470 4,290 2,810 1,480 5,560 2,870 2,370 0,620 9,420

arest ten.

OC emissio

on inventor

VOCRec

on trend fro

ries from 1

C (Tonnes)calculated*76,890 70,090 64,470 60,120 52,830 48,640 47,640 48,200 44,510 42,710 41,430 40,640 34,570 31,560 31,480 29,390 28,830

om 1997 to

997 to 2013

%

o 2013

3

% Changes -6% -5% -4% -6% -6% -6% -5% -3% -4% -4% -3% -2% -3% -4% -3% -4% -2%

Tab

* Fig

Figu

§ Theof th

ble A3-6 Ch

Year

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

gures are roun

ure A3-6

e large discrephe updated ver

hanges in C

Pre1413121211109790858379767370696860

nded to the nea

CO

pancies betwersion of EMFA

CO emission

vious* 45,220

4,730 27,230 20,120 3,270

04,330 7,240 0,710 5,690 3,800 9,790 6,210 3,450 0,670 9,090 8,300 0,790

arest ten.

O emission

een recalculateAC-HK (versi

n inventori

CORec

111

n trend from

ed and previouion 3.1.1).

es from 199

O (Tonnes)calculated*117,880 110,730 117,610 98,970 95,800 90,510 90,140 90,610 82,390 86,150 86,610 91,230 90,820 87,820 93,230 90,030 76,990

m 1997 to 2

us emission in

97 to 2013

%

2013§

nventories for

% Changes -19% -18% -8%

-18% -15% -13% -7% 0% -4% 3% 9%

20% 24% 24% 35% 32% 27%

r CO arose fro

om the use

Annex 4 –Emission Reduction Targets / Ranges up to 2020

At the 12th meeting of Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Working Group on Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection held in November 2012, the two governments endorsed a new set of emission reduction targets/ranges up to 2020, using 2010 as the base year (see table below). The two governments have been implementing emission reduction measures for achieving the emission reduction targets.

Pollutant Area 2015 Emission

Reduction Target*(%)

2020 Emission Reduction Range*

(%)

SO2 Hong Kong -25% -35% ~ -75%

PRD Economic Zone -16% -20% ~ -35%

NOx Hong Kong -10% -20% ~ -30%


RSP Hong Kong -10% -15% ~ -40%


VOC Hong Kong -5% -15%


*Emission reduction targets/ranges using 2010 as the base year.

Both Governments started the mid-term review study in February 2015 to conclude the emission reductions for 2015 and finalize the emission reduction targets for 2020. The results are expected to be announced in 2017.

2014 hong kong emission inventory report2 3 2014 emission inventory 3.1 the table below shows the...

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