2013 hsc chemistry

2013H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E

E X A M I N AT I O N

Chemistry

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes

• Working time – 3 hours

• Write using black or blue pen Black pen is preferred

• Draw diagrams using pencil

• Board-approved calculators may be used

• A data sheet and a Periodic Table are provided at the back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of pages 13, 17, 19, 21 and 25

Total marks – 100

Section I Pages 2–28

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A – 20 marks

• Attempt Questions –

• Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Part B – 55 marks

• Attempt Questions

1 20

21–31

• Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Section II Pages 29–44

25 marks

• Attempt ONE question from Questions –

• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

32 36

2060

Section I 75 marks

Part A – 20 marks Attempt Questions 1–20 Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–20.

1 Which pair of reactants is used to industrially synthesise ammonia?

(A) H2 and C

(B) H2 and N2

(C) H2O and N2

(D) H2O and NO2

2 What is the purpose of the flame in atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)?

(A) To ionise the sample

(B) To produce a spectrum

(C) To atomise the substance

(D) To provide the absorption wavelength

3 What is the main environmental problem associated with chlorofluorocarbon compounds?

(A) Acid rain

(B) Eutrophication

(C) Global warming

(D) Ozone depletion

– 2 –

– 3 –

4 Butan-1-ol burns in oxygen according to the following equation.

C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

How many moles of carbon dioxide would form if two moles of butan-1-ol were burnt in excess oxygen?

(A) 2

(B) 4

(C) 8

(D) 10

5 When placed in the Periodic Table, the recently discovered element 116 would be found in the same group as

(A) element 16.

(B) element 43.

(C) element 87.

(D) element 102.

6 A representation of the Periodic Table is shown. The positions of six different elements, P, Q, R, S, T and U are given.

P Q R S

T U

Which row of the following table shows the correct acid and base reactivities of the oxides of these elements?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Oxide reacts with acid only

Oxide reacts with base only

Oxide reacts with both acid and base

P, T R, U Q, S

P, R , T U Q, S

Q, R P, S T, U

Q, S R, U P, T

7 Which of the following is the correct equation for an INCOMPLETE combustion of octane?

(A) C8H18(l) + 8O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H (g2 )

(B) C8H l18( ) + 25O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H O(l2 )2

(C) C8H l18( ) + 6O g g2( ) → 3CO( ) + 5C(s) + 9H2O(l)

(D) C (l) + 13O g g s l8H18 2( ) → 4CO( ) + 4C( ) + 9H2O( )

8 Which of the following structural formulae shows citric acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

O OH O OH O OH C C C

H C

H

C

OH

C

H

H

C O OH

C O OH

C O OH

H C

OH

C

OH

C

H

OH

C O OH

C O OH

C O OH

HO C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C O OH

C O OH

C O OH

HO C

H

C

H

C

H

OH

– 4 –

O OH O OH C C

CH2 CH CH2 CH n

9 A portion of a resin made from acrylic acid (CH2 =CHCOOH) is shown.

Which type of reaction results in the formation of this polymer?

(A) Addition

(B) Condensation

(C) Dehydration

(D) Esterification

10 The following equilibrium is set up in a sealed reaction vessel.

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH = +54.8 kJ mol–1

Which of the following would INCREASE the yield of nitrogen dioxide?

(A) Adding a catalyst to the reaction vessel

(B) Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel

(C) Raising the temperature of the reaction vessel

(D) Increasing the pressure by adding argon to the reaction vessel

11 The table shows the heat of combustion for four compounds.

Compound Heat of combustion (kJ mol–1)

CO 233

CH4 890

C2H2 1300

C2H6 1560

Which of these compounds would produce the greatest amount of energy if 1.00 g of each is burnt?

(A) CO

(B) CH4

(C) C2H2

(D) C2H6

– 5 –

12 An experiment was set up as shown.

ZnCl2(aq)

Cl2(g)

Zn(s)Pt(s)

V

Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The chlorine gas is the anode.

(B) The zinc electrode is the anode.

(C) The platinum electrode is the anode.

(D) There is no anode because there is no salt bridge.

– 6 –

13

What is the structure of the polymer most likely to have been used in the manufacture of the cup shown?

