2012 renewable energy data book

8/12/2019 2012 Renewable Energy Data Book

1/128

2012 Renewable Energy Data Bo

Energy Efficiency &

Renewable Energy


2/128

Acknowledgments

This report was produced by Rachel Gelman, edited by Mike Meshek,

and designed by Stacy Buchanan and Erica Augustine of the National

Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). We greatly appreciate the input

of Carla Frisch, Ookie Ma, Hoyt Battey, Fred Joseck, David Feldman,

Douglas Hollett, Minh Le, Jay Nathwani, Tien Nguyen, Valerie Reed,

Christopher Richard and Logan Putnam of the U.S. Department of

Energy, as well as Lynn Billman, Jeff Logan, Gian Porro, Maggie Mann,Doug Arent, and Robin Newmark of NREL.

Front page background photo from iStock/3351020

Front page inset photos (left to right): iStock/754519, iStock/4393369, iStock/354309,

iStock/2101722, iStock/2574180, iStock/5080552, Leslie Eudy, NREL 17854, iStock/11265066

Page 2: iStock/721000, page 6: iStock/5751076, page 16: photo from Invenergy LLC, NREL

14369, page 40: iStock/750178, page 52: iStock/ 754519, page 62: iStock/4393369, page 68:iStock/354309, page 74: iStock/2101722, page 80: iStock/2574180, page 84: iStock/5080552,

Page 88: photo by Leslie Eudy, NREL 17854, page 96: iStock/11265066, page 108: iStock/330791,

page 116: iStock/3459287


3/128

Key Findings

The installed global renewable electricity* capacity doubled between 2000 and

2012,and represents a significant and growing portion of the total energy supply bothglobally and in the United States.

Renewable electricity represented 14% of total installed capacity and more than12% of total electric generation in the United States in 2012 .Installed renewable

electricity capacity is more than 163 gigawatts (GW).

In 2012 in the United States, wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) were two of the fastestgrowing electric generation technologies. In 2012, cumulative installed wind capacity

increased by nearly 28% and cumulative installed solar photovoltaic capacity grew

more than 83% from the previous year.

* Unless noted, renewable electricity includes hydropower


4/128

Key Findings(continued)

Worldwide, wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable electricity technologies

between 2000 and 2012, wind electricity generation worldwide increased by a factorof nearly 16. The United States experienced even more dramatic growth, as wind electricity

generation increased by a factor of 25 over the same period.

In the United States, renewable electricity has been capturing a growing percentage of newcapacity additions during the past few years. In 2012, renewable electricity accounted for

more than 56% of all new electrical capacity installations in the United Statesa largechange from 2004 when all renewable electricity captured only 2% of new capacity additions.

Since 2006, the United States has been the worlds leading ethanol producer. Between 2000and 2012, U.S. production of corn ethanol increased by a factor of 8 , although it

declined slightly in 2012. The use of ethanol in gasoline blends in the United States has tripled

since 2005.


5/128

U.S. Energy Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renewable Electricity in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Global Renewable Energy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Biopower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Advanced Water Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Renewable and Alternative Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Clean Energy Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Table of Contents


6/128

I. U.S. Energy Background Information


7/128

U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe7

Source: EIA; full references are provided starting on p. 117.

Energy consumption is higher than energy production due to net oil imports.

All data are reported as primary energy.

U.S. Energy Production and Consumption (2012)

10.2%Nuclear

11.2% Renewables

26.0%Coal

35.2%

Natural Gas17.4%Petroleum

U.S. Energy Production (2012): 79.2 Quadrillion Btu

U.S. Renewable Energy Production:

8.9 Quadrillion Btu

8.5%Nuclear

4.5%B

iomass

5.5%

Biom

ass

0.2%

Geoth

ermal

0.3%

Geoth

ermal

0.2%

Solar

0.3%

Solar

1.4

%Wind

2.8%

Hydrop

ower

1.7%

Wind

3.4%

Hydropo

wer

9.3% Renewables

18.3%Coal

27.3%

Natural Gas

36.5% Petroleum

U.S. Energy Consumption (2012): 95.1 Quadrillion Btu

U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption:

8.8 Quadrillion Btu


8/128

8 U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe

I

Source: EIA

* Includes natural gas plant liquids.

Annual totals may not equal 100% due to rounding.

U.S. Energy Production by Energy Source (20002012)

Coal Natural Gas* Petroleum Nuclear RenewablesTotal Production(Quadrillion Btu)


9/128

U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe9

U.S. Energy Consumption by Energy Source (20002012)

Source: EIA

Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Nuclear RenewablesTotal Consumption(Quadrillion Btu)


10/128


I

Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

Other includes pumped storage, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch,purchased steam, sulfur, tire-derived fuels, and miscellaneous technologies.

* On-grid only capacity and generation

U.S. Electricity Nameplate Capacity and Generation (2012)

9.2%Nuclear

14.0% Renewable Energy

29.8%Coal

41.7%Natural Gas

0.4%Other5.0%Petroleum

U.S. Electric Nameplate Capacity (2012): 1,168 GW

1.2%

Bio

0.3%

Geoth

erma

l

0.7%

Solar

*

5.1%

Wind

6.7%

Hyd

ropo

wer

U.S. Renewable Capacity: 164 GW

37.3%Coal

18.9%Nuclear

12.4% Renewable Energy

0.6%Other

30.3%Natural Gas

0.6%Petroleum

U.S. Electric Net Generation (2012): 4,068 TWh

1.4%

Bio

0.4%

Geoth

erma

l

0.3%

Solar

*

3.4%

Wind

6.8%Hyd

ropo

wer

U.S. Renewable Generation: 504 TWh


11/128

U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe11Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

U.S. Electricity Generating Capacity by Source (20002012)

Coal Petroleum Natural GasOtherGases

Nuclear Renewables OtherTotal Capacity

(MW)


12/128


I


U.S. Electricity Generation by Source (20002012)

CoalPetroleum

LiquidsPetroleum

CokeNatural

GasOtherGases

Nuclear Renewables OtherTotal Generati

(GWh)


13/128

U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe13Source: EIA

U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector (2012)

28.1%Transportation

Commercial 18.4%

32.3%Industrial

Residential 21.2%

U.S. Energy Consumption, 2012: 95.1 Quadrillion Btu

U.S. buildings

represent 39.6% of

total energy use.


