Greek 1001 Elementary Greek

Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning GreekUnit 1 part 3: diacritical marks, typing, alphabetical order 2013 editionWilfred E. Majorwmajor@lsu.edu 1Ancient Greek for EveryoneThis class You have learned all the Greek letters.Today we learn all the other marks that appear in written Greek: accent marks breathing marks punctuation How to type ancient Greek The Greek alphabet in alphabetical order How to end a Greek word 2Ancient Greek for EveryonePolytonic GreekWhen foreigners () started learning Greek in antiquity, Greek scholars developed additional symbols to help non-Greeks speak the language. From this practice, Polytonic Greek uses the following:accent marks breathing marks punctuation3Ancient Greek for EveryoneBREATHINGS Ancient Greek does not use a separate letter for the h sound. Remember that Greek has the aspirated consonants , , and to indicate this sound.4Ancient Greek for EveryoneBREATHINGS If a word begins with aspiration, but not one with of these consonants, however, the aspirated consonants are no help, so Greek uses two symbols to indicate aspiration or lack of it. 5Ancient Greek for EveryoneBREATHINGS no aspiration: = o (smooth breathing) aspiration: = ho (rough breathing)6Ancient Greek for EveryoneBREATHINGS Helpful hint: Words beginning with or always have a rough breathing: = rho as in = rhythmos (rhythm) = hy- as in = hyper above ( English hyper)7Ancient Greek for EveryoneBREATHINGS Sometimes only a breathing marks the difference between words. For example: = him = her = himself = herselfNotice that if the word begins with a diphthong, the breathing appears over the second letter.8Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Most words in Ancient Greek have an accent. Ancient Greeks knew how to accent words.They wrote in the accents to help non-Greeks learn the language.9Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Ancient Greek scholars said the accent was a rising tone on a single short vowel sound, so they marked it with a line rising from left-to-right: / (acute accent).

You may stress the vowel to sound the accent, but try not to make it long when you do! 10Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS If an accent on a word was not pronounced, the symbol is inverted, called a grave accent (\). For example, a final accented vowel before another word was typically not accented: but .

If a vowel has a grave (\), simply do not pronounce the accent! 11Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting short vowel sounds The vowels , , , , and are short. When accented, the acute accent appears above these vowels: , , , , and . 12Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds The vowels , , , , and are long.Long vowels are, as their name suggests, long, in fact double-length, vowel sounds: = , = , = , = , and = 13Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds If the first part of this sound bears the accent, then the whole vowel has a rising tone (/), then a falling tone (\), so it is marked ^ (circumflex) over the vowel. = , = , = , = , = 14Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds If the second part of the sound bears the accent, then only the rising tone (/) is written. = , = , = , = , = 15Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds When the second of two consecutive vowels is an or , the pair is a diphthong. The same rules for marking an acute (/) or circumflex (^) apply as for long vowels, and the accent is always written over the second vowel: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 16Ancient Greek for EveryoneACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds Remember that the vowels , and contract when they meet. The same rules for marking an acute (/) or circumflex (^) apply as for long vowels and diphthongs:

+ = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = 17Ancient Greek for EveryonePlacing the accent:On most Greek words, the recessive rule determines the placement of the accent. This means:If the last syllable of the word contains a single short vowel, the accent recedes two syllables: It can recede only to the last short vowel sound of this syllable (never to the first part), so the accent appears as an acute (/): , (= )18Ancient Greek for EveryonePlacing the accent:On most Greek words, the recessive rule determines the placement of the accent. This means:If the word has only two syllables and the last syllable of the word contains a single short vowel, the accent recedes to the first syllable: or the first part of a long vowel sound: (= )19Ancient Greek for EveryonePlacing the accent:On most Greek words, the recessive rule determines the placement of the accent. This means:If the last syllable of the word contains a long vowel sound, the accent recedes only one syllable: . It can recede only to the second part of this syllable, so the accent always appears as an acute (/): (= = )Unless you are composing in Greek, it is not crucial that you know how to place accents, but this information can help you understand the accents that you see. 20Ancient Greek for EveryonePUNCTUATION Greek uses four marks of punctuation:full stop . (period)half stop (colon; Greek for limb; ~ semi-colon)pause , (comma; Greek for stamp mark)question mark ; (top/bottom reverse of ? symbol)Quotation marks: strictly speaking, a capital letter marks the beginning of a direct quote, but often modern texts add quotation marks for clarity.21Ancient Greek for EveryoneSPELL IT LIKE IT SOUNDS! Remember that ancient Greek spells words the way they sound, rather than having a fixed spelling system. This explains why and how they write elisions:When Greeks elided or contracted words as they spoke, they wrote them in contracted form.In formal English, we write only uncontracted forms (stop and go instead of stop n go etc), regardless of how we pronounce them. Formal Greek writing, however, shows the contractions.22Ancient Greek for EveryoneAn example of elision: = with me