(A)

(B)

H H

(C)

C

H H H H H H

C C C C C C

H H H H H H n

H H H H H H

C C C C C C

H

n

H Cl H Cl H Cl

C C C C C

H H H H H H n

(D)

H H

H OH

CH2OH

OH H

OO

CCCC

CC CC

H

CC

HH HH

OO

CH2OH

H OH

H CCCC

CC OO

OH H

CC H H

OO

H OH

CH2OH

OH H

OO

CCCC

CC CC

H

CC

HH

OO

OO

HH CC

n

– 7 –

Awaiting copyright

14 Sodium reacts with water to give hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution.

What volume of gas would be produced from the reaction of 22.99 g of sodium at 25°C and 100 kPa?

(A) 11.36 L

L

L

L

(B) 12.40

(C) 22.71

(D) 24.79

15 A pH 3.0 solution of HCl(aq) is diluted by adding water to produce a pH 5.0 solution.

Which row in the following table correctly identifies an appropriate volume of the original solution and the volume of water added for this dilution?

Volume of original solution (mL) Volume of water added (mL)

(A) 100 900

(B) 100 1000

(C) 10 990

(D) 1 1000

16 Which two species will react to form a product containing a coordinate covalent bond?

(A) Ca(s) and 2H (aq)

(B) H O( +l) and H (aq2 )

(C) Ag+(aq) and Cl–(aq)

(D) NH +4 (aq) and OH–(aq)

+

17 A 25.0 mL sample of a 0.100 mol L–1 hydrochloric acid solution completely reacted with 23.4 mL of sodium hydroxide solution.

What volume of the same sodium hydroxide solution would be required to completely react with 25.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L–1 acetic acid solution?

(A) Less than 23.4 mL

(B) 23.4 mL

(C) More than 23.4 mL

(D) Unable to calculate unless the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is also known

– 8 –

18 Consider the following series of reactions.

Catalytic cracking

Dilute sulfuric acid

cid Concentrated sulfuric acid

Petroleum fractions

Compound X

Compound Y

Compound Z

Propanoic a

Which row in the table correctly identifies Compounds X, Y and Z?

Compound X Compound Y Compound Z

(A) Propene Propan-1-ol Ethyl propanoate

(B) Propene Ethanol Propyl ethanoate

(C) Ethanol Ethylene Propyl ethanoate

(D) Ethylene Ethanol Ethyl propanoate

– 9 –

O O O O O

Ozone Oxygen

19 A solution was obtained by boiling flowers in water. After various substances were added to separate samples of the solution, the colour of each was noted.

Substance added Colour observed

0.1 mol L–1 HCl(aq) Bright pink

0.01 mol L–1 HCl(aq) Bright pink

0.001 mol L–1 HCl(aq) Pale yellow

Distilled water Bright yellow

0.001 mol L–1 NaOH(aq) Bright yellow

0.01 mol L–1 NaOH(aq) Bright yellow

For which of the following titrations would it be appropriate to use this solution as an indicator?

(A) HCl(aq) + NH3(aq)

(B) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)

(C) CH COOH(aq) + NH aq3 3( )

(D) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)

20 The structures of ozone and molecular oxygen are shown.

Ozone is more easily decomposed than molecular oxygen because

(A) it is polar.

(B) it is a bent molecule.

(C) it has a greater molecular mass.

(D) it has a lower average bond energy.

– 10 –

BLANK PAGE

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BLANK PAGE

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© Board of Studies NSW 2013

2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry Centre Number

Student Number

Section I (continued)

Part B – 55 marks Attempt Questions 21–31 Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Question 21 (6 marks)

Please turn over

2061 – 13 –


An ester and an acid are both listed as additives on a food label.

(a) 2 Why is acid used as a food preservative?

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(b) 4 Explain, on a labelled diagram, why reflux is used to produce an ester.

– 14 –


A solution contains three cations, Ba2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+. The flow chart indicates theplan used to confirm the identity of these cations.

(a) 1Name Precipitate 2.

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(b) 2Write a balanced net ionic equation for the formation of Precipitate 1.

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(c) 2Suggest a test and the expected result that would confirm the identity of themetal cation remaining in Filtrate 2.

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BLANK PAGE

– 16 –




Student Number

Section I – Part B (continued)


A 20.72 g sample of solid lead was placed into 0.100 L of 1.00 mol L–1 silver nitrate solution.

(a) 5 Complete the table. Show relevant calculations in the space below the table.