14/128


I

Source: EIA

U.S. Energy Consumption Residential and Commercial (2012)

47.4% ElectricalSystem EnergyLosses

52.7% ElectrSystem EnerLosses

23.2%Electricity

Retail Sales

25.8%Electricity

Retail Sales

Renewables 3.2%

Renewables 0.7%

0.0% Coal 0.2% Coal

Natural Gas 21.1% Natural Gas 16.9%

Petroleum 5.0%Petroleum 3.6%

Residential Energy Consumption

(20.2 Quadrillion Btu) 2012

Commercial Energy Consumption



15/128

U.S. Energy Background Information | Octobe15Source: EIA

U.S. Energy Consumption Industry and Transportation (2012)

22.3%Electrical System

Energy Losses

0.2%Electrical SystemEnergy Losses

10.9%ElectricityRetail Sales

0.1%Electricity Retail

7.2%Renewables

4.3%Renewables

Coal 4.8%

0.0%Coal

Natural Gas 28.3%

2.9%Natural Gas

26.4%Petroleum

92.5%Petroleum

Industrial Energy Consumption


Transportation Energy Consumption



16/128

II. Renewable Electricity in the United States


17/128

Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe17

Renewable Electricity in the United States: Summary

Since 2000, cumulative renewable electricity* installations in the United States have nearly

doubled, and in 2012 they represented 163 GW of installed U.S. capacity.

Installed renewable electricity capacity has grown at a compound annual growth rate

(CAGR) of nearly 4.8% per year from 2000 to 2012.

U.S. renewable electricity in 2012 was 14% of total overall installed electricity capacity

and 12.4 % of total annual generation in the United States.

Every renewable electricity technology added capacity in 2012. U.S. drought conditionsmay have caused generation from hydropower to decrease, resulting in an overall drop in

electricity generation from renewable technologies in 2012.

During the timeframe of 2008 to 2012, the United States doubled renewable electricity

generationfrom a combination of wind, solar and geothermal technologies.

* Unless noted, renewable electricity includes hydropower


18/128

Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe

II

18

Renewable Electricity in the United States: Summary, continued

Wind and solar photovoltaics are the fastest growing renewable electricity sectors.

In 2012 in the United States, installed wind capacity increased by nearly 28% andinstalled solar photovoltaic capacity grew more than 83% from the previous year.

In 2012 in the United States, biomassproduced about 11% of total renewable

electricity generation, wind produced 28%, solar(photovoltaics and concentrating solar

power) produced 3%,hydropower produced 55%, and geothermal produced 3%.

Wind energyaccounted for about 75% of newly installed U.S. renewable electricity

capacityin 2012.

Electricity capacities of biomass, geothermal, and hydropower have remained relatively stable

since 2000.


19/128


U.S. Capacity and Generation: All Renewables


0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

MW

Generation

Capacity

2001

20

00

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

2010

2

011

2012

GWh

Total

NameplateCapacity (MW)

Total

Generation(GWh)


20/128


II

20

U.S. Renewable Electricity Generating Capacity by Source


* Includes on- and off-grid capacity

MW

20012000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 201220080

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

Geothermal

Wind

CSP

PV*

Biomass

Hydropower


21/128


U.S. Renewable Electricity Nameplate Capacity Added (MW)


-annual decrease annual increase +

Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal Capacity

Added

Capacity Added asa Percentage of Total

Renewable Energy

() ()

() ()

()

()

C l ti U S R bl El t i it N l t


22/128


II

22

Cumulative U.S. Renewable Electricity NameplateCapacity (MW) and Annual Percent Increase



Hydropower Solar PV* CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewabl

() () () () () (-) (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () (-) (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

() () () () () () (

-annual decrease annual increa

U S R bl El t i it C it


23/128


U.S. Renewable Electricity Capacity as aPercent of Total Electricity Generating Capacity


Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewables

U S Ann al Installed Rene able Electric Capacit Gro th


24/128


II

24Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

U.S. Annual Installed Renewable Electric Capacity Growth

AnnualAdditions(MW)

Capacity

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001

CompoundedAnnual Growth Ra

(20002012)

Wind

SolarPV

CSP

Biomass

Geothermal

Hydropower

AllRenewables

U S Renewable Electricity Generation


25/128


U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation


0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

GWh

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

Percent of

Total Generation

Renewables as a Percentage

of Total U.S. Generation

Renewable Generation

U S Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology


26/128


II

26

U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology


Biomass

Hydropower

Wind

Geothermal

Solar0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

2012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

GWh

U S Renewable Electricity Generation as a Percent of Total U S Generat


27/128


Hydropower Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass Total Renewables

U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation as a Percent of Total U.S. Generat


U S Renewable Electricity Generation (GWh)


28/128


II

28Sources: EIA, GEA, LBNL, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation (GWh)and Annual Percent Cumulative Increase

Hydropower Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass All Renewables

(-) () () (-) () (-)

(-) () () (-) (-) (-)

() () () () () ()

() () () (-) (-) ()

(-) () () () (-) (-)

() () () (-) () ()

() () () (-) () ()

(-) () () () () (-)

() () () () (-) ()

() () () () (-) ()

(-) () () () () ()

() () () () () ()

(-) () () () () (-)


State Renewable Energy Information: Summary


29/128


State Renewable Energy Information: Summary

In 2012, Washington had the mostinstalled renewable electric capacity

of any U.S. state (24,342 MW).

In 2008, Texas became the state with the most wind power development,and in 2012 had more than 12 GW of wind capacity installed.

A combination of state and federal incentives and renewable portfoliostandardsfor renewable electricity and renewable resource development has

contributed to renewable growth in many states. Some wind development was

driven by economics in select locations.