Remember: saying two vowels together is bad, so most of the time, this phrase is elided to: = wit me

SPELL IT LIKE IT SOUNDS! 23Ancient Greek for EveryoneThis class (Thursday, August 29, 2013)You have learned all the Greek letters.Today we learn all the other marks that appear in written Greek: accent marks breathing marks punctuation How to type ancient Greek The Greek alphabet in alphabetical order How to end a Greek word 24Ancient Greek for EveryoneTyping Ancient Greek on digital devices:

The basic Greek keyboard (called Modern, Demotic, or Monotonic) has only a single accent. Ancient Greek, in order to type the accents and breathing marks, requires the polytonic keyboard.

25Ancient Greek for EveryoneTyping Ancient Greek on digital devices:

Recent Windows and Apple systems have built-in polytonic Greek keyboards. You need only activate them. In Moodle and at www.dramata.com are reference sheets for typing ancient (polytonic) Greek in a Windows or Mac environment.

There is also an app called Write Polytonic Greek by Michael Chourdakis for typing ancient Greek in iOS on your iPhone etc. 26Ancient Greek for EveryoneTyping Ancient Greek on digital devices: There are more sophisticated programs available as well, but these reference sheets do not require the purchase or installation of any new software, just activating a keyboard already on your computer. Important: Read, copy and input Greek using Unicode characters. It is and will remain the standard. Other methods are fading and some are hard to convert.

27Ancient Greek for EveryoneTyping Ancient Greek on digital devices: You can use any font you wish. So long as it is Unicode-compliant, it should display and print characters correctly and it will convert to other fonts consistently. I use Palatino Linotype for the Greek in these Power Points, handouts, etc., since it is bundled with Windows and nicely legible. 28Ancient Greek for EveryoneThis class (Thursday, August 29, 2013)You have learned all the Greek letters.Today we learn all the other marks that appear in written Greek: accent marks breathing marks punctuation How to type ancient Greek The Greek alphabet in alphabetical orderHow to end a Greek word 29Ancient Greek for EveryoneGreek has twenty-four letters.upper-case: lower-case: 30

Kenneth Berding. Sing and Learn New Testament Greek (Zondervan, 2008). 31

Sing the Greek alphabet toItsy Bitsy Spider!From Nina Barclay. Eucleides' World: An Exploratory Introduction to Ancient Greek to Accompany Ecce Romani. CANE (Classical Association of New England), 2002. 32Sing the Greek alphabet to Frre Jacques!

From Nina Barclay. Eucleides' World: An Exploratory Introduction to Ancient Greek to Accompany Ecce Romani. CANE (Classical Association of New England), 2002. 33Ancient Greek for EveryoneThe Greek alphabet in alphabetical orderGreek Alphabet Song rock http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKW9-7ZHv_4 Greek Alphabet techno http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUrZHF_WBeI Greek Alphabet hip-hop http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vapoNlGio8U Greek Alphabet sing-a-long http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tK7oKv0Jes4

34Ancient Greek for Everyone

http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=greek%20alphabet35Ancient Greek for EveryoneThe Greek alphabet in alphabetical orderA YouTube video shows how to write the letters, at

Learn the Greek Alphabet: 4A Penmanship Counts!: Alpha-Mu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHDdBprw0XQ (part 1)

Learn the Greek Alphabet: 4B. Penmanship Counts: Nu-Omega http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8gm2VFs_co (part 2)

Visit www.dramata.com for: A power point that diagrams the Greek letters by hand 36Ancient Greek for EveryoneThis class (Thursday, August 29, 2013)You have learned all the Greek letters.Today we learn all the other marks that appear in written Greek: accent marks breathing marks punctuation How to type ancient Greek The Greek alphabet in alphabetical order How to end a Greek word 37Ancient Greek for EveryoneHow to end a Greek word A Greek word can end only in a vowel, -, - or -. If necessary, consonants will drop from the end until the word reaches an allowable final sound For example, . A word ending in - can add a final - (nu-movable) to make pronunciation easier: For example, . This added - has no meaning; it simply helps pronunciation.The only exceptions are the words out of and or not. 38Ancient Greek for EveryoneNext class Practice! Practice! Practice!

39