Chemical species

Pb2+(aq) Pb(s) Ag+(aq) Ag(s) NO3 −(aq)

Moles in final mixture

Balanced chemical equation

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(b) 2 With reference to only ONE species in the product mixture, explain why care must be taken in disposing of the final mixture.

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2062 – 17 –


Consider this chemical system which is at equilibrium.

X(g) + Y(g) Z(g) + heat

(a) 2 Explain the effect of decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel.

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(b) 2 Explain the effect of adding a catalyst to this equilibrium mixture.

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4 An indicator is placed in water. The resulting solution contains the green ion, Ind , and the red molecule, HInd.

Explain why this solution can be used as an indicator. In your response, include a suitable chemical equation that uses −Ind and HInd.

−

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– 18 –




Student Number



4 Explain how microscopic membrane filters purify contaminated waters, in terms of their design and composition.

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2063 – 19 –

Tem

pera

ture

of

oily

liqu

id (

°C) 60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0 Measurements

stopped Heating

completed Heating

commenced


4 A 0.259 g sample of ethanol is burnt to raise the temperature of of an oily liquid, as shown in the graph. There is no loss of heat to the surroundings.

120 g

Time

Using the information shown on the graph, calculate the specific heat capacity of the oily liquid. The heat of combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJ mol–1.

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– 20 –




Student Number



Please turn over

2064 – 21 –


A student attempted to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution. The following steps were performed.

Step 1. A conical flask was rinsed with water.

Step 2. A 25.0 mL pipette was rinsed with water.

Step 3. The student filled the pipette with a standard sodium carbonate solution to the level shown in the diagram.

Gradation mark

Sodium carbonate solution

Step 4. The standard sodium carbonate solution in the pipette was transferred to the conical flask. The student ensured that all of the sodium carbonate solution was transferred to the conical flask by blowing through the pipette. Three drops of an appropriate indicator were added to the conical flask.

Step 5. A burette was rinsed with the hydrochloric acid solution and then filled with the acid. The student then carried out a titration to determine the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.

In steps 2, 3 and 4 above the student did not follow acceptable procedures.

(a) 2 Identify the mistake the student made in step 4 and propose a change that would improve the validity of the result.

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Question 28 continues on page 23

– 22 –

Question 28 (continued)

(b) 3 Explain the effect of the mistakes made in steps 2 and 3 on the calculation of the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.

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End of Question 28

Please turn over

– 23 –


2 Consider this chemical equation.

2Cl–(aq) + Br2(l) → 2Br–(aq) + Cl2(g)

Will the reaction occur spontaneously? Justify your response.

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– 24 –




Student Number



Please turn over

2065 – 25 –


6 The images below represent the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere above Antarctica near the South Pole for the years 1979, 1994 and 2012, measured at the same time each year.

Account for the changes in ozone concentration above Antarctica between 1979 and 2012. Your response should include relevant equations.

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– 26 –

Awaiting copyright


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End of Question 30

Please turn over

– 27 –

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(a) 5 Construct separate flow diagrams to show the steps used in the production of polyethylene and those used in the production of a recently developed biopolymer.

Polyethylene Name of biopolymer:

(b) 3 Justify the use of a recently developed biopolymer over a polymer obtained from fossil fuel.

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– 28 –



Chemistry

Section II

25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 32–36 Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer parts (a)–(c) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 1. Answer parts (d)–(e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2. Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 32 Industrial Chemistry ............................................................. 30–32

Question 33 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation ............................ 33–34

Question 34 The Biochemistry of Movement .......................................... 35–38

Question 35 The Chemistry of Art ........................................................... 39–40

Question 36 Forensic Chemistry .............................................................. 41–44

2066 – 29 –

Question 32 — Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)–(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) 3 The diagram shows a sequence of steps in the removal of grease from a surface.

Explain the process shown in these steps.

Grease

Surface Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

(b) Hydrogen iodide is a colourless gas that will decompose into colourless hydrogen gas and purple iodine gas according to the following endothermic reaction.

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

(i) 3 A 1.0 L glass container was filled with 0.60 moles of hydrogen iodide gas. When equilibrium was established, there were 0.25 moles of iodine gas present in the container.

Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction.

(ii) 2 The container was then cooled.

Explain the change in the appearance of its contents.