Top States for Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)


30/128


II

30Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census

Top States for Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)

Total Renewables

Washington

California

Texas

Oregon

NewYork

Per Capita Renewables

Washington

Montana

NorthDakota

Oregon

Wyoming

Top States for Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012


31/128

Renewable Electricity in the United States | Octobe31Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, Larry Sherwood/IREC, SEIA/GTM

Top States for Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012

Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, Larry Sherwood/IREC, SEIA/GTM

Solar PV

California

Arizona

NewJersey

Nevada

Colorado

Biomass

California

Florida

Maine

Georgia

Virginia

Geothermal

California

Nevada

Utah

Hawaii

Oregon

CSP

California

Florida

Nevada

Colorado

NewMexico

Wind

Texas

California

Iowa

Illinois

Oregon

Hydropower

Washington

California

Oregon

NewYork

Alabama

Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)


32/128


II

32

Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (MW) (2012)NORTHEAST

Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC, U.S. Census

* Does not include off-grid installations

Wind PV* CSP Geothermal Biomass HydropowerTotal

RenewablesPer capita

Renewable Electricitwatts/person

New York

Pennsylvania

Maine

New Jersey

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Vermont

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)


33/128


Cumulative Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (2012)NORTHEAST

Sources: EIA, LBNL, GEA, SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

MW

Connecticut

Maine

NewHampshire

NewJersey

NewYork

Pennsylvania

RhodeIsland

Vermont

Massachusetts

Geothermal

Wind

CSP

PV

Hydropower

Biomass



34/128


II

34

y p y ( ) ( )MIDWEST




Renewables

Per capitaRenewable Electrici

watts/person

Iowa

Minnesota

Illinois

South Dakota

North Dakota

Wisconsin

Indiana

Kansas

Michigan

Missouri

Nebraska

Ohio



35/128


y p y ( )MIDWEST


Illinois

Indian

aIow

a

Kansas

Michiga

n

Minnesota

Misso

uri

Nebr

aska

Ohio

Wisc

onsin

North

Dakota

South

Dakota

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

MW

Geothermal

Wind

CSP

PV

Hydropower

Biomass



36/128


II

36

SOUTH




Renewables

Per capitaRenewable Electric

watts/person

Texas Alabama

Oklahoma

Tennessee

Georgia

North Carolina

Arkansas

South Carolina Virginia

Florida

Kentucky

West Virginia

Maryland

Louisiana

Mississippi Delaware



37/128


SOUTH


Alaba

ma

Arka

nsas

Delaw

are

Florida

Georg

ia

Kentu

cky

Louisian

a

Maryland

Mississippi

North

Carolina

Oklah

oma

South

Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

WestV

irgini

a

MW

Geothermal

Wind

CSP

PV

Hydropower

Biomass

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000



38/128


II

38

WEST




Renewables

Per capitaRenewable Electrici

watts/person

Washington

California

Oregon

Idaho

Arizona

Montana

Colorado

Wyoming

Nevada

New Mexico

Utah

Hawaii

Alaska



39/128


WEST


Alas

ka

Arizo

na

Califo

rnia

Color

ado

Hawa

iiIda

ho

Mont

ana

Neva

da

New

Mexic

o

Oreg

onUt

ah

Was

hingt

on

Wyo

ming

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

MW

Geothermal

Wind

CSP

PV

Hydropower

Biomass


40/128

III. Global Renewable Energy Development

Global Renewable Energy Development: Summary


41/128

Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe41

Cumulative global renewable electricity installed capacity has grown by 97%

from 2000 to 2012 (from 748 GW to 1,470 GW).

Renewable energy accounts for 23%of all electricity generation worldwide (4,892 TWh).

Wind and solar energy are the fastest growing renewable electricity technologiesworldwide. Wind generation grew by a factor of nearly 16 and solar generation

grew by a factor of 49between 2000 and 2012.

In 2012, Germany led the world in cumulative solar photovoltaic installed capacity.The United States leads the world in geothermal and biomass installed capacity.

China leads in wind, and Spain leads in solar thermal electric generation (STEG).

Worldwide Renewable Electricity Capacity


42/128

Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe

III

42

1CSP includes Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)

Sources: EIA, REN21

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

GW

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Geothermal

Wind

CSP1

PV (Grid-Tied)

Hydropower

Biomass

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

Worldwide Renewable Cumulative ElectricityC it A l P t I


43/128

Global Renewable Energy Development | Octobe43Sources: EIA, REN21

Capacity Annual Percent Increase

Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass All Renewables

-


Renewable Electricity as a Percentage of TotalInstalled Electricity Capacity Worldwide


44/128


III

44Sources: EIA, REN21

Hydropower Solar PV CSP Wind Geothermal Biomass All RenewablesRenewable

Capacity (GW)

Installed Electricity Capacity Worldwide

Worldwide Annual Installed Renewable Electricity Growth


45/128


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GW

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Annual Capacity Additions CompoundedAnnual Growth Rat

(20002012)

Wind

PV(Grid-Tied)

CSP

Geothermal

Biomass

Hydropower

AllRenewables

Worldwide Renewable Electricity Generation


46/128


III

46

Generation derived using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% for wind,70% for geothermal, 54% for biomass, 25% for CSP, and 41% for hydropower.

Sources: EIA, REN21

GWh

Renewables as a Percentageof Global Generation

Renewable Generation

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

2011 201220102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

Worldwide Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology (2000201


47/128


Generation derived using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% of wind,70% for geothermal, 54% for biomass, 25% for CSP, and 41% for hydropower.

Sources: EIA, REN21

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GWh

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

Hydropower

Geothermal

Solar (PV and CSP)

Biomass

Wind


48/128

Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity Capacity


49/128


Total Renewables (2012)

China

United States

Brazil

Canada

Germany

Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity by Technology (2012


50/128


III

50Sources: EIA, REN21

Solar PV (Grid-Tied)

Germany

Italy

UnitedStates

China

Japan

Biomass

UnitedState

Brazil

China

Germany

Sweden

Geothermal

UnitedStates

Philippines

Indonesia

Mexico

Italy

Hydropower

China

Brazil

UnitedStates

Canada

Russia

CSP

Spain

UnitedStates

Algeria

EgyptMorocco

Australia

Wind

China

UnitedStates

Germany

Spain

India


51/128



52/128

IV. Wind

Wind: Summary


53/128

Wind | October53

In the United States, installed wind electricity capacity increased more than

23 fold between 2000 and 2012.

In the United States, wind experienced strong growth in 2012, and more than13 GW of new capacity was added. Texas led the United States in wind

installations in 2012, installing 1,826 MW of wind capacity.

In 2010, China surpassed the United Statesas the world leader in cumulativeinstalled wind capacity, with more than 75 GW installed as of the end of 2012.

Although global cumulative installed offshore wind capacity surpassed5 GW in 2012, no commercial offshore wind turbines have been commissioned

in the United States thus far.

