1

2

3

4

2

Extensive Tests – Cooling Water Specific Gravities, Specific Heats, Salinity

Basic, Uncorrected, Overall Tube Bundle Heat Transfer Rate U1 – Referenced to Clean, 18 BWG

Admiralty Tubes at 70° F 3

4

OD 5/8” ¾” 7/8” 1” 11/8” 11/4”

C 267 267 263 263 259 259

U1, FW, FM from HEI Standards

Design FC Based on Tube Material, Cooling Water, O&M Practices Typical Design Values of FC:

Admiralty – 0.85; Stainless Steel – 0.90; Titanium – 0.95

Wall Thicknesses Studied: Admiralty 18 BWG, SS (Austenitic) 22 BWG, SS (Super-

Ferritic)/(Super-Austenitic) 25 BWG, Titanium 25 BWG/27 BWG

5

6

7

8

Admiralty (18 BWG) 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00% 1.00 0.998 -0.002 -0.20%304SS (22 BWG) 0.79 0.86 0.07 8.86% 0.86 0.862 0.002 0.23%Titanium (25 BWG) N/A 0.95 N/A N/A 0.95 0.951 0.001 0.11%AL-6XN (25 BWG) N/A 0.90 N/A N/A 0.90 0.879 -0.021 -2.33%AL29-4C (25 BWG) N/A 0.93 N/A N/A 0.93 0.928 -0.002 -0.22%SEA-CURE (25 BWG) N/A 0.93 N/A N/A 0.93 0.932 0.002 0.22%

Tube MaterialChange in Heat

Transfer Rate, %

HEI TUBE MATERIAL AND GAUGE CORRECTION FACTOR F M

ChangeHEI 7 th

Edition (1978)

Change in Heat

Transfer Rate, %

HEI 9 th

Edition (1995)

HEI 11 th

Edition (2012)

ChangeHEI 9 th

Edition (1995)

9

VWO HEAT BALANCE FOR CASE STUDY70 °F CIRCULATING WATER INLET TEMPERATURE

GENERATOR OUTPUT = 561,024 KWNET TURBINE HEAT RATE = 7810 BTU/KWHR

0 W 0 W

3,600,000 W 0 W2414.70 P 3,169,741 W1000.00 F 1524.83 H 346.14 P1460.39 H 1000.00 F

620 W 1524.74 H 142,170 W1389.91 H

4,251 WFP POWER

3,600,000 W EFF.=79.0 % 12186 KW3000.00 P 2,946,129 W1460.39 H 1389.91 H 1097.44 H1028.38 F 2.50 IN.HGA TOTAL SHAFT KW = 570,531

2,803,959 W GEN. POWER FACTOR = 0.904,708 W 4,277 W 114.96 P PB = 339.21 114.96 P 1389.91 H GEN. H2 PSIG = 60.0

HB = 1524.74 MECH. LOSSES, KW = 2,2524,781 W 3,903 W GEN. LOSSES, KW = 7,255

64.11 P 41.56 P 11.89 P 5.11 P GENERATOR OUTPUT, KW = 561,0240 W 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 1183.77 H 1127.72 H

768.19 h 1276.71 H 580.18 P 1276.71 H 1389.91 H 197.02 P 197.02 P 1389.91 H1315.76 H 1452.73 H 1452.73 H 62.19 P 40.31 P 11.54 P 4.95 P ELEP = 1022.45 H

27,449 W 2,397 W 2,397 W 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 1183.77 H 141,325 W UEEP = 1045.36 H 1.55 IN.HGA0 W 1349.24 P 1127.72 H 2,311,055 W

460.58 h 384.60 P 562.77 P 1404.96 H 191.11 P 191.11 P114.96 P 114.96 P 0 W 142,170 W

0 W 1097.44 H3,165,490 W

1277.74 H 0 W MATERIAL = Admiralty1389.91 H 75,854 W BWG = 18

1328.17 H CF, % = 85%0 W 2,400 W 1.55 IN.HGA GPM = 300,000

768.19 h 0 W 1323.28 H CWT, F = 70.00 F86.37 P 98,940 W HWT, F = 86.23 F

0 W 1389.91 H 8,897 W 0 W48.04 h 0 W 98,759 W 1323.28 H HW=92.68 F 504,601 W

0 W 1183.77 H 150,223 W1139.31 H

0 W 107,925 W 75,854 W 176,965 W 2,960,226 W

170,980 W 240,990 W 119,878 W 1380.48 H 1328.17 H 1286.42 H 200.00 P

545.40 P 373.06 P 185.21 P 0 W 111.51 P 60.30 P 39.10 P 11.18 P 4.80 P 2,800 WTD = 0.00 F TD = 0.00 F -TD = 2.00 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F TD = 5.50 F 1323.28 H 60.70 h