– 30 –


(c) The diagram shows a region where construction of a Solvay plant is being considered.

Ocean

B

A

Limestone deposit

50 km

Railway line Key

OceanOcean

Port City

(i) 2 Why is limestone important in the Solvay process? Include a relevant chemical equation in your response.

– 31 –

(ii) 3 Justify which of sites A or B would be the preferred location for a Solvay plant.



Answer parts (d)–(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) A first-hand investigation is conducted on the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.

(i) 2 Justify the use of a safety precaution, other than wearing safety glasses, when carrying out this investigation.

(ii) 3 Describe how the THREE products of this electrolysis could be identified.

(e) 7 There is often a compromise between maximising yield and minimising the environmental impact of industrial processes.

Justify this statement with reference to the production of sulfuric acid.

End of Question 32

– 32 –

Question 33 — Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)

Answer parts – in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a)

Connection to metal mesh cage

Insulating stand for artefact

Electrolyte solution

(a) (c)

3 The treatment of a marine artefact is shown.

Power supply

Explain why this process is used.

(b) (i) 2 Write a balanced chemical equation for the corrosion of tin in shallow water.

(ii) 3 Summarise the role of electron transfer in corrosion reactions. Include relevant equations in your answer.


– 33 –


(c) The solubility of oxygen in sea water at various temperatures is shown in the graph.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Solu

bilit

y (m

g L

–1 )

0 10 20 30 Temperature (°C)

40 50

(i) 2 Predict the solubility of oxygen at 4°C.

(ii) 3 Analyse the factors that affect the concentration of dissolved oxygen at increasing depths in the ocean.


(d) (i) 3 Design a suitable first-hand investigation that could be carried out in a school laboratory to compare the effectiveness of different ways of preventing the corrosion of iron in a marine environment. Include relevant diagrams in your answer.

(ii) 2 Use the expected results of the investigation to justify the ongoing use of iron in the construction of ocean-going vessels.

(e) 7 From the scientists studied in this option, assess whose work has most changed the nature of scientific thinking about redox reactions.

End of Question 33

– 34 –

N

N

N

C

HC C

C

N

CH

NH2

O

P P PO O O

O O

O –

O –

O –

O –

CH2

OH OH

CH

HC CH

CH

O

X Y Z

Question 34 — The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)


(a) 3 The molecule below is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Explain which part of the molecule, X, Y or Z, is the most important biologically. Include a relevant equation in your answer.


– 35 –


(b) The table below gives the abbreviation and structural formulae for two amino acids.

Part of the glycine molecule has been replaced by X.

Name Abbreviation Formula

Glycine Gly COOHX

H

H

C

Tyrosine Tyr HO COOH

NH2

H

H

C

H

C

(i) 2 Write an equation using the correct structural formulae showing the formation of a dipeptide between glycine and tyrosine.

(ii) 3 Explain, in terms of chemical bonding, how the three-dimensional shape of a protein depends upon its primary structure.


– 36 –


(c) The following energy profile is for the combustion of glucose during cellular respiration.

Ene

rgy

Glucose and oxygen 181 kJ mol–1

2997 kJ mol–1

Carbon dioxide and water

Progress of reaction

(i) 2 The hourly energy requirement of an astronaut is supplied by 36.0 g of glucose.

Using the energy profile above, determine the energy required by the astronaut in one hour.

(ii) 3 Calculate the volume of oxygen consumed by the astronaut in one hour. The conditions are 25° and 100 Include a chemical equation in your answer.

C kPa.


– 37 –



(d) A first-hand investigation was conducted to demonstrate the effect of temperature on the reaction of an enzyme.

(i) 3 Describe a procedure that could be used to demonstrate the effect of temperature on the reaction of an enzyme.

(ii) 2 A sketch showing a student’s results is provided below.

Rate of reaction

Temperature

Explain the shape of the curve.

(e) 7 ‘Give me a muscle biopsy and I’ll tell you whether you should be a sprinter or a marathon runner.’

Evaluate the scientific accuracy of this statement in terms of muscle fibre structure and function.

End of Question 34

– 38 –

Question 35 — The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)


(a) 3The emission spectrum of a metal salt is observed with a spectroscope.

A B

Blue Red

CN

CN

CNNi

CN

NC

3–

Explain the processes by which emission lines arise. Include an energy leveldiagram for the lines marked A and B in your response.