U.S. Total Installed Wind Electricity Capacity and Generation


54/128

Wind | October

IV

54Sources: LBNL, EIA

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

0

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

GWhMW

Generation

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Capacity

U.S. WindElectricityGeneration

(GWh)

U.S. Wind ElectricityCapacity and

Percent Increase froPrevious Year

Total (MW) % Increa

Turbine Manufacturing


55/128

Wind | October55Source: LBNL

U.S. Wind Turbine Market Share, 2012

Total Turbine Installations: 13,131 MW

20.1%Siemens

3.0%Other

2.1%Nordex

1.9%Clipper

1.4%Suzlon

38.2%GE Wind

13.8%Vestas4.5%REPower

10.2%Gamesa

3.2%Mitsubishi

1.5%Acciona

Annual U.S. Wind Turbine Installations by Manufacturer (MW)


56/128

Wind | October

IV

56Source: LBNL

MW

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

20122011201020092008200720062005

Vestas

Siemens

Suzlon

Gamesa

GE Wind

Mitsubishi

Acciona

REpower

Nordex

Other

Clipper

2,375

10,000

6,816

2,454

8,361

13,131

5,249 5,214

U.S. Average Installed Turbine Size


57/128

Wind | October57Source: AWEA

0.71

MW

0.88

MW

1.21

MW

1.43

MW

1.60MW

1.65

MW

1.66

MW

1.74

MW

1.79

MW

1.97

MW1.95

MW

199

81999

20

002001

20

022003

200420

05

2006

2007

2008

2009 20

11

2012

2010

AverageTurbineSize(MW)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

States Leading Wind Power Development (2012)


58/128

Wind | October

IV

58Source: LBNL

Cumulative Capacity (MW)

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California. . . . . . . . .

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma. . . . . . . .

Minnesota. . . . . . . .

Washington. . . . .

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ Colorado. . . . . . . . . .

Annual Capacity (MW)

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

California. . . . . . . . .

Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma. . . . . . . .

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . .

Michigan. . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania. . . .

~ Colorado. . . . . . . . . .

~


59/128


60/128

U.S. Offshore Wind Electricity Proposed Projects


61/128

Wind | October61Source: LBNL, prepared by Navigant Consulting, 2013

State Waters

Federal Waters

050 MW

51250 MW

251500 MW

5011,000 MW


62/128

V. Solar

Solar: Summary


63/128

Solar | October63

Solar electricity generating capacity grew by a factor of over 21 between 2000and 2012and currently accounts for 0.3% of annual U.S. electricity generation.

Countries with extensive solar policiessuch as Germany, Spain, and Italylead the world in solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment. Similarly, U.S. states with

extensive solar incentives lead the United States in both cumulative and

annual installations in 2012(California, Arizona, New Jersey, Nevada, and Colorado).

U.S. manufacturers currently have a small share of the worldwide PV market.

Asianparticularly Chinesemanufacturers lead the market with nearly 85%of the global photovoltaic module production.

30 MW of new concentrating solar power (CSP) capacity came online in the UnitedStates in 2012. Approximately 1.6 GW of CSP projects are currently under

constructionin the United States and are projected to come online in 2013 and

2014; 900 MW are estimated to come online in 2013 alone.

U.S. Total Installed Solar Electricity Capacity and Generation


64/128

Solar | October

V

64

Sources: SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

Generation numbers calculated from installed capacity usingan 18% capacity factor for PV and a 25% capacity factor for CSP.


GWhMW

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Generation

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

CSP

PV

U.S. SolarEnergy

Generation(GWh)

U.S. Solar EnergyCapacity (MW)and % Increa

from Previous Year

PV* CSP Total Increa

Solar Electricity Installed Capacity (2012) Select Countries


65/128

Solar | October65

Sources: SEIA/GTM, REN21, Larry Sherwood/IREC

* Includes PV and CSP

United States: 7.9 GW

Czech Republic: 2.1 GW

Italy: 16.4 GW

Austria: 2.4 GW

Japan: 6.6 GW

China: 7.0 GW

Germany: 32.4 GW

France: 4.0 GW

Belgium: 2.7 GW

Spain: 7.1 GW

Jap

an

Franc

e

Belgiu

m

Austria

CzechRep

ublic

Chin

a

Unite

dS

tate

sIta

ly

Spain

German

y

GW

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

4.02.72.42.1

6.6 7.0 7.1 7.9

16.4

32.4

Worldwide Photovoltaic Manufacturing (2012)


66/128

Solar | October

V

66Source: GTM PV News, May 2013

58.1%Others

SunPower 2.6%

Jinko Solar 2.6%

Hanwha-SolarOne 2.5%

Canadian Solar 4.6%

6.7% Yingli Green Energ

JA Solar 2.8%

Hareon Solar 2.5%

Trina Solar 4.7%

Sharp 3.0%

Suntech Power 4.7%

First Solar 5.3%

Japan 5%1,941 MW

China 64%22,521 MW

United States 3%

953 MWRest of World 1%

445 MW

Rest of Asia 17%5,858 MW

Europe 11%3,743 MW

Global Solar Module Production, 2012: 35,461 MW

By Country By Manufacturer

States Leading Solar Electricity Development (2012)


67/128

Solar | October67

PV CumulativeCapacity (MW)

California. . . . . . . .

Arizona. . . . . . . . . .

NewJersey. . . . .

Nevada. . . . . . . . . .

Colorado. . . . . . . .

NorthCarolina.

Massachusetts.

NewMexico. . . .

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . .

NewYork. . . . . . . .

CSP CumulativeCapacity (MW)

California. . . . . . . .

Florida. . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada. . . . . . . . . .

Colorado. . . . . . . .

NewMexico. . . .

Arizona. . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . .

PV Annual CapacityAdditions (MW)

California. . . . . . . . .

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . .

NewJersey. . . . . .

Nevada. . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts..

NorthCarolina..

Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado. . . . . . . . .

Maryland. . . . . . . . .

NewYork. . . . . . . . .

Sources: SEIA/GTM, Larry Sherwood/IREC

Note: Grid-tied capacity only


68/128

Geothermal | October

VI

68

VI. Geothermal

Geothermal: Summary


69/128

Geothermal | October69

U.S. geothermal electricity capacity has remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2012,with the past 12 years experiencing an average of 1.6% growth in annual capacity

installed. 147 MW of new geothermal electricity capacity came online in 2012.

The United States leads the world in installed geothermal electricity capacityand generation, with most of that power installed in California, followed by Nevada.

Nevada currently has the most geothermal projects under developmentin theUnited States, exceeding California.

As a base load source of energy, geothermal is distinct from other renewables such aswind and solar, because it can provide consistent electricity without being part

of a broader system.

