2013 awwa ims annual conference iron and manganese treatment and removal options … ·...
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Iron and Manganese Treatment and Removal Options for Groundwater
Jon Oldham, P.E. Bowen, Collins & Associates
2013 AWWA IMS Annual Conference
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Overview
• What are Iron and Manganese? • Regulatory Standards • Effects of Iron and Manganese in Drinking
Water • Well Source Options • State of Idaho and State of Utah Allowed
Treatment Control/Removal Systems • Preventing Problems in Distribution Mains
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Iron and Manganese
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Iron and Manganese
Iron, Fe • Silvery-gray, lustrous
metal • 5% of earth’s crust • Usually in oxidized form
(rusty)
Manganese, Mn • Gray-white metal,
similar to iron • Hard, very brittle • 0.1% of earth’s crust
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Forms of Iron and Manganese in Water
• Ferrous Fe2+, Manganous Mn2+ (clear water) – Dissolved; forms rust colored particles when
exposed to atmosphere – Most common form in ground water
• Ferric Fe3+, Manganic Mn4+ (red water) – Not dissolved; reddish-brown/black particles
settle to bottom
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Forms of Iron and Manganese in Water (continued)
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Forms of Iron and Manganese in Water (continued)
• Iron Bacteria – Not harmful to health – Grow on water system
components (toilet tank) – Gelatin/slimy, suspended in
water – Brown, red or white
• Organic Iron – Shallow wells and surface water – Brown, yellow
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Regulatory Standards Safe Drinking Water Act
• Primary Standards (health related) – None
• Secondary Standards (aesthetics) – Iron: 0.30 mg/L (300 ppm) – Manganese: 0.05 mg/L (50 ppm)
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Effects of Iron and Manganese in Drinking Water
• Aesthetics (taste and appearance) – Metallic and unpleasant
taste – Iron-rusty color;
Manganese-black color – Stain laundry, toilet boils,
sinks etc – Customer complaints
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Customer Complaint Resolution
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Effects of Iron and Manganese in Drinking Water (continued)
• Physical Effects – Damage water equipment
and reduce treatment efficiency for other contaminants
– Increased costs for operations
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Effects of Iron and Manganese in Drinking Water (continued)
• Health – Essential nutrients at lower doses; multivitamins – No known adverse health effects for levels
typically found in drinking water
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Well Source Options
• Retrofit well to “zone off” metals-producing zones
• Drill new well to isolate zones • Treatment
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Treatment Control and Removal Options
Idaho Administrative Code, 58.01.08 Section 535 Utah Rule R309-535
• Treatment Control – Sequestration with Polyphosphates – Sequestration with Sodium Silicates (Idaho only)
• Treatment Removal – Oxidation, Detention, Filtration – Manganese Coated Media Filtration – Ion Exchange – Biofiltration (Idaho Only)
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Treatment Control Sequestration with Polyphosphates
• Combined Iron and Manganese below 1.0 mg/L
• Must chlorinate and maintain residual
• Inject after iron/manganese removal treatment
• Inject before aeration, oxidation, or disinfection
• Breaks down in water heaters
• Wastewater nutrient concern
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Treatment Control Sequestration with Sodium Silicates
• Combined Iron and Manganese below 2.0 mg/L • Requires on-site pilot tests • Must chlorinate and maintain residual • Inject after iron or manganese removal
treatment • Less effective for treating manganese • Better in water heaters than polyphosphates
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Treatment Removal Oxidation, Detention and Filtration
• Oxidation – aeration or chemicals
• Detention time- – Utah-20 min – Idaho-30 min – Pilot test can shorten
or eliminate this • Sedimentation basins,
sludge removal • Pressure Filtration
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Treatment Removal Manganese Coated Media Filtration
• Continuous or batch feed potassium permanganate to coated filter media
• Can use other oxidants (chlorine, aeration) to supplement process
• Greensand Filtration
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Treatment Removal Ion Exchange
• Water softeners • Not acceptable where
either raw water or wash water contains dissolved oxygen or other oxidants
• Ferrous (dissolved) iron only
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Treatment Removal Biofiltration
• On-site pilot testing to determine effectiveness • Customized filter design
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Preventing Problems in Distribution Mains
• Prior Treatment • Protective pipe linings • Noncorrodible pipe materials • Raise pH • Avoid dead-end mains • Reduce disturbances in flow • Regular Flushing
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Summary
• What are Iron and Manganese? • Regulatory Standards • Effects of Iron and Manganese in Drinking
Water • Well Source Options • State of Idaho and State of Utah Allowed
Treatment Control/Removal Systems • Preventing Problems in Distribution Mains
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Questions?
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