(b) (i) 2

– 39 –

Identify in which of the s, p, d or f blocks of the Periodic Table theelement Ra is found. Justify your answer.

(ii) 3An atom has FIVE valence electrons in its d orbital. Using an orbitaldiagram of the valence shell of the atom, explain how Hund’s ruledetermines the electronic configuration.

(c) The structure of a nickel cyanide complex is shown.

(i) 2What is the oxidation state of nickel in this complex? Justify youranswer.

(ii) 3Explain the bonding of the complex with the aid of a Lewis structure forthe cyanide ligand.




(d) A first-hand investigation is conducted to demonstrate the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate.

(i) 2 Describe a procedure that could be used to demonstrate the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate.

(ii) 3 What does this investigation show about the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate? Use half-equations in your answer.

(e) 7 Discuss the principles involved in using infra-red and ultraviolet spectroscopy for the analysis of pigments.

End of Question 35

– 40 –

Question 36 — Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)


(a) 3 A sample was collected from inside a reaction vessel at a suspected illegal drug laboratory. The sample was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chromatogram obtained from the collected sample is provided below.

Sample chromatogram from the reaction vessel

Signal intensity

150 5 10 Retention time (minutes)

The chromatogram of a standard mixture containing four compounds commonly produced in illegal drug laboratories is also provided.

Standard chromatogram

C Key A Amphetamine B Methamphetamine C Methcathinone D MDMA

Signal intensity

15

A

B D

0 5 10 Retention time (minutes)

By referring to the chromatograms, explain how this information could be used as evidence to support a guilty verdict in a court case.


– 41 –


(b) (i) 2 Information about three polysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen and starch) is provided in the table below.

X

Plant polysaccharide

Contains branched and linear chains

Y

Animal polysaccharide

Contains highly branched chains

Z

Plant polysaccharide

Contains linear chains

Identify X, Y and Z.

(ii) 3 Select ONE of cellulose, glycogen or starch and explain its primary function in terms of its composition and structure.


– 42 –


(c) A pesticide manufacturer is suspected of releasing waste water contaminatedwith heavy metal ions into a local river. Atomic emission spectroscopy is usedto identify the possible pollutants.

(i) 2Use the following emission spectra to identify a metal pollutant in theriver. Justify your answer.

Cadmium

Mercury

Lead

River sample

400 500Wavelength (nm)

600 700

– 43 –

(ii) 3Outline a procedure that could be used in a school laboratory to SAFELYproduce and analyse the emission spectrum of an element.




(d) Alkanes, alkenes, alkanols and alkanoic acids are four different classes of organic compounds.

(i) 2 Describe a simple test that would confirm that a compound is organic.

(ii) 3 Describe a sequence of tests that could be used to distinguish between any THREE of the classes of organic compounds named above.

(e) 7 A chemist working in a forensic laboratory is asked to analyse a residue of an explosive. They selected chromatography as the preferred analytical technique over electrophoresis. Justify this decision.

End of paper

– 44 –


– 45 –

NA .................................................................. 6.022 ¥ 1023 mol 1

100 kPa 0°C (273.15 K) ...................... 22.71 L25°C (298.15 K) .................... 24.79 L

25°C (298.15 K), Kw ................. 1.0 ¥ 10 14

..................................................... 4.18 ¥ 103 J kg–1 K 1

pH = –log10[H+ ] DH = m CDT


Chemistry

2067

DATA SHEET

Avogadro constant, –

Volume of 1 mole ideal gas: at andat at

Ionisation constant for water at –

Specific heat capacity of water –

Some useful formulae –

Some standard potentials

Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (5th Edition) is the principal source of data forthis examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.

– 46 –

112

C

Cop

erni

cium

9 F

Fluo

rine

17 Cl

Chl

orin

e

35 Br

Bro

min

e

53 I

Iodi

ne

85 A

Ast

atin

e

7 N

Nitr

ogen

15 P

Phos

phor

us

33 As

Ars

enic

51 Sb

Ant

imon

y

83 Bi

Bis

mut

h

5 B

Bor

on

13 Al

Alu

min

ium

31 Ga

Gal

lium

49 In

Indi

um

81 Tl

Tha

llium

107

B

Boh

rium

108

H

Has

sium

109

M

Mei

tner

ium

110

D

Dar

mst

adtiu

m

111

R

Roe

ntge

nium

87 F

Fran

cium

88 R

Rad

ium

8910

310

4R

Rut

herf

ordi

um

105

D

Dub

nium

106

S

Seab

orgi

um

1 H

Hyd

roge

n

PE

RIO

DIC

TA

BL

E O

F T

HE

EL

EM

EN

TS

KE

Y

2 He

1.00

84.