U.S. Geothermal Electricity Capacity and Generation


70/128

Geothermal | October

VI

70Sources: GEA, EIA

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MW GWh

Generation

Capacity

U.S. Geothermal

ElectricityGeneration

(GWh)

U.S. GeothermalElectricity Capacityand % Increase from

Previous Year

Total (MW) % Incre

Cumulative Geothermal Electricity Capacity (2012) Select Countries

Iceland: 0.7 GW


71/128

Geothermal | October71Source: GEA, REN21

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.03.5

GW

ElSa

lvad

or

Costa

Rica

Iceland

NewZ

ealand

Japa

n

Ind

onesia

Italy

Mexico

Philip

pine

s

United

State

s

0.70.5

0.20.2

0.8 0.91.0

1.3

2.0

3.4

United States: 3.4 GW

Philippines: 2.0 GWMexico: 1.0 GW

Costa Rica: 0.2 GW

Japan: 0.5 GWItaly: 0.9 GW

El Salvador: 0.2 GW

New Zealand: 0.8 GW

Indonesia: 1.3 GW


72/128


73/128

Geothermal | October73


74/128

Biopower | October

VII

74

VII. Biopower

Biopower: Summary


75/128

Biopower | October75

Biopower electricity generation currently accounts for11% of all renewable

energy generated in the United States.

Biomass electricity comes primarily from wood and agricultural residues that areburned as a fuel for cogeneration in the industrial sector (such as in the pulp and

paper industry).

U.S. installed biopower capacity has grown recently, with a compound annualgrowth rate (CAGR) of 2.9% from 2006 to 2012.

U.S. Biopower Electricity Capacity and Generation


76/128

Biopower | October

VII

76

Source: EIA

The generation decrease from 2000 to 2001 reflects an EIA classification change.Beginning in 2001, non-biogenic municipal solid waste and tire-derived fuels werereclassified from waste biopower to non-renewable energy sources.

U.S.

BiopowerGeneration

(GWh)

U.S. BiopowerCapacity and % Increa

from Previous Year

Total (MW) % Chang

-

-

-

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MW GWh

Generation

Capacity

Cumulative State Biopower Electricity Development (2012)


77/128

Biopower | October77Source: EIA

Total Installed Capacity (MW)

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NorthCarolina. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewYork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MichiganMinnesota. ..

GWh

U.S. Biopower Electricity Generation Sources (20002012)


78/128

Biopower | October

VII

78

Source: EIA

*LFG stands for landfill gas and MSW stands for municipal solid waste.

**The generation decrease from 2000 to 2001 reflects an EIA classificationchange. Beginning in 2001, non-biogenic municipal solid waste and tire-derivedfuels were reclassified from waste biopower to non-renewable energy sources.

GWh

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

Other Biomass

LFG/MSW*

Wood & Derived Fuels

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

LFG/MSW*

OtherBiomass

Wood andDerived

FuelTota

**


79/128

Biopower | October79


80/128

Hydropower | October

VIII

80

VIII. Hydropower

Hydropower: Summary


81/128

Hydropower | October81

Hydropower capacity has remained essentially constant from 2000 to 2012,with generation fluctuation depending on water supply.

Hydropower remains the largest source of renewable electricity generation, primarilylarge-scale hydropower, which accounts for 6.8% of U.S. electricity generation.

Additional hydropower capacity was installed in the United States in 2012. However,U.S. drought conditions may have caused a decline in generation from existing

hydropower facilities in 2012.

U.S. Hydropower*Electricity Capacity and Generation


82/128

Hydropower | October

VIII

82

Source: EIA

*Excludes pumped storage

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MW GWh

Generation

Capacity

U.S.

HydropowerGeneration

(GWh)

U.S. HydropowerCapacity and % Increa

from Previous Year

Total (MW) % Increa

Cumulative State Hydropower Electricity Development (2012)


83/128

Hydropower | October83Source: EIA

Capacity (MW)

Washington. . . . . . . . . .

California. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewYork. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . .

NorthCarolina. . . . .


84/128

Advanced Water Power | Octobe

IX

84

IX. Advanced Water Power

Advanced Water Power: Summary

U S interest in advanced water power such as tidal river ocean current and ocean wave


85/128

Advanced Water Power | Octobe85

U.S. interest in advanced water powersuch as tidal, river, ocean current, and ocean waveenergyhas been steadily growing over the past few years, with many prototype projects in

testing stages and permits being filed with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).

Two tidal power projects received licenses from FERC in early 2012: one being developedby Ocean Renewable Power Company in Cobscook Bay Maine, and one being developed by

Verdant Power in the East River of New York City. In September 2013, Ocean Renewable Power

Companys Tidal Energy Project became the first tidal power project to deliver power to an

electric utility grid in the United States. More information may be found at these websites:

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/hydrokinetics.asp

The Water Power Program at the U.S. Department of Energy: www1.eere.energy.gov/water

The Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement, established by the InternationalEnergy Agency: www.ocean-energy-systems.org

TidG P S t

EMEC Wave andTidal Test Site

Galway Bay and

Morild II

Worldwide Advanced Water Power Select Commercial and Pilot Plant


86/128

Advanced Water Power | Octobe

IX

86

AN-400

Hydro-Gen

WaveHub Wave Test Site

Kobold II

= Tidal

= Other projects in Phase 3 (open water

testing) and Phase 4 (Full-Scale)

= Wave

TREK Seagen

Mutriku

FORCE Tidal Test Site

TidGen Power System

Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE)European PicoPilot Plant

Atlantic MarineEnergy Test Sites

Wavestar

14

131212

15

11

See following page for additional information about these projects.

Information about additional projects can be found in the EEREMarine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database, accessible at:http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database .

16Wave Energy Test

Worldwide Advanced Water Power Select Commercial and Pilot Plant

PROJECT NAME Type Country Location Size (MW) Installed

AN 400 Tidal Australia San Remo Victoria


87/128

Advanced Water Power | Octobe87

AN-400 Tidal Australia San Remo, Victoria

FORCE Tidal Test Site (Multiple Devices) Tidal Canada Bay of Fundy, Parrsboro, NS

TREK Tidal Canada Saint-Lawrence River

Wavestar Wave Denmark Hanstholm

Hydro-Gen Tidal France Paimpol-Brehat

Kobold II Tidal Indonesia Lombok Island

Galway Bay and Atlantic Marine Energy Test Sites

(Multiple Devices)Wave Ireland Galway Bay and Belmullet Bay

Seagen Tidal Ireland Strangford Lough

Morild II Tidal Norway Lofoten

European Pico Pilot Plant Wave Portugal Cachorro, Pico Island Mutriku Wave Spain Near Bilbao

EMEC Wave and Tidal Test Site (Multiple Devices) Wave/Tidal United Kingdom Scotland Stromness, Orkney

WaveHub Wave Test Site (Multiple Devices) Wave United Kingdom Hayle, Cornwall

Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Tidal United States New York City, NY

TidGen Power System Tidal United States Cobscook Bay, Maine

Wave Energy Test Wave United States Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii

14

13

12

16

15

11

Information about additional projects can be found in the EERE Marine andHydrokinetic Technology Database, accessible at: http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database .