3,600,000 W 2901.00 P 200.00 P 200.00 P476.06 F 437.83 F 377.42 F 336.24 F 329.52 F 330.30 F 287.53 F 260.38 F 193.02 F 154.98 F 93.76 F 93.76 F460.58 h 418.71 h 354.64 h 312.02 h 300.47 h 301.12 h 256.89 h 229.14 h 161.07 h 122.93 h 61.78 h 61.78 h

476.06 F 437.83 F 375.42 F 335.80 F 293.03 F 265.88 F 198.52 F 160.48 FDC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DELTAH =11.55 SC = 9.0 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F DC = 15.7 F 0 W

2,800 W0 W 180.20 h

170,980 W 411,970 W 531,849 W 639,774 W 75,854 W 252,819 W 351,578 W 501,801 W453.53 F 393.12 F 351.94 F 326.80 F 276.08 F 208.72 F 170.68 F 109.46 F 504,601 W434.26 h 367.83 h 323.87 h 297.49 h 297.49 h 245.19 h 176.91 h 138.67 h 77.46 h

DELTAH =.00

AIRPREHEATER

CONDENSER

BFP

LP TURBINE (SCHEMATIC ONLY)

CP

HP TURBINE

6

BOILER

2

HTR. 1 HTR. 3

TO

BFP

T

HTR. 4 HTR. 6 HTR. 7SPE

BLDN.TO EVAP.

BFPSEALS

4

BFPTURBINE

TO CONDENSER

HTR. 5

TO BFPSEALS

BP

FROM BFPT

FROM MAINSTEAM

BFPRECIRC.

LOSSES

HTR. 2

1

7

3

5

4

TO RHTR

FROM RHTR

8 9

14

14

MAKEUP

6

16

15

EVAP

IP TURBINE

BFPRECIRC.

HDP

15

16TO CONDENSER

HTR. 8

STEAM SEALREGULATOR

FROMAPH

2

TO

SS

R

5 7 8 9

18 17

17

11

11

10

12

1312

AB C CD D

E F G H

10

11

12

13

14

26,100 Tubes (10% Less than Admiralty)

Below 70 °F, Virtually No Change in Output

Above 70 °F, 1-2 MW Loss Between 80 °F & 90 °F

7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED 7TH.ED 11TH.ED ∆MW

35.00 7.00 263 0.615 0.696 0.79 0.862 0.786 0.660 304.3 375.7 27.90 22.61 560.560 560.291 -0.269 0.7340.00 7.00 263 0.683 0.743 0.79 0.862 0.849 0.747 337.9 401.1 25.12 21.17 560.644 560.495 -0.149 0.7650.00 7.00 263 0.810 0.834 0.79 0.862 1.042 0.970 400.7 450.2 21.17 18.84 560.836 560.769 -0.067 0.8060.00 7.00 263 0.915 0.923 0.79 0.862 1.335 1.268 452.7 498.3 18.73 17.02 561.053 561.019 -0.033 0.8270.00 7.00 263 1.000 1.000 0.79 0.862 1.740 1.671 494.7 539.8 17.16 15.72 560.666 560.828 0.162 0.8280.00 7.00 263 1.045 1.045 0.79 0.862 2.308 2.222 517.0 564.1 16.49 15.10 557.779 558.352 0.573 0.8290.00 7.00 263 1.075 1.075 0.79 0.862 3.050 2.948 531.8 580.3 16.09 14.76 550.580 552.184 1.604 0.82

EQUIVALENT TUBE

CLEANLINESS CORR.

FACTOR, F C

CIRC. WATER INLET TEMP. T 1 , F

WATER VEL., FPS

CONSTANT C

UNCORR. HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U 1 , BTU/HR-

SQ.FT-F

CIRC. WATER INLET TEMP. CORR.

FACTOR, F W

TUBE MATERIAL & GAUGE CORR.