003

Hel

ium

3 Li

6.94

1L

ithiu

m

4 Be

9.01

2B

eryl

lium

Ato

mic

Num

ber

Sym

bol

Stan

dard

Ato

mic

Wei

ght

Nam

e

79 Au

197.

0G

old

6 C10

.81

12.0

1C

arbo

n

8 O14

.01

16.0

0O

xyge

n

10 Ne

19.0

020

.18

Neo

n

11 Na

22.9

9So

dium

12 Mg

24.3

1M

agne

sium

14 Si26

.98

28.0

9Si

licon

16 S

Sulf

ur

18 Ar

Arg

on

19 K

Pota

ssiu

m

20 Ca

Cal

cium

21 Sc

Scan

dium

22 Ti

Tita

nium

23 V

Van

adiu

m

24 Cr

Chr

omiu

m

25 Mn

Man

gane

se

26 Fe Iron

27 Co

Cob

alt

28 Ni

Nic

kel

29 Cu

Cop

per

30 Zn

Zin

c

32 Ge

Ger

man

ium

34 Se

Sele

nium

36 Kr

Kry

pton

37 Rb

Rub

idiu

m

38 Sr

Stro

ntiu

m

39 Y

Yttr

ium

40 Zr

Zir

coni

um

41 Nb

Nio

bium

42 Mo

Mol

ybde

num

43 T

Tech

netiu

m

44 Ru

Rut

heni

um

45 Rh

Rho

dium

46 Pd

Palla

dium

47 Ag

Silv

er

48 Cd

Cad

miu

m

50 Sn Tin

52 Te

Tellu

rium

54 Xe

Xen

on

55 Cs

Cae

sium

56 Ba

Bar

ium

5771

72 Hf

Haf

nium

73 Ta

Tant

alum

74 W

Tun

gste

n

75 Re

Rhe

nium

76 Os

Osm

ium

77 Ir

Irid

ium

78 Pt

Plat

inum

79 Au

Gol

d

80 Hg

Mer

cury

82 Pb Lea

d

84 P

Polo

nium

86 R Rad

on

Lan

than

oids

57 La

Lan

than

um

58 Ce

Cer

ium

59 Pr

Pras

eody

miu

m

60 Nd

Neo

dym

ium

61 P

Prom

ethi

um

62 Sm

Sam

ariu

m

63 Eu

Eur

opiu

m

64 Gd

Gad

olin

ium

65 Tb

Terb

ium

66 Dy

Dys

pros

ium

67 Ho

Hol

miu

m

68 Er

Erb

ium

69 Tm

Thu

lium

70 Yb

Ytte

rbiu

m

71 Lu

Lut

etiu

m

Act

inoi

ds

89 A

Act

iniu

m

90 Th

Tho

rium

91 Pa

Prot

actin

ium

92 U

Ura

nium

93 N

Nep

tuni

um

94 P

Plut

oniu

m

95 A

Am

eric

ium

96 C Cur

ium

97 B

Ber

keliu

m

98 C

Cal

ifor

nium

99 E

Ein

stei

nium

100

F

Ferm

ium

101

M

Men

dele

vium

102

N

Nob

eliu

m

103

L

Law

renc

ium

30.9

732

.07

35.4

539

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39.1

040

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44.9

647

.87

50.9

452

.00

54.9

455

.85

58.9

358

.69

63.5

565

.38

69.7

272

.64

74.9

278

.96

79.9

083

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85.4

787

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88.9

191

.22

92.9

195

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c10

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6.4

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2.4

114.

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121.

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7.6

126.

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132.

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oids

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138.

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140.

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7.3

158.

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2.5

164.

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7.3

168.

917

3.1

175.

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d.

2013 hsc chemistry

Documents

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spectrum c

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c b h2

b c d oxide

reaction vessel c

o oh o oh c c ch2 ch

c c8h l18