88/128

Hydrogen | October

X

88

X. Hydrogen

Hydrogen: Summary

h l i i ll d l b l f l ll it f t ti d bl d


89/128

Hydrogen | October89

The cumulative installed global fuel cell capacity for stationary power doubledbetween 2008 and 2012, reaching approximately 100110 MW in 2012.

In 2012, cumulative global generation capacity from stationary fuel cells increasedby nearly 43% from the previous year.

In 2012, the cumulative global fuel cell installations increased by 75% from theprevious year.

In the United States, more than 9 million tons of hydrogen are produced today,and there are more than 1,200 miles of hydrogen pipelines.

Sources: EERE, Navigant


90/128

Fuel Cell Systems Shipped by Application, World Markets: 20082012

35,000


91/128

Hydrogen | October91

SystemsShipped

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2012P2011201020092008

Portable

Transportation

Stationary


Megawatts of Fuel Cells Shipped by Application, World Markets: 200820

140


92/128

Hydrogen | October

X

92

MWS

hipped

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2012P2011201020092008

Portable

TransportationStationary


Hydrogen Infrastructure: Existing Hydrogen Production Facilities


93/128

Hydrogen | October93Source: NREL

Hydrogen Transportation

Number of Operational U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations

(December 2012 Total of 58)


94/128

Hydrogen | October

X

94Sources: EERE, FuelCells.org

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

2

4

24

2

2

9

2

2

1

1

more less

Hydrogen Electricity

Stationary Fuel Cell Installations, 2012


95/128

Hydrogen | October95Source: FuelCells.org

Number of installed stationaryfuel cells >1 MW = 38

Located in the United States (19),

Canada (1), Germany (1), Italy (1),

Japan (2), South Korea (14)

595 Non-U.S.Installations

498 U.S.Installations

35 U.S.

23 Non-U.S.

Planned Projects = 58

Worldwide Installations = 1,093


96/128

Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe

XI

96

XI. Renewable and Alternative Fuels

Renewable and Alternative Fuels

Corn ethanol productionin contrast to Brazil's ethanol, which is produced from


97/128

Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe97

* Most U.S. ethanol is currently produced from corn (in contrast to Brazils ethanolcoming from sugar cane), but efforts are underway by the U.S. Department of Energyand others to study and commercialize cellulosic ethanol and biobased hydrocarbon

fuels, which are produced from non-food crops.Ethanol is blended with gasoline and generally comprises up to 10% of the fuel withgasoline as the other 90% (E10). Additionally, flex-fuel vehicles can use a blend of85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (E85).

sugar canehas expanded rapidly in the United States. Between 2000 and 2012,

production increased by a factor of eight.

U.S. ethanol production totaled 13,300 million gallons per year in 2012.

In 2012, the United States* produced 61% of the worlds ethanol, followed by Brazil at 26%,the European Union at 5%, China at 3%, and Canada at 2%.

In 2012, the number of electric vehicle charging stations in the U.S. expanded by150% over 2011 to reach 14,982 stations.


98/128

Renewable and Alternative Fueling Stations by Type

22,109 Alternative Fueling Stations in the United States


99/128


Sources: EERE, EIA

Data as of January 2, 2013

11%E85

Electric 68%

3%B20

5%Compressed Natural Gas

0.3% Hydrogen0.3% Liquefied Natural Gas

12%Propane

Consumption of Renewable and Alternative Fuelin the United States (20052011)


100/128


XI

100

Source: EIA

2012 data are expected to be available around April 2014.

MillionGasolin

e-EquivalentGallons/Ye

ar

2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 201120090

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000Ethanol in Gasoline Blends

Biodiesel

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Liquefied Natural Gas

Hydrogen

Ethanol (E85)

Electricity

Compressed Natural Gas

Consumption of Traditional Fuel in the United States (20052011)

Diesel (not including biodiesel)

Gasoline (not including ethanol in gasoline blends)


101/128


( g g )

Renewable and Alternative Fuels

M

illionGallons

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

2009 2010 20112008200720062005

Source: EIA

2012 data are expected to be available around April 2014.

U.S. Corn Ethanol Production and Price Trends

GasolinePrice

(Average

EthanolPrice

(gasolinegallon

EthanoProduct

(millio


102/128


XI

102

Sources: RFA, EERE, EIA

*Prices include taxes.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

$/Gallon

MillionGallons/Year

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

Ethanol Price*

(gasoline gallon equivalent basis)

Ethanol Production

(M Gallons/yr)

Gasoline Price*

(average retail)

2001

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

( gRetail,

$/gallon)

gequivalent

basis,$/gallon)

(Gallon

year)

U.S. Corn Ethanol Production Capacity


103/128


Source: RFA

No sugarcane ethanol is currently produced in the United States.

Top Five States forU.S. Ethanol (operating)

Production Capacity in 2012(millions of gallons/year)

Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SouthDakota. . . . . . . . .

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Global Ethanol* Production

Top Five Countries (2012)Ethanol Production(millions of gallons/year)


104/128


XI

104

Source: RFA

* Various feedstocks

United States: 13,300

Brazil: 5,557

European Union 1,139

China: 555

Global EthanolProduction

(millions of gallons/year)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Canada: 449


105/128

U.S. Biodiesel Production and Price (20012012)

$


106/128


XI

106Sources: Biodiesel.org, EERE

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MillionGallons

$/Gallon

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

Production

Price

Biodiesel Price(gasoline gallonequivalent basis)

($ per gallon)

Total U.S.Productio

(million

gallons)

Top Countries (2012)Biodiesel Production (millions of gallons/year)

Global Biodiesel Production


107/128

Renewable and Alternative Fuels | Octobe107Source: REN21

Germany: 713

Indonesia: 396

France: 502

United States: 1,100

Argentina: 740

Brazil: 713

Global Biodiesel Production(millions of gallons/year)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


108/128

Clean Energy Investments | Octobe

XII

108

XII. Clean Energy Investments

Clean Energy Investments: Summary

U.S. investment in renewable energy has grown dramatically in the past decade, and in


109/128

Clean Energy Investments | Octobe109

2012 annual investment reached more than $27 billion.