FACTOR, F M

TUBE CLEANLINESS

CORR. FACTOR, F C

COND. PRESS., IN.HGA

SERVICE HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U, BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

LMTD, F GENERATOR OUTPUT, MW

U 1 = C x √V

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

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CIRC. WATER INLET TEMP.

CORR. FACTOR, F W

TUBE MATERIAL &

GAUGE CORR.

FACTOR, F M

COND. PRESS., IN.HGA

SERVICE HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U, BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

LMTD, F GENERATOR OUTPUT, MW

11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED

35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.951 0.609 437.5 20.18 560.11640.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.951 0.694 467.1 18.90 560.38450.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.951 0.911 524.3 16.82 560.71260.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.951 1.202 580.2 15.19 560.97370.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.951 1.594 628.6 14.03 560.95680.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.951 2.127 656.9 13.46 558.94690.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.951 2.832 675.8 13.18 553.570

695.8 0.95695.8 0.95

CIRC. WATER INLET

TEMP. T 1 , F

WATER VEL., FPS

CONSTANT C

UNCORR. HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U 1 , BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

TUBE CLEANLINESS

CORR. FACTOR, F C

U 1 = C x √V

695.8 0.95

695.8 0.95

695.8 0.95695.8 0.95695.8 0.95

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17

CIRC. WATER INLET TEMP.

CORR. FACTOR, F W

TUBE MATERIAL &

GAUGE CORR.

FACTOR, F M

COND. PRESS., IN.HGA

SERVICE HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U, BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

LMTD, F GENERATOR OUTPUT, MW

11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED

35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.928 0.643 404.5 21.83 560.23940.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.928 0.730 431.8 20.44 560.46250.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.928 0.951 484.7 18.20 560.75160.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.928 1.247 536.4 16.43 561.00670.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.928 1.645 581.2 15.18 560.87680.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.928 2.191 607.3 14.57 558.55190.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.928 2.911 624.7 14.26 552.675

695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

CIRC. WATER INLET

TEMP. T 1 , F

WATER VEL., FPS

CONSTANT C

UNCORR. HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U 1 , BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

TUBE CLEANLINESS

CORR. FACTOR, F C

U 1 = C x √V

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CIRC. WATER INLET TEMP.

CORR. FACTOR, F W

TUBE MATERIAL &

GAUGE CORR.

FACTOR, F M

COND. PRESS., IN.HGA

SERVICE HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U, BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

LMTD, F GENERATOR OUTPUT, MW

11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED 11 TH ED

35.00 7.00 263 0.696 0.932 0.641 406.2 21.74 560.23240.00 7.00 263 0.743 0.932 0.728 433.7 20.35 560.45850.00 7.00 263 0.834 0.932 0.948 486.8 18.12 560.74960.00 7.00 263 0.923 0.932 1.244 538.7 16.36 561.00470.00 7.00 263 1.000 0.932 1.642 583.7 15.11 560.88180.00 7.00 263 1.045 0.932 2.187 609.9 14.51 558.57590.00 7.00 263 1.075 0.932 2.906 627.4 14.20 552.731

695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

695.8 0.90695.8 0.90

CIRC. WATER INLET

TEMP. T 1 , F

WATER VEL., FPS

CONSTANT C

UNCORR. HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT U 1 , BTU/HR-SQ.FT-F

TUBE CLEANLINESS

CORR. FACTOR, F C

U 1 = C x √V

Examined Evolution of HEI Correction Factors & Impact on Condenser Performance & Operation

Individual Results Dependent Upon Specific Plant Design LP Turbine Last Stage/Condenser Interface /Operating Range Significant HEI Edition Used Will Impact Predicted/Expected Performance

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HEI Methodology for Overall Heat Transfer Based Upon Tube Bundle Heat Transfer

Modular Replacements/Redesigns Based Upon Optimized Shell/Tube Geometry Permit Higher Overall Heat Transfer Compared to HEI

Technological Advances Paving Way for Wall Thicknesses of 30 BWG

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Conduct Accurate Performance Tests to Benchmark Performance Develop Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients to Validate HEI Values Develop Performance Predictions for Entire Condenser Operating Range HEI to Develop Correction Factors for Greater Than 25 BWG & Incorporate Operating Experiences from Plants Using Current Correction Factors

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Thank You!

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