U.S. investment in wind energy projects grew from $385 million in 2001 to nearly$11 billion in 2012.

In 2012, U.S. venture capital and private equity investment in renewable energytechnology companies was nearly $5 billionup from $360 million in 2001.

U.S. venture capital and private equity investment in solar technology companies hasincreased from $50 million in 2001 to nearly $1.2 billion in 2012.

*All figures in 2012 real dollars and do not include federal government spending

U.S. and Global Total Investment in Renewable Energy (2012)

Global Total InvestmentU.S. Total Investment

Ad d i

11030

$27 046$103.180


110/128


XII

110

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Completed and disclosed deals only, does not adjust for undisclosed transactions;includes VC/PE, public market activity, and asset financing

Biopower

MarineCarbon Capture and Storage

Digital Energy

Advanced Transportation

Fuel Cells/Hydrogen

Energy Storage

Efficiency

Geothermal

Wind

Solar

Biofuels

$

in

Billions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

$

in

Billions

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27$27.046

U.S. Wind Energy Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)

12

13

$11.376


111/128


*All figures in 2012 real dollars.

Figures represent disclosed deals derived fromBloomberg New Energy Finances Desktop database.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

$

in

Billions

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

$9.709 $9.448

$10.803

$6.318

$10.730

U.S. Solar Energy Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)

21

24

$20.598


112/128


XII

112



2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

$

in

Billions

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

$.372 $.783 $.164

$1.844

$5.023

U.S. Biofuel Project Asset Financing Transactions (20072012)

8

9

$7 144


113/128




2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

$

in

Billions

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

$1.423 $1.479

$.439

$1.781

$1.150

$7.144

U.S. Venture Capital and Private Equity Investment inRenewable Energy Technology Companies (20072012)

8

$7 219 $7 325


114/128


XII

114



$

in

Billions

Biopower

Energy Storage

Efficiency

Marine

Fuel Cells/Hydrogen

Carbon Capture and Storage

Advanced Transportation

Digital Energy

GeothermalWind

Solar

Biofuels

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

$4.720

$5.354

$7.219

$4.038

$5.769

$7.325

Public Renewable Energy Index Performance (2012) (Indexed to 100)

WilderHill New Energy Global Index (DJIA: ^NEX)

Calvert Global Alternative Energy Fund (CGAEX)

S&P 500150

140


115/128


Source: Public data; downloaded from the Yahoo! Finance website

Index performance is calculated as a percentage of the fund or indexprice as of January 2, 2012.

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

Feb

2012

May

2012

April

2012

July

2012

June

2012

Sept

2012

Aug

2012

Nov

2012

Oct

2012

Dec

2012

(7.9%)

5.3%

(18.2%)

11.7%

WilderHill New Energy Global Index (DJIA: NEX)

Guinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund (GAAEX)

50

70

90

110

130

60

100

80

120


116/128

Glossary | October

XIII

116

Glossary

B2O

A fuel containing a mixture of 20%

biodiesel and 80% petrodiesel.

Biomass

Organic non-fossil material of biological

origin.

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

A solar energy conversion system

characterized by the optical concentration of

solar rays through an arrangement of mirrors


117/128

Glossary | October117

Baseload Capacity

The generating equipment normallyoperated to serve loads on an around-

the-clock basis.

Biodiesel

Any liquid biofuel suitable as a diesel

fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or

extender. Biodiesel fuels are typically

made from oils such as those derived

from soybeans, rapeseed, or sunflowers;

or from animal tallow. Biodiesel can alsobe made from hydrocarbons derived from

agricultural products such as rice hulls.

Biofuels

Liquid fuels and blending components

produced from biomass (plant) feedstocks,

used primarily for transportation.

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

The quantity of heat required to increasethe temperature of 1 pound of liquid water

by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature

at which water has its greatest density

(approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit).

Capacity Factor

The ratio of the electrical energy produced

by a generating unit for a given period of

time to the electrical energy that could

have been produced at continuous fullpower operation during the same period.

Compound Annual Growth Rate

The year-over-year growth rate applied

during a multiple-year period. The formula

for calculating CAGR is (Current Value/Base

Value)^(1/# of years) - 1.

to heat working fluid to a high temperature.

Concentrating solar power (but not solar

thermal power) may also refer to a systemthat focuses solar rays on a photovoltaic cell

to increase conversion efficiency.

Digital Energy

The integration of digital communication

technologies into energy systems,

especially the electrical grid. Smart meters,

along with other digital communication

devices embedded in electrical transmission

and distribution systems, allow for a two-way flow of information between utilities

and their customers as well as greater

digital control of the electrical grid, a

concept known as the Smart Grid.

E85

A fuel containing a mixture of 85% ethanol

and 15% gasoline.

Ethanol

A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated

hydrocarbon. Ethanol is typically produced

chemically from ethylene, or biologically

Flexible-Fuel Vehicles

Vehicles that can operate on (1) alternative

fuels (such as E85); (2) 100% petroleum-

based fuels; (3) any mixture of an

Geothermal Energy

The heat that is extracted from hot water

or steam that is mined from geothermal

reservoirs in the Earths crust. Water or

Glossary (continued)


118/128

Glossary | October

XIII

118

y y g y

from fermentation of various sugars from

carbohydrates found in agricultural crops

and cellulosic residues from crops or wood.

It is used in the United States as a gasoline

octane enhancer and oxygenate (blended

up to 10% concentration). Ethanol can also

be used in high concentrations (E85) in

vehicles designed for its use.

Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission (FERC)

The federal agency with jurisdiction over

interstate electricity sales, wholesale

electric rates, hydroelectric licensing,

some natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates,

and gas pipeline certification. FERC is an

independent regulatory agency within the

Department of Energy (DOE) and is the

successor to the Federal Power Commission.

y

alternative fuel (or fuels) and a petroleum-

based fuel. Flexible-fuel vehicles have a

single fuel system to handle alternative and

petroleum-based fuels.

Fuel Cell

A device that produces electricity by

converting the chemical energy of a fuel

(e.g., hydrogen) directly into electrical

energy. Fuel cells differ from conventional

electrical cells in that the active materials

such as fuel and oxygen are not contained

within the cell but are supplied from

outside. It does not contain an intermediate

heat cycle as do most other electrical

generation techniques.

Generation

The total amount of electric energy

produced by generating units and measured

at the generating terminal in kilowatt-hours

(kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).

steam can be used as a working fluid for

geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or

electricity generation, and then is injected

back into the Earth.

Geothermal Heat Pump

A heat pump in which the refrigerant

exchanges heat (in a heat exchanger)

with a fluid circulating through an earth

connection medium (ground or ground

water). The fluid is contained in a variety

of loop (pipe) configurations depending

on the temperature of the ground and

the ground area available. Loops may be

installed horizontally or vertically in the

ground or submersed in a body of water.

Gigawatt (GW)

One billion watts or one thousand

megawatts or one million kW.

Gigawatt-hour (GWh)

One billion watt-hours.

Incremental Capacity

Landfill Gas

Gas that is generated by decomposition

of organic material at landfill disposal

sites. The average composition of landfill

Nameplate Capacity

The maximum rated output of a generator

under specific conditions designated by the

manufacturer. Nameplate capacity is usually

Glossary (continued)


119/128

Glossary | October119

Incremental Capacity

Capacity added on an annual basis.

Insolation

The amount of radiation from the sun

received at the surface of the Earth in a

particular geographic location or region.

Kilowatt (kW)

One thousand watts.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

A measure of electrical energy defined

as a unit of work or energy, measured

as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power

expended for 1 hour. One kWh is equivalent

to 3,412 Btu.

gas is approximately 50% methane and

50% carbon dioxide and water vapor by

volume. The methane in landfill gas may bevented, flared, or combusted to generate

electricity or useful thermal energy on-site,

or injected into a pipeline for combustion

off site.

Megawatt (MW)

One million watts of electricity.

Megawatt-hour (MWh)One thousand kilowatt-hours or 1 million

watt-hours.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Residential solid waste and some

nonhazardous commercial, institutional,

and industrial wastes.

indicated in units of kilovolt-amperes (kVA)

and in kilowatts (kW) on a nameplate

physically attached to the generator.

Ocean Energy

Energy conversion technologies that

harness the energy in tides, waves, and

thermal gradients in the oceans.

Photovoltaic (PV) Cell

PV cells convert incident light directly into

electricity (direct current). An electronic

device consisting of layers of semiconductor

materials fabricated to form a junction

(adjacent layers of materials with different

electronic characteristics) and electrical

contacts.


120/128

References

U.S. Energy Production and Consumption Pages 79

Energy Information Administration (EIA) Monthly Energy Review

Production: EIA Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, Table 1.2, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary


121/128

References | October121

Consumption: EIA Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, Table 1.3, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary

U.S. Nameplate Capacity and Generation Pages 1012

EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html

EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report, http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf

Solar Energy Industries Association and Greentech Media (SEIA/GTM) 2012 Solar Industry Year in Review

Larry Sherwood/IREC U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012, http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf

Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2013,

http://geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/2013AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentReport_Final.pdf

U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector Pages 1315

EIA, Monthly Energy Review, March 2013, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#consumption

References

References

Renewable Energy Capacity and Generation in the U.S. Pages 1928

EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab:

http://www eia doe gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860 html


122/128

References | October

XIV

122


EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions, by Energy Source, Generator Y11 File, Proposed tab:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html






Solar generation numbers were calculated using capacity factors of 18% for PV and 25% for CSP based on installed capacity.

References

State Numbers by Technology Pages 3039



EIA Planned Generating Capacity Additions by Energy Source Generator Y11 File Proposed tab:


123/128









United States Census 2012, Annual Population Estimates,http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2012/

World Renewable Energy Capacity Pages 4250

REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2013/GSR2013_lowres.pdf

Global Generating Capacity Data: EIA, http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=7&cid=regions&syid=2000&eyid=

2009&unit=MK; estimated for 2011 and 2012

World generation data were derived from global capacity data using capacity factors of 14% for PV, 30% for wind, 70% for geothermal,

54% for biomass, 25% for CSP and 41% for hydropower.

References

References

U.S. Total Installed Wind Energy Capacity and Generation Page 54

Capacity Data: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 2012 Wind Technologies Market Report,

http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-6356e.pdf

Generation Data: EIA Electric Power Monthly March 2013 Table 1 1A http://www eia doe gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm sum html


124/128


XIV

124

Generation Data: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

Global Wind Capacity, Offshore Wind, Manufacturing, Turbine Size, Leading States Pages 5561



American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), U.S. Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2012 Market Report, http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/

pdfs/AWEA%20US%20Wind%20Industry%201Q%202013%20Market%20Report_Executive%20Summary.pdf

European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) The European Offshore Wind Industry,

http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/European_offshore_statistics_2012.pdf

U.S. Total Installed Solar Energy Capacity and Generation Page 64, 65




References

PV Manufacturing Page 66

Greentech Media (GTM) PV News, May 2013

Top States: Solar Energy Development PV and CSP Page 67


125/128


op States So a e gy e e op e t a d CS age 6



Geothermal Capacity and Generation Page 7072




Generation Data: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

Biopower Capacity and Generation Pages 7678

EIA Existing Capacity by Energy Source, Form EIA-860, Generator Y11 File, Exist tab: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.html



EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

References

References

Hydropower Capacity and Generation, State Rankings Page 8283





126/128


XIV

126


EIA Electric Power Monthly, March 2013, Table 1.1A, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html

Platts U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Battles Drought, Seeks Hydropower Upgrades: Commissioner, September 3, 2012:

http://www.platts.com/pressreleases/2012/090312

Other Water Power: Wave and Tidal Pages 8687

Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database - http://en.openei.org/wiki/Marine_and_Hydrokinetic_Technology_Database

Hydrogen Pages 9195

U.S. DOE EERE 2011 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/2011_market_report.pdf

U.S. DOE EERE Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html

FuelCells.org, http://www.fuelcells.org/base.cgim?template=databases

NREL TransAtlas,http://maps.nrel.gov/transatlas

Alternative Fuels Pages 98101

U.S. DOE EERE Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html

EIA Consumption of Vehicle Fuels in the United States, http://www.eia.gov/renewable/afv/xls/c1-fuel-consumption-gges-2011.xlsx

References

Ethanol Production and Price and Alternative Fuels Page 102-104

Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), 2013 Ethanol Indust

2012 renewable energy data book

Documents